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iskette
Referen e Manual
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DISKETTE REFERENCE MANUAL
INDEX
Ia
M
DISKETTE
PRODUCT
DESCRIPTION
CODES
• Page A
I INTRODUCTION
Page 1
I I
DISKETTE PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION
Page
3
I I I
DISKETTE MANUFACTURING FLOW Page
11
IV
MAGNETIC RECORDING OF DISKETTES Page
13
V DISKETTE ARCHITECTURE AND FORMATS
Page 15
VI
PRODUCT
COMPATABILITY DETERMINATION Page 21
VII PROPER
USE
AND HANDLING
RECOMMENDATIONS
Page 33
VIII GLOSSARY
OF DISKETTE
AND COMPUTER
TERMS Page 37
Copyright
3M
1982
Effective
Date:
May 1
1983
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Ia .
M DISKETTE
PRODUCT
DESCRIPTION CODES
SS SINGLE
SIDE
DS
DOUBLE
SIDE
SD
SINGLE DENSITY
DD
DOUBLE
DENSITY
32
32 SECTORS
R
REVERSI LE
W WP
WITH
WRITE
PROTECT
/F BYTE
FORMAT
i e : 128/F
RH
REINFORCED
HUB
10 10 SECTORS
16 16 SECTORS
-A-
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I .
INTRODUCTION
Very simply,
a
d i ske t t e i s
a
s to rage device fo r
a
computer
system.
I t i s
used
to augment
the computer ' s memory
capac i ty . The
information
on d i s k e t t e s can
be
dele ted
and /or updated . The record ing process
i s
s imi la r to
audio
tape recording where sound waves of varying ampli tude
and
f r e q u ~ n y are recorded
on
magnetic t ape--but the re
the
analogy
ends.
In d i ske t t e
recording,
informat ion i s
d i g i t a l l y encoded on the magnet ic sur face using
soph i s t i c a t ed
techniques
much
d i f f e r e n t
than
t h a t
of
audio
recording. I t i s these record ing techniques and the
various parameters which a f f e c t
d i s k e t t e
s to rage
capac i ty
t h a t w i l l
be addressed
in t h i s manual.
Diske t t es a re cur ren t ly of fe red in
two
s izes an 8 (200
mm
ve rs ion , and
a 5
1/4 (130 mm mini-vers ion. The
dimensions
r e f e r
to
the
s ide
length
of the
square-shaped
j a cke t c a r t r idge ) with in which the c i r c u l a r recording d i s k
i s enclosed.
The f l ex ib l e d i s k e t t e c a r t r i d g e
i s i nse r t ed in to
a d i s k e t t e
dr ive
whose
func t ion i s
to
a) ro t a t e the media within the
j a ck e t , b)
wri te
informat ion
onto the di sk as
d ic ta ted
by
the
sys tem,
and
c)
read informat ion
back from
the
d i sk e t t e .
One
of
the main reasons t h a t
d i s k e t t e s
are
so
popular i s
t ha t
the
recorded
informat ion can
be accessed
r ead i ly .
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he purpose
of t h i s
manual i s to provide
technica l
informat ion on d i ske t t e s . With t h i s knowledge you wi l l be
able
to
meet the
sa l es
and se rv ice
needs
of
almost
every
user of
d i ske t t e s .
2
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I I . DISKETTE DESCRIPTION
All d i ske t t e s have
three major
components: the j a ck e t the
l i n e r and
the
media
i t s e l f .
The
fu l l
car t r idge
assembly
i s enclosed in
an
envelope to
p r o t ec t t
when
not in
use.
See Figure
1.
Figure
J CKET
III
MEDI
I . The j acke t i s made of polyvinyl
chlor ide
PVC). I t
pro tec t s the media
from
phys ica l damage caused by
handl ing
and s torage .
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There are var ious
holes ,
s lo t s , and notches punched
in
the j acke t (See Fig.
2 -
note t ha t jackets
pic tured
are
void of media) .
3M
t 1
Label
- - - - - - - ~ ' _ _ ? ~ . _ ~ ~ ; . _ ' ----
6 Head ccess Slot
r
7
Stress Relief
_ Notches
Figure
2
1.
Permanent
i d e n t i f i c a t i o n l abe l
- i de n t i f i e s d i s ke t t e ,
i t s usable
s ides ,
format ,
dens i ty ,
and product number.
2.
Drive
Spindle
Hole -
al lows the
dr ive clamping
mechanism and sp ind le access to
the media
for ro ta t ion
with in
the
j acke t .
3. Write
Enable
Notch (5 1/4 only)
-
This i s cur ren t ly
a
s tandard fea ture on
a l l
5
1/4 d i ske t t e s . In most
cases , i f
the
notch i s
uncovered,
the d i sk e t t e i s
wri te enabled. Informat ion can be wri t t en on the
surface when
the
notch i s
uncovered.
However,
there
are
some
systems t ha t use
the
opposi te
convent ion , and
st ll othe rs
who
ignore t e n t i r e ly .
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Again, the wri te enable notch i s standard on a l l 5
1/4
d i s ke t t e s and the way
it
i s used i s
d ic ta ted
by
the system.
