Last meeting Environmental Education and Interpretation, Philip Green p2 Past and Future Field trips p2 AGM Notice p2 Urgent - Assistance required for FATS Exhibition at the Easter Show p3 Frog eats Snake p3 Frogs and Chemicals p4 Book Review p4 AHS Annual Conference p5-7 Looking for Sunsets after dark p8 UV Radiation p8 Wanted FrogforaFrogPond p9 Press Clippings plO + II Committee contacts pl2 CONTENTS How do you Q)D(UIC • fros? Put it in• round bowllllld tell" to take a nap in the comer. -_. &oaoontt...cYOUl Wb.. he 00""" out and 111)'1 he nOl.'dod that nllp and feels much beter, URGENT NOTICE FATS £ASTER SHOWVOLUNTEERS REQUIRED see page 3 with compiimmeots Pl\;t,p (;.(,.,.. Finishfor tea, coffee & biscuits 9.00pm Raffle and Auction 8.40pm S favourite frogslides 5!! S minutes 8.1Spm Guest Speaker 7:30pm MEETlNG FORMAT for 3rd APRIL 1998 .... Please note that annual membersbips are due for renewal on 1-6-98 .... •••••••••••••••••••• **•••••••••••••••••••• ******•••••••••• THE NEXT MEETING 7.00 PM, FRIDAY 3rdApril 1998 AT THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM (WILLIAM ST ENTRANCE) ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• *** •••••• ****•••••••• NUMBER 34 - Marth 1998 PO DOl A140! SydneySouth NSW IZl! mE FROG AND TADPOLE STUDY GROUP OF NSW INC.
Transcript
Last meetingEnvironmental Education and
Interpretation,Philip Green p2
Past and Future Field trips p2AGM Notice p2Urgent - Assistance requiredfor FATS Exhibition
at the Easter Show p3Frog eats Snake p3Frogs and Chemicals p4Book Review p4
AHS Annual Conference p5-7Looking for Sunsets
after dark p8U V Radiation p8Wanted
Frogfor a FrogPond p9Press Clippings plO + I ICommittee contacts pl2
CONTENTS
How do you Q)D(UIC • fros?Put it in • round bowllllld tell" to take a nap in the comer.
-_. &oaoontt...cYOUlWb.. he 00""" out and 111)'1he nOl.'dodthat nllp and feels much beter,
URGENT NOTICEFATS £ASTER SHOWVOLUNTEERS
REQUIRED see page 3
with compiimmeotsPl\;t,p (;.(,.,..
Finish for tea, coffee & biscuits9.00pm
Raffle and Auction8.40pm
S favourite frog slides5!!Sminutes8.1Spm
Guest Speaker7:30pm
MEETlNG FORMAT for 3rd APRIL 1998
.... Please note that annual membersbips are due for renewal on 1-6-98 ....•••••••••••••••••••• **•••••••••••••••••••• ****** ••••••••••
THE NEXT MEETING7.00 PM, FRIDAY 3rdApril 1998
AT THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM (WILLIAM ST ENTRANCE)••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• *** •••••• ****••••••••
NUMBER 34 - Marth 1998PO DOl A140!
SydneySouth NSW IZl!
mE FROG AND TADPOLESTUDY GROUP OF NSW INC.
Discovering thai Katherine Wangmann was a leachmagnet, we wanted 10uSCher as bait, LO gel Martyn afrte swimming ",Atcr leach but sbe wouldlt't agree
Frogs seen included:- Litoriafaliax Dwarf Tree Frog,utona freycineti, Mixophyes Jnselolailis GreatBarred Frog, Lltorla tyleri, Crlnia ttnnuto WallumFroglet, Umnodynasl'~peronii Stripped MJush Frog,Uloria nnsula Rocket Frog, Pseudophryne coraceaRed-b3ckcd Toadlet and we heard Ulorla ITIIfIlntoWhirring Tree Frog,
FIELDTRIP REPORT 27/2 TO 113198We bad a wonduful froggie .. eektDd .. s.iIIIs
Lake thanks 10Arthur and Karen w.i1t. Oarmerry band included Marcelle and lauren O'Briea,and Debbie little who collected her niece and nepbe\\Irom Wooton, for Saturday night's frogging. AnthonyNicholson and Anne Peaston joined us for theweekend and also enjoyed the varied bird life. GrahamPike, from the Australian Museum. SIU)'CdbneIly"luist On Golden Bell Frog w"rk in the area
NOTICE OF AGM
Tbe Annual General Meeting is to be held ..Friday the Sth June 1998. NomInatIOn ronus \\ill
be available al the April meeting and posted in theMay Newsletter along with membershIp renC\\alsMW
INVITATION TO GO FROG SP0111NG
Our Field Trilt Co-ordinator, Ken Grifrrtll. IIconlinuing his imitation to all FATS IJIODtbeq_
Jom him frog spotting. Please call Ken On 9520 9961between 7pm and 8pm. He regularl} goes on Jo.g IIIdshort, easy and ngorous excursions and "ouid be wayhappy 10 include enthusiasts. Families I\cIcome. Sodon 'I be shy. Give him a call! M W
KIa GIt8IIIII , .........IJItJrIG pltyl/odfrtNl (0.llieBariqIoDTopi.LlcJDoi","" )IWIdIllU"camping groundI, LI",nodyrr_.lesueur; males by lhe hundrcdl II CaI__bul only twO females sighted, Arklolru blW/JIFrog), Litona jen,Wen.,s (Jervis BIYT_ PRIJ)LJloriaeuropa (Blue Mountains Tree FI'08). ...
r~....",'"..................... 1ItaeI Cano••
....... III an estnordlDary ud_ in...... of hi.unique experiences in tbe
USA Md CeanI AIIIeriaI, He delishled us \\1th.......... _ or wIIicb bad swpnsing~ IlleS and sa~1II85such as the Mohawk-II )'011 walk in the fOOlsteP6of strangers you will108m things )'OU OC\'Crknc\\. you never knew".In California. parks have their own pollee force, thecall " broccoli, broccoli. broccoli" sends students tolaIIdsI.de protectIOn positIOns on the hill SIdes andproarams such as " adopc a water shed" are 111 place.We leanl how bears can Jump on some car roofs to popthe doors open to stcal food inside.
