Social Science Learning Lab is a collective work, conceived, designed and created by the Primary Educational department at Santillana, under the supervision of Teresa Grence. WRITERS María Rosario de Antonio Chris Ellison Fiona Elvin Michele C. Guerrini Alejandro de las Heras María More ILLUSTRATIONS Alberto Díaz SCIENCE CONSULTANT Raquel Macarrón EDITORS Sara J. Checa Sally Frazer EXECUTIVE EDITOR Peter Barton BILINGUAL PROJECT COORDINATION Margarita España Do not write in this book. Do all the activities in your notebook. Social Science 4
Transcript
Social Science Learning Lab is a collective work, conceived, designed and created by the Primary Educational department at Santillana, under the supervision of Teresa Grence.
WRITERS María Rosario de Antonio Chris Ellison Fiona Elvin Michele C. Guerrini Alejandro de las Heras María More
ILLUSTRATIONSAlberto Díaz
SCIENCE CONSULTANT Raquel Macarrón
EDITORS Sara J. Checa Sally Frazer
EXECUTIVE EDITOR Peter Barton
BILINGUAL PROJECT COORDINATION Margarita España
Do not write in this book. Do all the activities in your notebook.
Rocks and relief• How is the Earth like an orange?
• What are rocks?
• What are minerals?
• Which rocks can we see in Spain?
• How do we use rocks and minerals?
• Why do people change landscapes?
• Values education: How do people harm landscapes?
2
Weather • What is the Earth's atmosphere?
• Where do clouds come from?
• What is weather?
• How do we measure weather elements?
• What is a weather forecast?
• Are climate and weather the same?
• What climates are there in Spain?
REVIEW Learning Lab game
3
Water• How does water move around the Earth?
• Why do oceans move?
• How do rivers move?
• What is the course of a river?
• What is a watershed?
• Are all lakes natural?
• Values education: How do people pollute water?
4
Living in Spain • How do we study population?
• Why does population change?
• How many provinces are there in Spain?
• What are municipal services?
• What is the economy?
• What are the main industries in Spain?
• Which sector does tourism belong to?
REVIEW Learning Lab game
5
Prehistory in Spain• Who was the Child of Gran Dolina?
• How did Palaeolithic people live?
• Why did people become sedentary?
• What did Neolithic people invent?
• When did people learn to use metals?
• How did people find metals?
• How did people protect towns?
• What did people invent in the Metal Ages?
• What is a megalith?
6
Ancient History in Spain
• Who lived on the Iberian Peninsula?
• Where does our alphabet come from?
• Who founded Emporion?
• Who founded Gadir?
• Who founded Cartago Nova?
• Where was Rome?
• What were the provinces of Hispania?
• How was life in Hispania?
REVIEW Learning Lab game
KEY VOCABULARY
four4
MINI LAB / BE A... FINAL TASK
• Investigate organisations that protect the environment
• Be a geologist! How do geologists identify minerals in rocks?
TaskMake a poster to help your environmentValues education Pair and group work / conservation awareness
• Investigate condensation around you
• Compare climates
• Be a meteorologist! How do we use weather measurements?
TaskProtect the environment with theatreValues educationPair and group work / conservation awareness
• Make a river basin
• Be a geographer! How are watersheds and river basins related?
TaskSave water with a videoValues educationPair and group work / conservation awareness
• Do a census of your home
• Research culture in Spain
• Be a social scientist! What is population density?
TaskDiscover an autonomous community or cityValues educationPair and group work / cultural awareness
• Identify Palaeolithic tools
• Make prehistoric pottery
• Make a megalithic monument model
• Be a historian! What is cave art?
TaskExplore a prehistoric archaeological siteValues educationPair and group work / cultural awareness
• Analyse a physical source
• Make a presentation about Greek mythology
• Meet historical Roman characters
• Be a historian! What is the Roman legacy in Hispania?
