Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology
Biomedical Engineering Department
FINAL YEAR PROJECT REPORT
Project Title:
3D analysis for volumetric measurement
Presented by:
Name: GOHAR SHABBIR Roll No#: 2008-BM-106
Name: ASMA ELAHI Roll No#: 2008-BM-099
Supervised by:
Name: ENGR.KAMRAN HAMEED
Designation: Assistance Professor
BMED: DT-3
SSUET: Biomedical Engineering Department
Date of Completion:
DECEMBER-2011
Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology 1
Table of Contents
Summary:.....................................................................................................................................................3
List of Figures...............................................................................................................................................4
List of Tables................................................................................................................................................4
1. CHAPTER 1:INTROUCTION AND METHADOLOGY
1.1. Introduction:................................................................................................................................6
1.1.1.Historical Background:..............................................................................................................6
1.1.2.Theoretical Investigation:..........................................................................................................6
1.1.3.Health Consequences:...............................................................................................................7
1.1.4.Working Principles:...................................................................................................................7
1.1.5.Calculations/Formulas:..............................................................................................................7
1.2. Usages in Biomedical Engineering:............................................................................................7
1.3. Design Methodology:...................................................................................................................8
1.3.1.Project Design In Phase:............................................................................................................8
1.3.1.1.Project Design In 1st Phase:...........................................................................................8
1.3.1.2.Project Design In 2nd Phase:..........................................................................................9
1.3.1.2.1.Modeling And Shading:.................................................................................9
1.3.1.2.2.Lightening:...................................................................................................16
1.3.1.2.3.Animation Setting:.......................................................................................17
1.3.1.3.Project Design In 3rd Phase:........................................................................................18
1.3.1.3.1.Rendering.....................................................................................................18
1.3.1.4.Project Design In 4th Phase:........................................................................................20
1.3.1.4.1.Animation:....................................................................................................20
1.3.5.Project Representation:............................................................................................................20
1.3.5.1.Over All Block Diagram:...........................................................................................21
Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology 2
2. CHAPTER 2 : SOFTWARE AND METHODS
1.4. Material & Method:............................................................................................................................23
2.1.1.Software:.................................................................................................................................23
1.4.1.1.Autodesk ® Maya ® 8.0.............................................................................................23
1.4.1.2.Adobe ® AfterEffects ®CS5.5...................................................................................23
2.1.2.Methods:..................................................................................................................................23
2.1.2.1.1st phase:......................................................................................................................23
2.1.2.2.2nd phase:.....................................................................................................................24
2.1.2.3.3rd Phase:.....................................................................................................................25
2.1.2.4.4th phase:......................................................................................................................25
3. CHAPTER 3: RESULT
3.1.Result of Project...................................................................................................................................27
4. CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION
4.1. Discussion...................................................................................................................................30
4.1.2. 1st phase:.................................................................................................................................30
4.1.3.2nd phase:.........................................................................................................314.1.4.3rd phase:
..........................................................................................................................................................32
4.1.5.4th phase:..................................................................................................................................32
4.2. Problem encountered:....................................................................................................................33
4.3.Improvement for future:.................................................................................................................33
5. CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION
5.1. Project:........................................................................................................................................35
5.2. Step of project:...........................................................................................................................35
References...................................................................................................................................................36
List of Abbreviations.................................................................................................................................37
Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology 3
Summary:
Our project entitled “3D analysis for volumetric measurement” which is based on 3D modeling.
3D modeling is the procedure of developing 3Dmodel using specialized software. It is a process of
creating a wireframe model that represents a three dimensional object. A three dimensional model is
created using a set of points in 3D space, which are connected by various geometric data such as lines,
and curved surfaces.[1]
The main idea of the project is making a 3D models which are used for 3D measurement, volume
calculation, surgical and treatment planning, surgical simulation, and 3D rapid prototyping applications.
3D rendering is performed via Autodesk® Maya® 8.0.Autodesk® Maya® 3D animation software
delivers an end-to-end creative workflow with comprehensive tools for animation, modeling, simulation,
visual effects, rendering, match moving, and compositing on a highly extensible production platform.[2]
The volumetric measurement was performed by measuring the tumor's length at each axis by using the
measurement tool in Autodesk® Maya® 8.0.
After rendering and measurement, the Adobe® After Effects® CS5.5 was used for or compiling rendered
image sequences or animation. This project can be use professionally after advancement by training and
collaboration with C++ like other softwares currently use by the medical industry such as 3D-DOCTOR.
This project is a prototype but it can be use at professional level after further development and training.
Great knowledge is gathered through the project as a used in the field of medical imaging.
Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology 4
List of Figures
FIGURE 1.1 AUTODESK® MAYA® [2]....................................................................................................8
FIGURE 1.2 BOX MODELING...................................................................................................................9
FIGURE 1.3 SKIN SHADE........................................................................................................................10
FIGURE 1.4 WIRE FRAME WITH SKIN SHADE...................................................................................10
FIGURE 1.5 CROSS SECTIONAL VIEW................................................................................................11
FIGURE 1.6 POLY MODELING 1............................................................................................................11
FIGURE 1.7 POLY MODELING 2............................................................................................................12
FIGURE 1.8 POLY MODELING 3............................................................................................................12
FIGURE 1.9 EXTRUSION MODELING...................................................................................................13
FIGURE 1.10 COLOURS SHADE.............................................................................................................14
FIGURE 1.11 COLORS AND MAPPING..................................................................................................14
FIGURE 1.12 SYMMETRY.......................................................................................................................15
FIGURE 1.13 WIRE FRAME SHOWING TUMOR..................................................................................15
FIGURE 1.14 DUPLICATE OR SYMMETRY THE HALF MODELED HEAD.....................................16
FIGURE 1.15 RENDER SETTING............................................................................................................17
FIGURE 1.16 PREFERENCES...................................................................................................................18
FIGURE 1.17 BATCH RENDERING........................................................................................................19
FIGURE 1.18 SCRIPT EDITOR.................................................................................................................19
FIGURE 1.19 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROJECT....................................................................................21
FIGURE 3.1.1 TUMOR IN BRAIN............................................................................................................27
FIGURE 3.1.2 DIMENSIONS OF TUMOR...............................................................................................27
FIGURE 3.1.3 TUMOR’S VOLUME.........................................................................................................28
FIGURE 4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PHASE 1........................................................................................30
FIGURE 4.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 2ND PHASE..................................................................................31
FIGURE 4.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM PHASE 3..............................................................................................32
FIGURE 4.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PHASE 4........................................................................................32
List of Tables
Table 1.1......................................................................................................................................................28
Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology 5
1. Chapter 1:
INTRODUCTION
&
METHODOLOGY
Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology 6
1.1. Introduction:
Our project is based on 3D rendering, which render the image making a 3D model by using
Autodesk® Maya® 8.0.
3D modeling is the procedure of developing 3Dmodel using specialized software. It is a process
of creating a wireframe model that represents a three dimensional object. A three dimensional
model is created using a set of points in 3D space, which are connected by various geometric
data such as lines, and curved surfaces. [1]
Autodesk® Maya® 3D animation software delivers an end-to-end creative workflow with
comprehensive tools for animation, modeling, simulation, visual effects, rendering, match
moving, and compositing on a highly extensible production platform. [2]
1.1.1. Historical Background:
Various powerful softwares have been developed to visualize data. Computer generated
imagery can be categorized into several different types: 2D, 3D, and animated graphics.
As technology has improved, 3D modeling have become more common, but 2D
computer graphics are still widely used. Computer graphics has emerged as a sub-field of
computer science which studies methods for digitally synthesizing and manipulating
visual content. Over the past decade, other specialized fields have been developed like
information visualization, and scientific visualization more concerned with "the
visualization of three dimensional phenomena (architectural, meteorological, medical,
biological, etc.), where the emphasis is on realistic renderings of volumes, surfaces,
illumination sources, and so forth, perhaps with a dynamic (time) component". [3]
1.1.2. Theoretical Investigation:
3D rendering is the 3D graphics process of automatically converting wire frame models
into 2D images with 3D photorealistic. 3D-DOCTOR is the production of ABLE
SOFTWARE CORP performs 3D rendering also the measurement of any
pathology. Also in used in Singapore for learning purpose.
Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology 7
1.1.3. Health Consequences:
There are some health consequences where rendering is used.
3D reconstructions: Volume rendering, surface rendering, and 3D MIP
Volumetric analysis: Tumor volume measurements, organ volume measurements
Cardiac examinations: Ejection fraction calculation, flow quantification.
Dental and craniofacial reconstructions.
1.1.4. Working Principles:
The working principle of our project is based on software name Autodesk® Maya®
8.0.
We also performed animation by Adobe® After Effects® CS5.5 which is used for
compiling rendered image sequences or animation.
1.1.5. Calculations / Formulas:
Calculate the volume of tumor by using this formula.
34×π ×
x2×y2×z2
Formula 1
1.2. Usages in Biomedical Engineering:
It is use for study purpose. Study the image on various angles.