In 1997 Phillip Green was awarded a ChurchillFello"ship 10 study Envrronmemal Education andlnterprctation in Central America and the USAWI5COnsll1.Iowa and Catifornla are considered to beamong the lcud,", Slates in en-.ronmentalcommunication in the U.S, Extensive input was alsogiven by Indigenous Peoples.
Sollie extracts from literature provided include:- "Thegeneral consensus is also that personal experiences innatUIC and the land are imperative to bwld aconoecnon before people can come to understand, careand tben appropriately act for the envrroument. InSOIllOschool districts, week-long school camps atoutdoor education centres are maudatory fO" Year 6Sludcnts and naiurallsrs were skilfully weaving ingeology. ecology. Nathe Indian use or the landspIXICScl.assification The students Will rememberthose experiences ror the rest of their lives, They willalso remember the curriculum lllfonnrltion witbouteven realising that they learned il. They will alsodc\clop strong, posluve attitudes toward theenvironment."
Let us not lose sight o( the goal posts! AUSlmha bas aloog way to go to place us natural enVironment on ahtgll pnority, provide us with sufficient naturalistsherpetologists, research, education and fund i;appropriately. Hopefully some of the USA'senvironmental initianves identified by Philip Greenarc ImplemenJCd in AUSlmiia 10 ensure tbat there isSOmething left o( OUr (rowe babilat and diverse We bagged and released a Bandy Band)' Sn3l<e- • ratespecl~ (or the future. Without some govcrnmem high find as they mostly hve under ground searching forprIomy placed Onthe preservauon and appreciation of Blind Snakes. Rebecca Drury and Bennett wangmannOUr A~stralian environment through research and had sighted it. I stood ill awe as Arthur White andprocecUon programs there is unlikely 10 be frogs or Debbie Andrew ran down the side of a hill andfJo& spoiling in the future. The Editor grabbed it as it hurried down the slope He was
released the next nigllt and casually nlO\'CdaWol}iaIOrATS trIokt 10 I!lank Mllm'n Robinb_ and lb. the dark. MW"'-nUu M__ ror • ananSlng temporary "" ~~ 111~. _~. acco~tlon and guiding us through the "'" ',. "'_ ,~ ~~~~( ('~I(t
m I COrridor. for the February 98 FATS:;:"s-... ~ ,Vrl,..... MW ~::¥~ "/(
2 ~
The victor made little progress over night. ApjlQrenOyan over-wrougfu stomach refused to speed up itsfunctioning, and bY morning the now thoroughly deadsnake still pr~ieeled aboul two inches from Ihe frog'sjaws, In (he aficrnoon, twenty-two hours after Ihecommencement of the struggle, Ihe frog waspholograpl,ed WIth the final piece of tail jusl visibleUnmlSlakable C\i<lcnc:c of the little snake's reslingplace showed In the rurious bulge of the frog'sdistended abdomen and the ,ittor was more !>OI><)''''than ever,However, quite a traged) nowoocurred. for, when tbeo,'.rlooded frog was pIcked up and posed for uspicture with the lip of its victim's tail still protruding.it became mOSIapprehensive of the photographer'sintentions, Internal disturbances of a violent naturewere observed. nnd gradually more and more of thedead reptile's lJIiI was regurgitated. with the frogactnally hclping us dlsgorgemenl with ns fore limbsWithin a few minutes !hecrowmngmisfonune of thatgtC31 swalJo\\lng fcat oocurrod when, w Ilh lhecomplete dlSgorge.... 1of its victim, the frog had itstwenty·two hours of hard \lork broughl 10noUghl.The most amusing inCident was the one in ~,hich IWOfrogs allacked one hule snake simultaneously fromopposite ends, One attacked the head, and the otherthe wriggling mil. each swallowing until ftl lost thejaws mel in Ihe ntiddle of the victim, Here Iheymeditated over the prOOtem[or an hour or IWO.untilthe more energetic of them made up its mind andwrestedthe prize from Ihe other," (article found andoffered with complimtlll$, Ken Griffiths) ,
........... tIIe fATS IXHIBmON.t tIae EASTER SHOW
~ rATSG_p ..ill ha,'C a display In Ihepi\'illon .t Ihe Easter Show on 8 and 9 AprIl
need people to represent us each day und also seton Wednesday morning 7 to 98m and disassembled1sp1a) 7 109 pm Thursday, Even I hour WIllLandcare ",II also have a marquee and would behaPP) for FATS representatives. OfTersof help sbooJ""_'be directed 10Anbur Wlllteon 9599 1161 lI1W
Golde.n Be.lJ 1-To, ...hh 'aU of • roun~ Coppe.rJ,ud Sn.kCl protrudinc homSNAKESANDFROGS j", ... alh ar,.<. ",u.~le or 22 h......T he ",lallonJllip is not cOR.'listen'lyonwilled.
