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391

Abbasids ( ), ; colored brickwork for palaces and monuments, ; Mongolsconquering, , ; Al-Mutasim (r.

), ; and Song, ; and Tang, , ; trading towns,

Abul-Fazl ( ), Akbarnama, Accounts of India and China/Akhbar al-Hind

wal Sin ( ), Achaeminids ( . . .), , Acta Eruditorum/Learned Deeds journal, aesthetics: Chinese, , , , , ,

; diverse media, , ; flower arrang-ing, ; Islamic, ; Mughal, , ;pilgrim art, , , ; rococo, , ,

, , ; sharawadgi, . See also

architecture; art history; calligraphy; decora-tive motifs; paintings; tapestriesAfrica: Alczar-Quibir battle, ; Great Zim-

babwe, , , ; isthmus linking Eur-asia with, ; Muslim merchants, ; pottery divinities, ; slave trade, , ; Swahilicoast pottery, , ; Zheng He voy-ages,

Agency for the Southern Branch of the ImperialClan,

agriculture: loess and, ; wet-rice, . See also

food; riceAlexander the Great ( . . .), alumina, , Amboina, nautilus shells,

American Indians: clay, , ; Hopi PlumedSerpent, ; pottery divinities,

Americas: first pottery, ; Popol Vuh (Book of the Community), ; silk trade, , ; silver,

, , , , , , , ; Spanish, .See also American Indians; Mexico; Peru

Amsterdam: commercial and industrial su-premacy, ; Dutch war with France (

), ; French competition, ; nautilusshells, ; Spinoza, ; VOC auction of Por-tuguese cargoes, ; VOC directors,

ancient tradition: Chinese, , , , , ; European, , . See also

archaeology Andrade brothers,

Anjou kings, Hungary and Naples, An Lushan rebellion ( ), , , ,

Arabs: trade, , , arcanum (secret formula for porcelain), , .archaeology: broken pottery, , , , ;

Herculaneum, , ; Japanese tradewith China, ; Jingdezhen, ; shipwrecks,

, , , , ; Song kilns, ;Southeast Asia, ; Southwest Asia, ,

; Swahili coast, , , ; Tang ce-

ramics, ; Tang Ying, architecture: Chinese, ; Japanese emu-lating Chinese, ; Kew pagoda,

; Mughal, ; Porcelain Pagoda/Baoen


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architecture (continued)Temple, , , , , ,

; Trianon de Porcelaine ( ), , ,,

Argenson, marquis d ( ), , armorial porcelain, , plates 5-6 art history: economic history separated from,

. See also aesthetics; pilgrim artartisans: jade, ; talent drain from Medi-

terranean to northern Europe, . See alsopotters

Asia: first diplomatic legation to Europe from, ; first pottery, , ; Islam, ;

tectonic plates, , ; trade with West,, , , , , . See also

Central Asia; China; India; Japan; SoutheastAsia; Southwest Asia

LAstre (Urf), August II (the Strong, ), Elector

of Saxony and King of Poland, , , plate 5; Bourbons united with, ; cobalt,

; cross-cultural decorations, ; pilgrimflasks, ; shells, ; table services, ;Tschirnaus with, , , , , ;Yixing pots, . See also Meissen ceramicmanufactory

August III ( ), , , ; archaeology,; daughter Maria Josepha, ; daughter

Marie Amalia, Australia, convict colony, Austria: Ferdinand II ( ), ; War of the

Austrian Succession ( ), Avalokitesvara, , , , , , .

See also Guanyin

Baburnama,

Babylon, Gate of Ishtar, Bacon, SirFrancis( ),Novum Organum( ),

Baghdad, , , , , , , .Bali: Hindu-Buddhist, , ; kendi, Banks, Sir Joseph ( ), , , , Baoen/Porcelain Pagoda Temple, Nanjing,

, , , , , Barbosa, Duarte (d. ), , Barros, Joo de (ca. ), Dcadas da

sia,

Barrow, John,Dictionarium Polygraphicum( ),

basalt, Batavia/Jakarta: Muslim porcelain culture, ;

VOC, , , , , , , , , ; Western territory, ; Zheng

He trade, bells, bronze and pottery,

Bembo, Ambrosio ( ), Bengal, EIC, , , Bentley, Thomas ( ), , Bernier, Franois ( ), , Black Basalt ware, blue: blue China, , , ; Buddhas

head blue, ; kingfisher blue, ; Muslimblue, , , , ; Wedgwood useof, . See also cobalt

blue-and-white Lisbon earthenware, , , ,

blue-and-white porcelain, , plate 21; deco-rative motifs, ; Dutch, ; earliestknown, ; France, ; India, ; Japan, ,

, , plates 18,19; Korean, , plate17 ; Lisbon imitation, , , , ; Ming,

, , , , , , , plates1,9,13-15,24; Mughal, , ; Muslim,

, , , ; Ottoman, ;Persian, , , , plates 21-22;pilgrim flasks, , , , , plates 1,13 ;Spain, ; Swahili coast, ; Syria, , plate 21; tea vessels, , , ;Timurid, , ; trade volume, ,

; Vietnamese, , , plate 21; Yuan,, , , , , plate 16 . See also

Jingdezhen blue-and-white porcelainbodhisattvas, , , ; Avalokitesvara,

, , , , , Boileau, Nicolas ( ), Book of Changes, , , , Book of Kings/Shahnama (Firdausi), ,

