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REVIEW OF FIVE YEAR PLANS(INDIRA GANDHI PERIOD)

(JUNE 1966 TO MARCH 1977)

(JAN. 1982 TO OCT. 1984)

Presented byAadya agrawal

Anant prakash

Ranjana chauhan

Richa agrawal

M.Arch sem-2

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WHY FIVE YEAR PLANS

In the introduction to the Five Year Plans,Jawaharlal Nehru said "Planning is a

continuous movement towards desired goals" .

The basic objectives of planning in India can be grouped under four heads

Growth

Modernization

Self-reliance Social Justice.

The economy of India is based in part on planning through five-year plans, which aredeveloped, executed and monitored by the planning commission.

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BACKGROUND

Attack on India by China in the year 1962.

India was struck by drought in 1963.

For the second time in the year 1971 war between India and Pakistan.

Recession

Due to all of these reasons India could not focus on long term goals. Instead, it

responded to the need of the hour.

4th Five Year Plan an alteration in the socio economic structure of the society was

observed and started taking measures to overcome the crisis.

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ANNUAL PLAN

ANNUAL PLAN 1966-1967 Regular planning was

disrupted when the

country came under

severe shocks, namely

hostilities with

Pakistan(1965),

droughts for two

successive years (1965-

66 & 1966-67),

devaluation of rupee

(1966) and inflationary

pressure. Due to thesecircumstances, 3 annual

plans were prepared

ANNUAL PLAN 1967-1968

ANNUAL PLAN 1968-1969

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4TH FIVE YEAR PLAN (1969-1974)

The Fourth Five Year Planwas initially focused towards the development of countrys

industrial sector but as a result of the wars, a major segment of the allotted fundswas diverted towards the war needs.

OBJECTIVES

To reform and restructure government expenditure agenda( defense became one

major expense)

To facilitated growth in exports.

To alter the socio economic structure of the society due to droughts and wars.

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ISSUES CONSIDERED REASON FOR

CONSIDERATION

A gap was created between the people of the rural areasand those of the urban areas. Initial plans from theplanning commission

concentrated over the

rural strengthening.

Due to recession, famine and drought, India did not pay

much heed to long term goal

Country was low in

economic ability to sustain

a long term goal planning

The process of implementation of the Five Year Plans was

disrupted in 1966

(severe drought in the country and aggressions from China

and Pakistan.)

Fourth Five Year Plan was

put off by three years due

to these impacts

The intervention period between the Third and Fourth FiveYear Plans had annual plans Wars and Naturalcalamities

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FOURTH PLAN OUTLAY

Projected national income

growth at 5.7 percent/ yr;

realized rate - 3.3 percent

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TRANSPORT

Goods traffic carried by rail has increased by 42 per cent between 1960-61 and

1968-69.By road has increased by 135 per cent.

Passenger traffic by rail has increased between 1960-61 and 1968-69 by 37 per cent

and that by road by 72 per cent.

New railway lines and road network was extended and new brigdes were developed

for better connection.

POWER

Electricity generation was very significant during 4th five year plan, as in

many thermal stations and power stations were installed.

INDUSTRY

There is a considerable volume of underemployment of manpower depending onagriculture & many employed in traditional manufacturing industry, using very poor

techniques. Focus was given to non-farm employment opportunities, boom to

industries related to metals, machine tool production, communication, transport,

petroleum, coal, etc.

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REGIONAL AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT

Regional studies of metropolitan regions around Delhi, Greater Bombay andCalcutta were initiated.

By 1968, almost all the States had introduced Town Planning Legislation with

varying scope.

During the period 196369, interim development plans for 40 cities were

completed. They provided necessary guidelines to Government departments and

public authorities in the use of land.

There is a provision of Rs. 188 Crores in the States sector for urban development,

housing and metropolitan schemes.

Decentralization of urban area by dispersal through suitable creation of smaller

centers in the rest of the area.

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HOUSING

Appropriate lay-outs made for the growth in villages, Basic amenities such as water and sanitation in rural and urban sector.

To support the development in housing sectorHUDCO was established in 1970.

Government provides accommodation to its employees.

Special attention to the growth of small industries in rural areas and small

towns.

