3Geofísica

7/23/2019 3Geofísica

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Geophysics 629 1



Geophysics 629 2

Course Goals

• Geophysics , Seismic Interpretation, is designed toGeophysics , Seismic Interpretation, is designed to

teach you the basics behind reflection seismologyteach you the basics behind reflection seismologyand how it is applied to image the subsurfaceand how it is applied to image the subsurface

• We will coer!We will coer!

" #he basic physics behind the seismic method#he basic physics behind the seismic method " #he basics of seismic ac$uisition#he basics of seismic ac$uisition " #he basics of seismic processing#he basics of seismic processing " %uilding a geologic framewor& from seismic data%uilding a geologic framewor& from seismic data

" 'naly(ing the seismic to answer releant $uestions 'naly(ing the seismic to answer releant $uestions

• Some emphasis will be placed on how seismic dataSome emphasis will be placed on how seismic datais used in the energy industryis used in the energy industry



Geophysics 629 )

Course Goals

• Seismic *ata is used by many earth scientists to studymany aspects of the subsurface

" #o discoer + recoer natural resources oil, gas, coal,minerals, etc-.

" #o understand subsurface fluid flow water, contaminants.

" #o aid in construction tunnels, s&yscrapers, etc-.

" /tc-

• #his course will focus on using seismic in academicresearch and to e0plore for oil and gas



Geophysics 629

Contact Information

Instructor: Diego Palacios

[email protected]

m

Office Hours: ????

Class time: Saturdas !:"" # 11:

$%



Geophysics 629

Textbooks

•Sheriff, 3, and Geldart 4I, 199, /0ploration Sismology, Second edition,5ambridge, 7

•4iner, 5hristopher 4, 288, /lements of )* Seismology, Second edition,ennWell, #ulsa, :7-

•*el ;alle, /, 19<6 , 'puntes de Introducci=n a los >?todos Geof@sicos de/0ploraci=n, A'>

•Berron, *, 281), Cirst Steps in Seismic Interpretation, Society of /0plorationGeophysicist, #ulsa :&lahoma-

•%rown, ', Interpretation of #hree *imensional Seismic *ata, ''G >emoir62, #ulsa :7-

•%aby, , 3iadeneira, >, 281, 4a 5uenca :riente! Geologia y etroleo, I3*DI/C' , Euito "/cuador

•Filma(, (, 2881, Seismic *ata 'nalysis, rocessing, Inersion, and

Interpretation of Seismic *ata, ;olumes I and II, Society of /0plorationGeophysics, #ulsa, :7-



Geophysics 629 6

Calificacion

Habr& dos e'&menes uno a medio ni(el otro al final )posibleproecto*

.1er +'amen ,"-raba/os0 laboratorios0participacin en clase 2"-3do e'amen )Posible proecto* ,"-


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Laboratory Assignments

4as calificaciones se basan en la participaci=n de los

estudiantes en los proyectos de grupo, informes delaboratorio por escrito, los materiales $ue se entregarndespu?s de algunos de los eJercicios, y un proyecto finalescrito y presentaci=n oral-


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So, What is Reflection Seismology?

Fou can hear me becauseK• /nergy in my body causes my ocal cords to ibrate• 'coustic waes are transmitted through the air • Four ears capture the acoustic waes• Four ear drum conerts the waes into signals• Four brain recogni(es these signals as speech

Can you

hear menow?


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/3geofisica 9/38Geophysics 629 9

What If ! There Were Some Walls

"e #ou

4e sound 5a(es 5ould bounce off t4e 5alland 6reflect7 into our ears

8all

all


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Reflection Seismology Is$

• #he science of using mechanical waes to e0amine

the earthLs interior • Inoles wae generation, wae detection, signal

processing to generate images, and imageinterpretation

• 'n echoDlocation techni$ue similar to radar, sonarand medical ultrasound

• sed e0tensiely in natural resource industries oil +gas, coal, mining, etc-.

• 'lso applicable for structural and stratigraphicstudies, ground water enironmental studies

• ' technology that started in earnest in the 198Ls andhas been adancing rapidly up to the present


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At the %ery basic

Seismic energy travels down and is refected

o acoustic boundaries within the earthShot Receiver Seismic

Record

Increase inimpedance

Decrease inimpedance

0.0

0.2

1.2

1.4

1.0

0.4

0.6

0.5

0.

0.1

0.!

1.1

1.

0."

0.#

$oundary 1

$oundary 2

%om&ressionRare'action


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At the %ery basic$

• 'coustic impedence is a physical propertybased on density and seismic elocity of amaterial

• M N p O ;

acoustic impedence M. N density p. O elocity ;..

