Introduction

3G wireless technology represents the convergence of various 2G wireless

telecommunications systems into a single uniform global system which includes terrestrial

and satellite components in its functioning.

3G or the third-generation wireless refers to near future developments in personal & business

wireless technology, especially relating to mobile communications. 3G or The Third

Generation will usher in many benefits as roaming capability, broad bandwidth and high

speed communication (upwards of 2Mbps). 

Network operators & telecommunications service providers are embracing the recently

adopted global third generation (3G) wireless standards in order to cater to emerging user

demands and to offer new services to their customers.3G wireless technology represents a

shift from voice-centric services to multimedia-oriented like video, voice, data, fax services.

 

The most interesting & useful aspect of 3G wireless technology is its ability to unify existing

cellular standards such as GSM, CDMA and TDMA.

International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000), better known as 3G or 3rd

Generation, is a family of standards for mobile telecommunications defined by the

International Telecommunication Union,[1] which includes GSM EDGE, UMTS, and

CDMA2000 as well as DECT and WiMAX. Services include wide-area wireless voice

telephone, video calls, and wireless data, all in a mobile environment. Compared to 2G and

2.5G services, 3G allows simultaneous use of speech and data services and higher data rates

(up to 14.4 Mbit/s on the downlink and 5.8 Mbit/s on the uplink with HSPA+). Thus, 3G

networks enable network operators to offer users a wider range of more advanced services

while achieving greater network capacity through improved spectral efficiency.

The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) defined the third generation (3G) of

mobile telephony standards – IMT-2000 – to facilitate growth, increase bandwidth, and

support more diverse applications. For example, GSM (the current most popular cellular

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phone standard) could deliver not only voice, but also circuit-switched data at download

speeds up to 14.4 kbps. But to support mobile multimedia applications, 3G had to deliver

packet-switched data with better spectral efficiency, at far greater speeds.

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Overview

In 1999, ITU approved five radio interfaces for IMT-2000 as a part of the ITU-R M.1457

Recommendation; WiMAX was added in 2007.

There are evolutionary standards that are backwards-compatible extensions to pre-existing

2G networks as well as revolutionary standards that require all-new networks and frequency

allocations. The later group is the UMTS family, which consists of standards developed for

IMT-2000, as well as the independently-developed standards DECT and WiMAX, which

were included because they fit the IMT-2000 definition.

While EDGE is part of the 3G standard, most GSM/UMTS phones report EDGE (“2.75G”)

and UMTS (“3G”) network availability as separate functionality.

History

The first pre-commercial 3G network was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan branded, in

May 2001 on a pre-release of W-CDMA technology. The first commercial launch of 3G was

also by NTT DoCoMo in Japan on October 1, 2001, although it was initially somewhat

limited in scope, broader availability was delayed by apparent concerns over reliability. The

second network to go commercially live was by SK Telecom in South Korea on the 1xEV-

DO technology in January 2002. By May 2002 the second South Korean 3G network was by

KTF on EV-DO and thus the Koreans were the first to see competition among 3G operators.

The first European pre-commercial network was at the Isle of Man by Manx Telecom, the

operator then owned by British Telecom, and the first commercial network in Europe was

opened for business by Telenor in December 2001 with no commercial handsets and thus no

paying customers. These were both on the W-CDMA technology.

The first commercial United States 3G network was by Monet Mobile Networks, on

CDMA2000 1x EV-DO technology, but this network provider later shut down operations.

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The second 3G network operator in the USA was Verizon Wireless in October 2003 also on

CDMA2000 1x EV-DO, and this network has grown strongly since then.

The first pre-commercial demonstration network in the southern hemisphere was built in

Adelaide, South Australia by m.Net Corporation in February 2002 using UMTS on 2100

MHz. This was a demonstration network for the 2002 IT World Congress. The first

commercial 3G network was launched by Hutchison Telecommunications branded as Three

in March 2003.

