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Cover: APOLLO 8 COMING HOME, oil on panel, by RobertMcCall. The Apollo 8 spacecraft fires its engine to propel
it out of lunar orbit and start the return trip to Earth.
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing OfficeWashington, D.C. 20402 - Price 60 cents
Stock Number 3300-0396
JUNE 1971
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hmi s s MASzA. Giant rockets lifting fromtheir launch pads and speeding into thevastness of space . . . Computers plottingtrajectories, fuel consumption, orbits andreentry times and places . . . Technicians
at consoles following the progress of launch ve-hicles and spacecraft . . . Man walking on theMoon.
This is NASA, in terms of the sights andsounds of space flight.
Behind the drama are functions, organizationand people. Research and development programsexpand human knowledge of phenomena in theatmosphere and space. And NASA is charged withcarrying out the stated policy of the United Statesthat "activities in space should be devoted topeaceful purposes for the benefit of all mankind."
The space program benefits man in manyways: new knowledge, improved weather forecast-ing, better global communications, and new prod-ucts, processes, and techniques applicable to in-dustry, medicine, and education among others.Moreover, it has developed management systemsthat can be applied to mobilize vast resources ofpeople and materials effectively in any new pro-grams government or industry may undertake.
NASA began with enactment of Public Law 85-568, the National Aeronautics and Space Act of1958, approved July 29, 1958, and authorizing es-tablishment of the National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration.
The agency took tangible form on October 1,1958, with assignment to it of the 43-year-oldNational Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. Thisvenerable organization, headquartered in the his-toric Dolley Madison House, Washington, D. C.,directed five field laboratories: Ames AeronauticalLaboratory (now Ames Research Center), MountainView, California; High-Speed Flight Station (nowFlight Research Center) at Edwards, California;Langley Aeronautical Laboratory (now Langley Re-search Center), Hampton, Virginia; Lewis FlightPropulsion Laboratory (now Lewis Research Cen-ter), Cleveland, Ohio; and the Pilotless AircraftResearch Center (now Wallops Station), WallopsIsland, Virginia.
To this nucleus were added other responsibili-ties. The Naval Research Laboratory's Project Van-guard was shifted to NASA, as was the Army's JetPropulsion Laboratory contract operation managedby the California Institute of Technology, and theDevelopment Operations Division of the ArmyBallistic Missile Agency at Huntsville, Alabama. Thelatter developed into the George C. Marshall SpaceFight Center. Transferred from the ABMA with De-velopment Operations Division was a part of ABMAat Cape Canaveral, Florida, that was set up as theLaunch Operations Directorate of the MarshallCenter. Later, this grew into the John F. KennedySpace Center, Kennedy Space Center, Florida.
NASA established other major facilities: God-dard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland;Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas; KSCWestern Test Range Operations Division, Lompoc,California; and jointly with the Atomic Energy Com-mission, the Space Nuclear Systems Office, Wash-ington, D. C., and its field installation, the NuclearRocket Development Station, Jackass Flats, Nevada.
Facilities set up during peak years of spaceactivities but now reassigned or with reduced usein the space program include: Electronics ResearchCenter, Cambridge, Massachusetts (now part of theDepartment of Transportation); Mississippi TestFacility, Bay Saint Louis, Mississippi; and MichoudAssembly Facility, New Orleans, Louisiana.
NASA today is a future-oriented organizationof about thirty thousand employees acting in con-cert with industry, universities, and other Govern-ment agencies on a variety of projects in aerospacescience and technology, including aeronautical re-search.
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/ an®sz paca Fflght. On July 20,1969, Apollo 11 Commander Neil A.Armstrong set foot on the Moon,climaxing a series of manned spaceflights that began with the Mercury
suborbital flight of May 5, 1961. Project Mercurywas organized on October 5, 1958, to orbit amanned spacecraft, investigate man's reactions toand abilities in space flight, and recover both manand spacecraft.
Project Gemini, with two-man crews and longerEarth-orbital flights, extended the technology andexperience gained in Project Mercury and pavedthe way for lunar landings in the Apollo program.