The Book of Odes (ca. . . .), ,, Borneo: dishware, ; martaban jars/dragon

jars, , , ; porcelain culture, , , ; porcelain famine in early

Ming, ; porcelain trade, ; pottery divinities, , ; Sarawak, , , ,

. See also Brunei SultanateBorobudur stupa, , Boswell, James ( ), Bttger, Johann Friedrich ( ), ,

Bourbon, Louis-Henri de ( ), Bourbon monarchy, , , Brenk, Gerrit van den, A Dialogue between a

Lady and a Pastry Cook (ca. ),

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Britain: Albertina Agnes ( ), ; Asiatrade, , , , ; Australia convictcolony, ; basalt, ; BirminghamSociety for the Encouragement of Arts,

Manufactures and Commerce, ;John Bull, ; calico import ban, ; canaltransportation, ; ceramic manufacture, ,

, ; Charles I (r. ), ,; Charles II (r. ), , ; Civil

War ( ), ; cotton trade, ;shell-shaped pottery, plate 7 ; dining culture,

, , , , ; Dowager PrincessAugusta ( ), ; Dutch war (

and ), , ; earthenware, ;Elizabeth I (r. ), , ; empire,

; feminizing France and China, ;First Opium War ( ), ; George II(r. ), ; George III (r.

), ; Glorious Revolution ( ), ;Hampton Court, ; India takeover, ,

, , , ; industrial revolution,, , , , ; James I (r. ),

, ; James VI (r. ), ; Kew pagoda, ; Mary II (r. ),

; George Lord McCartney ( )mission, ; opium trade, , ;porcelain trade, , ; Princess Mary,

; Queen Charlotte ( ), , ;Rhenish stoneware, , ; Seven YearsWar ( ), , , ; Stuartmonarchy, ; tea culture, , , plate11; The Tryal of Lady Alluria Luxury , ;William III (r. ), . See alsoEnglish East India Company (EIC); London;Wedgwood, Josiah

British Museum,

Broissia, Marquis Jean-Claude de, bronze: ancient tradition, , ; cookingutensils, ; Illustrated Catalogue of Bronzesin the Qing Imperial Collection, ;melted down, ; Ming, ; ritualobjects, , , , , ; Shang,

, , , , , ; Song, ,, , ; vases,

Bronze Age: Chinese pottery, , , ; jade,; Minoan pottery, ; ornament,

Browne, Sir Thomas ( ), Pseudodoxia

Epidemica ( ), Brhl, Count Heinrich von ( ), ,

Brunei Sultanate: agriculture supporting, ;

Muslims, ; Raja Siripada, , ;renounce allegiance to Majapahit andAyutthaya, ; Victoria sails to,

Buddha: luohan (venerable disciples), ;

Siddartha Gautama (d. ca. . . .),,

Buddhas head blue, Buddhism, ; An Lushan rebellion ( )

and, , ; chairs, ; decorativemotifs, , , , , , , ,

; empress Wu sponsoring, ; expansionin East Asia, ; India, , ; Japan, ,

, , , , ; Lotus Sutra, ; maritime trade fostered by, , ; Mongol, ; monks, , , ,; Paekche, ; ritual objects, ,

; Silk Road communities, ; Song, , ; Southeast Asia, , , ,, , , , ; Sui, ; Tang, , , , , ; Tantric, , ; tea

culture, , , , , ; Tibetan,; white favored by, , ; Zen/Chan,, , , , , ; Zheng He,. See also bodhisattvas; Avalokitesvara;

Guanyinbuilding: European houses, ; Jiaotan, ;

megalith, ; turnpike, . See alsoarchitecture

Bureau of Imperial Manufactures, , , Burgundy, dukes of, , burials: Islamic, , ; pottery, , Burma, martaban jars, Burton, Robert ( ), The Anatomy of

Melancholy ( ), Byng, Admiral George ( ),

Cabral, Pedro lvares (ca. ), Calicut, . See also Indiacalligraphy: Arabic, , , , ;

Chinese, ; porcelain inkstones, Cambodia: Angkor Wat, , ; Buddhism,

, ; Khmer shell-shaped pottery, ;Khmer kendi, ; pottery divinities, ;Suryavarman II (r. ca. ), ; teacaddies, ; trade with China,

Camden, William ( ), camels, caravan trade,

canals: Canal de Languedoc, ; Grand Canal,, , , , ; Trent and Mersey Canal, ,

Cangrande della Scala (r. ),

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Canton, , , ; Dentrecolles and otherJesuits, , , ; East Indies companies,

, , , , ; First Opium War( ), ; Guanyin statue, ; Ibn

Battuta, , , , ; Jingdezhen orders,, ; maritime trade, , , , , ,

, , , , , ; Muslims, ,, , ; Portuguese, , , ;

tableware, , Cao Pi (r. ), Cao Xueqin (ca. ), The Dream of the

Red Chamber/ The Story of the Stone, Cao Zhao (fl. ), Essential Criteria of

Antiquities, caravan trade, , , , , ,

. See also Silk RoadCardano, Girolamo ( ), Carletti, Francesco (ca. ), , , ,

, carpets, Persia, Cawthorn, James ( ), Cecil, Sir William ( ), celadon/greenware, , , plate 10; blue-and-

white vs., , ; Korean, , , ; Longquan, , , , , ,; Southwest Asia, ,

Central Asia, , , , ; contact withLatin Christendom, ; decorative images,

, ; horse warriors, ; jade, ,; loess, , ; pilgrim flasks, ; silk

currency, ; Silk Road trade in Tang, ,, , , ; tectonic plates, .