TaskWrite a play about RomansValues educationPair and group work / cultural awareness
five 5
six
0 1,600
kilometres
W
N
E
S
MountEverest8,850 m
Missouri
APPALACHIANMOUNTAINS
AMAZONRAINFOREST
E U R O P E
Azores
Gulf ofGuinea
CENTRALPLATEAU
OF ANGOLA
WESTSIBERIAN
PLAIN
RA
NG
E
ANTARCTIC PENINSULA
Equator
Gulf ofMexico
HudsonBay
CapeSão Roque
Cape Horn
Cape of Good Hope
North Cape
Mediterranean Sea
Caspian
Sea
BlackSea
BritishIsles
A N T A R C T I C O C E A N
P A C I F I C
O C E A N
A R C T I C O C E A N
I N D I A N
O C E A N
A T L A N T I C
O C E A NP A C I F I C
O C E A N
Nile R
iver
Amazon River
IslasCanarias
HINDUTANPENINSULA
I n d o n e s i a
New Zealand
CapeLeeuwin
Tasmania
Madagascar
ARABIANPENINSULA
JapanKOREAN
PENINSULA
IBERIANPENINSULA
Greenland
SCANDINAVIANPENINSULA
Iceland
RO
CK
Y M
OU
NT
AIN
S
Sierra Madre
AN
DE
S
THEPAMPAS
Drakensb
erg
Mo
un
tain
s
ATLAS
MOUNTAINS
S A H A R AD E S E R T
ALPSGREAT EUROPEAN PLAIN
UR
AL M
OU
NTA
INS
CENTRALSIBERIANPLATEAU
GOBI DESERT
HIM A LAYAS
TIBETANPLATEAU
NORTHCHINAPLAIN
GR
EAT D
IVID
ING
GREAT VICTORIADESERT
MountAconcagua
6.960 m
Kilimanjaro5,895 m
A S I A
A M E R I C A
A F R I C A
A N T A R C T I C A
O C E A N I A
943039_00_P06_H01_Munid_�sico_C_MATRIZ
Observe
1 Play a relief guessing game with your partner! Find two different relief features in each hemisphere.
2 Look at the pictures and answer the questions.A. Which picture shows a world map?
Which shows a globe?B. In which picture can you see the Earth's axis?C. What colour is the Equator in each photo?D. Which hemisphere is above the Equator?
Which hemisphere is below it?
Let's explore!
It is a desert located in Africa.
A
B
It is the Sahara Desert!
6
F R A N C E
MOROCCO ALGER IA
A N D A L U C Í A
CASTILLA Y LEÓN
ARAGÓN
GALICIA
CASTILLA-LA MANCHA
CATALUÑA
EXTREMADURA
PAÍS VASCO
LA RIOJA
COMUNITATVALENCIANA
REGIÓN DEMURCIA
CANTABRIA
PRINCIPADODE ASTURIAS
COMUNIDADDE MADRID
COMUNIDADFORAL DENAVARRA
ILLES BALEARS
Ceuta
Melilla
PO
RT
UG
AL
ANDORRA
Barcelona
Logroño
Madrid
Murcia
Mérida
Oviedo
Palma
Pamplona/Iruña
SantanderSantiagode Compostela
Sevilla
Toledo
València
Vitoria-Gasteiz
Zaragoza
C A N A R I A SSanta Cruzde Tenerife
Las Palmas deGran Canaria
943039_00_p07_h01_Espana_politico
AT
LA
NT
IC
O
CE
AN
M e d i t e r r a n e a n S ea
C a n t a b r i a n S e a
A T L A N T I C O C E A N
E
W
N
S
1km
0
seven
Compare
3 Look at maps C and D. Which map do you need to complete each sentence? Copy and complete the sentences in your notebook.A. Madrid is the capital city of Spain. ❯ Map CB. The distance from the school to the park is…C. The capital city of La Rioja is… D. The port is to the … of the city.E. There are … provinces in Andalucía.
4 Look at the city map. Find Sally and give her directions to help her find these places.
A. Where is the museum?B. Where is the park?C. What place is in the south?
5 In your notebook, draw a plan of your home. Include a compass and the scale.
C
D
7
Rocks and reliefCan you name landscape features?
Observe1 Look at the photos. What landscape
features can you see? Test your partner.
2 Which landscape features are coastal? Which are inland? Copy and complete the table in your notebook.
1
You already know! • Relief is the combination of
landscape features in an area of land.