While Apollo manned missions continue to ex-pand man's knowledge of the Moon, NASA willproceed with the Skylab program to establish theNation's first manned Earth-orbiting space station.Skylab itself will consist of a modified third stage ofthe Saturn V launch vehicle that is used for Apollomissions to the Moon.
The first Skylab three-man crew will stay inspace for 28 days; the next, for 56 days. Principalpurposes will be to study the health and physicalfitness of the crew and habitability of living andworking quarters; conduct experiments in Earthresources observation, meteorology, materials proc-essing, and other advanced science and technol-ogy; and study the Sun with telescopes.
Skylab is seen as the forerunner of larger andmore advanced space stations and of manned in-terplanetary spacecraft. The space station follow-ing Skylab may be a 6 to 12 man modular structurethat could remain in orbit for as long as ten years.Its parts, or modules, would be flown into orbit in-dividually and assembled there.
Astronauts would commute between the spacestation and Earth in a reusable space shuttle. Nowunder development, the shuttle is envisioned asconsisting of an airplane-like booster and orbiter
which are separated after launch. Following theseparation, the booster would return to Earth whilethe other part continues into orbit. Both the boosterand orbiter would land on Earth like airplanes.
Uses of the space shuttle may include: placingunmanned satellites into Earth orbit, delivering sup-plies and propellants to orbiting spacecraft, repair-ing satellites or returning them to Earth for repair,and launching unmanned interplanetary spacecraftinto Earth parking orbit, from which a rocket at-tached to the spacecraft would fire it beyond Earthorbit.
Also being considered is a space tug. The prin-cipal uses of the tug would be to assemble mannedspace stations and manned interplanetary craft withits remote-controlled manipulating arms. It wouldhave sufficient power to change orbit and to hurtleinterplanetary spacecraft out of orbit toward theirplanetary destinations. Another possible use of thetug is to land men on the Moon for long term ex-ploration.
SATURN BLOCKHOUSE, acrylic on canvas, by FredFreeman. Inside the Saturn I-B blockhouse, technicians
monitor the final minutes of a countdown.
eaer, Waol[chaers. An operationalmeteorological satellite system de-veloped from NASA's Tiros andNimbus experiments provides pic-tures of cloud cover over the globe
both day and night for the National Oceanic andAtmospheric Administration (NOAA). The systemhas contributed significantly to accuracy of oneand two-day weather forecasts and increasedman's ability to discover and track hurricanes, thushelping to save lives and property. Sea ice chartsare prepared from weather satellite pictures. Air-plane and ship navigators use photographs takenby weather satellites to chart courses that avoiddestructive storms.
NASA's Nimbus program conducts research insatellite meteorological technology. Advances de-rived from NASA research and development areincorporated as soon as possible into the NationalOperational Meteorological Satellite System ofNOAA.
NASA's versatile Applications TechnologySatellite (ATS) conducts experiments in meteorol-ogy, navigation, and communications satellite tech-nologies.
ATS is placed in a circular orbit about 22,300miles above the Earth's equator. This is a "synchro-nous" orbit-the spacecraft takes as long for anorbit as it takes the Earth to rotate on its axis andthe satellite appears to stand still relative to a pointon the Earth's surface.
From this station one ATS can take useablephotographs of weather over nearly 25 percent ofthe Earth. Because it is stationary relative to Earth'ssurface, ATS enables weathermen to watch weatherpatterns almost continuously for forecasting, forspecific observation of the birth and developmentof violent storms, such as tornadoes, and forgeneralized study.
The technology and experience gained in theATS program have contributed significantly to. theplanned operational Synchronous MeteorologicalSatellite (SMS) system. After checking out eachfuture SMS in orbit, NASA will. turn it over to theNOAA for operational use.
Study and application of data from weathersatellites can help obtain the long sought goal oftwo-week weather forecasts. Potential benefits fromsuch long range weather. forecasts are enormous.Crops and property could be protected againstdamaging weather; construction, shipping, and air-lines would also profit significantly; public utilitiescould be better managed because of advanceknowledge of load requirements.