AGRICULTURE

Green Revolution in India advanced agriculture.

Focus was given to agriculture field with high yielding seeds , which provided the

increase in production needed to make India self-sufficient in food grains, thus

improving agriculture of India.

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ACHIEVEMENTS

Served as a stepping stone for the economic growth Food grains production increased.

Evolution of three tier system (Panchayati Raj) in Indian governance.

Regional and urban development was taken into consideration.

Industrial growth

Importance of a labor intensive production technology in India.

OTHER SCHEMES:

Small farmers development agency Antyodhya (scheme for allocation of food grains to poor families.)

Drought-prone areas programs (scheme for drought affected people.)

Crash scheme for rural employment

The schemes were basically for poor so as to remove poverty.

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5TH FIVE YEAR PLAN (1974-1979)

o The world economywas in a troublesome state which had a negative impact onthe Indian economy.

o Therefore, priority was given to the food and energy sectors.

OBJECTIVES

To enhance agricultural productivity

To reduce rate of rural and urban unemployment.

To emphasize on household industries like carpet weaving, handlooms, sericulture,

and handicrafts

To encourage import substitution in areas like industrial machinery, chemicals,

paper, iron and steel and nonferrous metals.

Improving the agricultural condition by implementing land reform measures.

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PLAN OUTLAY

The break-down of outlay was-

Agriculture

Energy

Transport & communication

Education

Housing Communication

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ULCRA

Formation of (ULCRA) Urban Land Ceiling & Regulation Act 1976.

The Urban Land (Ceiling & Regulation) Act was enacted to prevent concentration of

land holding in urban areas and to make available urban land for construction of

houses for the middle and low income groups.

Hereafter ULCRA was to facilitate the availability and affordability of urban land by

increasing its supply in the market and by establishing an efficient land market.

The ULCRA provided for imposition of a ceiling on both ownership and possessionof vacant land.

Acquisition of excess vacant land by the state government with powers to dispose of

the land for the common good.

The ULCRA came into force in 1976 and covered towns with a population of more

than two lakh as per the 1971 Census.

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EFFECTS OF ULCRA

The implementation of the ULCRA in the states and UTs was, however, dismal mainly

due to :

Absence of clarity.

Compensation provided for the acquired land was very little, which often led to

lengthy litigation disputes. The maximum compensation was Rs.10 per sq. meter

and the total compensation could not exceed Rs.2 lakhs per owner. This made

landowners reluctant to declare their vacant land as surplus.

The Govt. of India decided to repeal the Act with the passing of the Urban

Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Repeal Act, 1999. Various states

subsequently repealed the Act.

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TRANSPORT

New railway lines were laid.

Adequate development in Bridges and roads and highways.

DTC buses were incorporated in plan for good road network.

Indian Airlines were acquired during this plan and International airline authority of

India was developed.

HOUSING

The main thrust of the programmes in the Fifth Plan is directed towards backward

sections of the society. This is sought to be achieved by augmenting the

programmes for the construction of housing colonies by State Housing Boards and

development of new low cost housing designs and materials, rural sanitation andwaste water treatment.

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DDP (DESERT DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM)

The program implemented in the lot arid deserts covering 131 Blocks in 21 Districts in

five States - Rajasthan, Haryana, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, and Jammu &

Kashmir. Thus the program covered both hot and cold desert areas of the country.The major activities under the program were:

o Afforestation

o Ground water development and utilisation,

o Construction of water harvesting structures,

o Rural electrification for energising tube wells or pump sets, and

o Development of agriculture , horticulture and animal husbandry

HOUSING

The main thrust of the programmes in the Fifth Plan is directed towards backward

sections of the society. This is sought to be achieved by augmenting the

programmes for the construction of housing colonies by State Housing Boards and

development of new low cost housing designs and materials, rural sanitation and

waste water treatment.

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PROBLEMS

The fifth plan was discontinued by the new Janta government (March 1977-

July 1979) in the fourth year itself.

The world economy was in a troublesome state

This had a negative impact on the Indian economy

Prices in the energy and food sector skyrocketed and as a consequence inflation

became inevitable

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ACHIEVEMENTS

Increase in food grain production.

