1 Nortel Confidential Information

BUSINESS MADE SIMPLE

3G CDMA Interoperability with Next-Generation OFDM-Based Mobile Broadband SolutionsTom Chuitchui@nortel.com

Nov 24, 2008

2

IntroductionIntroduction• Market Growth and Demand

• CDMA OFDMA Introduction

• Core Network Architecture

• Handoff Control

• Intersystem functionalities

• Service continuity across network boundaries

3Source: CDG, November 2008

EVEV--DO DO –– Subscriber GrowthSubscriber GrowthRev A growth drives sub count to more than 100,000,000 !!

Over 100 million EV-DO users!A 33% increase in one year!Asia-Pac has 39% of subs!

WIDELY-ACCEPTED Technology, EXPLOSIVE Growth

124124 EV-DO operators globally,4444 of which are Rev A.

Another 8080 EV-DO networks are beingdeployed.

Commercial Rev. A Networks44

Commercial Rev. A Networks38

Rev. A Devicesfrom 30 vendors90

Commercial Rel. 0 Networks105

Rel. 0 Networks in Deployment41

Rel. 0 Devicesfrom 50 vendors527

EV-DO Rel. 0 EV-DO Rev. A

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CDMA CDMA OFDMA ComplementaryOFDMA Complementary

3G CDMA networks will coexist with OFDM-based LTE Networks until next-generation broadband networks are fully capable of delivering:

Ubiquitous Coverage, Carrier-Grade Mass Market VoIP, Devices - Variety & Low Cost, Global Roaming

3G CDMA3G CDMA 3G CDMA 3G CDMA

3G CDMA2000 1X and 1xEV-DO Nationwide Coverage

Today

Initial Roll-out(Coexistence)

Over time

LTE (OFDMA)Urban-zone

3G CDMA and LTE3G CDMA and LTENationwide CoverageNationwide Coverage

LTE (OFDMA)Urban-zone

LTE (OFDMAUrban-zone

CDMA LTE (OFDMA) Network Interoperability is critical for success

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Waves of Packet CoreWaves of Packet Core

Wave 1 - Initial Wireless Data (from 1999)•• Service:Service: Very low bit rate data as adjunct to voice and text•• Subscribers:Subscribers: A few niche subscribers for 2G data services•• Packet Core Products:Packet Core Products: Small Scale Enterprise Class

Wave 2 – Mass Market Mobile Broadband (from 2004)•• Service:Service: Moderate bit rate data on its own merit•• Subscribers:Subscribers: Business users and early Mobile Broadband

• Blackberry and PC cards using 2G/3G -> EV-DO/HSPA•• Packet Core Products:Packet Core Products: Intelligent Carrier Class

Voice Devices

Business Devices & PC Cards

Wave 3 – Enhanced Mobile Broadband Experience (from 2010+)•• ServiceService: Mobile Broadband turbo charged by LTE•• Subscribers:Subscribers: Mass Market = Data Traffic Volume >> Voice•• Packet Core Products:Packet Core Products: Low Cost of Ownership, High Capacity,

Scalable, Multi Access, Carrier Class, COTS, Femto ReadyConsumer & Embedded Devices

Increasing Mass Market Mobile Broadband Demands Further Investment in Radio and Core Network Technology

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Core Network ArchitectureCore Network Architecture

• The Interworking architecture must cover:• Mobility • Authentication / Security• Policy and Charging• Fixed / Mobile convergence

• Current agreed architectures for OFDM-CDMA Interworking• EV-DO (HRPD) LTE: based on 3GPP Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

(agreed in 3GPP and 3GPP2)• WiMAX HRPD: based on “commonalities” between 3GPP2 &

WiMAX NWG

Common Reference Architecture to Accommodate Performance Requirements and Deployment Models for all Technology Pairings

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IP Core & Services Network

BTS

RNC

MMEP/S-GW

PDSN

A10/A11

S101 S2 / SX-u

Supporting an Access Aware NetworkSupporting an Access Aware Network

Add LTE as Overlay: • Separate IP’s, No Network Interaction

Add Mobile IP:• Provides network mobility for non-real-

time applications & common services

Add Seamless Mobility:• Optimizes network mobility for real-

time applications & services

Home AgentMIP

Pi

CDMA MSC

BTS

BSC

PSTN

S102

A1

Add Handoff (HO) to 1X Voice:• Extends coverage of LTE VoIP by

adding seamless mobility to 1X

S1eNodeB

SGi

Media GatewayA2

HSGW

Move to an All-IP, Simpler, Flatter, Cost Effective Network

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hPCRF

HSS

TrustedNon-3GPP

Access

PDNGatewayHPLMN

SWd

Non-3GPP Networks

VPLMN

vPCRF

3GPP AAA Proxy

STa

3GPP AAA Server

S2a

Gxa

S9

SGi

Gx

S6b

Operator’s IP Services

(e.g. IMS, PSS etc.)