See also Samarqand; Turkic peoplesceramic. See pottery Cervantes, Miguel de, Don Quixote ( ),

chairs, Chamber, Sir William ( ), Designs of Chinese Buildings ( ),

Chan Buddhism/Zen Buddhism, , , , , ,

Changan: An Lushan rebellion ( ), ;Japanese capitals modeled after, ; Tangimperial court, ; trade, , , ,

Chardin, John ( ), China: aesthetics, , , , , ,

; ancient tradition, , ,

, , ; anti-Europe/orientalEurope, ; blue, , , ;chairs, ; Christianity linked withtraditions of, , , , ; cowries,

; cultural continuity, ; deforesta-tion, , , ; dinner etiquette, ;dinner services, ; economically mostadvanced, , , ; falling reputation,

, ; feminized in English eyes,; First Opium War ( ), ; first

pottery, , , ; fulcrum of world system,, ; Japanese embassies ended, ; kiln

making, ; land-based power orientation,; metallurgy and pottery, , , ,; Muslim residents, , , , ,

, ; Neolithic, , ; northern, , ; Philip II urged to conquer, ;

religion, , , , , , , , ; religious tolerance, ,

; southern, , ; superiority seenby Europeans, , , , ,

; tea, , , , , ; tectonicplates, ; and West, , ; inworld map, ; yellow, , ;zhongguo concept, , . See also Canton;Chinese dynasties; Chinese porcelain; Chi-nese trade; Fujian; Jesuits; Macao; mission-aries, Christian

china clay. See kaolin/china clay china stone/ porcelain stone/cishi, , ,

chinaware. See Chinese porcelainChinese dynasties: Liao state of the Qidan (

), ; Qin ( . . .), , ,; Six Dynasties ( ), ; Sui ( ), , , . See also Han dynasty; Ming

dynasty; Qing/Manchu dynasty; Shangdynasty; Song dynasty; Tang dynasty; Yuan/Mongol dynasty; Zhou dynasty

Chinese porcelain, ; celadon/greenware,

, , , plate 10; centers producing, ,, , , , , ; chinastone/ porcelain stone/cishi, , ,

; colors, , , , , ;creation, ; cross-cultural exchange,

, , , ; Eurasian trade, ; European condemnation of, ; European earthenware inferior to, ;

European enthusiasm for, , , , , , , , , , , , , ; European imitations, , ,

, , , , , , ;European imports, , , , , ,, , , , , , , , ,

, , , , ; formula, ,

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, , , , , ; glazes, , , , , , , , ; and jade,

; Japanese tea culture, ; Macao, ,, ; market decline, , ,

; packing, ; Southeast Asia, ,, , ; Southwest Asian, , , , , , ; superiority

of, , ; Tang ware/Tangyao, ; Wedg-wood creamware competition, ; white-wares, , , , , , , , ;Zheng He voyages, , . See also blue-and-white porcelain; Chinese trade; decora-tive motifs; Jingdezhen; porcelain production

Chinese trade, , , , , ; decline, , , ; Euro-

pean porcelain imports, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

, , , , ; Huizhou, ;India, , ; jade, ; Japan, ,

, , , ; Jingdezhen, , , , , , , ;

Khmer, ; Korea, , ; Philip-pines, , , , ; Portuguese, ,

, , ; Qing ban, , ; silk, , ,, ; silver, , , , , ; South-

west Asia, , , , , , , , , , , ; Tang, , ; Thailand, ; Vietnam,

; VOC, , , , , ;water transportation, ; West, , ,

, , ; Yuan promoting, ,; Zheng He, , , , .

See also Chinese porcelain; tribute to Chinachinoiserie, , , , , , Chojiro, Raku ( ), Christians/Christianity, ; Alhambra vases,

; Archipelago, ; Chinese tolerance of, , ; Chinese traditions linked with,, , , ; Cinco Chagas de

Cristo, ; decorative motifs, , ,; Dominicans, , , ; geology

based on scriptures of, , ; Japan, , , , ; Jingdezhen, , ; Mamluk

conquest, ; Mughal policy, ;Nestorian, , , , ; Origen of Alexandria (ca. ca. ), ; Philip-pines, , ; pottery workers, , , ;

Rabban Sauma (ca. ), ; Romanand Byzantine, ; St. Thomas the Apostle, ,; Thailand, , ; usury, . See also

Jesuits; missionaries; popes

Churchill, Charles ( ), cinchona bark, cities: Archipelago, ; Persia, ; popula-

tion (China, ), ; Song and Tang,

civil exams, , , , civilization: Chinas mission civilisatrice, ;

origins (around . . .), , class: and ancient tradition, , ; coffee and

tea drinkers, ; consumerism, , , ; dining and, , , , ,, ; European porcelain and, ;

hierarchy under attack, ; Hindu caste,, ; Japanese daimyo, , , ,; Korea, , ; literati, , , ,, , , , , ; Song con-

noisseurship, ; tea ceremony, . See also scholar-officials

classicism, ; Etruscan pottery, , , ,, , ; neoclassicism, ,

, , Clavijo, Ruy Gonzalez de, , clays: Borneo, ; Cherokee, , ; cream-

ware, ; East Asian, ; Jingdezhen, ,, ; Persian, ; Wedgwood, , .