12


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Rele%ance to &nergy Com'anies

9et7s loo at 54at dri(es toda7s oil companies0 bigand small0 and 4o5 reflection seismolog fits in



1

Estrato Sub-horizontal

Discontinuidad

Estratosinclinados

Seismic acquisition

Geophones(receivers)

Vibrator(source)



1

Cambios en lalitología

Discordanciasangulares

Cambios en lalitología



(etroleum (lays

5ourtesy of /00on>obil 16


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Gro)ing *eman+ for &nergy

(orldwide demand 'or energy willincrease steadily out to 200 andbeyond

)ro*ected demand 'or oil and gas in200 is 45+ more than it was bac, in

2005 -1+ &er year/

2005 2001#"0

%hart &roduced in 2005



Geophysics 629 5ourtesy of /00on>obil 1<

"eeting &nergy *eman+s

after Edwards, AAPG 8/97

19001900 19201920 19401940 19601960 19801980 20002000 20202020 20402040 20602060 20802080 30003000

2020

4040

6060

8080

100100100 BILLION BARRELS

BillionBarrels

of Oil

Equivalent

perYear

(GBOE)

Billion

Barrels

of Oil Equivalent Per year

(GBOE)NaturalGasNaturalGas

Hydroelectric

Crude OilCrude Oil

Solar, Wind Geothermal

Nuclear Electric

1993

CoalCoal

*ecrea s

ing

*ecrea s

ing

CossilC

uels

CossilC

uels

;

e5.ec4no

lo

gies

World /nergy *emandWorld /nergy *emand

)ro*ected emands

- #ear Career

Starting .-/0



Geophysics 629 5ourtesy of /00on>obil 19

A 1ully2Integrate+ 3il Com'anyA 1ully2Integrate+ 3il Com'any

etting Rened)roducts to

the %onsumers

etting Raw3il as tothe Renery

Renery




Com'onents of the 4'stream

• Bow to Get It :ut " where, in detail, are the reseresP

" what to build facilities.P

" will it be profitableP

• Cind :il + Gas QoolsL " which regions and basinsP

" which bloc&sP

" where on the bloc&P

• Crom the Ground, to the 3efinery " how to manage the fieldP

" how to delier the QcrudeLP




*rill Wells 2 Reco%er 3il 5 Gas

• Drilling 5ells is a e acti(it in t4e <pstream

• +'ploration drills to disco(er ne5 HC reser(es

• De(elopment drills 5ells to delineate a ne5 field anddetermine 4o5 best to e'tract t4e HCs

• Production drills 5ells to drain t4e field 5it4 t4e goalof ma'imi=ing t4e produced HCs 54ile minimi=ingt4e costs

• Industr uses tec4nolog0 primaril reflectionseismolog0 to determine 54ere to drill




We 6ee+ to *rill Wisely

• ells can be (er e'pensi(e0 some > 3" million0 a lot

of mone e(en for a ma/or oil compan

• ell placement and 5ell pat4 can be critical to success

• So A..

ow can we determine where to drill and&redict what we will nd BEFORE we start

drilling

7his leads to the need 'or geologists87his leads to the need 'or geologists8geo&hysicists8 and other s&ecialistsgeo&hysicists8 and other s&ecialists

'ocused on imaging and inter&reting the'ocused on imaging and inter&reting the

subsur'acesubsur'ace



Geophysics 629 2)

Aca+emic A''lications

• Can be used to image t4e eart47ssubsurface on a (ariet of scales for a(ariet of applications

• Bi(es important insig4t into +art4structure0 stratigrap4 and lit4olog

• esearc4 $pplications:

" 4is semester 5e 5ill loo at multiple casestudies

" oda: Sumatra0 C4ic'ulub

C S d 1 S



ig. 1 %ultic4annel seismic profiles )gra lines* and stud area.

S % Dean et al. Science 3"1"E,3F:3"!G31"

ublished by '''S

Case Study 1: Sumatra



ig. 3 Dept4Gmigrated seismic profile $G$ )D: distance from deformation frontE +: (erticale'aggeration*.


ublished by '''S



ig. 2 Dept4Gmigrated seismic profile CGC )D: distance from deformation frontE +: (erticale'aggeration*.


ublished by '''S



ig. , Dept4Gmigrated trenc4Gparallel seismic profile JGJ sea5ard of deformation front )+:(ertical e'aggeration*.


ublished by '''S



Sumatra Block Model



Courtesy of NASA

Case Study 2: Chicxulub

C t M h lCrater Morphology



Crater MorphologyCrater MorphologyLuar examplesLuar examples

!ycho " #$ !ycho " #$kmkm

complexcomplex

cratercrater

Schrodiger " %2& km peakSchrodiger " %2& km peak

rig basirig basi

'rietale " (&& km'rietale " (&& km

multi rig basimulti rig basi

Alfracus C ) 1& kmAlfracus C ) 1& kmsimple cratersimple crater



21st Cetury Sur*eyig ad+roud !ruth

Best preser*ed large impact o

,arth'ly impact coclusi*ely liked to

mass extictio

Natural laboratory for impacts as ageologic process ad impactse-ect o life

3R; > i / i 5 i /W8813R; > i / i 5 i /W881



3R; >aurice /wing 5ruise /W8813R; >aurice /wing 5ruise /W881a $/ 2&&$ " 0eb 1/ 2&&$

Sur*eys i prep for



Sur*eys i prep forrillig

2&&$

MCS lies

2&&$

lad statios

1((

lad statios

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4ucata coast lie



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