NIGHT BEFORE LAUNCH, oil, by Lamar Dodd.Launch preparations for a Saturn/Apollo
continue through the night before a flight.
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APOLLO 11 SUIT-UP, ink on paper, by Paul Calle.Apollo 11 astronauts Armstrong, Aldrin and Collins don
their spacesuits on the morning of their flight to the Moon.
O ~ rrbiting Radio Relays. The NASA Echo,Relay, and Syncom projects and theAT&T Telstar program established theprincipal technologies that led to thepresent global commercial communica-
tions satellite system. The Communications Satel-lite Corporation (COMSAT) operates the systemon behalf of the 74-nation International SatelliteConsortium (INTELSAT).
The system has made world-wide live colortelecasts possible and helped meet the mushroom-ing demands for overseas telephone circuits. Dur-ing the past five years, the number of overseas callshas grown about 25 percent annually. In September1970, American Telephone and Telegraph Companyreported a 43 percent year-to-year increase in tele-phone calls between the United States and Europe.
NASA's Applications Technology Satellite(ATS) program helps develop satellite technology tomeet new comunications requirements. Amongpossible new communications demands of tomor-row are facilities for educational television to speedprogress of peoples in developing nations, rapidworldwide exchanges of medical information, and,perhaps, facsimile transmission of mail.
ATS also is used for meteorological studies(page 4) and for navigation and traffic control ex-periments. A National Academy of Sciences studyof traffic control and navigation over oceans con-cluded that satellite systems offer the best means ofhandling traffic on the crowded air and sea lanesexpected in coming decades. The Academy furthersaid that even today present systems frequentlycannot handle transoceanic air and sea traffic con-trol without costly diversions.
Air traffic control and navigations systems nowrequire transatlantic airliners to stay about 120 milesapart laterally, 15 minutes ahead or behind eachother, and about 2000 feet above or below otheraircraft.
If satellite air traffic control and navigationsystems make it possible to operate safely with re-duced separations between aircraft, the savings intime and related expense will be substantial.
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N e ew Views of the Earth. Satellites havealready given us new views of ourplanet and its near space environment.They have indicated that the Earth tendsto be pear-shaped and bumpy with a
bulging midriff. (These irregularities are minute incomparison with the Earth's diameter and circum-ference, but accurate measurements of them arevery important to scientists.) The satellites haveverified the extent of the intense Van Allen Radia-tion Region over Earth. They have revealed thatEarth's magnetic field looks like an elongated teardrop stretching at least three and one-half millionmiles outward on the Earth's night side. They havereported on atmospheric particles, tiny meteoroids,and other phenomena in space near Earth.
For the future, an Earth resources satellite pro-gram is proposed to gather data on natural re-sources. Discoveries of untapped mineral wealthand fresh water, information for utilization of landfor farming and forestry, assistance in telling manwhen and where to fish, measuring the magnitudeof air and water pollution, and aid for urbanplanning by surveying the growth of population cen-ters are among the results expected from the pro-gram. Potential uses are anticipated in geography,geology, oceanography, hydrology, agriculture,forestry, and cartography.
The planned Earth Resources TechnologySatellites will help develop and advance the tech-nology and equipment needed for Earth resourcessurveys from space. These satellites will provideinformation regularly and inexpensively after initiallaunch. They will make repeated observations thatshow slow changes, will acquire data regularly fromareas where other means would be difficult andexpensive, and will reveal large scale features thatmight be overlooked when viewed at lower altitudes.
POINTS OF PERSPECTIVE, egg tempera, by RobertVickrey. A workman checks the inclined surface of the
launch pad for damage after the launch of Apollo 12.
B eyond Earth. Orbiting Solar Observator-ies study changes on the surface of theSun during the 11-year solar cycle, as theSun's activity drops from a maximum to aminimum and then rises again to a peak.