4. Jacke t Index Hole an opening t ha t ,
when
a l igned with
an index
hole punched
in the media,
permits
the system
to s t a r t
the
r ead /wr i t e opera t i on .
The loca t ion o f
the index
ho le var ie s on
8
inch
(200
rom) d i s ke t t e s ,
so
it
can be used to help i de n t i fy
the
type
of
produc t
the
cus tomer
needs.
The
i n t en t
of the
OEM's in
placing
the j acke t index hole (s ) in d i f f e r e n t
loca t ions i s to
ensure
compa t ib i l i ty o f d i s ke t t e s with
the
hardware. As an example, a
s ing le
s i de / s i ng l e
dens i ty
d i s ke t t e
3M
SS-SD d iske t t e ) cannot func t ion on
a double
s ide/double
dens i ty
system.
Current ly ,
the
index hole loca t ion i s the same
for
a l l
5 1/4
(130
mm) d i s ke t t e s .
Figure 3
shows
the
var ious l oca t i ons of
the
index
hole
in d i f f e r en t
types
of j acke t s :
5. Write Pro tec t Notch
(8
only) This i s an op t iona l
physica l f ea tu re which i s
d i c t a t e d
by the system. Some
systems
manufacturers des ign
t h i s for di ske t t e s
whose
contents need
to
be pro tec ted ,
i.e. system
master
o r
program d i s ke t t e s .
I f the notch i s
uncovered,
the
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d i s k e t t e i s
wri te pro tec t ed .
The
contents
p rev ious ly
wri t t en on the d i sk e t t e
cannot
be a l t e red .
When
the
notch
i s
covered
by
a t ab ,
the informat ion
can be
changed
a t
any
t ime.
6. Head Access S lo t permi t s the
read/wri te
heads
of
the
dr ive to load on the
media
access the ind iv idua l
t racks on which the
da ta
i s contained and
to
perform
the ac tua l record ing
opera t ions .
This i s the most
important area
of the
d i ske t t e
j acke t .
7. St re s s
Rel ie f
Notches
d i s t r i bu t e
the fo rce of any
j acke t s t r e s s
near the head access
s l o t .
This
preven t s
damage
to
the media caused
by bending which
can r e s u l t
in degradat ion o f i t s s to rage
ab i l i t y .
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Figure 3
A. 5 1/4 (130 mm d i s k e t t e s
o
B. 8 (200
mm
d i s k e t t e s
D
c.
D
-7 -
The index hole
i s
l o ca t ed
a t
approximate ly
104° fo r ll
3M
5 ~
d i s k e t t e s .
The index hole fo r
3M SS-SD
and SS-DD
d i s k e t t e s i s
l o ca t ed
a t approximate ly 7° .
The index hole fo r
3M
DS DD
d i s k e t t e s
i s
l o ca t ed
a t
t
I
2.6.°
.
pprox1.ma e y
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D
E
D
F.
Figure
3 cont . )
The
index
holes
fo r
M
SS-SO-R
and
SS-DO-R-l28/F
r ev e r s ib l e
d i sk e t t e s are
loca ted a t approximately
7°
on
each
s ide .
The index
holes
fo r M
OS-00-32 hard
sec to red
d i ske t t e s
are
7° and 26°.
The
index
hole for the M
Vydec
compat ib le
d i sk e t t e
i s
loca ted a t approximately
225°. Also
not i ce the
ex t ra notch
in
the
lower
l e f t
corner of the
j acke t .
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I I .
Liner
The
l i n e r ins ide the j a cke t car t r idge i s a
spec ia l -purpose ,
non-woven,
high ly -durab le
f ab r ic .
I t
i s
laminated
to
the
PVC
p r i o r to fo ld ing. As the media ro ta t es with in the
j acke t , the
l i n e r mater ia l cont inua l ly
c leans the disk
by
removing
debr is
from the sur face of the media. The
smal les t amount of
debr is
can grea t ly reduce
a d i s k e t t e s
ab i l i t y to record / read p roper ly . The l i n e r a l so prov ides a
sur face which al lows uniform torque and ro ta t iona l
speed.
I I I .
Media
The media
i t s e l f
i s the magnet ic recording
mate r i a l
cons i s t ing
o f a polye thy lene t e reph tha la t e
PET)
s u b s t r a t e
and
unor ien ted i ron
oxide and
binder
dispers ion
on
both
s ides . The nominal subs t ra te
th ickness
i s 0.003 inches
0.076
mm
and
the
nominal
oxide
coat ing
th ickness
110
microinches 0.00279 mm .
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I I
I .
MANUFACTURING
FLOW
igure 4 shows the flow
of
even ts and the process t ha t i s
followed dur ing the manufactur ing of a d i ske t t e .
Throughout
t h i s process the re are
numerous
mechanical and e l e c t r i c a l
t e s t s / con t ro l s
tha t must
be
s a t i s f i ed to produce a qua l i t y
product .
Media
Substrate in
stock
roll
Stock roll coated
on both sides
with iron oxide
and binder
dispersion
Coated stock
roll slit
©
Punched to
appropriate size
and configuration
Burnish
Process
Q
®
. . . . 1
Ship
igure 4
Jacket
Jacket material
in stock form
®
Cut to
appropriate
jacket size
®
o
Laminated with
lined material
Punched to
appropriate
hole
configuration
®
Three way folded
CD
Top left open
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IV.