See also fired clay; kaolin/china clay clove trees, Moluccas, cobalt: Chinese, , , , ; Korean, ;

Muslim blue, , , , ; Persian,, , , , , ,

coffee, tableware for, Colbert, Jean-Baptiste ( ), , colors: Chinese porcelain, , , ,

, ; jade, ; Japanese porcelain,; Southwest Asia pottery, , ; tin-

glazed pottery, ; Wedgwood view of, ;yellow earth, . See also blue; celadon/

greenware; green tea; red; whitewaresColumbus, Christopher ( ), , , ,

commerce. See tradeCompagnie des Indes orientales (French East

India Company), , , , , ; Amphitrite, , , , , ,

Confucianism: Chinas superiority, , , , ; civil exams, , ,

, ; Four Gentlemans Attainments, ; Japan, , , ; kendi, ;

Korea, , ; Lixue/Learning of Principle,; Ming, , , , , , ; mis-sion civilisatrice, ; Neo-Confucianism,

, , , , ; Qing, , ;

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Confucianism (continued)religious tolerance, ; scholar-officials,

, , , ; Song, , , , ; Three Perfections, ;

trade disdained by, , , , ; Viet-namese, , ; Yuan, , , ;Zhu Xi ( ),

Confucius (ca. . . .): ConfuciusSinarum Philosophus (Paris, ), ; and jade, ; Rites Controversy, ; texts, ,

, connoisseurship: ancient tradition, ; jade,

; pottery, , , , , , , , ; tea, ; teapots,

consumerism, , , , cookbooks, , Cookworthy, William ( ), copper-cash, , ; Japan, ; Java, ,

; jiazhi, ; Korea-China trade, ;Swahili coast,

costs: bronze vessel, ; Chinese porcelain andEuropean imitations, ; dinner service,

; jade, ; porcelain production,, , ; porcelain tableware, ;

silver, cotton: European imports, , , ; global

economy, cowries: currency, ; pottery, , , creamware, , , cross-cultural exchange, , , , ,

; among Muslim realms, , , ;book workshops, ; Chinese culture, ,

, , , , , , , , , , ; Chinese porce-

lain, , , , ; Christian,

, , , ; decorative motifs, , , , , , ; European, , , , , ;

fabrics, , , ; India, , , ; Japan, , , ; Mongol, ,

; reciprocal, , , ; SoutheastAsian, , , ; Southwest Asian,

, , , ; West, , , ,, ,

Cruz, Gaspar da (d. ), Tractado ( ),,

crystallography, , culture: Archipelago peoples, ; Chinasancient tradition, , , ,

, ; Chinas falling reputation, ,

; Chinas superiority seen by Euro-peans, , , , , ;cultural continuity of China, ; dining,

, , , , , ; Hellenistic,

, , ; of jade, ; Japanesematerial, ; Muslim umma, , ;of porcelain, , , ,

, , , ; Swahili coast, ; Wedgwood, ; zhongguo con-

cept, , . See also aesthetics; civilization;cross-cultural exchange; religion; tea culture

currency, , ; cowries, ; gold, , ;porcelain, , ; silk, , ; silver, ,

, , , , . See also copper-cash

da Gama, Vasco (ca. ), , , , ;first porcelains by sea to Europe, , , ,

, ; Manuel I porcelain from, , ,; size of ships and crew,

dairy products, Dante Alighieri ( ), The Inferno, Daoism: decorative motifs from, , , ,

, , , ; five basic elements, ; jade culture, ; porcelain culture, ;Queen Mother of the West, ; ZhangChun ( ),

Darwin, Charles ( ), ; On theOrigin of Species ( ), ; Voyage of theBeagle ( ),

Darwin, Emma ( ), Darwin, Erasmus ( ), , , David vases, , Da Yu Controlling the Floods (jade sculpture,

), death: porcelain effect, ; water pollution, .

See also burials; immortality

decorative motifs, , , ; aes-thetics, , ; Buddhist, ,, , , , , , ; Chinese

manuals, ; chinoiserie, , , , , , ; Christian, , , ;

cross-cultural, , , ,, , ; Daoist, , , ,, , , ; dragons, , , , , ; Dutch, , , ; flowering-

tree, ; Hellenistic, , ; Illus-trated Compendium of Eight Styles (ca. ),

; Italo-Flemish, , ; Japanese, , plate 11; kendi, , ; lotus, , , , ; Ming, , , , ;

neoclassical, , , , ;

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pattern books, ; pilgrim flask, ; politi-cal, , , ; pottery divinities, ,

, ; Qing vases, , ; rebuses, ; Song, , , ; Southeast Asian,

, , ; Southwest Asian, , , , , plate 23; story-painted

pottery, ; taotie monster-face, , ,; tiles, , ; Western, ;

Yixing pots, . See also GuanyinDefoe, Daniel ( ), , , ;