Introduction to National Highway system and enactment of the Electricity Supply

Act in 1975.

Better transport & communication infrastructure

Low cost-Housing schemes for rural sectors.

Environment was emphasised

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6TH FIVE YEAR PLAN (1980-1985)

o 6th Five Yr Plan -- Known as Janata Govt. Plan

o The main objective of the Sixth Five Year Plan was to reduce poverty and attainself-reliance in the agricultural sector, but there were some other important aspectswhich also constituted the Sixth Five Year Plan and they are as follows:

OBJECTIVES

To improve productivity level To initiate modernization for achieving economic and technological self-reliance To control poverty and unemployment To develop indigenous energy sources and efficient energy usage To promote improved quality of life of the citizens To introduce Minimum Needs Program for the poor Aimed for rapid industrial development, especially in the area of information

technology Marked the beginning of economic liberalization Price controls were eliminated and ration shops were closed - led to an increase in

food prices and an increased cost of living Family planning concept introducedbut not forcibly Planned GDP growth - 5.1 percent a year, achieved 5.4 percent

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STRATEGIES

The Sixth Five Year Plan laid emphasis on :

Strengthening the infrastructure for agriculture and industry sectors.

Opportunities for employment in the rural areas and the unorganised sector.

Meeting the minimum basic needs of the people.

Taking a systematic approach in dealing with inter-related problems.

Focusing on the participation of the common people in the development of

schemes for the local people.

Reduction of inequality in terms of income and wealth.

Improving the living conditions of the people.

The major rural development programmes during this period were

Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP), National Rural

Employment Programmes, Development of Women and Children in

Rural Areas (DWCRA)

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THE NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT PREOGRAMMES

(NREP)

NREP aims at providing supplementary employment opportunities to rural workersparticularly during the lean periods of the year when they are not able to find gainful

employment. It also aims at creation of rural economy and steady rise in the income

level of the rural poor and thereby bring about improvement in the quality of life of the

villagers.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN

RURAL AREAS

The Development of Women and Chlldren in Rural Areas (DWCRA) is a centrally

sponsored scheme started in 1982. The objectives of the programme are to focus

attention on the women members of the families of the target group so as to increase

their income and also to provide supporting services needed to enable them to take up

income generating activities. Besides providing financial support, it also aimed at

increasing women's access to other welfare services.

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GOALS:PROGRAMME THRUSTS DURING THE SIXTH PLAN

Removal of Poverty:

Accelerated Rural Development

Promoting Opportunities for Gainful Employment

Agriculture and Allied Activities: The achievement of an overall

annual rate of growth of the economy at around 5 per cent during the

1980-85 Plan is crucially dependent upon an acceleration in the

performance of the agricultural sector.o Industry and Infrastructure: Industry: A major challenge to be faced in the Sixth

Plan is to secure a substantial acceleration in the rate of industrial growth. It is

envisaged that industrial production in the country will grow at an average annual

rate of 8-9 per cent during the Plan. Also, improved functioning of the

infrastructure, particularly coal, power and railways, is an essential condition forthe realization of the industrial growth target. In addition, in order to make

efficient use of scarce capital, much greater attention will have to be paid to

securing greater efficiency and competitiveness in the functioning of our industry.

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GOALS:PROGRAMME THRUSTS DURING THE SIXTH PLAN

Health: While the coverage under minimum needs programme has

necessarily to be limited, health care as such should be viewed as a total

system consisting of appropriate steps in

environmental sanitation

supply of safe drinking water

nutrition

health education

immunization

family-planning

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ACHIEVEMENTS

Speedy industrial development

Emphasis on the information technology sector

self sufficiency in food

science and technology also made a significant advance

several successful programs on improvement of public health

government in the Indian healthcare sector

Government investments in the Indian healthcare sector

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REFERENCES

1. 4th Five year draft plan- planningcommission.nic.in

2. 5th Five year draft plan- planningcommission.nic.in

3. 6th Five year draft plan- planningcommission.nic.in

4. Ten point programme of 1967, India: The Years of Indira Gandhi , Yogendra

Kumar Malik, Dhirendra Kumar Vajpeyi

5. Economic planning in India: Institutional Framework (book)