M GNETIC
RECORDING
OF DISKETTES
In
bas ic
te rms, any d i g i t a l magnetic
recording i s
accomplished
by
the magnet izat ion
o f
minute
areas
on
the
sur face of
a
d i s ke t t e .
See Figure 5.)
SUBSTR TE
MOTION
WINDINGS
CORE
OXIDE
CO TING
OXIDE
CO TING
Figure
CROSS
SECTION OF
DISKETTE
A
cu r ren t in the c o i l of
a
r ead /wr i t e head elect romagnet)
induces
a
magnetic f i e l d through
the
core
and
across the gap.
The l i nes
of fo rce , o r
magnet ic
f lux ,
take the most
conduct ive path across the gap in the head, which i s the
magnet ic sur face of the di ske t t e .
The
oxide
coa t ing
becomes
magnetized
and
remains
so
a f t e r
the d i s ke t t e leaves the
f i e l d
of the r ead /wr i t e head.
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Now,
reverse the
process
and pass
the same
por t ion of
the
d i s k e t t e
under
the
head.
The magnet izat ion
of t h i s sec t ion
i s
sensed
by
the
record head and a cur ren t i s induced in the
core windings. This i s how the system reads
back
s igna l s
prev ious ly
recorded
on the surface .
The cap ab i l i t y now e x i s t s through a
host
of e l ec t r o n i c
cont ro l
devices of
wri t ing and
reading a se r i e s of these
minute magnetized
areas .
Let t
be
assumed t h a t the presence
of
a magnetized
area rep re sen t s
a log ica l
1 and the absence
of such an
area represents
a log ica l 0 . These log ica l
l ' s and O'S are r e fe r red
to
as b i t s . n e igh t -b i t
combination i s ca l l ed a byte . These bytes are d i r e c t ly
t rans la t ab le to l e t t e r s ,
charac te r s ,
and
numbers.
For i ns t ance , assume during
a
read opera t ion the dr ive
head
sensed
the f lux pa t te rn o f
0-1-0-0-0-0-0-1 . This
corresponds
to a
unique
pa t te rn of l i s
and
O's
recognized
by a system
as
the l e t t e r A (In ASCII code) .
Density r e l a t e s to
the
number o f b i t s - that can be recorded
in
a
given
l eng th
of
a
t rack .
Therefore , a
double-densi ty
d i ske t t e
s to r e s
twice the amount of information as a
s ing le -dens i ty .
Double-densi ty
media
must
be more
r e l i a b l e
than s ing le -dens i ty
media
because c r i t i c a l
informat ion i s
recorded on
a
smal le r a rea o f
the
d i ske t t e .
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v DISKETTE ARCHITECTURE AND
FORMATS
The
informat ion s tored in
a
di ske t t e i s organized by
addressable
loca t ions . These
l oca t i ons are des igna ted by
a
t r ack
and
sec to r
number.
The record ing
surface
of a
d i s ke t t e
i s
s imi l a r to
a
p ie cu t
up in to
evenly-spaced
se c t i o n s o r
s e c t o r s
and concent r ic
r ings
for
t r acks . The da ta i s
searched t r a c k b y ~ t r a c k
and then recorded or read se r i a l l y on
a spec i f i c t r ack .
Tracks
on
a
d i s ke t t e
are sequen t i a l ly
numbered,
s t a r t i ng from
the
ou t s ide d iameter (00)
and
going
to the
i n s ide d iameter
( ID) . Track
0 i s
the outermost
t rack
on a l l di ske t t e s with
higher number t r acks being found a t i n s ide diameter .
Reference
Figure 7.
Note:
Disket te d r ive
manufac tu rers
have
recognized
an
oppor tuni
ty to
i nc rease d i s ke t t e reco.rding capac i ty by
i nc reas ing
the
number of t r acks on the record ing su r face .
These
produc ts are
r e f e r r e d
to
as
96 TPI
o r Quad-densi ty .
They
have double
the
number o f t r acks
per
inch (TPI) as
s tandard d i s ke t t e s . The SS-DD-RH,
DS DD RH d i s ke t t e s
and
a l l 8 d i s ke t t e s are recorded
a t
48
TPI.
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LOWEST ORDER TRACK
TRACK 0
51/l
8
HIGHEST ORDER TRACK
TRACK 76
8
TRACK 39 5114
8
TPI
TRACK 79 5114 96 TPI
Figure 7
The data on
each
t rack of a
d i s k e t t e
i s s tored in sec to rs .
A
50f t s ec to red d i ske t t e
i s
one whose sec to r boundar ies are
determined
by
spec i f i c b i t
p a t t e r n s
recorded on the media
These spec i f i c b i t
p a t t e r n s
combine to form the
ID
area and
def ine
the
se c t o r
boundaries The hard sec tored d i ske t t e
boundar ies are determined by holes punched in the
media
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INDEX
HOLE
HIGHEST
ORDER TR CK
INDEX
HOLE
SOFT
SECTOR
DISKETTE
H RD SECTOR
SOFT SECTOR
igure
7
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All d i sk e t t e s hard
o r
s o f t
sec to red
have
one
index hole
punched in the media. This index hole ac t s as a clocking o r
t iming
device between the spinning media
and
the
d i ske t t e
dr ive .