Robinson Crusoe books ( ), , ,,

deforestation, China, , , delftware, , , ; Chinese porcelain

competition, , ; cross-culturalinfluences, , ; tableware, ; tinglazing, ; Wedgwood creamware com-petition,

Delhi Sultanate ( ), , ; Ghaz-navids ( ), ; Muhammed binTughlaq (r. ), ; Tughlaq dynasty ( ), ,

Dentrecolles, Franois-Xavier, Lettres difianteset curieuses de Chine par des missionnaires jsuites ( ), , , ,

; ancient traditions, , ; BaoenTemple, ; blue-and-white porcelain,

, ; cobalt, , ; cost of porcelainproduction, ; egg-shaped kiln, ; Guanyinand Virgin Mary, , ; porcelain com-position, , ; porcelain for hot liquids,

; porcelain formula, , , , , , , ; yunlo musical instru-

ment, Diderot, Denis ( ), Encyclopedia (

),

Diemen, Antonie van ( ), , ,dining: communal, , ; culture of, ,

, , , , ; dinner services, , , , , , , ; eti-

quette, ; privacy and intimacy, .See also food; tableware

disease. See healthdivision of labor, potters, , , , ,

, , Don Quixote (Cervantes, ),

dragon jars, , , dragon kilns (longyao), , , dragon motifs, , , , , Drake, Francis (ca. ),

The Dream of the Red Chamber/ The Story of theStone (Cao Xueqin),

Dryden, John ( ), Annus Mirabilis, du Halde, Jean-Baptiste ( ), , , ;

Description de lEmpire de la Chine ( ),, , , , , ,

Dutch, ; cross-cultural exchange, ,, ; French trade competition, ;

paintings, , , , , , ; por-celain, , , ; porcelaindecoration, , , ; Portuguese conflict,

; pottery production, , ;seashells, ; stoneware, , ; table-ware, ; tin-glazing technique, ;Franois Valentijn ( ), ; warswith England and France, , ; Yixingteapot variations, . See also Amsterdam;delftware; Vereenigte Oost-Indische Com-pagnie (United East India Company, VOC)

dynasties, Chinese. See Chinese dynasties

ear-cup, earthenware: blue-and-white Lisbon, , , ,

; composition, ; delftware, , ;England, , , ; faience, , ,

; Hispano-Moresque, ; maiolica,, ; smokeless stoves, ; Southwest

Asia, , , ; taxonomy, , ; tin-glazed,

East Indies companies: European life trans-formed by, ; Jingdezhen collaboration,

; spice trade cutback, . See alsoCompagnie des Indes orientales (FrenchEast India Company); English East IndiaCompany (EIC); Vereenigte Oost-IndischeCompagnie (United East India Company,

VOC)economies: Archipelago peoples, ; barter-based/money, ; China as worlds mostadvanced, , , ; clay substitutes forbronze, ; global, , ; Ming, , ;Song, , ; Southwest Asia, ; Sui,

; Tang, , ; wealth defined, ;world system, , . See also costs;currency; taxes; trade

ecumene, ; ceramic culture, ; Egypt aspivot of trade, ; West and China at two

extremes of, ; world system, ,, education: Confucianism scholar-officials,

; Jesuit, , . See also knowledge

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Egypt: Abu Mina, ; Arab-Muslim conquest( ), ; Ayyubids ( ), , ;Eighteenth Dynasty (ca. . . .),New Kingdom (ca. . . .), ;

Fatimids ( ), , , , ;Fustat/old Cairo, ; Mamluk, , ,

, , ; maritime trade, , ;pottery traditions, ; Sultan al-Ashraf Barsbay (r. ),

EIC. See English East India Company Elcano, Juan Sebastin de (ca. ),

Magellan voyage, Eliot, T.S., Four Quartets ( ), England. See BritainEnglish East India Company (EIC), , ,

; The Advantage of the East India Tradeto England, reconsidered ( ), ;Bengal, , , ; Colonel Robert Clive( ), ; cotton imports, , ;dinner services, , ; Floris, ; India,

; Jingdezhen collaboration, ; Jing-dezhen imitations, , ; Lamb, ;Mun, ; porcelain packing, ; pottery shipments suspended, ; spice trade cut-back, ; tea services, ; trade and warfarelinked by, ; Wedgwood transactions,

Enlightenment, , The Epic of Gilgamesh (ca. . . .), Etruria pottery, , , Etruscan pottery, , , , , , Eugen, Karl, Duke of Wrttemberg (r. ),

eunuchs, Ming, , Eurasia: Chinese trade, , ; isthmus

linking Africa to, ; Mongol unification, . See also Asia; Europe

Europe: Canal de Languedoc, ; chairs, ;Chinese decorative motifs, , , ;chinoiserie, , , , , , ;dinner etiquette, ; first Asian diplo-matic legation to, ; first porcelainsbrought by sea to, , ; forks, ;Japanese trade, , ; Mongol diplomaticmissions, ; Nine Years War ( ),

; population, , ; porcelain enthu-siasm, , , , , , , ,

, , , ; porcelain imports,

, , , , , , , ,, , , , , ; tableware,, , ; in world map, ; in world

system, , , ; Yixing teapots,

. See also Britain; East Indies companies;European ceramic manufacturing; France;Germany; Poland; Portugal; Spain

European ceramic manufacturing, , ;