• Coastal and inland landscape features are different.
• Spain has many different landscape features.
A B
C
Is this a gulf?
eight
No, it is a peninsula!
COASTAL LANDSCAPES
INLAND LANDSCAPES
… …
8
4 Think about a mountain range in Spain. What are the mountains like? Tell a partner.
Final task
Make a poster to help your environment
nine
Why do landscapes change?The shape of the surface of the Earth is the relief.The surface, or landscape, is slowly changed by external processes. Water, wind and ice break rock into smaller pieces. They erode landscape features. They transport the fragments to other places. The fragments are deposited in new locations.
Observe3 Look at the photos. Copy them in your notebook.
Put them in order from the most eroded to the least eroded.
Key words
• deposit• erode
B C
The sea erodes rock. Rivers transport rock fragments.
When ice melts, it deposits rock fragments.
Landscapes erode with time. Mountains gradually become flatter and rounder.
A
9
How is the Earth like an orange?
Our planet has a core, a mantle and a crust. The mantle is divided into an upper part and a lower part.
The study of the Earth is called geology. Geologists look at the layers of the planet. They study the rocks and minerals that make up the planet.
Key words
• core• crust• geology• lithosphere• mantle
Compare1 Look at the diagram of the Earth's crust. Test a partner.
Use the words to help.
thick thin land water
crust
lower mantle
upper mantle
inner core outer core
ten
The crust is like the skin of an orange. It is the layer we can see and touch. The shape of the crust forms the Earth's relief. In some areas the crust is thick. In other areas the crust is thin.Together the upper mantle and the crust form the lithosphere.
The crust is thick under…Where is the crust thick?
10
What are rocks?
Observe1 What types of rocks can you
see in the photos? Listen to the descriptions. Were you correct?
Rocks are natural substances. They form the lithosphere. They are made of minerals.
1
eleven
Key words
• fossil• igneous• metamorphic• sedimentary
igneous
Liquid rock cools and becomes solid. Minerals grow and form a strong structure. Examples of igneous rock are basalt and granite.
Volcanoes are made of basalt.
sedimentary
Fragments of rock erode and deposit. They form layers. They can contain fossils. Examples of sedimentary rock are limestone and sandstone.
Caves and deep valleys form in limestone.
metamorphic
Heat and pressure alter rock. The minerals line up in bands. Phyllite and slate are examples of metamorphic rock.
Miners excavate slate to make roofs for buildings.
TYPES OF ROCK
FALTA FOTO
A B
11
Key words
• lustre• mineral• property
What are minerals?
Minerals are solid substances made of elements. Some, such as gold, contain one element. Others, such as quartz, contain several elements. The characteristics of minerals are called properties. Geologists use the properties colour, crystal form, hardness and lustre to classify and describe minerals.
Observe1 Play 'guess the rock or mineral' with
a partner.
twelve
It is very hard. We use it to make jewellery.
Is it calcite?
No, it is diamond!
FOUR PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
COLOURThe colour comes from the elements in the mineral.
Copper forms azurite crystals. This makes minerals appear blue or green.
CRYSTAL FORMMost minerals grow as crystals. The crystals can have different shapes.
Pyrite forms cubic crystals that look like dice.
Quartz crystals are six-sided pyramids.
HARDNESSThis means how easy it is to scratch the mineral.
Talc is the softest material. It is easy to scratch.
Diamond is the hardest material. You cannot scratch it.
LUSTREThis means how a mineral reflects the light. It can be metallic or non-metallic.
Galena has a metallic lustre, like metal.
Calcite has a non-metallic lustre, like glass.
12
1
thirteen
Be a geologist!
Geologists can identify some minerals by observing their colour, crystal form, hardness or lustre. They identify other minerals by testing them. They test hardness or chemical reactions.Sedimentary rocks like limestone and chalk may contain calcite. Calcite reacts with vinegar and makes bubbles.
How do geologists identify minerals in rocks?
1 Test your rock sample.
• Put your sample in the cup.
• Cover it with vinegar. Leave it for five minutes.
• Are there any bubbles? Bubbles mean the rock contains calcite.