One hard-sec to red conf igura t ion 32 hole plus one) e x i s t s fo r 8
inch 200
mm
d i ske t t e s . 5 1/4
inch 130 mm
d i ske t t e s are
cur ren t ly
ava i l ab le in
two
ha rd-sec to r conf igura t ions .
These
are 10 plus one and 16 plus one. Figure 9 shows
the cu r r en t l y
ava i lab le hard
and
s o f t - s ec to r ed
d i sk e t t e s .
o
8 Inch
Soft Sector
1 Index Hole
8 Inch
Hard Sectored
32 Sector Holes
1 Index Hole
8 Inch
3MVydec
Compatible
3 Sector Holes
Index Hole
Figure 9
-18-
5
/4 Inch
Soft Sector
Index Hole
5
/4 Inch
Hard Sector
1 Sector Holes
1 Index Hole
5 4
Inch
Hard Sector
16 Sector Holes
1 Index Hole
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Before a d i ske t t e both
hard and
s o f t sectored can be used
on
a
system,
t must
be
format ted and i n i t i a l i zed .
Before i n i t i a l i z a t i o n , a d i sk e t t e must be format ted .
format ted d i sk e t t e has
sec to r address
i d e n t i f i c a t i o n ID)
informat ion wri t t en
on
the surface ,
and
space
has
been a l lo t t e d
for
the data
f i e ld . Formatt ing i s
done by the manufacturer .
At
t imes
t can be done by the customer on the system.
I n i t i a l i z a t i o n i s
the p rocess o f
prepar ing a format ted
d i sk e t t e
fo r
system
use . This process
i de n t i f i e s
the
spec i f i c
use
for
the d i ske t t e .
pre-programmed
d i sk e t t e i s a d i ske t t e tha t has a l ready
been
fo rmat ted ,
i n i t i a l i z e d and has spec i f i c da ta wri t ten in
the
da ta f i e ld por t ions of
the
sec to rs . This data i s then read by
the system and
prompts
e i the r
the
system or the opera to r to
perform a ce r t a in t a sk . Examples of these kinds of d i ske t t e s
are
se l f - t each ing
a ids and spec i f i c func t ions ,
such
as
account ing and inventory con t ro l .
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VI
PRODUCT
COMPATIBILITY DETERMINATION
I t
i s
important to ensure t ha t the proper M
d i s k e t t e
i s
recommended
for
use
on
a
cus tomer s
sys tem
Diske t t e d r ive
manufacturers have designed d r i v es which requ i re
a
wide
range o f d i s k e t t e conf igura t ions
and formats
This
sec t ion
provides the fo l lowing:
A A s t ep -by-s t ep method o f determining
d i sk e t t e /
hardware compatab i l i ty .
B
A
l st of the ava i l ab le M d i sk e t t e s .
c
A
sys temat ic approach to analyze
and
so lve
cus tomer
problems
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Diskette Compatibility
I. What is the system manufacturer (OEM) and model number?
Refer
to
3M diskette cross reference/compatibility list and recommend proper
product.
II.
What is the diskette you are currently using, name and part number?
Refer
to
3M diskette competitive cross reference list and recommend proper
product.
If no 3M product can be recommended, ask the customer the following ques
tions
to determine physical compatibility:
III. If the customer uses
8
diskettes,
Size
8
Diskettes
Recording
Surface
Single
Recording
Surface
Dual
Recording
Surface
Density
Single
Density
Double
Density
Single
Density
Double
Density
Sectoring
Soft
Hard
Soft
Hard
Soft
Hard
Soft
Hard
• A
Write
Protect
Notch
is
located
in lower right corner
of
jacket.
IV.
If the customer uses
5-1/4
diskettes,
Diskette
SS-SO
SS-SO-32
SS-OO-W/wP*
SS-00-128F
SS-00-32*
O S ~ O
OS-00-32*
Size
Recording
Surface
Density
TPI
Number of
Sector
Holes
Diskette
0
Single
Single/
48 TPI
10
16
Recording
Double
Surface
Density
0
96 TPI
10
51/4
16
Diskettes
0
Dual
48 TPI 10
Double
16
Recording
Density
Surface
0
96 TPI 10
16
All 5
1
/4 Diskettes have a write enable notch located in the upper right hand corner of the jacket.
A reinforced hub is available on all 5114 Diskettes.
*The SS-DD-RH is compatible with single
and
double density drives.
3
SS-OD-RH
SS-DD-10RH*
SS-DD-16RH*
SS-DD-96TPI-RH
SS-DD-96TPI-10RH
SS-DD-96TPI-16RH
DS-DD-RH
DS-DD-10RH
DS-DD-16RH
DS-DD-96TPI-RH
DS-DD-96TPI-10RH
DS-DD-96TPI-16RH
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v
M o
B.
