4. How we can do 4. How we can do for the watershed managementfor the watershed management

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Watershed management strategiesWatershed management strategies

Preventative strategies — to Preventative strategies — to preserve existing sustainable land preserve existing sustainable land use practicesuse practices

Restorative strategies — to Restorative strategies — to overcome identified problems or overcome identified problems or restore conditions to a desirable restore conditions to a desirable level (pp.4)level (pp.4)

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In most watershed management In most watershed management situations, we are somewhere in between situations, we are somewhere in between the two extremes.the two extremes.

The cost of preventing losses of The cost of preventing losses of productivity by using the first strategy productivity by using the first strategy can be much lower than the cost of can be much lower than the cost of achieving the same benefit through achieving the same benefit through restoring productivity on lands that restoring productivity on lands that already have been degraded. (pp.5)already have been degraded. (pp.5)

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Tools for watershed mahagementTools for watershed mahagement

Watershed management involves nonstructural (vegetation management) and structural (engineering) practices.

Soil conservation practices and land use planning can be tools employed in watershed management.

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Soil conservation practices

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No-till

The start of the twenty- first century may signal the end of a period of 200 years in developing the plow and the initiation of a new system that deletes or at least minimizes the use of this implement in crop production.

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No-till

The deletion of the moldboad plow in no-tillage could have as great an impaction agriculture in the future as the moldboard plow has in the past.

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Tillage in the USA

1796 patent for a cast iron plow

1830s the steel moldboard plow

1868 steam power tractor

1900s internal combustion engine tractor

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No-tillage

1943 Edward Fraulkner, Plowman’s Folly

1984 Ronald E. Phillips and Shirley H. Phillips. No-tillage agriculture.

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No-tillage in the USA

• No-till in USA

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A recommended planning and management approach

(Heathcote, I. W., 1998, pp.12)

1. Develop an understanding of watershed components and processes, and of water uses, water users, and their needs

2. Identify and rank problems to be solved, or beneficial uses to be restored

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3. Set clear and specific goals

4. Develop a set of planning constraints and decision criteria, including any weights that may be assigned to criteria

5. Identify an appropriate method of comparing management alternatives

6. Develop a list of management options

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7. Eliminate options that are not feasible because of time, cost, space, or other constraints

8. Test the effectiveness of remaining feasible options using the method identified in (5) and the decision criteria and weights identified in (4)

9. Determine the economic impacts and legal implications of the various feasible management options and their environmental impacts

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10. Develop several good management strategies, each encompassing one or more options, for the consideration of decision makers

11. Develop clear and comprehensive implementation procedures for the plan that is preferred by decision makers

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规划步骤 （周年生，李彦东 . 2000. pp.11 ）初始阶段

1. 基础调查2. 识别问题3. 拟定目标4. 制定标准5. 确定方法

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中间阶段1. 社会经济发展预测2. 自然资源基础3. 建立数学模型4. 制定规划方案5. 进行影响评价

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最后阶段1. 信息反馈2. 调整规划方案3. 规划方案排序4. 完成规划报告

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Your planning and management approach

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Integrated watershed managementIntegrated watershed management

Integrated watershed management has to bring the physical facts of watersheds and the political realities together.

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Sound watershed management is based on the full integration of engineering, meteorology & climatology, geomorphology, hydrology, plant, soil, and social sciences.

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Techniques needed

Social and economic aspects Policies, laws, and regulations Mapping techniques Geographic Information System Weather records and prediction system Soil survey reports Computer use