Walkabou.6-1950 David Fleay •••• ra ••• only"In good SCtlSOIlSalong lb. great waterway of the riverMurray with its many overflows, venomous snakesand froSS arc co-dwellers ill teeming numbers Duringspnng, breeding time frogs roaring, booming chorus isthe deafening symphony of the marshes and thereareclammy amplubians ov....head, underfOOIand even Inone's blanketsdunng campson the box ridges.Aboul this Ume <Man:h 1935) numerous famIlies ofboby .nukes. mainly members of !he TIger species,were born. averaging. 30 or more to each Utter,Kook.burms nUlcleunobtrusive bul very business-likevisits, Nankeen Night Herons arrived aner dnrk andlook both infanl snakes and frogs; bul the mOSIastounding lhing of all, at the time, was the hithertounobsen'ed propensity displayed by the Oolden BellFrogs for the new born Tiger-snake wrigglers,As an instance of an endurance contest. howevct.there oocurrod one afternoon al the open air "81'811&""of lhe Melbourne Zoo, a classicaJ duel of amalJngdural ion, A hvely young Copperheaded snake ••ghtand a half inches in length glided out from cover rOt atate ailernoon sun bath, It bad panly shed .IS skmwhen it was spied by (I small golden bell frog 1\\0inches in lengrh, Slowly and deliberately tne big-eyedamphibian began 10 hop towards Ihe lillie rep4ilc. Thesnake sensed danger from this wet-skinned ogre andretreated; bul ilS pursuer persisted in approaching. andevemually Ihe tiny serpent, forked longue Ihekeringrapidly in and OUI. was forced to tum and fac:e itsadversary Wllh 3 quIck movement the frog cllgUlfedlhe liuJe snake's head and clamped its jaws [1l$I Thenbegan a fun(IUSstruggle with the threshIng bod)' of thepuuoned reptIle writhing and Iwisllng '" alldlreclions, Repealedly illumed the frog upside downand coiled about its head and body; bul grimly theamphibian relained a hold,Each lime Iho snake relaxed us struggles, the frog iostno .. me In jerking down a little more of its victim'sbody, Fh'C hours tater, at nine o'clock in the evening, aparty .. h,ch duc:ted through the Australian soeuOIt ofthe Zoo by $pO(llght. saw Ihe frog squalung stOIcally'" the IClf-tame spoI banging on grimly to lhe half·",,011000'" "cum. "Illcb bad almost ceased 10Itrugglc
As a consequence of Ihis repon lheRegistration Authority released the NRARC\,,,,,' of GI}pbosate (NRA, 1996). Therecommended that the majonty of g1ypllosateproducts (i.c. all those that utilise these PIUticuIarsurfactants) be relabeled (before 30 June 1997) such ...they are no longer recommended for aqualic usc . .....,.can however still be used in "01)' drains and ehaJuJels,dry margins of dams, lakes and streams."
.., IWD __ PbIIJ,J_.__. ....._ bodIeI is ClOJIIidemI ......coru:entratiolll of these cIIemlcaIItbmhoIds. COIIIIlUY 10 this COIlYeIIIiauJDEP report concluded thai the bertiicIdemay present a toxic risk 10tadpoles and frogswaler IS shallow and the dilution factor is low.
..... .....BaaIIIbop SU5 +13.50P"8.
........ II • ,..... Ibr !bolo with a..... iIItenII in IIvp. (]u(ortwIately only 17
.... PI cIecIicaIed 10 frop and lhe rest 10 reptiles.
....... II is 'MIl wrilleD and set OUI. The text by Pal
.... II _,. 10 read wi!bout being chllcbsh orCIIIIdea:onding. I.. main drawcard is the inserting ofIlale IhnIc or four line iDleresting fact boxes. There arcIbouIWee or four on Iheseon C\1:I) pBgCPerhaps Ihe best way of gelling youngsters interested inIOCIICIhingis to have plenty of photos to look at Tbere"'" many ooIowful and dctJli led pictures in the book.Although you may expect something extraordinaryconsidering publisher Steve Parish's photographicbackground. the photos are just honest, clear photos ofthe subjects and In this regard perhaps a littledisappointing. However. youngsters are sure not to ...... What IS the consequence of herbicide appllCllioltIcnow Steve Parish and therefore arc bound not 10 be for adult Crogs which live in the soil, or those eroPandcbsappotnted. ladpoles restricted to small Or temporary ponds in IRISThe book does have all index to the photographs and a which are not designated as 'aquatic'. While I ....Bibliography that will help the reader when they wish to I reluctant to endorse any chemical, where a gJyph05Bleprogress litllher. Carl Spears 0 based product is deemed necessary, it may be pntdeDiIO1 6 employ one of the newer products which have '-a
A FROGS & CHEMICA LS - DO TREY MIX? , b registered for aquatic si~uations, in preference 10 any of~ !.~,.Reiakr ilJann, School of Emironmcolal Biolog~ '",: A the older formulalto~, ~respectl\'e of the/' __ Curtin Unn'er!ity "fTechnology, BCDtJey~.. ,6 loou~on ..... Wbal are. the IOlpltcabons of the USC 111
_~. . , ... -: ~ Extracts from"'. the Spotlight" " fertilisers and even animal manure which may radically(/ /,1 . :ourtesy of The Victorian Frog Group , change the pH and chemical profile of the soil ... As a~ '. n an extremely wet c,enlng that I was PhD student at the Curtin University of TechnolCllY I
,':;; pleasantly surprised 10 find frogs crawling am looking at some of these chemicals and lheirb 'out nf"tile garden bed 10 frolic on the warm we! potential as toxic agents 10 frogs. If you are a gardener,
dnveway. Our over excited cats were promptly locked a golf course green keeper, a reserve manager. ainside. We lived about 200 meters from Stoney Creek.... municipal environmental officer Or an employee of aNow if I were a gardener (or a reserve manager) who state conservation departmeut, you may want to keeprelted upon tnsecticidcs, berb1cides and other products these questions in -mind ...... Editorial note: As far asavailable to make thc job easier, would I still hove frogs we are aware the only chemical mix that is currentlyill my garden? .... tnouglu to be OK for use near wetlands is a mix beingOne such cbemical has been in the spotlighl rDCCtlv ~Id by Monsallto Chemicals called Biaenve. We 11m:The chemical is a herbicide called glyphosate and ~t ;~ ~n~ tl.~.sou~ :1 but it seems il is only avarlable in l:qcconsidered to be one of thc most non-IOxic pest' .des ut n • ies. r taps some pressure from gardeners andavaWlble. Consequently. gJypltosale has a'reputall~~ as =I~?f such herbicides .tnay cause MOnsanlO 10an environmentally friendly pesticide. This reputation tnt" more readil} available.extends 10the numerous products which incorporate this ADS CONFERENCE YUNGABURRAchelDlcal .... Western Austral .. n Department of Had agreat lim . A hEnvironmental Protecuon (DEP) commissioned the We hit the busle m t .erton, well YtmgalJvra.Curt· U' . ,,_. '. I every night and I saw some greaI
. ID ruvcrsuy """"tOXIcology Unit to IDvestigllle the frogs and pos '"toXICity of CODlOlOnJyused glyp........e-!xtsed be.... . All sums too. I saw Lnoria gemmac.IQ/Q.
n"<V>oU • .,ICldes er Red-Crowned Toadlets ( f ) this must beto several species of Western Australian frogs. JUSt the most am . gl bca . 0 course
. azm y uttful frog, with camoufIaFThe subsequent. report (Bidwell and Gorrie, 1995), I~ChCll colours, with bright emerald green in bctwcea.bi&bbghted lhe IOlportancc of formulatIon additives as tuue bits hanging off this lichen camouflage, briatIIOxicologtcal agents. r:dthe~ titan the active ingredient ~qua eyes and blue loe-pads. Wow! Also saw Mixo""'_~. The addiuvc 10 question was a snrfactant $chevelil (1) and L. roth; and a microhylid, cophJJltI}Js.ConnuJ bas been used for many years in such and COpper brushlail possums green possua ...~1II. The I.oxicological propenies of the butterflies and lcaf-tailed geck~ and swam iD ....III employed tn Ihcse formulations \\;th regard Eacham. It was too good. Back 10 reality lIT-1qIIbc spcaes hal-e been known for a long 4 Abstraasonpages5l07:-rompltmenlSnfK.areJl ..... _'·,..