Buon Retiro, ; Capodimonte, , ;Chinese decorative motifs, ; CicaireCirou ( ), ; Dutch, , ;English, , , , , plate 11;Etruria, , , ; first, , ; imi-tating Chinese, , , , ,

, , , , ; Italian, ;kaolin, , , , ; Miragaia, ;Saint-Cloud, , ; shells, ; tinglazing, , , , ; Venice, ,

; Watt, . See also delftware; Meissenceramic manufactory; Svres porcelainmanufactory; Staffordshire

Evelyn, John ( ), evolution, Darwins theory, exams, civil, , , ,

fabrics: cotton, , , , ; cross-cultural exchange, , , ; wool,

, , . See also silk faience, , , , , Farnese, Alessandro ( ), fashion: chinoiserie, , , , ,

, ; consumer, , , ; desta-bilizing effect, ; Korean pottery,

; porcelain enthusiasm, , , ,, , , , , , ,

, ; Song, , ; tea, , .See also decorative motifs

Feng Yan, Record of Things Heard and Seen, Fielding, Henry ( ), Figurists,

Firdausi (ca. ca. ), Book of Kings/Shahnama, , fired clay: earthenware, ; first, ; saggars,

Fitch, Ralph (ca. ), flasks. See kendi; pilgrim flasksFlemish artisans: Italo-Flemish style, , ;

pilgrim flasks, Floris, Peter, .folk religion: China, , ; Mongol, food: Chinese, ; natural, . See also

agriculture; dining; riceforests, Chinese deforestation, , , Forrest, Thomas (ca. ), , France: calico import ban, ; Capetian dynasty

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( ), ; Catherine de Medici, ;Charles VII (r. ), ; clay sculp-tures, ; Council of Commerce, ; diningetiquette, , ; Dutch war with (

), ; faience, , , ; feminizedin English eyes, ; French Academy,

; French Revolution ( ), , ,; Henry IV (r. ), , , ;

Jesuits in China from, , , ,; Louis XIII (r. ), , ;

Louis XV (r. ), , , , ,; Louis XVI (r. ), , ,, , ; Marie Amalia ( ), ;

Marie Antoinette ( ), , , ,; Mme de Pompadour ( ), ,; Monsieur Louis de France (Grand

Dauphin, ), , ; Nine YearsWar ( ), ; Saint-Cloud pottery manufactory, , ; duc de Saint-Simon( ), ; Seven Years War (

), , ; silver, , , , , ;Staffordshire products, ; Thai diplomacy,

, , ; War of the Spanish Suc-cession ( ), , , . See alsoCompagnie des Indes orientales (FrenchEast India Company); Louis XIV; Paris;Svres porcelain manufactory

Fujian: civil exams, ; Korean relations, ;Marco Polo bowl, ; maritime trade, ,

, ; Mazu, ; Persian rebellion againstYuan, ; porcelain decoration, , ;Song pottery kilns,

Furata Oribe ( ), furnace transformation, , , ,

Gaignires-Fonthill vase,

Gay, John ( ), To a Lady on her Passion for Old China ( ), gender stereotypes, , geology: early modern, ; tectonic plates,

, , ; volcanoes, , ,

Germany: dinner etiquette, ; kendi replica-tion, ; pilgrim flasks, ; porcelainmanufactories, ; Rhenish stoneware,

, . See also Holy Roman Empire;Prussia; Saxony

Gilray, James ( ), The Advantages of Wearing Muslin Dresses! ( ), Giovio, Paolo ( ), glass, ,

glazes. See pottery glazesgold, ; Africa, ; currency, , ; Islamic

proscriptions, ; porcelain as white gold,; ritual objects, ; trade in, , ,

Goldsmith, Oliver (ca. ), The Citizen of the World ,

Grand Canal, , , , , Great Wall: loess, ; yellow China, Greece: Alexander the Great ( . . .),

; Aristotle ( . . .), ; cross-cultural exchange, ; Etruscan pottery,

; maritime trade, ; Neolithic burialpottery,

green tea, , greenware. See celadon/greenwareGrotius, Hugo ( ), Of the Law of War

and Peace ( ), Guangdong: European porcelain traders, ;

maritime trade, , , ; Song pottery kilns, ,

Guangzhou. See CantonGuanyin: Avalokitesvara transformed into, ,

, , ; figurine in Chinese shipwreck,; guardian of seafarers, ; Japan, ;

Korea, ; Ming, , , ; in Persianart, ; Qing, plate 3; and Virgin Mary,

, , Guatemala, Popol Vuh (Book of the Commu-

nity), Guido di Savino (d. ), Gwynn, John ( ), , ; London

and Westminster Improved ( ),

Hall, James ( ), , Hamilton, Sir William ( ), ,

, , , ; Observations on Mount Vesuvius ( ), Hancarville, Baron Pierre d ( ), ,

Han dynasty ( . . . . .), ; aes-thetics, ; ancient tradition, ; Borneotrade, ; camel representations, ;Confucian view of merchants, , ; fall,

, ; glazes, ; gold and silver wares, ; jade culture, , ; Java trade, ;Jiaotan, ; Korea influenced by, ; liter-

ary Chinese, ; martaban jars, ; teauses, , ; tribute, ; and Vietnam,

Hawaiian islanders, pottery divinities,

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health: glazed pottery threatening, ; jadetreatments, ; Jesuit treatments, ; porce-lain benefits for, , , , ; teaeffects,