In December 2007, 190 3G networks were operating in 40 countries and 154 HSDPA

networks were operating in 71 countries, according to the Global Mobile Suppliers

Association (GSA). In Asia, Europe, Canada and the USA, telecommunication companies

use W-CDMA technology with the support of around 100 terminal designs to operate 3G

mobile networks.

In Europe, mass market commercial 3G services were introduced starting in March 2003 by 3

(Part of Hutchison Whampoa) in the UK and Italy. The European Union Council suggested

that the 3G operators should cover 80% of the European national populations by the end of

2005.

Roll-out of 3G networks was delayed in some countries by the enormous costs of additional

spectrum licensing fees. (See Telecoms crash.) In many countries, 3G networks do not use

the same radio frequencies as 2G, so mobile operators must build entirely new networks and

license entirely new frequencies; an exception is the United States where carriers operate 3G

service in the same frequencies as other services. The license fees in some European

countries were particularly high, bolstered by government auctions of a limited number of

licenses and sealed bid auctions, and initial excitement over 3G's potential. Other delays were

due to the expenses of upgrading equipment for the new systems.

By June 2007 the 200 millionth 3G subscriber had been connected. Out of 3 billion mobile

phone subscriptions worldwide this is only 6.7%. In the countries where 3G was launched

first - Japan and South Korea - 3G penetration is over 70%.[11] In Europe the leading country

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is Italy with a third of its subscribers migrated to 3G. Other leading countries by 3G

migration include UK, Austria, Australia and Singapore at the 20% migration level. A

confusing statistic is counting CDMA 2000 1x RTT customers as if they were 3G customers.

If using this definition, then the total 3G subscriber base would be 475 million at June 2007

and 15.8% of all subscribers worldwide.

Still several developing countries such as Indonesia have not awarded 3G licenses and

customers await 3G services. China delayed its decisions on 3G for many years, mainly

because of their Government's delay in establishing well defined standards.[12] China

announced in May 2008, that the telecoms sector was re-organized and three 3G networks

would be allocated so that the largest mobile operator, China Mobile, would retain its GSM

customer base. China Unicom would retain its GSM customer base but relinquish its

CDMA2000 customer base, and launch 3G on the globally leading WCDMA (UMTS)

standard. The CDMA2000 customers of China Unicom would go to China Telecom, which

would then launch 3G on the CDMA 1x EV-DO standard. This meant that China would have

all three main cellular technology 3G standards in commercial use. Finally in January 2009,

Ministry of industry and Information Technology of China has awarded licenses of all three

standards，TD-SCDMA to China Mobile, WCDMA to China Unicom and CDMA2000 to

China Telecom.

In November 2008, Turkey has auctioned four IMT 2000/UMTS standard 3G licenses with

45, 40, 35 and 25 MHz top frequencies. Turkcell has won the 45MHz band with its €358

million offer followed by Vodafone and Avea leasing the 40 and 35MHz frequencies

respectively for 20 years. The 25MHz top frequency license remains to be auctioned.

The first African use of 3G technology was a 3G videocall made in Johannesburg on the

Vodacom network in November 2004. The first commercial launch of 3G in Africa was by

EMTEL in Mauritius on the W-CDMA standard. In north African Morocco in late March

2006, a 3G service was provided by the new company Wana.

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Telus first introduced 3G services in Canada in 2005. Rogers Wireless began implementing

3G HSDPA services in eastern Canada early 2007 in the form of Rogers Vision. Fido

Solutions and Rogers Wireless now offer 3G service in most urban centres.

T-Mobile, a major Telecommunication services provider has recently rolled out a list of over

120 U.S. cities which will be provided with 3G Network coverage in the year 2009.[13]

In 2008, India entered into 3G Mobile arena with the launch of 3G enabled Mobile services

by Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL). MTNL is the first Mobile operator in

India to launch 3G services.

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Features

There are a lot of mobile phone brands in the market that are attracting the users at ease.