5
Re)"llolds, Stephen. Impa<1 of the introducedmosquitolish (Gombusia halbrookt) 00 anurans ioPerth metropolitan lakes.MosquitoflSh (Gambusia holbl'OOld)were introducedinto Australia earty this century and arc nowwidesprcad. They occupy a variety of aquatic habitatsthroughout southwest Australia and are common in1akes on the Swan Coastal Plain. Previous studiesindicate that mosqunofish arc capable of consumingthe eggs and larvae of anurans, but there are nospecific studies in an Australian context examininguupacts 00 aquatic deI'elopmcntaJ stages of nanveunurans, althougll the general consensus amongstherpetologists is Ihat Ibey are a menace. Duringlaboratory feeding trials the palatability of nativeanuran eggs and larvae to mosquitofisb and theinfluence of alternative (invertebrate) prey on feedingbehaviour was examined, Field based observationsindicate tbat anUr.JOS and mosquitofish coexist insome Coastal Plain lakes. An examination of thebreeding biology of six anuran species occurring onthe Swan Coastal Plain indicates that, particularly innatural systems, mosquilofish Impacts may not ~ assignificant as previously thought.
elc.cTa.dIiJdo. •011J181ive Ilnma. OMalm"l bald, CIlBIIiIaIhenot a simple lalk, partly because dIaD8II IIIabundance of the lIIIimaIs IIIIIIIIy tbaQPl 10 bealfeaed (c.g. goannas. snakes, tJIOIIs, .. wdJ .. 6Qp)are Mlcult to pm down. Because native frop lINopen to competition from toads in belb larval 8lIdadult stages and, furtbennore, lend ~ 10acoustic monitoring. we developed 811 _system which bas the capability to identify and log tomemory oigbtIy calling activity by frogs, along wilhrainfall, temperature and other data. Five pairs of suchunits are deployed this wet season between Roper Barand Mataranka in the N.T., in all area judged likely tobe sooo invaded bY toads. Four sites are being set upin Kakadu National Park also. The systems have tilecapacity to record calling activity for several hoursevery night throughout the whole wet season, thusoffering 8 very higll sampling intensity. PQtcntially,the method has application wherever monitoring ofsounds is useful.
TRII.lIPf(i: fROG fJ.
Meyer, E., B.G.M. Jamieson and D.M. &beitinga*.Sperm ultra.qrucfUre of six Australian bylid frog.from 2 aenera (Lilor", & Cye/arana):Pbylogeneticimplications.There has been. and remains, considerabledisagreement over the affinities of Australia'S fossonallIylids (Anum, Amphibia): Lltona alboguttata andCydorana spp. Sperm u1trnstructure, which haspmiously been examined in some Liton« species butDot in L. alboguttata and Cyctorona spp .. has proveduseful in resolving phylogenetic relationships atvarious taxonomic ICI"e1s within the Tetrapoda.Seeking clarification of the phylogeny of Australia'sfossorial hylids, we compared the spermatozoa ofCydorana brevipes, C. novaeholtandiae. C. cryptotis.Luana O/b<>grIl/Qla. L: mooret. Laurea 8.od pm~ousI)'examined Litoria species. The evidence of spermultrastructure, supported by previously publishodmolecular, morphological and kaIyological data,places'_ alboguttata within the genus Cyc/orana. Onthe basis of sperm ultrastructure three separatelineages are discernod within Cyc/orana s. lat., (I) C.cryptotis, (2) J. a/bogullala and C. novraeholkmdiae;and (3) C. brevipes.
........ 1D!be __ primarilyGIIr)'oalc 8lId larval pbasca. In this study
eI Gc«ftlllo Q/ho and G. '1Id/ina. two....... InediD& f'Jvp from the southweSl of WA.WIS cIcIOrmined during the cmbryOnic, larval, andjIMIDiIc pbues. as well as from calling males. CallingmaJe .,.m-ai for both species. detennIned usingmad<.oJCC:IIPI1Ire studies, was high. Embryonic andlarval survival WdS recorded from nests in situ. Pre~ survival in these species is variable andmav be 10w. Marl<- n:caprure studies were also used todet~rmine juvenile survival. Mctamorphs were bethtoe-clipped and bathed in a tetracycline solution toensure the)' would be rocognisable as adults.Prelimmary results suggest that juvenile survival ISlow. However, the poor survival of juveniles and the,'3riablc survival of embryos and larvae are IlOtsufficient to explain the limited recruitment of callingmales observed.
