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- Ahmad zaky Raihan
- Fetty Fajriyati
- Figga Arida
- Harby
- Rifani Masfufah
- Siti Hanun N
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Kelompok 2
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Learning ObjectivesTo understand the importance of the political and legal environments in both the home and host countries to the international business executive.To learn how governments affect business through legislation and regulations.To see how the political actions of countries expose firms to international risks.To examine the differing laws regulating international trade found in different countries.To understand how international political relations, agreements, and treaties can affect international business.
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A Look at Three SegmentsThe Home-Country PerspectiveNegara yang perspektif
Host Country Political and Legal EnvironmentKeadaan politik negara dan lingkungan yang legal
International Relations and LawsHubungan dan hukum internasional
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The Home Country Perspective Major areas of governmental activity that are of concern to the
international business manager:Bagian utama didalam kegiatan pemerintah yang menjadi perhatian utama manajemen bisnis internasioanl adalah :
Embargoes and SanctionsEmbargo dan sanksi
Export ControlsKontrol ekport
Regulation of International Peraturan internasional
Business Behavior Perilaku bisnis
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Sanctions and EmbargoesGovernmental actions that distort free flows of trade in goods, services, or ideas for adversarial and political, rather than economic, purposes.Tindakan pemerintah yang mendistorsi bebas arus perdagangan barang layanan atau ide untuk permusuhan dan politik, daripada tujuan ekonomi.
Sanctions tend to consist of specific coercive trade measures.Sanksi cenderung terdiri dari langkah-langkah perdagangan yang spesifik koersif .
Embargoes are typically broader in that they prohibit trade entirely. Embargo biasanya melarang perdagangan sepenuhnya yang luas.
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Export ControlsAre designed to deny or delay the acquisition of strategically important goods by adversaries.Apakah yang dirancang untuk menolak atau menunda akuisisi barang strategis yang penting oleh musuh.
The legal basis for export controls varies in nations.Dasar hukum kontrol eksport bervariasi dinegara-negara
Most international business can be carried out under NLR conditions.Kebanyakan bisnis internasional dapat dilakukan dalam kondisi NLR
Export licenses are issued by the Dept. of Commerce for commodities whose export is considered sensitive.Izin eksport yang dikeluarkan oleh departemen perdagangan untuk komoditas yang eksportnya dianggap sensitif.
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How an Export License is Issuedbagaimana lisensi eksport
ditempatkanSpecialists in the Department of Commerce match the exported commodity with the Critical Commodities list, the country of destination, and the recipient company.Spesialis didalam departemen perdagangan sesuai dengan komoditas yang dieksport dengan daftar kritis komoditas, negara tujuan dan perusahaan penerima.
If no concerns exist in any one of the three areas, a license is issued. Jika tidak ada masalah 1 dari 3 area, lisensi dikeluarkan.
This process is only carried out if the product or the recipient country is considered sensitive.Proses ini hanya dilakukan jika produk atau negara dianggap sensitif.
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A New Environment for Export Controlslingkungan baru untuk kontrol eksport
Focus of export controls on the Third WorldFokus kontrol eksport dunia ketiga
A loosening of mutual bonds among allied nationsSaling melonggarkan obligasi diantara sekutu negara
The increased foreign availability of high-tech productsPeningkatan asing ketersediaan produk teknologi tinggi
The speed of change and the rapid dissemination of information and innovation around the worldKecepatan perubahan dan penyebaran informasi yg cepat dan inovasi diseluruh dunia
The issue of equipment sizeMasalah ukuran peralatan
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Implementation and Enforcement of Export Controls
Implementasi dan penegakan kontrol eksport
Export controls are increasingly difficult to implement and enforce.Kontrol ekspor semakin sulit untuk menerapkan dan menegakan
The number of countries that are able to manufacture products of strategic importance has increased.Jumlah negara yg mampu memproduksi produk dari kepentingan strategi telah meningkat
Products that are in need of control are developed and disseminated very quickly.Produk yg membutuhkan kontrol dikembangkan dan disebar luaskan sangat cepat
It is difficult to control the transfer of technology and know-how.Sulit untuk mengontrol transfer teknologi dan pengetahuan
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Regulation of International Business BehaviorPerilaku dari peraturan Bisnis Internasional
Regulations on firms varies substantially among nations.Peraturan perusahaan bervariasi secara substansial antara negara
Nations may employ boycotts to govern business activities.Boycotts pekerja nasional memungkinkan untuk mengatur kegiatan usaha hah
Antitrust Laws are a regulatory activity.Undang-undang anti kebenaran adalah perusahaan aktivitas
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BriberySuap
Firms operating abroad are affected by laws against bribery and corruption. Operasi perusahaan di luar negeri dipengaruhi oleh hukum terhadap penyuapan dan korupsi
International businesses may bribe to counterbalance poor product quality, to create a market for goods, or to stay competitive with other firms that bribeBisnis internasional memungkinkan terjadinya suap untuk mengimbangi kualitas produk yg buruk untuk menciptakan pasar untuk barang, atau untuk tetap kompetitif dengan perusahaan lain yg menyuap
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Host CountryTuan Rumah Negara
Political Action and RiskAksi politik dan resiko
Varies widely from country to countryBervariasi secara luas dari satu negara ke negara.