These brands are launching a number of models. Many of these models on one side have

wonderful features, while on the other hand, they come enriched with astonishing looks. Sony

Ericsson and Samsung are the two brands that are popular among a large number of people

throughout the world. These two brands have launched a number of gadgets that have

become the first choice of many users.

One model of each can be taken as example. A few days back, Sony Ericsson launched the

Sony Ericsson C905 in the handset market. This is a very nice handset that supports 3G

technology. It has most of the features required by the users of the present days. It has an

astonishing camera option that allows you to capture the images of digital cam quality. It has

8 mega pixels of camera that supports the image resolution of 3264 x 2448 pixels. It has some

additional features also such as auto focus and xenon flash. Xenon flash is the flash light

feature that enables the users to capture crystal clear images even in faint light also. This

handset contains the advance Internet options such as RSS reader. You can read the RSS

feeds on the World Wide Web. Surfing can be done with its WAP and HTML browsers too.

Moreover, it has a lot of sophisticated features such as TV-out features in order, to view the

images and video clips on the television screen, picture editor for editing the pictures and

many others.

Samsung is also not behind anyone in terms of features. Samsung F480 Tocco model can be

taken as one of the instances. It is also a 3G supported handset. It has 5 mega pixels camera

with 2592 Ñ… 1944 pixels image resolution. This handset also allows the users to take

pictures even in dim light with its LED flash features. It also has WAP and HTML browsers

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for smart surfing. Document viewer allows you to access the MS-office as well as PDF

documents. Much more features are also available in this handset.

Apart from all this, the Sony Ericsson C905 and Samsung F480 Tocco handsets have a lot of

similar features. Beautiful quotes and other text messages, multimedia graphics etc., can be

sent to friends and relatives. Moreover, the Bluetooth feature would allow you to transfer the

videos, audios and other files. This is the wireless system that would allow you to send all

your contents to other compatible devices within a specific range totally free of cost.

Moreover, both these models consist of astonishing looks. Sony Ericsson C905 model has

136 grams of weight along with the dimensions of 104 x 49 x 18-19.5 mm. Whereas, the

F480 is comprised of 100.6 grams of weight and the dimensions of 98.4 x 55 x 11.6 mm.

Entertainment is another aspect for which people like to by a handset. The Sony Ericsson

C905 has the audio player that support the popular music file formats such as MP3, MP4,

AAC etc. The audio player of Samsung F480 Tocco also supports MP3, AAC and MPEG4

file formats. Conclusively, it can be said that, both these handsets may be the right options for

the users. Users can also choose any of these as per their requirements.

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Data rates

ITU has not provided a clear definition of the data rate users can expect from 3G equipment

or providers. Thus users sold 3G service may not be able to point to a standard and say that

the rates it specifies are not being met. While stating in commentary that "it is expected that

IMT-2000 will provide higher transmission rates: a minimum speed of 2 Mbit/s and

maximum of 14.4 Mbit/s for stationary users, and 348 kbit/s in a moving vehicle," [14] the ITU

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does not actually clearly specify minimum or average rates or what modes of the interfaces

qualify as 3G, so various rates are sold as 3G intended to meet customers expectations of

broadband speed.

Security•

Protection against active attacks on the radio interface.

New integrity mechanism added to protect critical signaling information on the radio

interface

Enhanced authentication protocol provides mutual authentication and freshness of

cipher/integrity key towards the user

Enhanced encryption

Stronger algorithm, longer key

Encryption terminates in the radio network controller rather than the base station

Core network security

Potential for secure global roaming

Ensure that the resources and services provided are adequately protected against

misuse or misappropriation

Ensure that the security features standardised are compatible with world-wide

availability

Ensure that the security features are adequately standardised to ensure world-wide

interoperability and roaming between different serving networks

Ensure that the level of protection afforded to users and providers of services is better

than that provided in contemporary fixed and mobile networks (including GSM)