Knowles, R., 1I.B. Hines, K Thumm, M. Mahony,and M. Cunningham. Oviposition of Ihe barredfrogs (MLxoJlhyes species) in southeastern AuSlraliawith lmplications for managementFour species of barred-frogs occur in the ranges ofsoutheastern Australia. Three species, M. bulbus, AI.jleayi and AI. lteratus have declined for unknownreasons and are now considered threatened. The fourthspecies, M. fasaokuus, remains common. Withinthese [our species lhere are two modes of oviposnlon.Mirophyes balbus andM, fleay! coustruct a nest in theshaUow running water Ihal occurs between pools inrelatively wide, flat sections of mountain streams.Eggs arc either deposited in a shallow excavation inthe stream bed or pasted directly onto bed rock.Preliminary investigations suggests that Ihis mode ofoviposition, away from deeper water, protects the eggsfrom predation by native fish and large tadpoles of!heir own species. Mirophyes fasciolatus and M.iteratus deposil !heir eggs out of water, underoverhanging banks Or on steep banks of larger pools.This 100 appears 10 be a strategy 10 avoid aquaticpredators, Unlike 1I1eother species M.fa.l'c;ola/lls alsolays its eggs in pool aud pond environments awayfrom streams, a factor likely 10 be important in thisspecies remaining widespread and common. Thestream microhabitats used by the mree Ihreatenedspecies for evipcsiticn are limited, These sues aresubject 10 a range of deleterious impacts (e.g.trampling by domcsuc stock). Ongoing research intothe brecdJng biology of !hese species is enablingmanagers 10 de\'elop better prescriptions forameliorating potential impacts.6
Retallick, Richard W.R. The di,1ribuCion oftadpole. in llream.with respect to predation.The most immedlale sclecuve pressure on ladpoles ispredation. Predation theory predictS thai prey sbouldfavour habitals wbich barbour minimal nsk ofpredation, The dJ5Irlbution of tadpoles among habitatswith respect to the distn'bution of Iheir predators formsthe basis of Ibis study. Predation trials were run withfive species of tadpoles and [our types of aquaticmacroinvertebrates, 10 determine the vulnerability ofeach species 10 each type of potential prcdator.Macroinvenebratcs were effective predators oftadpoles, although there were differences in predatoryeffects among tadpole species and among predators.Relative abundances of predators aod tadpoles 10 fourhabitats of stream systems were !hen obtained byseasonal '1S1t5 10 streams at Euogella National Park,Tadpoles and predators showed strong patterns intheir I1SC of the habitats. Tadpole abundances werebighesl in pools that were isolated from the mainstream channel, and two species occurred exclusivelyin that habitat. Three species regularly used mid.stream pools. and one of those specics used thathabilal exclusively. No tadpoles used fast Oo\\ingwaters. In COntrast. !he abundances of predalors wen:8IQIaI in nud-stream habitats. aod towest III isolatedpools These chstnbuuon patterns and experimental.-JtI SU&(ICSI that tadpole di5lributions in streamsmay be Inllucnced by the distribulion of ill\cnebralepnodtuoq,
... CiIIII:II ~) of S9 speciel of ampbjhjln and... ........P wi!h femak: body size wetc_..., Aller RIIIOVing !he effecU of body sUe. !henlllion!!bips benveen !hese reprocb:rive trailS "ilh!he (Ollo,,;ng ecological variables; I) reproducllvemode. 2) larval habital. 3) adull activily period, 4)adull microhabital. and the follo\\1n& geographicalcbaractcrisucs: I) geograpbic range and 2) laliludinalrange. were examined. Egg number (clutch size) andegg volume were Significantly related 10 female bodysize and. negau'1:I~with each oIhcr After removmg!he inOucnce of female body size egg numbersignificantl) increased as the reproductive mOOcsbifted towards egg and larval de\'CIopOlcnl in theaquatic cnvtronmcnt. and as geographic rangeincreased, inversely, egg volume signiOcanliyincreased as the reproductive mode shined towardsterrestrial development and as geographic rungedecreased. Furthermore, egg volume increased aslarval habitat shifted from tenuc ponds to totlc streams(aller removing direct·developing species of theterrestrial environment), Clutch volume wassignificantly related 10 female bod) si?", bul UOIassociated "ilb any ecological or geographic vanables.The ImplicaUons of these results on amphibianecology and their application 10 the decliningamphibian syndrome arc discussed.
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7
McDonald, K.R. and Margarel D"'i .. •• Un"",alreproductive bioiog) in an AuseTali.. b.)lid frogThe AuStral.. n hyhd frog Luorto longlrrutris Tyler &;Davies 1977 lays pale green eggs on vegetatlonoverhanging pools al the sides of streams in theMcllwraith Range On the Cape York PeninsulaAmplexus between males and females does nOIappear10occur. Egg nests are attended by the female for Iheperiod before hatclung and she remains with theahondoncd jelly mainx after the larvae ha, e cscapodand fallen inlo lhe pool hclo\o.ll is pos!ulalCdlhaltherole or !be (emale in nest attendance is to mamlamwater content or lhe egg mass. Larvae do nO( baveextreme loric adaptauons .
.....-may IIXjlIIID die ~ Iaobsenecl ~ RId-CrowDed IIIolher PSfI.dophryn. spoeIe&, Inwbicb tho tadpoIM ..reponed 10 ball dcYclopmeat beIweeD CloIner .....26 • 28 and lben halCh when !he WIler IabIe ....Eggs or PSfludophrynt OI4lTDIi$ can h8ICb eIIIIIr(Stage 23) or mIlCh laler (Stage 36). and eus a"ilbm one egg mass can halch O\er an ex!C8dedperiod, e-en wben mundated. Eggmasses ''31} JD !bespread of hatching stages and time taken 10 hatch.Variation in malernal pro\'l.siooing has beensu~as a cause of developmenlal differences, and can beviewed as an adaptation to an uncertain environment(Crump 1981, Capincra 1979). The distribution ofovum sizes or diITerclllclutches bas been investigntodAlthough tbere appears 10 be considerable sl..:variation between clutches aod within clutches there Isno e\.dence 10dale orovum Size influencing the umetala:n 10halchlng.
with complimments1'",1;1' (;".(\
The People:Tuuny we ha';e gfl!hered:,ru;l,we lite chllt the eyd~ (If.life cUlilinue.Wehave been glve"lh<: duty to I~v~m,balance 'and harmony with clld\'olher and nil llvtngtltin~. Sonow,webringourminds I06~t~r,,$ oneas,we give gleelings and th~nlr:5to each other as People. .
. • NowOllr",imf'''tO'lIt. •
Oldiag, P. The dhersity of mic:.roh)lid calls fromthe Wei Tropics .. ilb parliw.lar reference 10 "'_caUs "" specics isolaling and 'J)«ifl( materecognilioo l).lems.A comprehensive investigation was made into thediversity of calls produced by the Wei Tropicsmicrohylids. All calls were recorded in situ fromOctober 9S 10 March 97. Using compoter soundanalysis software, the calls were dissected into a rangeof components, from lbe level of gross morphology 10fine-scale microstructure. Wilhin species,o:clationships were assessed between the callcompeoems and associated em;ronmcnlal and bodyfaecol'S BeI\>-een species, variation in call componentswas .nalysocl 10 see which components were possibl)involved in tbe isolation and recognition mechanismsof the species. No evidence was found 10 suggestreinforcement Or character displacement wns playingany role in the narrow overlap zone of twoSphenophymt species. Two new species groups wereproposed from MI Lewis based on Ihe uniqueness oftheir call compared 10 sympatric species. The finemicrosnueture described for each species re\ealed lhalsome spcees produced ampIirnde modulalCd calls"hereaS olhcrs bOOcalls comprised of discrele pulses.