Rx SWx

SWn

ePDG

SWa

Non-trustedNon-3GPP

Access

SWm

S2b

GxbGxc

S8

S6a

3GPPAccess

ServingGateway

3GPP2 and 3GPP Evolved Packet Core3GPP2 and 3GPP Evolved Packet Core(Example of Roaming Arch in TS 23.402)

EV-DO and WiMAX are considered Trusted Non-3GPP Access

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Handoff ControlHandoff ControlNetwork or Terminal Triggering

• Network Triggered:• Target selection (in the network) may be enhanced with

additional parameters to finely tune the handoff criteria.• Network can be tuned to trigger handoff based on highly

granular information (e.g. aggressive handoff regiment depending on deployment circumstances)

• Mobile Triggered:• The mobile makes the HO decision, potentially with

assistance from the network • Network push• Network receives measurement information

• The degree of network assistance (i.e. what information is provided) will determine the performance of the handoff

Network Controlled Handoff Optimizes Access Network Interworking

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InterInter--system Functionalitiessystem Functionalities

Loose couplingLoose coupling

a) “Break Before Make”(MBB)

b) “Dual-radio MBB”

Tight couplingTight coupling

“Make Before Break”“Network-controlled”

Little or no inter-system functionalitiesUE-centric L3 mobility based on (P)MIP

Resources are released in the source system prior to Handover execution

Service break is significant

Resources in target system are obtained prior to HO execution directly over target radio interface - “seamless mobility”

Requires dual radio capability, simultaneous transmit.

Requires inter-system functionalitiesNetwork-controlled; L3 mobility based on (P)MIP (S101)

Ability to configure and report measurements of the target system

Inter-system interface for establishing resources in target system prior to HO execution

Possibility of data forwarding

Suitable for single radio devices, but also applicable to dual radio devices

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Requirements for Mobility and HORequirements for Mobility and HO

• CDMA2000 and LTE connected systems…•Shall support terminals with single radio and dual radio solutions.

•Shall support voice service continuity between access networks.

•Shall support bidirectional service continuity between access networks to enable both best effort and real-time applications.

•Shall minimize impact on service quality, e.g. Quality of Service (QoS), reduce interruption times.

•Should minimize the coupling between access networks (e.g. by using transparent signaling through the source system) allowing independent protocol evolution in each access.

•Shall be based on the principles of network controlled radio access mobility.

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Principles for Optimized HandoversPrinciples for Optimized Handovers

• Inspired from the A21 interface defined for EV-DO =>1X voice call continuity

• Terminal interacts directly with target system (LTE or EV-DO) to perform handover preparation

• Source system provides “tunneling” capability (S101) for terminal to interact with target system

• In the LTE => EV-DO direction there are two distinct steps• 1) Pre-registration: when conditions are such that a handover to HRPD may be

required, the source system provides the UE with sufficient information to perform pre-registration with the target HRPD access and core network, over the S101 tunnelling interface

• 2) HO execution: if conditions subsequently warrant that a handover should occur, the handover signalling will also be performed over the S101 tunnelling interface, whereas data forwarding takes place on S103

• Similar logic applies in the EV-DO => LTE direction• Except that, pre-registration also triggers the HO execution

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Voice Continuity with Legacy CS Domain:Voice Continuity with Legacy CS Domain:OFDM to Circuit Switched (CS) Handoff (HO)

• EPC/LTE is Packet Switched (PS) only system

• Voice continuity between LTE and 1X Circuit Switched (CS) domain requires a transformation of a VoIP (on IMS) call into CS session and vice versa

• Requirement is that there should be minimum impact on the CS domain

• The solution to the problem falls in the Voice Call Continuity (VCC) with “single radio hybrid terminal” category • VCC = Voice Call Continuity between CS domain and PS via IMS• Because of the similarities with 3GPP2 VCC and 3GPP Rel-7 VCC, the

problem is referred to as Single Radio VCC• Single Radio VCC for LTE-1X is specified in 3GPP TS 23.216

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SRSR--VCC Architecture for 1X CSVCC Architecture for 1X CS

• Based on the A21 solution in 3GPP2 A.S0008-C• While attached to EUTRAN, the UE initiates tunnelled establishment of the

CS access leg (via Uu - S1-MME – S102 – A1)• After handover to 1X, the LTE access behaves as if the UE has gone out of

coverage i.e. it performs the S1 release procedure and considers the UE to be in IDLE state

• 3GPP mostly specifies the transport of A21 messages over S102

E-UTRAN(LTE)

MME

Serving/PDN GW

SGi

1xRTT CS Access

1xRTTMSC

1xCS IWS

S102

S11S1-MME

S1-U

A1ANSI-41 (ISUP)A1 VCC

AS

3GPP2IMS

Tunnelled 1xRTT messages

1xCS SRVCC

UE

1xCS SRVCC

UE

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Graceful CDMA to LTE EvolutionGraceful CDMA to LTE EvolutionStandards alignment, driven by service providers

• CDMA core networks with IMS and VCC will play a key role in expanding 3G and 4G deployments• e.g. Seamless call handoffs between 2G, 3G and 4G networks• e.g. EV-DO and LTE femtocells

• CDMA operators will be among the first to deploy wider-bandwidth OFDM solutions:• Broadcast – DVB-H, MFLO, ISDB-T, T-DMB, etc.• Additional broadband capacity – LTE, Wi-Fi, etc.

• CDMA Ecosystem will ensure service continuity will exist between these complementary solutions

IP Core Networks and VCC Bridge Multiple Technologies, including Wi-Fi, Femto, LTE and WiMAX

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Device and Application Ecosystem

Common Core Architecture

Ethernet and Optical Connectivity

Design, Engineering, Operations, Applications

EV-DO WiMAX LTE1X

Planning for SuccessPlanning for Success

Enhancing today networks while building the networks for tomorrow

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