3D visualization of tumors demonstrates anatomic relationships to surrounding structures
which may be important in diagnosis and treatment planning.
Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology 8
1.3. Design Methodology:
Following are the step used to design the project.
Planning.
Modeling and shading.
Animation Setting.
Lightening.
Rendering.
Animation.
1.3.1. Project Design In Phases:
We divide our project in four phases.
Phase 1: Planning
Phase 2: Modeling and shading, lighting and animation setting.
Phase 3: Rendering.
Phase 4: Animation
1.3.1.1. Project Design In 1 st Phases:
In 1st phase of project is based on our planning that all process is perform in
Autodesk® Maya® 8.0 software.
Autodesk® Maya® 3D animation software delivers an end-to-end creative
workflow with comprehensive tools for animation, modeling, simulation, visual
effects, rendering, match moving, and compositing on a highly extensible
production platform. [2]
Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology
FIGURE 1.1 AUTODESK® MAYA® [2]
9
1.3.1.2. Project Design In 2 nd Phase:
In 2nd phase we are perform Modeling and shading, lighting and animation setting.
1.3.1.2.1. Modeling And Shading:
First was used the box modeling technique. It involves working on each
vertex (pixel in 3D).
Box modeling is a form of modeling in which a rough draft or
approximation of the final desired model is created. A smoothing
operation or subdivisions are then used to add the desired refinement. It is
a quick modeling method, especially compared to editing each individual
vertex but it can be difficult to get the desired results because of the
uniformity of the smoothing operations. [4]
Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology
FIGURE 1.2 BOX MODELING
1
FIGURE 1.3 SKIN SHADE
FIGURE 1.4 WIRE FRAME WITH SKIN SHADE
The wireframe model is being shaded with the human skin texture using
the shader. Shading addresses how different types of scattering are
distributed across the surface (i.e., which scattering function applies
where). Descriptions of this kind are typically expressed with a program
called a shader.
Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology 1
FIGURE 1.5 CROSS SECTIONAL VIEW
Partially modeled for symmetry and mapped the image texture.
Symmetrical models are usually taken in half so that it can be symmetric
and then weld. Texture mapping is a process in which a defined texture
or image is wrapped around a 3d object. Texture mapping ensures that all
the right things happen as rendered.
FIGURE 1.6 POLY MODELING 1
Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology 1
FIGURE 1.7 POLY MODELING 2
FIGURE 1.8 POLY MODELING 3
Brain modeling is performed using box modeling. This modeling
technique is called poly modeling.
Poly Modeling is one of the most common modeling techniques. It is
easy to use, but it consumes a lot of time and effort as your required to
copy the existing edges to make new ones and then align the vertex of
new edges to the blueprint.[4]
Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology 1
FIGURE 1.9 EXTRUSION MODELING
Model is further detailed by extruding of faces. This is performed by
pulling and pushing of small wireframe boxes.
Extrusion modeling is that starts from a two dimensional shape
(polygon) that resembles an orthographic view of the desired subject.
Geometry is then extruded from this shape to match a perpendicular
orthographic view. [4]
Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology 1
FIGURE 1.10 COLOURS SHADE
FIGURE 1.11 COLORS AND MAPPING
Color is assigned to the different lobes and regions of the brain by
material editor. Generally, the Material Editor provides functions to
create and edit materials and maps.
A material is data that assign to the surface or faces of an object so that
it appears a certain way when rendered. Materials affect the color of
objects, their glossiness, their opacity, and so on. The images or
procedural effects you assign to materials are called maps. Maps can be
Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology 1
assign to most of the components that make up a material. Materials that
contain one or more images or procedural maps are called mapped
materials. [4]
FIGURE 1.12 SYMMETRY
FIGURE 1.13 WIRE FRAME SHOWING TUMOR
Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology 1
FIGURE 1.14 DUPLICATE OR SYMMETRY THE HALF MODELED HEAD.
1.3.1.2.2. Lightening:
When render a scene using the mental ray renderer, an area Omni light
emits light from a spherical or cylindrical volume, rather than from a
point source. With the default scan line renderer, the area Omni light
behaves like any other standard Omni light. [5]
Two Omni lights are used, each at the right and the left.
Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology 1
1.3.1.2.3. Animation Setting:
FIGURE 1.15 RENDER SETTING
Image format that is being used is Targa (tga). TARGA is a graphics file
format. It is intended for professional computer image synthesis and
video editing with PCs. TARGA is an acronym for True vision
Advanced Raster Graphics Adapter; TGA is an initialize for True vision
Graphics Adapter. The compression method used in Targa images
performs poorly when compressing images with many color variations,
such as digital photos, but works well for textures and simpler images.