Ensure that the implementation of 3GPP security features and mechanisms can be

extended and enhanced as required by new threats and services

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3G Standards

The dream of 3G is to unify the world's mobile computing devices through a single,

worldwide radio transmission standard. Imagine being able to go anywhere in the world

secure in the knowledge that your mobile phone is compatible with the local system, a

scenario known as "global roaming". Unfortunately, the process of unifying the numerous

international standards has proved to be extremely difficult. After difficult negotiation, a 3G

"standard" called IMT-2000 emerged as a rather unsatisfactory compromise. IMT-2000, in

fact, represents several incompatible standards lumped together under one banner. The hope

of IMT-2000 is that phones using these different standards will be able to move seamlessly

between all networks, thus providing global roaming.

The rather fragmented nature of IMT-2000 has resulted in a proliferation of confusion

acronyms (e.g., TDMA, UMTS, EDGE) often referred to as "alphabet soup". Possibly the

most important acronym to remember is "UMTS": this is the 3G standard for Europe and

Japan.

UMTS is the successor to the current ultra-successful GSM mobile phone standard in Europe.

UMTS is being very heavily sold as the 3G standard (some sources use the terms "3G" and

"UMTS" synonymously, though this is really not correct and just adds to the confusion).

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Evolution from 2G to 2.5 G

In the 2G and 2.5G mobile, several technological developments have been introduced to

increase the capacity bandwidth of the networks and to enable provision of new services in

these platforms. Standard bandwidth for data services in GSM networks is 9.6 Kbps per time

slot. However, many providers offer 14.4 Kbps per time slot using more efficient modulation

technologies. To increase the available capacity at the end user’s site in GSM networks, two

approaches are used:

Deployment of several time slots. This is called HSCSD (High Speed Circuit

Switched Data).

Deployment of packet oriented IP based technologies like GPRS and EDGE.

When using HSCSD technology, a maximum capacity of 38.4 Kbps will be achieved if 9.6

Kbps per time slot is used (and 57.6 Kbps in the case of 14.4 Kbps per time slot). In both

cases, the assumption is that all 8 time slots are used: 4 time slots for uplink and 4 for

downlink.

GPRS, on the other hand, is packet-based and is optimized for IP traffic. In GPRS, the

capacity per time slot depends on the deployed technology:

CS1: 9.05 Kbps per time slot

CS2: 13.4 Kbps per time slot

CS3: 15.6 Kbps per time slot

CS4: 21.4 Kbps per time slot.

In theory, using 8 time slots and CS4 technology, a maximum capacity of 171.3 Kbps can be

achieved.

EDGE can be seen as a technology with the same characteristics as GPRS, but with more

efficient modulation techniques and, consequently, higher capacities per time slot.

Theoretically, it is possible to achieve 59 Kbps per time slot, providing a maximum capacity

of 472 Kbps. The capacity will depend on the deployed technology (MsC1 to MsC9), and a

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maximum capacity per time slot of 48 Kbps is considered realistic in mature EDGE networks

giving a maximum overall capacity of 384 Kbps.

One important issue here is that even though GPRS and EDGE are capable of offering high

bandwidth connectivity to the end users, the amount of frequency resources in the GSM

network is far below the resources necessary to cope with the ever increasing demand of the

end users for data services.

The technological evolution path towards 3G networks and the standards that will be

deployed in different markets depend primarily on the current 2G markets. The natural

consequence of this has been the definition of a variety of variants of IMT-2000 standard,

that can be chosen by different operators based on parameters like reusability,

interoperability, etc.

Mobile telephones have been a tremendous successstory. Although GSM was originally

conceived as apan-European system there are now over 400 operators in157 countries

worldwide [1]. Since the launch of the first GSM systems in the early nineties, customer

numbers have grown very quickly resulting in today’s highly competitive mass market. In

particular, the more recent development of ‘pre-pay’ packages has been very successful in

attracting new customers. For many mobile operators more than 50% of their customers use

pre-pay. At present, GSM use is dominated by voice services, although there has been a

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great increase in uses for the short message service (SMS), atext-based messaging system.