Hellenistic culture, , , Herculaneum, , Hideyoshi, Toyotomi ( ), ; gun-

powder firearms, ; Korea invasion, , , , ; tea culture, ,

Hinduism: decorative motifs, ; India, , , , ; merchants, ; pottery

divinities, ; ritual objects, , ;Southeast Asia, , , , ; spiritualpollution and pottery,

Hispano-Moresque style, history: early modern ( to ), ,

, ; Late Paleolithic/Old Stone Age, ;Mesozoic volcanic eruptions, ; PorcelainAge, ; Precambrian, . See also archae-ology; art history; Bronze Age; Iron Age;Neolithic

Holy Roman Empire: Charles V ( ), ;Rudolf II (r. ),

Hongwu emperor, Grand Progenitor (r. ), , ; porcelains for Ryukyu, ;

successor and grandson Jianwen emperor(r. ), , ; tribute and trade,

, , ; vs. Yuan, ; Zhu Yuan-zhang ( ),

Hong Yanzu ( ), Hormuz, Zheng He voyages, , horses: Central Asian warriors, , ;

Transoxiana, , Huizhou, Anhui, merchants, Huizong emperor (r. ), ; ancient

tradition, , ; dining culture, ;

Han Zhuo (d. ), ; Illustrations of Antiquities of the Xuanhe Era, ; Land-scapes in the Four Seasons, ; Literary Gathering , ; tea culture, , ,

Hutton, James ( ), ; Theory of theEarth ( ),

Ibn Battuta ( ), ; China, , , ,, ; Chinas economy in the world, ;

cowry-shell currency, ; Mlaga pottery,; martabans, ; Meccan hajj, ;

Muslim communities, , ; Persia,, ; Swahili coast, , ; tableware,,

Ibn Taghri Birdi ( ),

Ilkhanids ( ): aggression/aesthetics,; Arghum (r. ), ; Ghazan

(r. ), ; Iraq and, ; al-Juvayni,; lotus motifs, , ; maritime

trade, ; Rashad al-Din (ca. ),, ; vassal khans, ; Yuan and,

immortality: jade identified with, . See alsodeath

import substitution, . See also manufactur-ing; trade

India: Ayutthaya commerce, ; Britishtakeover, , , , , ; Buddhism,

, ; Cambodia influenced by, , ;Canton exports to, ; Cape Route to,

; carreira da India/roadway to India, ,; chairs, ; Deccan, ; diplomatic

relations with China, ; Goa, , , ,, ; Golconda sultanate ( ),; Gupta Empire ( ca. ), , ;

Hinduism, , , , ; kendi,, , ; loua da India, , ;

Muslims, , , , , , ;opium, , ; Paekche relations, ;Persian trade, , ; pottery divinities,

; quantities of porcelain traded, , ; shell-shaped pottery, ; St. Thomas

the Apostle, ; silk, , ; Silk Road, ;tectonic plates, ; Vietnamese motifsfrom, ; Zheng He voyages, . See alsoDelhi Sultanate; Mughal empire

Indians, American. See American Indiansindustrial revolution, , , , , intellectuals: vs. China, , ; Chinese,

; Leibniz, , , , , , ; vs. porcelain/fashion/consumerism, ;Tschirnhaus, . See also Confucianism;

knowledge; literati; scienceinterior decoration, Iraq: Arab-Muslim conquest ( ), ; Baghdad,

, , , , , , .; civiliza-tion origins, ; instability, ; Mongols,

; Samarra, , iron: cast, Iron Age: Philippines, ; Roman Empire, Islam: aesthetics, ; burials, , ; divine

potter, ; expansion, , , , ;food proscriptions, ; kendi, ; pilgrim

flask decorations, ; porcelain depictions,, ; pottery of, ; Prophet Muham-mad, , , , , , ; Ramadan,

. See also Muslims; Quran

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Italy: Chinese decorative motifs, ; dellaRobbia workshop, ; dinner etiquette, ,

; Etruscan pottery, ; faience, ; forks, ; Italo-Flemish polychrome decora-

tion, , ; kiln making, ; naming of porcelain, ; Ottoman potters and, ;pilgrim flasks, ; pottery and divine,

; Renaissance, , , , , , ;story-painted pottery, ; tin-glazing,

; trade, , ; Vivaldi brothers,; Winckelmann vs. porcelain of, .

See also Naples; Roman Empire; VeniceIznik, potteries, , ,

jade: culture of, ; Han, , ;Khotan, , ; Song, ,

Japan: Ashikaga shoguns ( ), ,, ; Asuka ( ), , ;

bakufu (tent government/shogunate), ;blue-and-white porcelain, , ,

, plates 18-19; Buddhism, , , , , , ; Chinese culture, , ,

; Chinese trade, , , , , ; Christianity, , , , ; Confucianism, , , ; shell-

shaped ceramics, ; cross-cultural exchange, , , ; daimyo, , ,

, ; decorative motifs, , plate 11;dinner etiquette, , ; EmperorGo-Daigo (r. ), ; Emperor Go-Hanazono ( ), ; Emperor Ogi-machi (r. ), ; Emperor Saga(r. ), , ; European trade, ,

; first pottery, ; Fujiwara clan, ;Heian ( ), , , , , ;Imari porcelain, , , ; Jomon (