3M DISKETTE PRODUCT LIST
(8 )
Product Available Sec to r /
Byte/
Tracks/
Usable Capaci ty
Format
Track Sector
Side
Sides
Densi ty
Unformatted
Format ted
Vydec
Compatib le 32 128
77 1 SINGLE
305K (F)
400K
(U)
SS-SD 26 x
128
26
128
77
1
SINGLE
246K
(F)
400K (U)
Wang Compatib le
32
77
1
SINGLE 400K
SS-SD-32RH
SS-SD-32
32
77
1 SINGLE
400K
SS-SD-R
26 x 128
26
128
77 2
SINGLE
492K
(F)
800K
(U)
CPT
6000-8000
16
x 256 16
256
77
1
SINGLE
303K (F)
Compatib le
400K
(U)
SS-DD-W/WP
77
1
DOUBLE
800K
SS-DD-128/F 26
x 128
26
128
77 1 DOUBLE
492K (F)
800K (U)
SS-DD-32
32
77
1 DOUBLE
800K
SS-DD-R-128/F
26
x
128
26
128
77 2 DOUBLE
q84K
(F)
l600K (U)
DS-DD*
77
2
DOUBLE
DS-DD-I024/F
8 x
1024 8
1024
77 2
DOUBLE
1212K
(F)
1500K (U)
DS-DD-32
32 77 2 DOUBLE
l600K
*MAY BE FORMATTED TO ANY BYTE CONFIGURATION
(IE
256, 512 AND 1024).
Write /
(U)
Pro tec t
Comments
(F)
OPTIONAL
A HARD SECTOR DISKETTE
WITH THE SECTOR HOLES
ON
THE 0 0 GENERAL
USE FOR WORD PROCESSOR
SYSTEMS.
OPTIONAL
A SINGLE SIDE, SINGLE
DENSITY 8 DISKETTE.
YES
REINFORCED HUB.
YES
A HARD SECTOR SS-SD.
NO
A REVERSIBLE SS-SD.
HAS
2 INDEX HOLES IN
THE JACKET.
YES
FOR USE
WITH CPT WORD
PROCESSING SYSTEMS.
YES
A SINGLE SIDED, DOUBLE
DENSITY
DISKETTE.
NO
A SINGLE SIDED,
DOUBLE
DENSITY 8 DISKETTE
FOR
USE ON DEC SYSTEMS.
FORMAT IS SINGLE DEN-
SITY.
DATA
IS
DOUBLE
DENSITY.
YES
A
HARD S E T O ~ SS-DD-W/WP.
NO
A REVERSIBLE SS-DD-W/WP.
FOR USE ON DEC
SYSTEMS
(SEE ABOVE .
HAS
2
INDEX HOLES IN THE
JACKET.
OPTIONAL
A
DOUBLE
DENSITY
DOUBLE
SIDED DISKETTE.
YES
A HARD SECTOR OS-DO.
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I
I V
U
I
Product
Available Sec to r / Byte/
#
Format
Track
Sec to r
APPLE FILEWARE
SOFT*
COMPATIBLE
DS-DD-RH
SOFT
DS-DD-10RH
10
DS-DD-16RH
16
SS-DD-RH
SOFT
SS-DD-10RH
10
SS-DD-16RH
16
SS-DD-96TPI-RH
SOFT
SS-DD-96TPI-10RH
10
SS-DD-96TPI-16RH
16
DS-DD-96TPI-RH
SOFT
DS-DD-96TPI-10RH
10
DS-DD-96TPI-16RH
16
*Has two
head
access
s lo t s
No
index hole
3M DISKETTE PRODUCT LIST ( 5 ~ )
Tracks / Usable
Side Sides
46 2
40
2
40
2
40
2
40
1
40
1
40 1
80 1
80 1
80
1
80 2
80
2
80 2
Capaci ty
Densi ty
Unformatted (U)
Formatted (F)
HIGH 871K
DOUBLE 500K
DOUBLE
500K
DOUBLE
500K
DOUBLE 250K
DOUBLE
250K
DOUBLE 250K
DOUBLE 500K
DOUBLE
500K
DOUBLE
500K
DOUBLE
1 OM
DOUBLE
1 OM
DOUBLE
1
OM
UOneUIWJataa
Atmqetedwo > t >npOJd
r.;rrite/
Enable
Comments
YES
FOR
USE ON APPLE COM
PUTER S UNIFILE
AND
DUOFILE' DISKETTE
DRIVES AND APPLE LISA'
COMPUTER SYSTEMS.
YES
YES A HARD SECTOR
DS-DD-RH.
YES
A
HARD
SECTOR DS-DD-RH.
YES A SINGLE
SIDED,
DOUBLE
DENSITY
SS-DD-RH.
YES
YES
YES
A SINGLE SIDED
96TPI
DISKETTE.
YES
A HARD SECTOR
SS-DD-96TPI-RH.
YES
A
HARD
SECTOR
SS-DD-96TPI-RH.
YES
A DOUBLE SIDED
96TPI
DISKETTE.
YES
A HARD SECTOR
DS-DD-96TPI-RH.
YES
A
HARD
SECTOR
DS-DD-96TPI-RH.
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N
0 1
GENERAL CATEGORIZATION - 1M BRAND
1. 8-INCH
DISKETTES - SOFT SECTOR
A.
SS-SD's
ARE SINGLE SIDED AND SINGLE DENSITY UNLESS FOLLOWED BY A
/2
WHICH INDICATES A REVERSIBLE
2 USABLE SIDES).
B.