GSM provides a ‘circuitswitched’ data service similar to PSTN dial-up data services. The

nominal GSM data rate is 9.6 kbit/s. In recent years, a new coding scheme has been approved

that takes this data rate to 14.4 kbit/s although not all operators will adopt this. However,

these data rates do not provide high

speed access to services such as e-mail and the World Wide Web (WWW). Also, the use of

‘circuit-switched’ connections, where the channel is dedicated to one user, is not the most

efficient way of carrying the ‘bursty’ traffic of these types of services that are accessed over

the Internet.

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Evolution from 2.5 G to 3G

GPRS networks evolved to EDGE networks with the introduction of 8PSK encoding.

Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), or IMT Single

Carrier (IMT-SC) is a backward-compatible digital mobile phone technology that allows

improved data transmission rates, as an extension on top of standard GSM. EDGE can be

considered a 3G radio technology and is part of ITU's 3G definition, but is most frequently

referred to as 2.75G. EDGE was deployed on GSM networks beginning in 2003—initially by

Cingular (now AT&T) in the United States.

EDGE is standardized by 3GPP as part of the GSM family, and it is an upgrade that provides

a potential three-fold increase in capacity of GSM/GPRS networks. The specification

achieves higher data-rates by switching to more sophisticated methods of coding (8PSK),

within existing GSM timeslots

.

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Evolution towards 4G

Both 3GPP and 3GPP2 are currently working on further extensions to 3G standards, named

Long Term Evolution and Ultra Mobile Broadband, respectively. Being based on an all-IP

network infrastructure and using advanced wireless technologies such as MIMO, these

specifications already display features characteristic for IMT-Advanced (4G), the successor

of 3G. However, falling short of the speed requirements for 4G (which is 1 Gbit/s for

stationary and 100 Mbit/s for mobile operation), these standards are classified as 3.9G or Pre-

4G.

3GPP plans to meet the 4G goals with LTE Advanced, whereas Qualcomm has halted

development of UMB in favour of the LTE family.

Objectives

4G is being developed to accommodate the QoS and rate requirements set by forthcoming

applications like wireless broadband access, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), video

chat, mobile TV, HDTV content, Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB), minimal services like

voice and data, and other services that utilize bandwidth.

The 4G working group has defined the following as objectives of the 4G wireless

communication standard:

A spectrally efficient system (in bits/s/Hz and bits/s/Hz/site)

High network capacity: more simultaneous users per cell,

A data rate of at least 100 Mbit/s between any two points in the world,

Smooth handoff across heterogeneous networks,

Seamless connectivity and global roaming across multiple networks,

High quality of service for next generation multimedia support (real time audio, high

speed data, HDTV video content, mobile TV, etc)

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Interoperability with existing wireless standards, and

An all IP, packet switched network.

In summary, the 4G system should dynamically share and utilize network resources to meet

the minimal requirements of all the 4G enabled users.

Approaches

As described in 4G consortia including WINNER, WINNER - Towards Ubiquitous Wireless

Access, and WWRF, a key technology based approach is summarized as follows, where

Wireless-World-INitiative-NEw-Radio (WINNER) is a consortium to enhance mobile

communication systems.

Consideration points

Coverage, radio environment, spectrum, services, business models and deployment

types, users.

Principal technologies

Baseband techniques

o OFDM : To exploit the frequency selective channel property

o MIMO: To attain ultra high spectral efficiency

o Turbo principle: To minimize the required SNR at the reception side

Adaptive radio interface

Modulation, spatial processing including multi-antenna and multi-user MIMO

Relaying, including fixed relay networks (FRNs), and the cooperative relaying

concept, known as multi-mode protocol

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4G features

According to the members of the 4G working group, the infrastructure and the terminals of

4G will have almost all the standards from 2G to 4G implemented. Although legacy systems

are in place to adopt existing users, the infrastructure for 4G will be only packet-based (all-

IP). Some proposals suggest having an open Internet platform. Technologies considered to be

early 4G include: Flash-OFDM, the 802.16e mobile version of WiMax (also known as WiBro

in South Korea), and HC-SDMA . 3GPP Long Term Evolution may reach the market 1–2

years after Mobile WiMax is released.