... 1IIa .............__ fII nICIIII papnllllon
Tree Frns II a rlwriDo spadesAuItraIia which bal declined
"'1I!II1'IIl III ..._ range. Populallons of UtCJrio.,.,.,." _ IIIIdIcd to pinan undemanding of lbeP"P"WV- dyumica of IeIDpCnlIe riverine frog..... I!Id lhc nature of popuIabon dechnes T"op"p".... "en: SIUdJed 0\'Cr several )eal'S lD IwO- Wllb marlted!, dJJIetenI en,"onmenlS andpopaIaIioD denSlI1C$.sO lhal differences in populaliondynanuca could be ..xamined. Aspects of lbepopuIauon dynatrucs at both sites are compared,including annual variation in population. size.recnatmem. dispersal and age strucuue. Factorsinfluencing varintiou in population dynamics of thespecies, and the sigui.ficaoce for inlerprelingpopulalion dcctmes, are discussed.
IIdIItPFIb. 11wa' "' tileA.u ~.BiIuIIdD at 0R8DB s- uaii_tr:cauIJIYOI atloDg-lOCd salallUll!deqradiation by mylar filterS to IllllllieIdedfound that 95 percent of the shicIcIedcompared to only 14.5 perocnt of theembryos. Even more striking, only 0.5 ~survh'ing shielded salamanders bad defOrmilleti91. 9 percenl of the ~shielded sallllD8lldendeformities. Malformed tails, blisters and edema "'the most frequent deformities. "The recent thlnaiua"the protective ozone layer in the upper atmospbeq ..been linked to increased nsks of sIdn c:ancer IIIdcataracts in humans as well as to the dcstrucIion IIIfragile plant life. Deformed and. dying ~ 1liiy litlinked to thinning ozone as well, saId Kicseckcr, ..is studying other possible factors, such as "'_ Icvdand quality, which also can affect the amount of UV-8radiation reaching amphibians. UV -8 radiation .,may impair disease defence mechanisms, IIllIkiDcamphibians more susceptible to pathogens and parullathat may hamper normal development and increasemortality, Kiesecker said he found increased mortalityassociated with a pathogenic fungus (Saprolegnia ferax)infecting some embryos exposed to UV-B, whileembryos under mylar filters were not infected. Tho UVB may work synergistically with thc fungus, saidKiesecker, who repons seeing an outbreak of fungalpathogens in a number of amphibian species in the last10 years. Amphibians are ideal species for the study ofUV-B exposure, be noted Many lay their eggs in open.shallow water where exposure to UV -8 is Iugh.Typically. a population of 200 breeding pairs of toads,for example, "ill produce as many as I millioDembc)'OS. Furthermore, amphibian species have V8ry11Igamounts of an enzyme called photolyase, which is theprinCipal enzyme for repairing UV damage to DNA.Phototyase attacks a major UV photoproduct in DNA -cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers -- which can causemutations and cell death if left unchecked. Kiesccker,a zoologist and postdoctoral fellow, reported that frogand toad species with tbe greatest photolyasc activityhad the lowest mortality rates in developing embryos.For example, he and his colleagues noted an increase inembryo mortality of 15 to 20 percent in the Westerntoad and the Cascade frog -_ two species with low 1C\'C1so~ pnotolyase - while the Pacific tree frog. wluch has a!'Igh photol),ase level, is thriving. All three species liveIn the same habitat in the Cascade Mountains lbefield studies, which were completed in May and June1997, also are reponed inpan in the December .ssue cIthe P_roceedings of the National Academy of SciCldl.FundIng was from the National Science Foundation aadthe Donnelley Fellowship sponsored by the Yale
8 Institute for Biospheric Studies.
Amphibian Mortality Due To UV RAdiationPrexated II the A.1Mri<.In Association for tbeA~I of Scienu Anoual l\leeting,PltiIldelpbll compliments of Martyn Robinson,Cynthil Atll'ood [email protected] 432-1326 Yale Unil'enity and Peter l\lacinnis.Many frog and other amphibian species throughout theworld appear to be cxpcriencrng declining populauons,with several species already extinct and others showingalarming rates of deformities. No single cause has beenidentified. Some scientists believe habitat disturbancesare 10 bWne. alt.hough declines have OCCWTed inrelatively undisturbed areas. Now, field experiments inIbe Oregon Cascade Mountains have confirmed whatmany scienllsts had suspected - ambient levels ofuIInMotet-8 (UV-8) radialion from the sun can causebi&b - of monaJuy and deformity in some species ofCrop Ind other amplubians. The earth is shielded fromUV JadiaUon by the o~one layer, which is believed to beIIImniaa because of the increased use ofchIoroftllOlOC8Jbons as refrigcrdnts, solvents and~ Igcoll "There has been a great deal of recent..won to the suspected increase in amphibian
IIIIIIl ... be to..... die .. bid IIIoompletely a few fJogS ganCIII. • lew mote and then a chorus of about SO!! Why_ tbey 10 hard to nnd during the day? I crept slowlyIDWBrda die chorus and turned off my headlamp when ISOl to about twenty metreS from the sound. Slowly In thedaJk I II'IJII)IIChed as one after the other the frogsstopped as tbey became aware of my presence. Iknelt Intile mud and bepn to crawl in search of the sound ofoae excited male As Iturned on my light, staring at thespot - a Oat cpeo km deep ~ra)" of mossy water - whatseanod hke an enormous bellOOD of bright orangeqwcIdy deOatecI as the frog slowly sank below ~cmIaI eiear-water, As it sank, in almOSI ostrich likeraSruon, it raised its hands 0\'Cr its eyes. Its brightorange 'socks' stood out like little stars upon its deeppurploxhooolate head and back!!!If you have not yet seen a picture of this frog mydescription of its underside will be hard to believe. Likea sunset its belly was shades of orange and blue - fromdeep ocean to the most brilliant sl<y blue. Its Dame iswell deserved and this is one frog that really, must beseen to be fully appreciated. Another twenty or so ofthese frogs were located, several pairs in ample, 'US toldUS that this was a good night to be here .... H you ever getthe chaoce to go wcst, il may also be the only place Onearth where you ean sec a sunset after dark, n
AddendumPlC3SCforgi\'e mel Thai was 3 or 4 years ago, before 1 joined !he FATS group. The Frog Facts articles and !he FrogcaUDe\\$ICIiCrha,'C taughl me a gteal deal, and ",-en Ihough 1 ha\'e JUS! dug tmI huge ponds In my new garden. 1 won'l becmpIO)'ng !hose methods of stocking my ponds. ) know the best habilal for tbe frogs l'm after. Thank ),OU FATS Group forbeing around '9'MarkAnry
The pUr(haliC-Swere unevtnt("I. except for the lime twas rtturnlng from Hurstville by train with a jar leaking inlO my ,:tay-bag. whichin turn leaked onto my lap.When I alighted I found tomy di$may ,hal there was alarge wei vah.:h af\tt1l1d IUy
~roin. And I still had a bus toc.1tch!