Orbiting Astronomical Observatories gather scien-tific data about stars and galaxies. Both observa-tories have given astronomers an opportunity tostudy the Sun and the Universe from a positionabove the murky haze of our atmosphere. The at-mosphere cuts off many types of radiation from
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space important to understanding the nature,origin, and evolution of stars, galaxies, and otherphenomena.
Automated spacecraft preceded the Apolloastronauts who stepped on the lifeless crystallinedust of the Moon. Now, such spacecraft are blazingtrails to other planets.
Mariner spacecraft have already reported onthe cratered face of Mars and the wierdly dense at-mosphere and intense surface heat of Venus. Theyand Pioneers have explored interplanetary spaceout to approximately the orbit of Mars.
Mariner observations of Mars were made dur-ing relatively fleeting periods as the spacecraft spedby the planet. NASA now plans to place Marinerin orbit around Mars to gather information overdifferent areas. Still later, NASA will send Vikingtoward Mars.
A section of Viking will land on the Red Planetto search for signs of life and gather other surfacedata. The other section will make its observationsfrom Martian orbit. Its observations will be corre-lated where appropriate with those of the lander.
Another Mariner is scheduled to be launchedon a trajectory that will enable it to sweep nearVenus and Mercury. As it reaches the Venusianvicinity and reports its observations to Earth, Venu-sian gravity will deflect and accelerate the crafttoward Mercury. As Mariner sweeps by Mercury, itwill provide man with his first nearby observationsof that mysterious planet.
NASA's Pioneers will open the exploration ofthe outer solar system. Pioneers will be launched tofly by and report on Jupiter. Jupiter's gravity is ex-pected to hurl them into trajectories never beforeachieved by spacecraft.
In the late 1970's, automated spacecraft willbe launched on Grand Tours made possible by arare alignment of the outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn,Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto). This alignment, whichwill not be repeated for about 170 years, enables aspacecraft to employ the gravitational force of oneplanet as an aid in hurtling toward the next. Withthis technique, the time for flight from Earth to theother planets can be substantially reduced. For ex-ample, a spacecraft can reach Pluto in about nineyears as compared to more than forty years re-quired for a direct flight from Earth. The tours willenable man to obtain closer looks at the outerplanets than ever before possible.
ONE-TWO-THREE, watercolor, by James Wyeth.Astronaut rescue vehicles are positioned near the Apollolaunch pad. They are used only in the event of a serious
emergency during the last minutes of a countdown.
q-Q:~iat~ AFxda i AE i eg &n0aop0a8:I. NASA'srole in aeronautics consists of research tohelp solve today's problems and meet to-morrow's needs. NASA research has con-
_itributed to progress in such areas as testingof military and commercial subsonic, supersonicand vertical and short take-off landing craft; ad-vanced materials, electronics, and structures;improving cockpit instrument displays; collision-avoidance systems, and hydroplaning on wet run-ways.
NASA originated the supercritical wing con-cept which has the potential for substantially im-proving the performance of subsonic commercialairliners.
NASA's work on jet engine noise, in whichacoustic panels and adjustable air inlets are usedto curtail sound, has demonstrated that major re-ductions in noise levels are possible withoutjeopardizing engine performance. For the future,work is under way to produce even quieter engines.
/ orrno7vzo. Advanced research looks to-Iward the future of both space and aero-nautics. Among the space flight projects
/ are design and development of efficientpracticable nuclear and electric rockets; long last-ing and lightweight -on-board sources of electricpower generation; advanced communications; life-support systems that can operate indefinitely; andbetter integration of men and machines. Workcontinues on foods for space flight, pressure suits,life-support atmospheres, radiation resistance,meteoroid shields, biomedical reactions of man tospace flight, lunar shelters, and hundreds of otherprojects. Numerous tasks apply NASA's researchcapabilities directly to trying to solve the problemsof air and water pollution.
THE POWER TO GO, oil on panel, by Paul Calle.The five engines of the Saturn 5 launch vehicle
produce 7.5 million pounds of thrust.