An even higher speed version of WiMax is the IEEE 802.16m specification. LTE Advanced

will be the later evolution of the 3GPP LTE standard.

As the wireless standards evolved, the access techniques used also exhibited increase in

efficiency, capacity and scalability. The first generation wireless standards used plain TDMA

and FDMA. In the wireless channels, TDMA proved to be less efficient in handling the high

data rate channels as it requires large guard periods to alleviate the multipath impact.

Similarly, FDMA consumed more bandwidth for guard to avoid inter carrier interference. So

in second generation systems, one set of standard used the combination of FDMA and

TDMA and the other set introduced a new access scheme called CDMA. Usage of CDMA

increased the system capacity and also placed a soft limit on it rather than the hard limit. Data

rate is also increased as this access scheme is efficient enough to handle the multipath

channel. This enabled the third generation systems to use CDMA as the access scheme IS-

2000, UMTS, HSXPA, 1xEV-DO, TD-CDMA and TD-SCDMA. The only issue with

CDMA is that it suffers from poor spectrum flexibility and scalability.

Recently, new access schemes like Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), Single Carrier FDMA

(SC-FDMA), Interleaved FDMA and Multi-carrier code division multiple access (MC-

CDMA) are gaining more importance for the next generation systems. WiMax is using

OFDMA in the downlink and in the uplink. For the next generation UMTS, OFDMA is being

considered for the downlink. By contrast, IFDMA is being considered for the uplink since

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OFDMA contributes more to the PAPR related issues and results in nonlinear operation of

amplifiers. IFDMA provides less power fluctuation and thus avoids amplifier issues.

Similarly, MC-CDMA is in the proposal for the IEEE 802.20 standard. These access schemes

offer the same efficiencies as older technologies like CDMA. Apart from this, scalability and

higher data rates can be achieved.

The other important advantage of the above mentioned access techniques is that they require

less complexity for equalization at the receiver. This is an added advantage especially in the

MIMO environments since the spatial multiplexing transmission of MIMO systems

inherently requires high complexity equalization at the receiver.

In addition to improvements in these multiplexing systems, improved modulation techniques

are being used. Whereas earlier standards largely used Phase-shift keying, more efficient

systems such as 64QAM are being proposed for use with the 3GPP Long Term Evolution

standards.

IPv6 support

Main articles: Network layer, Internet protocol, and IPv6

Unlike 3G, which is based on two parallel infrastructures consisting of circuit switched and

packet switched network nodes respectively, 4G will be based on packet switching only. This

will require low-latency data transmission.

By the time that 4G is deployed, the process of IPv4 address exhaustion is expected to be in

its final stages. Therefore, in the context of 4G, IPv6 support is essential in order to support a

large number of wireless-enabled devices. By increasing the number of IP addresses, IPv6

removes the need for Network Address Translation (NAT), a method of sharing a limited

number of addresses among a larger group of devices, although NAT will still be required to

communicate with devices that are on existing IPv4 networks.

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As of June 2009, Verizon has posted specifications that require any 4G devices on its

network to support IPv6.

Advanced Antenna Systems

Main articles: MIMO and MU-MIMO

The performance of radio communications obviously depends on the advances of an antenna

system, refer to smart or intelligent antenna. Recently, multiple antenna technologies are

emerging to achieve the goal of 4G systems such as high rate, high reliability, and long range

communications. In the early 90s, to cater the growing data rate needs of data

communication, many transmission schemes were proposed. One technology, spatial

multiplexing, gained importance for its bandwidth conservation and power efficiency. Spatial

multiplexing involves deploying multiple antennae at the transmitter and at the receiver.