2 Make a rock identification card.
• Copy the rock identification card in your notebook.
• Complete it with information about your rock sample. Draw a picture.
• Repeat steps 1 and 2 with other rocks.
ROCK OBSERVATIONS PICTURE
Colour It is...
…
Structure It has layers/bands/crystals.
Detail It has...
Experiment It bubbles / does not bubble with vinegar.
Rock type It is a sedimentary/metamorphic/igneous rock.
Which mineral makes the bubbles?
• a plastic glass• paper towels• safety glasses
You need• a rock sample• a magnifying glass• vinegar
13
fourteen
Which rocks can we see in Spain?
We can see different types of rocks in different places in Spain.
1 Can you think of other examples of coastal and inland landscape features in Spain? Tell a partner.
2 Find a photo of rocky relief in your area. What type of rocks does it have?
Cabo de Gata is an example of a cape.
The Islas Baleares are in the Mediterranean Sea. These islands are part of the Sistemas Béticos mountain range.
The Islas Canarias are volcanic islands in the Atlantic Ocean. The highest peak in Spain is Teide. It is located here.
Water dissolves calcite in limestone. This forms caves and arches.
Teide is a volcano. It is formed of igneous rock.
The Meseta Central is a high inland plateau surrounded by mountain chains. In the west, there are igneous rocks with quartz, such as granite. In the east, there are sedimentary rocks with calcite. The photo shows sedimentary rock in the east of the Meseta Central.
14
How do we use rocks and minerals?
Rocks and minerals are very useful.
Think about it1 Look at the photos. How do we use rocks and minerals? Tell a partner.
2 Copy and complete the sentences in your notebook. Use words from this page.
A. In the past, people used … to make weapons and wheels.
B. We use … like salt and graphite every day.
C. Today, people make … and … from rocks.
fifteen
1
We use the mineral salt to flavour our food.
Graphite is the mineral in our pencils.
Many buildings are made of rocks.
We use rocks to make roads.
We use precious minerals, like emerald, for jewellery.
Minerals like coltan are important in technology.
Ancient humans used rocks to make weapons.
The first wheels were made of rock.
We use graphite to make pencils.How do we use graphite?
15
Why do people change landscapes?
Human beings need specific things. We change landscapes to make it easier to obtain these things.
sixteen
Key words
• flood• mine
• quarry• reservoir
2 Copy the sentences in your notebook. Match each problem with a human need from above.
A. It causes air pollution.
B. It makes the landscape ugly.
C. Animal and plant habitats are affected.
D. There are fewer trees in the environment.
1 Listen to the descriptions. Which need are they talking about? Write the word in your notebook.
We build quarries to obtain rocks for construction. We excavate mines to collect minerals and metals.
We build transport links like roads and bridges. They are important for transporting things like food and fuel.
We flood valleys to make reservoirs. Water is used for drinking, irrigation and making electricity.
We need fields to grow food and keep animals. To make space for farms we cut down trees.
material
transport
water
food
16
How do people harm landscapes?
Human activity negatively affects the environment.• Industries burn fossils fuels for energy. These fuels
pollute water, air and soil. This action heats up the planet and changes weather patterns. This is climate change.
• Deforestation causes the soil to erode.• Man-made elements, such as roads and buildings,
change the habitats of animals and plants.The three R's help us to protect the landscape and the environment.
seventeen
1
1 Listen. Which R are they describing? Say the word.
2 How can we use less water and less electricity? Talk to a partner.
3 Recycle. Put rubbish in the correct bins.
2 Reuse. Use things more than once. Make them into something new.
1 Reduce. Buy fewer things. Use less energy.
Investigate organisations that protect the environment
1 Find information about organisations that help protect the environment. Are there any in your area?• Do they reduce, reuse and recycle?• Do they protect animals and plants?• Do they look after the landscape?
2 Choose one organisation and make a poster. Include pictures and information about their work.
Mini Lab
We can have quick showers.
How can we use less water?
17
Vocabulary1 Copy the picture in your notebook.