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:· -::::.: : :".:.:: : NASA conducts abroad program of international cooperation inspace and aeronautics. Scientists of more thanseventy countries and jurisdictions have par-ticipated with NASA in joint satellite and sound-
ing rocket projects, ground-based support such astracking and data acquisition from spacecraft, andprograms of tecnnical training and visitor exchange.
More than twenty satellite projects with a halfdozen nations and the European Space ResearchOrganization (ESRO) were in progress or completedby September 1970. In these projects, the UnitedStates provides the launch vehicles and other sup-port for foreign satellites. In addition, seventeenexperiments of five nations have been flown aboardNASA spacecraft.
NASA's international programs take many otherforms. Among them:
* Nineteen countries have engaged in morethan five hundred cooperative sounding rocketlaunchings.
* Forty-five principal investigators from six-teen countries are analyzing lunar samples broughtto Earth by Apollo astronauts.
* A planned use of the Applications Technol-ogy Satellite is to relay instructional TV from aground station of the government of India to lowcost receivers in some five thousand remote Indianvillages.
* About sixty countries are getting betterweather forecasts by acquiring information fromUnited States meteorological satellites through useof an automatic picture transmission (APT) systemdeveloped by NASA.
* Cooperative aeronautics projects with British,Canadian, French, and German agencies are con-tributing significantly to improving V/STOL aircraft.
* Policy makers and scientists abroad are be-ing acquainted with the potential benefits of Earthresources survey by satellite and trained to interpretdata from such satellites.
-': v6os- :'s2s:': .):,:: . to ,i, NASA edu-c- ational programs reach hundreds of thou-sands of students each year. Carefullytrained former teachers and supervisors
.conduct lecture-demonstrations at schoolassemblies and classroom discussions.
More than twenty-five thousand teachers par-ticipate yearly in courses, workshops, institutes,and conferences conducted by universities andcolleges, professional associations, and local andcounty school districts in conjunction with NASA.NASA is also conducting programs in spacescience education to motivate learning in manysubjects, to encourage the scientific interests ofhighly talented youths, and to stimulate the cul-turally deprived and those who are not reachingtheir full potential.
To bridge the gap between information avail-able in standard texts and the rapidly expandingknowledge to which NASA is contributing, NASAhas produced a variety of publications and films.Among these are curriculum supplements that re-late space to such subjects as biology, chemistry,industrial arts, physics, and mathematics; andbooklets, fact sheets, films, and tape recordings toprovide general information about specific aspectsof the space program.
NEIL ARMSTRONG ON THE MOON, watercolor, byFranklin McMahon. Apollo 11 astronaut Neil Armstrong
is seen on Mission Control's television screen ashe steps on to the surface of the Moon,
July 20, 1969, 10:56pm, EDT.
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dating space VahnNDOogy be EarhuyM8sz. Space-developed innovations domany things on Earth. A few are brieflydescribed: * Ultraviolet photo tubes,invented for spacecraft, are used as
flame detectors in fire alarm systems.* Techniques and systems for computerized
enhancement of telecasts from *spacecraft millionsof miles away are now applied to human' X-rays.One result is that the enhanced X-rays canrevealwhat were once the most obscure areas of thebody.
* Research in effects of space, radiation onbody cells indicated intercellular linkages that mayhelp to explain certain types of cancer.
* Systems used to monitor the health of astro-nauts and spacecraft on distant flights are beingadapted so that nurses at a single hospital centercan watch the conditions of critically ill patients innumerous rooms.
* Stress devices for measuring rocket thrustshow internal stresses in dams and warn of anycritical structural weakening. Such weakening mayfollow Earth tremors.
* Research to reduce fire hazards in Apollospacecraft has yielded materials highly resistant tofire that offer great promise in commercial andresidential fire prevention.
* The space program has been a significantcontributor to the advancement of computer tech-nology.
Hundreds of companies, large and small, useNASA data dissemination centers at six universities.The centers are designed to help industry applytechnical advances made during research on spaceprojects.