Independent streams can then be transmitted simultaneously from all the antennae. This

increases the data rate into multiple folds with the number equal to minimum of the number

of transmit and receive antennae. This is called MIMO (as a branch of intelligent antenna).

Apart from this, the reliability in transmitting high speed data in the fading channel can be

improved by using more antennae at the transmitter or at the receiver. This is called transmit

or receive diversity. Both transmit/receive diversity and transmit spatial multiplexing are

categorized into the space-time coding techniques, which does not necessarily require the

channel knowledge at the transmit. The other category is closed-loop multiple antenna

technologies which use the channel knowledge at the transmitter..

Software-Defined Radio (SDR)

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SDR is one form of open wireless architecture (OWA). Since 4G is a collection of wireless

standards, the final form of a 4G device will constitute various standards. This can be

efficiently realized using SDR technology, which is categorized to the area of the radio

convergence.

Developments

The Japanese company NTT DoCoMo has been testing a 4G communication system

prototype with 4x4 MIMO called VSF-OFCDM at 100 Mbit/s while moving, and 1 Gbit/s

while stationary. In February 2007, NTT DoCoMo completed a trial in which they reached a

maximum packet transmission rate of approximately 5 Gbit/s in the downlink with 12x12

MIMO using a 100MHz frequency bandwidth while moving at 10 km/h, and is planning on

releasing the first commercial network in 2010.

Digiweb, an Irish fixed and wireless broadband company, has announced that they have

received a mobile communications license from the Irish Telecoms regulator, ComReg. This

service will be issued the mobile code 088 in Ireland and will be used for the provision of 4G

Mobile communications. Digiweb launched a mobile broadband network using FLASH-

OFDM technology at 872 MHz.

Pervasive networks are an amorphous and at present entirely hypothetical concept where the

user can be simultaneously connected to several wireless access technologies and can

seamlessly move between them (See vertical handoff, IEEE 802.21). These access

technologies can be Wi-Fi, UMTS, EDGE, or any other future access technology. Included in

this concept is also smart-radio (also known as cognitive radio technology) to efficiently

manage spectrum use and transmission power as well as the use of mesh routing protocols to

create a pervasive network.

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Verizon Wireless announced on September 20, 2007 that it plans a joint effort with the

Vodafone Group to transition its networks to the 4G standard LTE. On December 9, 2008,

Verizon Wireless announced that they intend to build and begin to roll out a LTE network by

the end of 2009.

Telus and Bell Canada, the major Canadian cdmaOne and EV-DO carriers, have announced

that they will be cooperating towards building a fourth generation (4G) LTE wireless

broadband network in Canada. As a transitional measure, they are implementing 3G UMTS

to go live by early 2010.

Sprint announced it will be offering a 3G/4G connection plan for $79.99, but it is only

currently available in the following cities: Atlanta, GA; Baltimore, MD; Bellingham, WA;

Boise, ID; Las Vegas, NV; Portland.

Applications

At the present rates of 15-30 Mbit/s, 4G is capable of providing users with streaming high-

definition television. At rates of 100 Mbit/s, the content of a DVD-5 (for example a movie)

can be downloaded within about 5 minutes for offline access.

4G wireless standards

3GPP is currently standardizing LTE Advanced as future 4G standard. A first set of 3GPP

requirements on LTE Advanced has been approved in June 2008. The working groups are

currently evaluating various proposals for standardization. LTE Advanced will be

standardized as part of the Release 10 of the 3GPP specification

.