But all six jars of tadpolesrnnde it to che ponds. and IW:lS rC\"';\fd~dJ few monthsttler with 11 croak. thenanother, dirferent croak.Frogs nt last! But morough~tarches failtd to reveal thecro,ker.. though one dayneighbours 1\""0 doors downremarked (omplacently thaithey hod found three frogsSitting under (heir spl'inkler.I stili hear my frogs. but
never ~ee them. Of course. Ircali)e now that none of thetadpoles I botlghc wen: the(,rfspring of aqu:Hic frogs, thetype th;n hang around watcr.Certainly there arc nll
Col,lcn Rclh. Th(v u....c theI>('uu,""h,r ,pa\vnins. but notnne uf Ihem will sit on "'YhlypJd, w3ilillS 10 catch ;)n\th(~UiIO. Instc:1d !hey hunl....boutln the gr3!oS3nd IC3VCS.and I rarely SPOt one, \
Dun't sct me wrong. llove }Jmy p()nds.-they·re as prcltyt'I~1.1post(al'd, and the water i$so restful. Rut frog pondsthey are not. Good luck tothe Irug" laying low an1uI1Sthe rc.:rn ... .1nd ka\'t,..... in m\'t:;\rd~n. nUl ,,,,,,hen:..fur ~(Kl(I.11\,'" ,.1\i.\.·. (,"\ I lind ,1 ~"u\1",\1 ,1qu.l1i(fR~ likt..· thl.: kil~dI \I~ to \, J((h~Y"u knnw. I'd even
IIU"'_ It 011 ... nedwhen,u .lItti.r.llow. wevished Mrs Painter's
bunplows1t RosebudBeach(nel' Melbourne) for ourChristmos holiday,.
An I remember of ~IrsPlinter is II hawkish facep«ring frornbehmd a pair ofspectaclu, bUI I rememberthe red bull ants dearlyenough. \"nh sC),the~likcpincer, Ihe~'appeared whenyou ic:',1 expected them, andtheir hJbil of travelling alenemade them seem J.1lthe moreI 1'C:r"hCN,)U\,BUI it IS the fro)!,:iI re-a lIy
remember. ~It> Painter h,uj atountalu. ils pond coveredwith IiIn',ld"on which satlitue grccnll'ttg"Thev h,uJ Inns giy.;n up
hithng "rum humans-e-thcpund WJ'" lou ,nlJII.lnd ~h31-luW'fur Ih.1l.Thev were fascinat ins 10 W3lC'h, as theyjumped ,11 Ihe hovering moSqUllocs.
I Wl\lchc,'dthem jump fr(.)mIil}'p,\tl lolil)·p:\tl. Iwalchedthem ju'(t ~il,l was bittcn b~'H1l)re hull ,111110.1f(Hltld lh.ltpond dMn by 'h..: rest of ~Rosebutl\ bull :lnu com· I
Vi.I,I-tht:' GippshHHI bush .Ih;(/j.~;'i::~~{:i'l~;lnd J di,tl';cd Inine tl:wc Jtheir O\Vr, H",hurc~ ((\ Ji!:.cover. Yct m-:mories ha\'e ;)4fJ'~",..-"",_..---'~~~~h.bit or r«urf.cing. .nd ::;~-~~!4~~i::j~~::.~~t;;;;:~:::::~~~wh<nIm,,,'C<ItO Sydneyand ~boughl :I houlte sever31 yearsago.lhe lir'llhing I rc~l"edlodowlh
h' took me 3nolhe;' sixmonths to tinolly accept thefaCI thtll 1 wn~n't going tohave nny grecn tree frllg~orbrown mtll'sh frogs hl)ppil1Sabout the place. sO1 advcrrlsed in the wanted secrion ofthe \\'ci:kl,. 'Iiru/Hlg PMt:f.HC)(;.,tm 1,\1,..UJI,' HI~ tHO(;PO'l/1) wn" .,uINtM.' \\·'U.,.AYJOr/All'.
I ligur<d I \\>-'tluld sel <1s.clcctinn 01 (n')t" and hope(ully ,\ hl:.llthy ~cnc pool (urfuture ~ctlcr.ltinlh. Therewere ,u n:'pmhc,- -,j,< kidsrill~ing UI~111!ti\Y th~~ h'l(.~ ajarhlll)f Ilulpo\l::\ wait.'"!; lorrue. 1 vi~itcd the I;luddtng entrepreneur, ever 1\-.'l)weekends. armed e....ch lime: with acarry-b;agand n bus pass.Trying to count t3dpoln in
OJ jilr white they are swimming "round ji:n'l the e.uieslof tasks. so "' sum of moneyagreeable 10bOlh panie.~W<l$reached. I lcarned laler it isiIIesal to sell frogs or tad·poll!s. SOit $terns l havemaderelons of six children at least50 times oYer. {I can still.Ieepnightsthough).