Companies are alerted to technological de-velopments by NASA's TECH BRIEFS that describepromising innovations. Sometimes, a single inno-vation can become an important part of an indus-trial process or an industry in itself. An example isa cutter-stripper developed by NASA for coaxialcable. It easily and simply does a job previouslydone laboriously by hand. A company picked upthe item from a TECH BRIEF, produced and mar-keted it, and reported brisk sales.
Among the many other steps taken to facilitatethe application of space developed instruments,mechanisms, systems, and other innovations tobenefit mankind are the NASA's establishment ofBiomedical and Technology Application Teams.The Biomedical Application Teams were organizedin 1967.
In 1969, NASA organized Technology Applica-tions Teams. Upon request, the teams assist inidentifying and applying technology derived fromaerospace research and development to solve prob-lems of national concern, such as air and waterpollution, highway safety, law enforcement, urbanconstruction, mass transportation', and mine safety.
GOLDSTONE, watercolor, by Nicholas Solovioff. TheGoldstone 85-foot antenna in the California desert
is used for tracking spacecraft far out in space.
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Principal NASA Facilities.
NASA HeadquartersWashington, D. C.NASA Headquarters formulates policy and co-ordinates the activities of the space flight centers,research centers, and other installations which com-prise the National Aeronautics and Space Adminis-tration.
Ames Research Center,Moffett Field, CaliforniaThe work of the Ames Research Center is con-cerned with laboratory and flight research in spacemissions and in aeronautics. The fields of spaceinterest include atmosphere entry research, funda-mental physics, materials, guidance and control,chemistry and life sciences. Ames aeronautical re-search includes the areas of supersonic flight,V/STOL aircraft and operational problems. Thespace flight projects involve management of scien-tific probes and satellites, and payloads for flightexperiments. Project Pioneer is managed by Ames.
Flight Research Center,Edwards, CaliforniaThe Flight Research Center is concerned withmanned flight within and outside the atmosphere,including low-speed, supersonic, hypersonic andreentry flight, and aircraft operations and safetyproblems. Space vehicle programs are typified bystudies such as flight behavior of lifting bodies. Inbiotechnology, man-machine integration problemsare studied.
Goddard Space Flight Center,Greenbelt, MarylandThe Goddard Space Flight Center, named for therocket pioneer, Dr. Robert H. Goddard, is respon-sible for the development and management of abroad variety of unmanned Earth-orbiting satelliteand sounding rockets projects. Among its majorprojects are Orbiting Observatories, Explorers, Nim-bus, and Earth Resources Technology Satellites.Goddard is also the nerve center for the worldwidetracking and communications network for bothmanned and unmanned satellites.
Jet Propulsion LaboratoryPasadena, CaliforniaThe Jet Propulsion Laboratory is a research, de-velopment, and flight center operated for the Na-tional Aeronautics and Space Administration by theCalifornia Institute of Technology. The Laboratory'sprimary role is the investigation of the planets usingautomated scientific spacecraft. Jet PropulsionLaboratory is also responsible to NASA for sup-porting research and advanced development re-lated to flight projects and the design and operationof the Deep Space Network, which tracks, com-municates with, and commands spacecraft on lunar,interplanetary, and planetary missions.
TEST CHAMBER, ink on paper, by Alfred McAdams.Scientific satellites are carefully checked in these
Goddard Space Flight Center test chambers beforeshipment to the launch site.
John F. Kennedy Space Center,Kennedy Space Center, FloridaThe Nation's first spaceport, the John F. KennedySpace Center, makes preflight tests, prepares, andlaunches manned and unmanned space vehiclesfor NASA. Manned Apollo missions, unmannedplanetary, and interplanetary missions, and scien-tific meteorological, and communications satellitesare launched by Kennedy Space Center. Somelaunches are from the Pacific Coast; these areconducted by the KSC Western Test Range Opera-tions Division at Lompoc, California.
Langley Research Center,Hampton, VirginiaOldest of the NASA Centers, Langley has the taskof providing technology for manned and unmannedexploration of space and for improvement and ex-tension of performance, utility and safety of aircraft.The major technical areas of Langley are theoreti-cal and experimental dynamics of flight through theentire speed range, flight mechanics, materials andstructures, space mechanics, instrumentation, solidrocket technology, and advanced hypersonic en-gine research. The Center conceives, develops andoperates simulators for aircraft and for lunar land-ing projects, and conducts V/STOL flight research.The Center is charged with overall project manage-ment for Viking.
