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3D-in-2D Planar View 3D-in-2D Planar View DisplayDisplayInteraction Design Centre, Middlesex University, Interaction Design Centre, Middlesex University, London, UKLondon, UK
A Brief Involvement in the User research and proposal generation
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The Spectrum of The Spectrum of Combined 3D/2D DisplaysCombined 3D/2D Displays 2D plan view displays2D plan view displays 3D virtual world, perspective displays3D virtual world, perspective displays
Side-by-side displaysSide-by-side displays Correlated - Non-correlated
Overlaid displaysOverlaid displays Un-correlated
Integrated displaysIntegrated displays 3D (spatial) visualisations in context of 2D displays 4D (space + time) integration
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The idea proposed: The idea proposed: A visualisation system for air traffic control
Provide support for spatial awareness of dynamic 3D tactical air traffic control situations
Localised 3D perspective view of the airspace displayed in a 3D "bubble”, displayed on demand The 3D visualisation in a 2D plan view radar display, eliminates the need to
shift focus
Integrated within the context and the same visual field of view of a 2D planar ATC radar display. The integration of 3D visualisation in a 2D plan view radar display is
anticipated to eliminate the need to shift focus
Incorporate temporal design in the localised 3D Incorporate temporal design in the localised 3D representation representation To support spatial-temporal reasoning
4Background (i):Background (i):Requirements based on Operational Work Requirements based on Operational Work AnalysisAnalysis
2 Field Studies in Air Traffic Control Centres:2 Field Studies in Air Traffic Control Centres: Ethnographic observations of controllers at work Focus Groups with controllers Critical Decision Making Interviews In depth interviews
Outcomes:Outcomes: Spatial Temporal Framework (Rozzi et. al. 2006; Wong et. al.
2006), to think about classes of Visual Requirements 4D Visual Requirements to support controller’s Spatial temporal
reasoning. Main requirement was to provide:• 2D to maintain control over the all traffics active
in the sector• 3D + Time picture to access detailed information
on demand, in the specific portion of the sector
Carried out prototyping workshop to design and redesign visual concepts
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Background (ii):Background (ii):Why the 3D-in-2D display is Why the 3D-in-2D display is innovativeinnovative??
Previous research directed at:Previous research directed at: Comparing 2D vs 3D Evaluating visuo-spatial tasks and visual search tasks
See Smallman, et al (2001), Xu and Rantanen (2003), Van Orden and Broyles (2000)
Assessing strength of 3D over 2D for assessing tactical situations
3D was found to have advantages over 2D 3D was found to have advantages over 2D (i) Navigation, (ii) spatial awareness, (iii) integration and focussed
attention tasks (see Naikar, 1998, for rigorous review) Minimises interpretive effort for understanding tactical situations
(Haskell and Wickens, 1993; van Orden and Broyles, 2000; Dennehy et al, 1994)
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Drawbacks of 3DDrawbacks of 3D Poor distance estimation in 3D (see Tavanti, 2004, for a review) Distance between objects along line of sight hard to estimate Realism in scene can clutter the display Poor 3D interaction / navigation techniques Selection in 3D is difficult
2D however does not suffer from these problems2D however does not suffer from these problems But due to lack of 3rd dimension, requires greater mental effort to
construct a mental representation
Therefore: integrate 3D into 2D, to take advantage Therefore: integrate 3D into 2D, to take advantage of the synergies that ariseof the synergies that arise
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Bifocal lens applied to London Underground Map(Leung and Apperley, 1994)
Focus and Context Visualization Focus and Context Visualization Techniques_Techniques_FilteringFiltering
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Focus and Context Visualization Focus and Context Visualization Techniques_ Techniques_ DistortionDistortion
(La Mar 2001)
9Focus and Context Visualization Focus and Context Visualization Techniques_ Techniques_ Semantic Depth of Field Semantic Depth of Field (SDOF)(SDOF)
(Tory & Moller, 2004)
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Proof of concept: Proof of concept: MU’s Picture in MU’s Picture in PicturePicture
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Proof of concept: Proof of concept: SA’s Distortion SA’s Distortion LensLens
QuickTime™ and aMicrosoft Video 1 decompressorare needed to see this picture.
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Proof of concept: DV’s LenteProof of concept: DV’s Lente
QuickTime™ and aMicrosoft Video 1 decompressorare needed to see this picture.
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ConclusionConclusion
While there are 3D visualisations and attempts to While there are 3D visualisations and attempts to extend 3D into 4D by including temporal extend 3D into 4D by including temporal representations, none have attempted to integrate representations, none have attempted to integrate and blend 3/4D visualisation within a 2D radar and blend 3/4D visualisation within a 2D radar display.display.
Evaluate current F+C implementationsEvaluate current F+C implementations
Review and construct new F+C display for Air Review and construct new F+C display for Air Traffic ControlTraffic Control