SS-DD's ARE
SINGLE SIDED
AND DOUBLE
DENSITY UNLESS
FOLLOWED BY
A
/2 WHICH
INDICATES A REVERSIBLE
(2 USABLE
SIDES).
C.
DS-DD's
ARE DOUBLE
SIDED
AND DOUBLE
DENSITY.
2.
8-INCH
DISKETTES -
HARD SECTORED
A.
SS-SD'S,
SS-DD's AND DS-DD's HAVE 32 SECTOR HOLES PUNCHED
NEAR
THE
I D
FOR SECTOR BOUNDARY
B. VYDEC
COMPATIBLE DISKETTES HAVE
32
SECTOR HOLES
PUNCHED NEAR
THE O.D. FOR SECTOR BOUNDARY
AND ARE
USED
ONLY ON
VYDEC
SYSTEMS.
3.
DISKETTES - SOFT SECTOR
A. SS-DD-RH's ARE
SINGLE SIDED
AND DOUBLE
DENSITY.
B.
DS-DD-RH's ARE DOUBLE SIDED AND DOUBLE DENSITY.
C.
SS-DD-96TPI-RH's
ARE
SINGLE SIDED AND
DOUBLE
DENSITY FOR 96
TPI
APPLICATIONS.
D.
DS-DD-96TPI-RH's ARE DOUBLE
SIDED
AND DOUBLE
DENSITY FOR 96
TPI
APPLICATIONS.
4.
DISKETTES -
HARD
SECTORED
A. SS-DD-RH's, DS-DD-RH's, SS-DD-96TPI-RH's and DS-DD-96TPI-RH's ARE
AVAILABLE IN
10
or 16
SECTOR
HOLES
PUNCHED
IN
THE I .D.
FOR SECTOR
BOUNDARY
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C.
CUSTOMER
PRO LEM
N LYSIS
This sec t ion
rev iews methods of handl ing some
of
the
most
common
customer
complaints .
One of
the f i r s t p r i o r i t i e s to
handl ing a customer
complaint
i s
to
a t tempt to i so l a t e the
problem
to media
or
hardware.
Ask
the
customer
the fol lowing
ques t ions :
Is
the problem repea tab le on
the same
dr ive?
Can
the problem be
dupl icated
on
othe r
dr ives?
Is
the
same
type
of
fa i lu re
occurr ing
cons i s t en t ly?
Can
the mode o f f a i l u re
be loca l ized
on the
d i ske t t e
to
t r a ck s s ec to r s
o r addresses?
I f the answers to any
of these
ques t ions i s no
the re
may
be a hardware problem. Recommend
tha t
the customer
con tac t h is equipment
rep re sen ta t ive fo r se rv ice .
Uncovering
t h i s
informat ion
wi l l
enable
you
to
provide
quick and
e f f i c i e n t se rvice
to the customer .
I f
you
cannot
i s o l a t e
the problem based on those
ques t ions t h i s
sec t ion
contains
some sugges t ions
on how
to
e f fec t ive ly
t roub leshoo t
customer
complaints .
In
t h i s
s ec t i o n
the fol lowing
symptoms
are d i scussed :
1. After
in se r t ing the d i sk e t t e the
dr ive
w i l l not
become
ready.
2.
The customer can
read
but not wri te .
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3.
The
customer
can
wri t e
but not
read
back the
da ta a t
a
l a t e r
t ime.
4. While
re fo rmat t ing a d i s ke t t e ,
the
customer
encounters wri te e r ro r s .
1. Symptom: AFTER INSERTING THE DISKETTE THE DRIVE
WILL NOT BECOME READY
Correc t ive Action:
a .
Veri fy produc t
compatab i l i ty .
b. Check t o r damage
by
examining the d i sk e t t e
through the head access
s l o t and
in the
cen te rho le
area .
Poin t out the damage and
i s o l a t e
the
source
t ha t caused
the
damage.
c. Have the customer a t tempt to
do
a read
c e r t i f i c a t i on
of
the
d i sk e t t e . This
wi l l
ind ica te i f one
or
a l l t r a cks cannot be read. I f
none of
the
t racks
can be
read,
the
format
on the
d i ske t t e
may
have been des t royed . Reformat the
d i s ke t t e , i f poss ib le .
d. Consul t dr ive maintenance personnel to
examine
d i ske t t e dr ive
index
sens ing dev ice .
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2. Symptom: THE CUSTOMER C N RE D BUT NOT
WRITE
Correc t ive Action:
a .
Examine the d i ske t t e to ensure t i s not
wri te -p ro tec ted .
Remember, when
an 8 d i sk e t t e
has the wri t e pro tec t notch uncovered, the
in fo rmat ion
cannot
be a l t e r e d
or
w r i t t en
over .
The 5 1/4 d i sk e t t e i s wri t e p ro tec t ed
only
when
the wri t e enab le
notch
i s
covered.
3.
Symptom:
THE CUSTOMER C N
WRITE
BUT
NOT
RE D
B CK
THE
D T T
A L TER TIME
Correc t ive Action:
a .