22

23

Issues

Although 3G was successfully introduced to users across the world, some issues are debated

by 3G providers and users:

Expensive input fees for the 3G service licenses in some jurisdictions

Differences in licensing terms between states

Level of debt incurred by some telecommunication companies, which makes

investment in 3G difficult

Lack of state support for financially troubled operators

Cost of 3G phones

Lack of coverage in some areas

High prices for 3G in some countries

Demand for high speed services in a hand-held device

Battery life of 3G phones

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Viewing Usage Statistics

Awareness of how you use your phone and knowing how long your battery typically lasts can

help you improve its battery life. You can view your phone usage statistics by tapping the

Settings icon on the Home screen and choosing General > Usage. Under the “Time since last

full charge” heading you’ll see two items:

Usage: Amount of time phone has been awake and in use since the last full charge. The

phone is awake when you’re on a call, using email, listening to music, browsing the web, or

sending and receiving text messages, or during certain background tasks such as auto-

checking email.

Standby: Amount of time phone has been powered on since its last full charge, including the

time the phone has been asleep

Charging Tips

3G Phones cannot be charged with a FireWire power adapter or FireWire-based car charger.

Make sure your computer is on while charging Phone via USB. If Phone is connected to a

computer that’s turned off or is in sleep or standby mode, the Phone battery may drain.

Maximum Battery Life

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Phone 3GS offers up to 5 hours of talk time on 3G, 12 hours of talk time on 2G, 5 hours of

Internet use on 3G, 9 hours of Internet use on Wi-Fi, 10 hours of video playback, or 30 hours

of audio playback on a full charge at original capacity. In addition,i- Phone(APPLE) features

up to 300 hours of standby time.

A properly maintained phone battery is designed to retain up to 80% of its original capacity at

400 full charge and discharge cycles. You may choose to replace your battery when it no

longer holds sufficient charge to meet your needs.

Charging your phone while in certain carrying cases may generate excess heat, which can

affect battery capacity. If you notice that your phone gets hot when you charge it, take it out

of its case first.

Increased AT&T data plan price negates any savings you get up front on the

phone. Screams of "IT'S NOT ACTUALLY CHEAPER, APPLE IS FOOLING US" have us

wondering about how much more you're really paying over two years compared with the old

phone or similarly featured 3G smartphones on AT&T and other providers. Here's what we

found.

Over two years, the phone 3G will cost $160 more than the original phone. This includes the

unlimited data plan plus the additional $5 SMS plan you need to get to match the original's

200 included messages. What the chart doesn't indicate, in pure dollars, is how much 3G is

worth.

Compared with a similar 3G phone on AT&T, the phone 3G costs exactly the same over two

years as AT&T's HTC Tilt (minus $100 for the increased initial phone price). Compared to

Sprint, you're coming out slightly behind by $20 because of Sprint's included unlimited

SMS/MMS, but unlimited 3G data still costs the same $30. Verizon's data and texting plan is

also on par with AT&T's, and you get an extra 50 text messages.

So what can we conclude? Yes, the phone 3G will cost you $160 more than the original

phone over two years. If you don't need 3G at all (or GPS), you might not need to upgrade if

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you've got an old one. Otherwise, $160 is a small price to pay—for us at least—over the

course of two years to drastically increase your email and browsing speeds.

SUMMARY

3 G network is one of the leading technologies in today’s wireless technology. This service is

available with any wireless phones. Verizon is the first one to use this. It was first

implemented on CDMA phones .now this service is coming soon with GSM.3G is an

exciting new technology that is being incorporated into mobile devices across the globe.

Users are now able to make person-to-person calls, download data and do a variety of other

tasks they never imagined possible all via their 3G cell phones. With 3G you can do

everything you do now, but you can do it much better, a lot faster and from almost anywhere!

Some of the main advantages are that 3G allows for higher call volumes and supports

multimedia data applications such as video, email, SMS, games etc.A great deal of potential

exists for new applications in the future as 3G packet based networks will allow users to be

on line all the time. The capabilities of wireless networks in terms of bandwidth must still,

however, be improved upon .

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REFERENCES

www.wikipedia.org

www.google.com

www.three-g.net

www.ictregulationtoolkit.org

www.cn-c114.net

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