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DNA in the nucleus

DNA

Contains our genetic information

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Two kinds of DNA within our cell

DNA

Within the nucleus

Within the mitochondria

1

2

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Circular genome

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

16 569 bases

37 genes

Non-coding regions known as D-loop

1 to 3% variation betweenunrelated individuals

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High copy number per cell

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

More resistant to sample degradation

More robust than nuclear DNA

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Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

mtDNA inherited strictly from the mother

Not unique to an individual

Faster mutation than nuclear DNA

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The Roma

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Russias imperial family

The Romanovs

1917 Russian revolution

1918

Romanov family murdered / executed

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The Romanovs

Remains burned and buried

No nuclear DNA

mtDNA extracted

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Romanov family tree

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The Romanovs

Intact maternal line

Same mtDNA as Tsar Nicholas

One set of bones identified

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The Romanovs

Remains of the Tsars children

Same mtDNA as the Tsarina

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Romanov family tree

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The Romanovs

Remains were that of the Romanov fa

Prince Philip should have thesame mtDNA as the Tsarina

mtDNA matched the remains

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The Romanovs

Rumors

Did the Grand Duchess

Anastasia survive?

Grand Duchess An

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DNA analysis

Tissue from a surgical sample

DNA extracted

Match to Franziska Schanzkowska