Label the parts of the Earth.
core
lower mantle
crust
upper mantle
2 Copy and complete the table in your notebook. Use these words.
MINERAL ROCK
… …
Concepts
3 Copy the sentences in your notebook. Complete them with the correct word.
A. We should … plastic bags for our shopping.
B. If we turn off the light, we … the electricity we use.
C. We have to … paper and glass.
4 Make sentences in your notebook.
recyclereducereuse
Check your progress
eighteen
Water and windRiversIceThe sea
transporterodesbreakmelts
rock into smaller pieces.and deposits rock fragments.rock.rock fragments.
basaltquartz
limestoneslatetalc
diamond
18
1
Apply what you know
5 Look at the photos. Write rock or mineral.
• What are their types or properties?
Think about your work in this unit. Copy and complete.
6 Copy and complete the diagram in your notebook.
My progress How is my work?
… …
Properties of rock Properties of minerals
IDENTIFYING ROCKS AND MINERALS
1
nineteen
Very well OK I need practice
I can label the layers of the Earth. … … …
I know the difference between rocks and minerals.
… … …
I can identify the three R’s. … … …
A B C
galena diamond limestone
19
1 Think about it.
• What are the natural landscape features in your area?
• What constructed landscape features are there?
• Where do you put your rubbish? Are there any places to recycle it?
• What animals live in your environment? Are they pets or wild animals?
• How do human activities affect local landscape features?
• How do human activities affect animals and plants?
You need• a notebook• paper, a pencil and coloured pencils• a computer or tablet
Make a poster to help your environment
Final task
Make a poster to show how you can help your local environment.
twenty
2 Make a decision.
In a group, choose one topic to focus on. Think about a problem within the topic.
• Rubbish in the landscape
• Habitats, animals and plants
• Pollution
• Recycling
I am worried about pollution. It affects animals.
In my area there are quarries…
20
Show and tell
3 Find information.
In your group, look for information about the problem. Use the internet to help.• Do any local organisations work to solve your
problem? What do they do?• Can students, parents, the school council
and teachers help? What can they do?• Think of a solution to your problem.
4 Make a poster.
Include:• A title.• Pictures to show the problem.• Information about how to solve the problem.• Photos or drawings to show what the result will be.
5 Prepare a presentation.
Make notes:• Why did you choose this topic?• Who can help solve the problem?• What can they do?• Why do you think your solution will work?• How will your solution help the local environment?
6 Present your poster to your class.
• Take turns to speak.• Use your presentation to explain your poster.
1
twenty-one 21
Learning Lab game
Move back two spaces.
Name two layers of the
Earth's atmosphere
Name the elements
of weather.Start
Name the Earth's
climate zones.
Move back one space.
Name something
that can erode rock.
1 Throw a dice and move your
counter. Say the
word or answer
the question.
If you answer
incorrectly, miss a turn.
2 If you land on a square with wind, answer the question and move where the wind takes you.
3 The first player to arrive on the Finish space is the winner!
36 thirty-six
Move back three spaces.
What are clouds made
from?
Name the climates in Spain.
What is the difference
between climate and weather?
What are the properties of
minerals?
Go back to the Start.
Name three uses of rock.
What are the three R's?
What are the three types
of rock?
What is the hardest
material?
Name the layers that
make up the inside
of the Earth.
Finish
How do we measure weather?
Move back one space.
Move back two spaces.
37thirty-seven
Rocks and relief
core the inner layer of the geosphere. crust the solid outer layer of the
geosphere. deposit the action of water or wind
moving rocks from one place to another.
erode the action of water or wind slowly destroying rocks or minerals.
flood to fill an area with water. fossil a shape of a plant or animal
preserved in a rock or mineral. geology the study of the Earth and rocks. habitat a place where a plant or animal
normally lives or grows. igneous a type of rock that comes from
liquid rock that has cooled. limestone a type of sedimentary rock. lithosphere the outer layer of the Earth.
It includes the upper mantle and the Earth's crust.
lustre the shine that is reflected from a material when light is reflected off it.
mantle the middle layer of the geosphere made up of very dense rock.
metamorphic types of rocks that have had their original structure changed by heat and pressure.
mine a hole or tunnel where we obtain minerals.
mineral a solid substance made of elements.
property a characteristic of a mineral. quarry an open excavation for extracting