Therefore, it is best for video rendering. [6]
Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology 1
FIGURE 1.16 PREFERENCES
Frames are usually set according to shots. Therefore, for normal
circumstances 24 frames per second were used.
1.3.1.3. Project Design In 3 rd Phase:
3rd phase is based on rendering.
1.3.1.3.1. Rendering
Rendering is to execute something in image or video form for any 3D
application. Rendering is performed on mental ray technology.
Mental ray 3D rendering software enables to produce high-volume, high-
quality renderings for today’s complex visualization productions in less
time. With accelerated performance, enhanced quality, support for
advanced shaders, and extended use of open file formats, mental ray
offers a faster solution for high-volume rendering tasks. [4]
Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology 1
FIGURE 1.17 BATCH RENDERING
Instead of frame rendering batch rendering is performed. Batch rendering
is the process of rendering out maya scene files without using the
interface. It allows starting renders, as well as changing some of the
attributes of the rendering software. It is basically image sequence
rendering.
FIGURE 1.18 SCRIPT EDITOR
Total 440 frames are formed after approximately 4 hours of rendering.
The rendering is viewed from script editor.
Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology 2
1.3.1.4. Project Design In 4 th Phase:
Our last phase is performed animation.
1.3.1.4.1. ANIMATION:
All the image sequences that are formed after the rendering are compiled
in Adobe® After Effects® CS5.5 to make animation of 3 minutes
and 36 seconds. The animation is exported in a video format to
view on media player.
Image sequences are compiling in adobe after effects. Color correction. Adding texts
1.3.2. Project Representation:
Over All Block Diagram
Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology 2
1.3.2.1. Over All Block Diagram:
FIGURE 1.19 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROJECT
Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology
Box Modeling Shader Image
Mapping
Poly Modeling Extrusion Material
Editor
Symmetry Rendering Volumetric Measurement
TextingAnimation
2
2. CHAPTER 2
SOFTWARE
&
METHODS
Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology 2
1.4.Material & Method:
Our project is based on software so as such no materials are used in.
1.1.1. Software:
Following softwares are used in our project.
Autodesk® Maya® 8.0
Adobe® After Effects® CS5.5
1.4.1.1. Autodesk® Maya® 8.0
Autodesk® Maya® 3D animation software delivers an end-to-end creative
workflow with comprehensive tools for animation, modeling, simulation, visual
effects, rendering, match moving, and compositing on a highly extensible
production platform. [2]
By Autodesk® Maya® we performed modeling, shading, lightning, and
rendering
1.4.1.2. Adobe® After Effects® CS5.5
Adobe® After Effects® CS5.5 was used for or compiling rendered image
sequences or animation.
1.1.2. Methods:
1.1.2.1. 1 st phase:
The planning is performed in 1st phase.
Planning:
Our project is based on our planning that all process is perform in
Autodesk® Maya® 8.0 software.
Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology 2
1.1.2.2. 2 nd phase:
The following work performed in 2nd phase.
Modeling and shading.
Animation Setting.
Lightening.
Modeling and shading:
In modeling we used 3 types of modeling (box modeling, poly modeling, and
extrusion modeling).
Partially modeled are used for symmetry and mapped the image. The
wireframe model is being shaded with the human skin texture using the
shader. Color is assigned to the different lobes and regions of the brain by
material editor.
Animation setting:
Image format that is being used is Targa (tga). TARGA is a graphics file
format. It is intended for professional computer image synthesis and video
editing with PCs. [6]
Frames are usually set according to shots. Therefore, for normal
circumstances 24 frames per second are used.
Lightning:
Two Omni lights are used, each at the right and the left.
Point light casts rays of light evenly in every direction from a point. Point
lights are sometimes used for simulating Omni directional light sources, such
as light bulbs. [5]
Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology 2
1.1.2.3. 3 rd Phase:
The 3rd phase is based on rendering.
Rendering:
Rendering is to execute something in image or video form for any 3D
application. Rendering is performed on mental ray technology. Instead of
frame rendering batch rendering is performed. Batch rendering is the process
of rendering out maya scene files without using the interface. It allows
starting renders, as well as changing some of the attributes of the rendering
software. It is basically image sequence rendering. [4]
Total 440 frames are formed after approximately 4 hours of rendering. The
rendering is viewed from script editor.
1.1.2.4. 4 th phase:
In last phase we make animation by using 2nd software
Animation :
All the image sequences that are formed after the rendering are compiled in
Adobe® After Effects® CS5.5 to make animation of 3 minutes and 36
seconds. The animation is exported in a video format to view on media
player.
Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology 2
3. CHAPTER 3
RESULT
Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology 2
1.2.Result of Project
In our project we performed the rendering and then the volumetric measurement of the tumor in
the brain. Following figures show the tumor in the brain.
FIGURE 3.1.20 TUMOR IN BRAIN
The volumetric measurement was performed by measuring the tumor's length at each axis by
using the measurement tool in Autodesk® Maya® 8.0.following figure also show the detailed
dimension of the tumor.
FIGURE 3.1.21 DIMENSIONS OF TUMOR
Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology 2
At 1 cm scaling the tumor’s dimensions are at each axis:
Axis Dimensionsx 0.998078cmy 0.816101cmz 0.453776cm
Table 3.1.1
As the tumor is elliptical therefore, by using following formula:
34×π×
x2×y2×z2
Tumor Volume = 0.108 cm3
FIGURE 3.1.22 TUMOR’S VOLUME
Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology 2
2. CHAPTER 4:
DISCUSSION
Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology 3
4.1. Discussion
3D analysis is a three dimensional model which is created using a set of points in 3D space,
which are connected by various geometric data such as lines, and curved surfaces. [1] 3D
rendering is performed via Autodesk® Maya® 8.0. The volumetric measurement was performed
by measuring the tumor's length at each axis by using the measurement tool in Autodesk®
Maya® 8.0 and the Adobe® After Effects® CS5.5 was used for or compiling rendered image
sequences or animation.
2.1.1. 1 st phase:
FIGURE 4.23 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PHASE 1
Discussion:
In 1st phase process is performed using box modelling technique in which we worked on
each vertex (pixel in 3d). Human skin shade is formed on the wire frame. We can make
any shade (shader) or texture on any 3d geometry such as metal, wood, leather, plastic etc
.
We divided the model in half. Actually, symmetrical models are taken in half so that we
duplicate the half model then weld the two models.
Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology
Box Modelling
Shader
Mapping
3
2.1.2. 2 nd phase:
FIGURE 4.24 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 2ND PHASE
Discussion:
In 2nd phase the brain modeling was performed by poly modeling which was detailed
further by extruding faces. Colors were assigned through material editor.
Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology
Poly Modeling
Extrusion
Material Editor
Symmetry
3
2.1.3. 3 rd phase:
FIGURE 4.25 BLOCK DIAGRAM PHASE 3
Discussion:
In 3rd phase rendering was performed through mental ray technology at 24 frames per
second.
1.4.2. 4 th phase:
FIGURE 4.26 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PHASE 4
Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology
Rendering
Volumetric Measurement
Texting
Animation
3
Discussion:
In 4th phase, volumetric measurement was made by the using formula and the Adobe®
After Effects® CS5.5 was used for or compiling rendered image sequences or animation.
4.2. Problem encountered:
There were lot of problems encountered during the project as initially; we did not have the
awareness of the software used Autodesk® Maya® but as we progress, we get familiar with the
tools and able to use them.
4.3. Improvement for future:
This project can be use professionally after advancement by training and collaboration with C++
like other softwares currently use by the medical industry such as 3D-DOCTOR.
Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology 3
3. CHAPTER 5:
CONCLUSION
Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology 3
5.1. Project:
This project is a prototype but it can be use at professional level after further development and
training. A great deal of information and knowledge is gathered thorough the project as to use in
the field of medical science, specifically in the field of medical imaging.
5.2. Step of project:
Our project is complete in four phases which is discussed above. The following steps were
followed to complete the project.
1. Planning.2. Modeling.3. Animation Setting.4. Lightening.5. Rendering.6. Animation.
All above steps also discussed in above chapter.
Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology 3
References
[1]."3D Scanning Advancements in Medical Science". Konica Minolta. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
[2] Sangeetha Johari. "Hindu Goddesses : Maya - Hindu Goddess". sanatansociety.org. Retrieved 2010-
12-10.
[3] Michael Friendly (2008). "Milestones in the history of thematic cartography, statistical graphics, and
data visualization"
[4] Maya documentation: packaged with Alias Maya, http://www.alias.com/eng/index.shtml
[5] In slico book Jason Sharpe, Charles J. Lumsden, Nicholas Woolridge - 2008 - Computers.
[6] "Truevision TGAª — FILE FORMAT SPECIFICATION — Version 2.0"
Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology 3
List of Abbreviations
MIP maximum intensity projection
TARGA Truevision Advanced Raster Graphics Adapter;
Cm centimeter
cm3 cubic centimeters
TGA Truevision Graphics Adapter
Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology 3