Economic RiskResiko ekonomi
Less dangerous, but more commonKurang berbahaya tetapi lebih umum
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Three Types of Political RiskTiga jenis resiko politik
Ownership RiskResiko kepemilikan
Exposes property and lifePaparan properti dan hidup
Operating RiskResiko operasional
Interference with the ongoing operations of a firmGangguan pada operasi yg sedang berlangsung dari perusahaan
Transfer RiskTransfer resiko
Limitations on the outflow of fundsKeterbatasan pada aliran dana
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Political Risk May Involveresiko politik mungkin melibatkan
ConfiscationPenyitaan
The government takeover of a firm without compensation to the owners.Pemerintah pengambil alihan perusahaan tanpa kompensasi kepada pemilik
ExpropriationPengambil alihan
A form of government takeover in which the firm’s owners are compensated.Bentuk pengambil alihan pemerintah dimana perushaan pemiik kompensasi
Domesticationdomestikasi
The government demands transfer of ownership and management responsibility. Pemerintah tentukan trnasfer kepemilikan dan tanggung jawab manajemen
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Economic Riskresiko ekonomi
Exchange controls may be leviedKontrol pertukaran memungkinkan dikenakan.
Tax policies may be used to control corporations and their capitalKebijakan pajak dapat digunakan untuk mengontrol perusahaan dan modal mereka.
Price controls may employed to control prices of imported products or services.Pengendalian harga dapat digunakan untuk mengontrol harga produk impor atau jasa.
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Managing the Riskmengelola resiko
Demonstration of concern with host country’s society can be effective.Perhatian dari negara tuan rumah dapat menjadi efektif
Firms can take out insurance to cover losses due to political and economic risk. Perusahaan dapat mengambil asuransi untuk menutupi kerugian karena politik dan resiko ekonomi.
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Legal Differences and Restraintshukum perbedaan dan perdagangan
Countries differ in their laws as as well as in their use of the law. There are two major legal systems worldwide:Perbedaan hukum dalam suatu negara serta dalam penggunaan hukumnya. Ada 2 sistem utama hukum di dunia:
Common Law: Based on tradition and dependent upon precedent and custom.Hukum umum: berdasarkan tradisi kebiasaan yang daoat dijadikan teladan.
Code Law: Based on a comprehensive set of written statutes.Kode hukum : berdasarkan seperangkat anggaran dasar yang ditulis.
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International Relations and Lawshubungan dan hukum internasional
International Politics:The effect of politics on international business is determined by both the bilateral political relations between home and host countries and by multilateral agreements governing the relations among groups of countries.Politik internasional ; pengaruh politik pada bisnis internasional ditentukan oleh hubungan politik bilateral antara negara asal dan tuan rumah dengan perjanjian multilateral yang mengatur hubungan antara kelompok-kelompok negara.
International Law:Plays an important role in the conduct of international business. Treaties and agreements have a strong influence on international business operations.Hukum internasional: berperan penting dalam melakukan bisnis internasional. Perjanjian dan kesepakatan memiliki pengaruh kuat pada oprasi bisnis internasional
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International Lawhukum internasional
The World Trade Organization defines internationally acceptable economic practices for its member nations.The world trade organization mendefinisikan praktik ekonomi yang dapat di terima secara internasional bagi negara” anggotanya
The Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) provides procedures for filing patent applications.Menyediakan prosedur untuk mengajukan aplikasi paten.
The United Nations has developed codes and guidelines that affect international business. PBB telah mengembangkan kode dan pedoman yang mempengaruhi bisnis intrnasional.
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In cases of disagreement, the parties can choose:
dalam kasus perselisihan, para pihak dapat memilih:
Arbitration: Procedures are quicker and often spelled out in the original contractArbitrase: prosedur cepat dan sering di jabarkan dalam kontrak asli
Litigation: Often involves extensive delays and is very costly Litigasi: sering melibatkan penundaan yang luas dan sangat mahal