4 Shikha_Macroeconomic Policies for Gender Equity

8/11/2019 4 Shikha_Macroeconomic Policies for Gender Equity

1/22

Shikha Jha

ADB Gender Specialists Annual Exchange and Workshop7 August 2014


2/22

Overview

Macroeconomic policy emphasizes

growth and broader goals of well-being

employment and equity not just price stability

Gender-responsive macro policy can promote

equality in education, family benefits, access to credit and

jobs


3/22

Status of women in the region

Girls and women face differentialtreatment at all ages


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Girls lose out on education

0

2

4

6

8

10

Kyrgyzstan PRC Papua NewGuinea

Afghanistan India Indonesia Philippines

Average years of schooling, 2000-2012

Male Female

Source: ILO, Key Indicators of the Labor Market, 8 thedition


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And, women are left behind

0

30

60

90

Kyrgyzstan PRC Papua NewGuinea

Afghanistan India Indonesia Philippines

Labor Force Participation Rate, 2012 (%)

Male Female

Average LFPR for female

Average LFPR for male

Source: ILO, Key Indicators of the Labor Market, 8 thedition


6/22

Many are discouraged; stop searching for jobs

Not actively

seeking jobs,

discouraged

workers

Students

Employed

UnemployedJobless

Example: India Youth 2004-05Unemployment rate = 4%

Jobless rate = 29%

Finding a job may take years

Estimated median ages ofschool-leaving and job entry

Indonesia 18 and 22

Philippines 18 and 22

Thailand 18 and 20


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Youth joblessness affects women more

0

15

30

45

60

1993-94 2004-05 1994 2004 1991 2006 1995 2005

India Indonesia Philippines Thailand

%Jobless rates for young men versus young women

(15-24)

Male Female


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Disparities in work

Women account for most unpaid work

Female-owned businesses

small size of business, lower profits, labor productivityIn paid employment

low wages, glass ceiling, informal employment


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Ratio of median wages of young

women to young men

0.72 0.75 0.71

0.870.76

0.89

1.00 1.01

-

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1993-94 2004-05 1994 2006 1991 2006 1995 2005

India Indonesia Philippines Thailand

%


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Growth-induced gender barriers

High prices/ production costsunemployment:women are fired first

Rise in interest ratesreduceswomens access tocredit and financial services

Limited employment in export-orientedmanufacturing due to mechanization and automation


11/22

Depth of gender inequality: Rich women

benefit more from public services than poor

0

20

40

60

80

100

BAN CAM IND INO NEP PAK PHI VIE

WealthQintile

Percent of women who received

skilled antenatal care (latest year)

Lowest Second Third Fourth Highest


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Gender Gap Index (0-1)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1PHI

KAZMON

SRI

SIN

LAO

KGZ

THA

PRC

VIE

BRU

TAJBHU

ARMINOAZE

IND

MAL

CAM

KOR

FIJ

NEP

PAK

Iceland

JapanUSA

Source: World Economic Forum, 2013 Global Gender Gap Report

Total inequality = 0Total equality = 1

Gender equitygaps in education health economics and

politics


13/22


0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1PHI

KAZMON

SRI

SIN

LAO

KGZ

THA

PRC

VIE

BRU

TAJBHU

ARMINOAZE

IND

MAL

CAM

KOR

FIJ

NEP

PAK

Iceland

JapanUSA

2006



Gender equalitygaps in education health economics and

politics


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Slight improvement in


0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1PHI

KAZMON

SRI

SIN

LAO

KGZ

THA

PRC

VIE

BRU

TAJBHU

ARMINOAZE

IND

MAL

CAM

KOR

FIJ

NEP

PAK

Iceland

JapanUSA

20132006



Gender equalitygaps in education health economics and

politics


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Poorer countries are more biased

against women

-.

2

0

.2

.4

.6

.8

0 20000 40000 60000 80000

2013 GNI per capita (2011 PPP$)

Source: Human Development Report 2014

Gender Inequality Index (0-1):Loss in human developmentdue to gender inequality in reproductive health

empowerment and labor market


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Macroeconomic policy for

improving womens

contribution to the economy


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Education is key to

better employment prospects

SE Asia Higher education is associated with lowerjobless rates for 25-34 age group

Thailand Bachelors degree increasesjobprospects 5 times compared to no education

To reduce waiting time to get a job, match

education and training with emerging skills high-tech manufacturing participation in global trade and production networks


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Catch them young

1/3rdof East Asias growth attributable to youthbulge or demographic dividend'

Reaping the dividend depends on the policyenvironment

education policy

labor market regulations

macroeconomic management


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It pays to involve women in market

work

High female labor force participation

accounted for 0.6%1.6% of annual per capita growth inHongkong, Korea, Singapore, Taipei

House work not included in national income


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Fiscal policy

Gender-based budgeting

Expenditure allocation to address womens health, social andeducation inequalities (Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Malaysia)

Lower income tax rates/ tax rebates for women (India)

Family benefits

Child care for women garment workers in Bangladesh funded byNGOs, government, donors

Programs for poor women entrepreneurs, e.g., India:Shakti Amma

(Empowered Mothers) program by Hindustan Unilever and IndianNGOs


21/22

Monetary policy

To prevent negative consequences for self-employedwomen and low-income groups

Subsidized interest rates for greater access to credit andfinancial services

Cheap credit for programs promoting business start-upsfor young women


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Summing up

Macroeconomic policy

Aims for growth and price stability

Gender-responsive macro policy can promote can promote equal participation by women to maximize

development outcomes through

equality in education, access to jobs and credit, andavailability of family benefits

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4 Shikha_Macroeconomic Policies for Gender Equity

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