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Lewis Research Center,Cleveland, OhioThe major missions of Lewis are aircraft and rocketpropulsion and space power generation. Otherfields of investigation are materials and metallurgy,problems concerned with the use of extremely highand low temperature materials. The Center is activein combustion and direct energy conversion; chemi-cal, nuclear and electric rocket propulsion systems;advanced turbojet power plants; fuels and lubri-cants; and plasmas and magnetohydrodynamics.Lewis has technical management of such rocketstages as the Agena and Centaur.Plum Brook Station at Sandusky, Ohio, with facili-ties for propulsion research and development, in-cluding a nuclear reactor, is operated as an arm ofLewis.
Wallops Station,Wallops Island, VirginiaWallops Station, located on Virginia's eastern shore,is one of the oldest and busiest ranges in the world.Some 300 experiments are sent aloft each year onvehicles which vary in size from small meteorologi-cal rockets to the four-stage Scout with orbitalcapability. The launches increase knowledge of theupper atmosphere and the space environment.A sizeable portion of Wallops' effort is devoted toaeronautical research and development and inexporting this Nation's space technology to theinternational community. Wallops' geographical lo-cation makes it a valuable center for aircraft sens-ing of the Earth's environment.
Manned Spacecraft Center,Houston, TexasThe Manned Spacecraft Center has the responsi-bility for the design, development, and testing ofmanned spacecraft and associated systems; theselection and training of astronauts; and operationof manned space flights. Mission Control formanned space flights is at the Manned SpacecraftCenter.
George C. Marshall Space Flight Center,Marshall Space Flight Center, AlabamaLaunch vehicles essential to Apollo and other majormissions are designed and developed by the scien-tists and engineers of the George C. Marshall SpaceFlight Center. The Center is concerned with launchvehicles of the Saturn class, as well as payloads,related research and studies of advanced spacetransportation systems. It manages the Skylabproject.
Nuclear Rocket Development Station,Jackass Flats, NevadaThis facility, located near Las Vegas, Nevada, ismanaged by the Space Nuclear Systems Office, ajoint operation of NASA and the Atomic EnergyCommission. It contains the test stands and equip-ment for development of reactor technology and thenuclear rocket. The Station is the scene of manytests of reactors and experimental rocket engines.
NASA EducationaDO a©ic®.
NASA publications should be ordered from theSuperintendent of Documents, Government Print-ing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Publicationlists and film lists are available from the officeslisted below. Inquiries about other services may bedirected to the Educational Office at the NASA cen-ter serving your state.If you live in: Write to Educational Office at:
Alaska NASA Ames Research CenterArizona Moffett Field, California 94035CaliforniaHawaiiIdahoMontanaNevadaOregonUtahWashingtonWyoming
Alabama NASA George C. MarshallArkansas Space Flight CenterIowa Marshall Space Flight CenterLouisiana Alabama 35812MississippiMissouriTennessee
Connecticut NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterDelaware Greenbelt, Maryland 20771District of ColumbiaMaineMarylandMassachusettsNew HampshireNew JerseyNew YorkPennsylvaniaRhode IslandVermont
Florida NASA John F. Kennedy Space CenterGeorgia Kennedy Space CenterPuerto Rico Florida 32899Virgin Islands
Kentucky NASA Langley Research CenterNorth Carolina Langley StationSouth Carolina Hampton, Virginia 23365VirginiaWest Virginia
Illinois NASA Lewis Research CenterIndiana 21000 Brookpark RoadMichigan Cleveland, Ohio 44135MinnesotaOhioWisconsin
ColoradoKansasNebraskaNew MexicoNorth DakotaOklahomaSouth DakotaTexas20
NASA Manned Spacecraft CenterHouston, Texas 77058
*U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: t1971 O-437-926