Check
the
d i ske t t e
fo r
phys ica l
damage on
the
record ing sur face and a t the hub
cente rhole .
b. Have
the
customer perform a read c e r t i f i c a t i on
on the d i sk e t t e . This
h e ~ s a l l
the
data and
address f i e l d s fo r
e r r o r s
without
dest roying
the
recorded da ta . Record the fa i l ing address of
each
e r ro r
encountered
during the read c e r t i f i c a t i o n .
I f only data f i e ld er ro r s are encountered, t h i s i s
a good i nd ica t ion t ha t the dr ive i s not proper ly
wri t ing
informat ion on
the
d i ske t t e .
I f
address
f i e ld e r ro rs are encountered, there
may
be an
al ignment
problem on the dr ive
o r a
dr ive
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malfunct ion. At t h i s p o in t , consu l t the
dr ive
maintenance
personnel . I f the read
c e r t i f i c a t i o n de tec t s
read
er ro r s
on the
high-numbered
t racks
which
are
c lo s e s t
to
t he
inner diameter o f the media, have the
dr ive
maintenance
personnel examine the dr ive fo r
proper head load pressure pad force and pressure
pad
cond i t ion .
Excessively worn pressure
pads
w i l l
r e s u l t
in
read e r ro r s .
c .
Have
the
dr ive maintenance personnel examine the
d r i v e fo r proper head al ignment .
d.
Have the
dr ive
maintenance
personne l examine
the
d r i v e fo r proper
e l ec t r o n i c c a l i b r a t i o n
( t h i s
inc ludes
l og ic
l ev e l s
in the power supp l i e s ,
e l e c t r i c a l
response
from
the
dr ive
head,
and
wri te
cu r r en t s ) .
4. Symptom: WHILE REFORMATTING A DISKETTE THE USTOMER
EN OUNTERS
WRITE ERRORS.
Correc t ive Action:
a . Examine the
d i s k e t t e
for phys ica l damage t h a t
could
cause wri te
e r ro rs .
b.
Have
the
cus tomer
ass ign an a l t e rn a t e t r a ck when
poss ib l e .
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c . Have the dr ive
maintenance personnel examine the
dr ive fo r proper head
load
pressure pad
force
pad cond i t ion and head c lean l ines s .
I f the
problem
con t inues
3M s Customer
Qual i ty Engineers
should be
consul ted .
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VII. PROPER
USE ND H NDLING RECOMMEND TIONS
A
Proper
care and
handl ing of
a
d i ske t t e
can
e l imina te
damaged
d i ske t t e s
and l o s t
data .
1.
Refrain
from smoking ea t ing or drinking when
handl ing
a
d i sk e t t e
to
keep
from
contaminat ing
the media surface .
2. Never allow the d i ske t t e
to be
placed near
a
magnetic f i e ld crea ted
from objects
such
as
magnets e l e c t r i c
motors
t ransformers e tc .
Contact
with
these objec ts could and
probably
w i l l
r e su l t
in a lo s s of da ta .
3.
Do
not bend o r fo ld a d i ske t t e . This w i l l
r e su l t
in damage to the media such as
an
indenta t ion
and head
to
media
contac t
wi l l
be
degraded. This
in
tu rn wi l l
cause a
lo s s of
data
during
a
read
opera t ion .
4. Never
use
paper
c l ips
o r rubber bands
on a
d i ske t t e . This could cause j acke t and/or
media
damage
resu l t ing
in poss ib le opera t ion
fa i lure .
5.
Do not
touch o r
a t tempt
to
clean the media
exposed
by
the j acke t openings. This
could
r e su l t in media
contaminat ion
and poss ib le
system
fa i lure .
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6. Never al low
a
d i ske t t e
to
be exposed to
excss ive
hea t grea te r than
1250
52
»
o r
d i r e c t sun l igh t . This can cause d i s t o r t i o n
in
the
PV
j acke t and, thus , may r e s u l t in da ta
lo s s due to head conformance
problems.
Expansion o r
con t rac t ion
of
the media
r e s u l t s
in
performance
degradat ion.
7. Never
place
heavy objec t s on a
d i s ke t t e .
Heavy objec t s
could e i the r bow
the
j acke t or
cause permanent damage to
the
media.
8.
Whenever a
wri te -on label
i s
fu l l , rep lace t
with a new one. Never
s tack
these l abe l s on
top
of each o ther , as
eventua l ly
the
d i ske t t e
th ickness
could be such t h a t
dr ive
in se r t ion
problems could
r e su l t .
9.
Never
t r y
to e rase
informat ion
wri t t en on the
wri te-on
l abe l as the erase r
debr is could ge t
in to the d i sk e t t e and
could lead to
d i sk e t t e
and/or
dr ive
damage.
10. Use only
a
s o f t f e l t - t i p pen
to wri te
on the
l abe l s . Inden ta t ions
could
r e s u l t
from
ba l lpo in t pens o r penc i l s and
r e su l t
in read
e r ro r s .
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B. The
proper
environment
for di ske t t e
opera t ion
and
s torage wil l enhance performance.
1. Operating
and s torage
temperature range:
48TPI:
sOOF
to 125
0
--lOoC to s2
0
C)
96TPI: sooF to
115
0
--lOoC to 46
0
C
2. Operating and s torage r e l a t i ve humidity range:
48TPI: 8 to 80 RH -
Wet Bulb l e s s than
85
F
96TPI:
20
to
80
RH
-
Wet
Bulb
l e s s
than
80
F
3. Test Environment:
4.