ActuJI" I du~ two ponds.10make ~~l\,d\I,,,' of the ,lopein mv vard ..'\ \\ ',,h:dJI1wouldhelp' ,\cr,lI( th,C water andPI'CVl'l\1)II.I~Il:UIIIll.
h hUlk "'I.' h1l1l' 11111nth,) todig them-bul whut ponds!Three JlhJ ti\'c metres longanda M1~:tt.: deep, ringed bvlumps or ,otndstone andcram~ w"h 20 varieties ofmasdr n,niv(' water plants,AUI n ..-rdc-d were the frogs.In my childhood.thepud
dlt's in the nearb)' paddocksICCIn(.'d \ ....ilh radpoles. andlike every other kid I '01·1('';1('(1them It>watch themmetamorphose. Now thepad"todt .. II rc suburbs. and Ihad IU 14",1 Imlg wa)' to findthe ""HCry thll.:hcs and damsof S)'dll':Y-' .,ut~klrt~.AI3S~itw ...... II in \'.1In. I found notone tJupu(c.
St.). (r,'01lhc .;c.,lit.lry",Qua·riurn in S)'(tn.:)' whit::h sHld:'IOlI1hiht;u\" I hllll<,;ht.1 1'I~;ltillS pt1ir o( brown Olar:t.h(ros~ nnd live young gteentrcc (I'()S~'FillYdol!;lrs \vorlh.As soon ,1'\ I tlrrived home Irclca~d Ihem inu) their paradisc, and .....ith a glad heartWJlchtd thtm $\.,im
Nall"·t-:\· (jamblcr.\· is a thcugluprovoking dccumcutnry which bCl(.u'ihome stuff we arc only 100 aW:II'C 0'but souwhow insist au ignoring illthe shrinking comfort zone.\Ve "114.'1'( pbnt billions of uccs \VI!
snnst preserve natw;\J di"'ccslty ... 11mjuS( medin diverxily. \Ve 111101 Ict ourawe overcome our iU'l"Og3nex.l'hcre')ncmhere etse 10 go if we bugget thi,ptanel.And ~'s noguar.mk.'C'herich'Ofthe intelligentwill survive ;tnylonger than the poor and stupid.
Ullirnalely. we're all stupid if weeenunit this auto-hotoeausr athl earnthe dubious distinction of being thefin-I SI>ecics 10 make ilself extinct
Dout AndersonSfl'l~ :lq·q'~n
This program ranges Ihl! {Idaplivccapacity of various sp':C.'ic_,11g,lIln'i'the vagal'i~s of Nmurc Illul thenUlllclOuS "necessities" vlu whichhuman recklessnessminimill..:, theodds for species with just as valid aclaim 10survival as Our5.
adapli,'C'! Indeed we arc. 110111ourOt.Xibitil), has whhercd imu )\1)Cci:lli~sation and the danger with ~lleCi(lli.setion is ... one tilt lIud IJ;"J:! You'reOver thc line. Good night!
10
W ilEN Y(jU',\: pun of the (nodctndn, Y(lu'(C only a wlOncrunlllyou'renI~r,
Unk!lS )'OU bcto.lS 10 our specieswhich h:fi IJ\C (ood ch:ain or,aniM.-d,Inc(h;aIlIl4."tJlod p"-\lnlriSCtl. So wepmbk: 111ocher Wd)'\ 10mppro~imaleIhe ad'1:D.1hn"",h Ihal comes from.urvh'.11 in oJ hChlde (11\'11lH)lnt"nl.BUI 01.\ .I hlt!!l)' \UC.:\!Cs,(ul species,
we ;UI! ahenna "II \.IICh of naunnl 1x11.<liM,.(', .!lld. hy ,kllll!:: 1i0,"ool1ening Ihetldd't IIIthe \UI"Viv.ll g:unu (01'n multi.Itlde "f tfcillurc\, Including eursctve s ,
ABC. 8pmWILDSCREEN
Environrnciltal s,g",)()sts ...
A delicate balance
II
.1~~/~~(J..I~I·I~,rzt~~/I~~~~~~~~~~~;;
.. ~lany 0{ lilt' "or"'f'f. ;unplllbian<..panli:ulariyW frogs and lood,. are becoming e.xh~' faster~h:,"scientist" can delcrmme the c3U!>CS.AI the, rlm'd worldCons,fcss of Hcrpclolog)', held in 1.)1:lIgueIn '\1.I8u:;,(, IIbecame clear thatthe phenonlCnon I~ a 1!lobalone.SCfiow.declines .md \c\'clal pn)\xlble eXlinc,ion:o. have
..,," '~""'''''' from l~ P~cific l"Ol'lh·wCIoIof An'loe'nc3.. 3nd(rom \\rC\k~ AU"1fah~
":::~::'::~~~~~~','~.:::'~~~f;'~ v.orld are\II 10hahlt31t1¢ilnlctiml.in ..lithe ..c Ihrc~ .species ~hUInot .,11)have d","C1111~dr:lpldl~ervc-. n;\IIQl1Ill parks .1Ill' ether IIrl!JssetproltcUUn of biodivecl'llY·
1991•.;('\clal po..,iblc cause (01 the .~lpI"B"",enrHlh:t\~been "ugges.lcd. IllO,1('IIw luch are
UV? Pesticides? Oestrogens?Biologists gather a few more clues .
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Wo Idd Iix IlllterrUh'\'t. InfnnnaJ. topitaJ aod practical ineC11ilp each )l:U' 11 ,he Austr.ban Museum (W11bIm SUCd etllfiOCO) lD S~...."-.. bold on Iho 6... Fod.y of "''''Y!!S!! month (FcbrulU). Al>ril. June, Au' .... Oct. and Dec.) oJ 7 pro for • 7:\0 ..... Vi...... ItO....... W .....ty tl9'UI,'Od in monrtorina &os popuWIOnJ aDd In other fJOg lAudies. and we produce me .,ewstetter FRO(';CAlL aDdJo7f()(JFAC1f inf'onDlbon ,heels All expression. of opil1ioo end infOl"'O'lltionere published 00 the basis that lhcy aro noc 10 be ,......... u• _ ....... of Iho f ... UIdT*'PoIo StudyOroup CoIIUmn.... 10.. _,nly II> " •• cd.
I'lease see page 3 about the EASTER snow DISPLAY for the