Temperature Range: 75
0
+ 50F
22.8
0
+
2.8
0
C
Relat ive
Humidity Range:
40
to
60
hours of accl imat iza t ion
Transpor ta t ion :
Temperature
Range: -40
0
F
to 125
0
F
-40
0
to
51.6
0
C)
a f t e r
Relat ive Humidity Range:
8 to
90
with no
condensation al lowed.
35
24
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VIII . GLOSSARY OF
DISKETTE
AND COMPUTER
TERMS
Address
Basic
B i t
Block
BPI
Byte
CPU
Character
CRT
Digi t a l
The
l oca t ion o f any phys ica l record
on
the
d i sk e t t e ,
spec i f i ed
by
the
cy l inde r number head number and
record number.
Beginner ' s a l l -purpose symbol ic
i n s t r u c t i o n code the most popular
personal computer
programming
language.
Smal les t u n i t of data s to rage
represents
e i t h e r
a I o r a O
A
s e t o f ad jacen t log ica l records
recorded
as
a
un i t .
Bi t s
per inch
8
b i t s , the amount of s to rage needed
fo r
I
cha rac te r .
Cent ra l
Process ing Unit , con t ro l s
pe r iphe ra l devices and s to r e s
program
i n s t r u c t i o n s .
This i s the b ra ins o f
the
computer.
A
s ing le l e t t e r o r number.
Cathode
Ray
Tube
the
di sp lay
screen
fo r computers.
Of or r e l a t i n g to da ta
in
the form
o f
numer ical d i g i t s .
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Direc t o r
Random
Access
Dropin
Dropout
Extra Pulse
Fi le
Flag
Hard Error
I .
D.
I /O
Device
Index Cyl inder
Made
poss ib l e
by ro ta t ing d i sks . The
system
can go
d i r e c t ly to
d a t a withou t
reading unwanted da ta .
See Extra Pulse
See Missing Pulse
Any
Magnet ic
pul se , usua l ly s ing l e ,
which remains
a f t e r
a
data
group
o r
st ream has
been
erased.
Groups
of
r e l a t ed
records
s tored
toge ther .
A term
used
to
descr ibe a t r a ck on a
d i ske t t e tha t i s unusable :
a
f lagged t r a ck i s one
t h a t
the
computer wi l l
not
access .
n
e r ro r t h a t i s repea tab le in
the
same t rack and
sec to r
l oca t ion .
Inner Diameter
(Input /Output) Any device used
to
en te r
o r re t r i eve
data
from
a computer
(Examples:
d i ske t t e
dr ives , CRT s,
p r i n t e r s )
•
Cylinder 00.
This cyl inder
i s used
to
s to r e
in fo rmat ion
about
the con ten t s
o f
the
d i s ke t t e .
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In i t i a l i za t i on
Magnetic Flux
Magnetic Head
Microcomputer
Missing Pulse
O
OEM
Operating System
Pasca l
Pressure Pad
The process
of
wri t ing the
addresses ,
index
cy l inde r
in fo rmat ion , and othe r
system information on the d i ske t t e .
In i t i a l i za t i on
i s
a l so
used
to
ass ign
a l t e rn a t e t r a c k s . )
Lines
of
force
used
to represent
magnetic induct ion.
A smal l electromagnet used fo r
reading, recording, or
eras ing on
a
magnetic
su r face .
Also
personal computer ,
a
computer
based on
a microprocessor
chip .
The
absence of a pulse where one
was expected.
Outer Diameter
Orig ina l Equipment Manufacturer
The sof tware in s t ruc t ions used
to
con t ro l
the
work
of
a
computer.
A
programming
language
fo r
persona l
computers.
Par t of
read /wr i t e
head assembly fo r
s ing le - s ided d i sk e t t e sys tems.
Located
on
s ide
I unused) ,
t
prov ides suppor t
to a
d i s k e t t e
fo r
good s ide 0
head
to
media
con tac t .
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Program
Reten t iv i ty
Revers ib le
Read
Secto r
Sof t
Error
Sof tware
The i n s t ru c t i o n s
e i t h e r
wri t t en by
the user o r purchased ready to run
t ha t t e l l the
computer
how
to perform
a
given t a sk .
The
capac i ty of
r e ta in ing
a
magnet ic
f i e ld
a f t e r
the magnet iz ing fo rce
has
been
removed.
Can be recorded on both s ide s by
removing
the d i s k e t t e
and tu rn ing t
over
to
record
on
the
reverse
s ide .
The
process
of
sensing
the
magnet ic
f i e l d s on the d i s k e t t e record ing
sur face and convert ing them
i n to
machine-usable code.
The
addressable uni t s i n to which each
t rack i s divided.
Errors t h a t are non-repeatable . These
types
of
e r r o r s
are
caused by debr is
on
the d i ske t t e sur face o r a re induced
by the sys tem.
A
term given
to
those i n s t ru c t i o n s
wri t t en
in programming l anguage t ha t
t e l l
the
computer system
how to
opera te
and
process
da ta .
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