. . .), ; Kakiemon porcelain, ,, , , ; Kamkurara ( ),, ; karamono, , , ;

Korea invasion by, , , , ;Korean potters/pottery, , , ;Latter Days of the Law, , ; Luzon jars,

, ; Sugawara no Michizane ( ),, , ; Ming kilns producing for, ;

Mongols attempting invasion, ; Muro-machi ( ), , , ; Nabe-shima Katsushige ( ), , ,

; Nara ( ), , ; OdaNobunaga ( ), , , ,; Onin War ( ), , ; Furata

Oribe ( ), ; Paekche relations,

; paintings, , , ; populationgrowth, ; porcelain, , , , , ,

, , , , plates 18-19;porcelain culture, ; pottery divinities,

; Sakai, ; samurai, , , ;Sen no Rikyu ( ), , , , ,

; silk, , ; silver, , , , , ;Shotoku Taishi ( ), , ; Tangconnections, , ; tea culture,

, , , , ; Temple of theGolden Pavilion, ; Temple of the SilverPaviliion, ; Thailand trade, ;three great unifiers, ; Tokugawa dynasty ( ), , , , , ,

; tribute to China, , ; Way of Politics, , ; zhongguo concept,

. See also Hideyoshi, Toyotomi; Sengoku/Warring States period

Java: Borobudur stupa, , ; Chinese trade,, , ; indigenous pottery,; kendi, ; Mataram (ca. ),; Muslims, , , , ; porcelain

culture, , ; Sailendra dynasty (ca. ), Srivijayan kingdom ( ),; Vietnamese pottery, . See also

Batavia/Jakarta; MajapahitJesuits, , , , , ; Luis de

Almeida ( ), ; Joseph-MarieAmiot ( ), ; Joachim Bouvet (

), , ; Giuseppe Castiglione( ), ; colors, ; EtienneFaber, ; French, , , , ;Luis Frois ( ), ; Claudio FilippoGrimaldi ( ), ; Ignatius of Loyolas Constitution, ; Georg JosephKamel ( ), , ; Mughal

policy, ; Louis-Franois Orry, ,, , , ; Francesco Pasio ( ),; porcelain formula, , , ,

, , ; Matteo Ripa ( ), ; Guy Tachard ( ), ;

Fra Alessandro Valignano ( ), . See also Dentrecolles, Franois-

Xavier; du Halde, Jean-Baptiste; Ricci,Matteo; Rodrigues, Joo

Jiangxi. See JingdezhenJiaotan temple,

Jingdezhen, , , ; Baoen Templetiles, ; clays, , , ; cross-culturalexchange, ; deterioration, ; directors,( ), , ; Fuliang Porcelain

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Jingdezhen (continued)bureau, ; Japanese market, ;Jingdezhen blue-and-white porcelain; LanPus Potteries of Jingdezhen, , , , ;

Ming, , , , , , , ; pilgrimflasks, ; porcelain center, , , ,

, , ; porcelain formula,, , , , , , ; potters, , , , , , , , ;

Qing, , , , , , , , , ; skeuomorphs, ; Song, ,

, , , , , plate 12; TaipingRebellion ( ) and, ; tea vessels,

; trade, , , , , , , ; transportation, , , ;

Western competition, , , , , ; Yuan, , , . See also

Dentrecolles, Franois-Xavier; Tang YingJingdezhen blue-and-white porcelain, , plates

12-16 ; dinner services, , plate 16 ; Iznik copies, ; Japan, , ; kendi, ;lotus motif, ; market domination, ,

; Ming, , , , plates 13-15;Muslim blue, , , ; origins, ;Persian copies, , ; sea animal motifs,

; Southwest Asia, , ; Stafford-shire/Wedgwood competition, , , ,

, ; Zheng Hes voyages, Johnson, Dr. Samuel ( ), , , Joyners Company of London, lacquerware, al-Juvayni, Ata Malik ( ), History of the

World Conqueror ( ),

Kaifeng: ceramic storehouse, ; civil exams,; dining culture, ; iron pagoda,

Kangxi era/emperor (r. ): Archipelago

porcelains, ; Jesuits, , , ; Jing-dezhen, , , , , ; porcelainsfrom Thailand to France, ,

kaolin/china clay: China, , , , ;European ceramic manufacturing, , ,

, ; Japan, kendi, , ; India, , , ; South-

east Asia, , , plate 4; SouthwestAsia,

Khmer. See CambodiaKidd, William (ca. ),

kiln activity. See pottery productionkiln fillers, kiln making, kiln stokers,

Korea, , ; blue-and-white porcelain,, plate 17 ; Chinas gravitational pull, ,; Cholla province, , ; Choson

( ), , , , plate 17 ;

Confucianism, , ; Japanese invasion,, , , ; kendi, ; King Euijong

(r. ), ; King Hyonjong (r. ), ; King Sonjong (r. ), ;

Koguryo, , ; Koryo dynasty ( ), ; Paekche ( . . . . .),

, ; porcelain made in, , , , plate 17 ; potters/pottery in Japan from,

, , ; Silla ( . . . . .), ; Unified Silla ( ), , ;

yangban elite, , ; Yi Song-gye( ), ; zhongguo concept,

Kublai Khan ( ), ; Jingdezhen, ; Korean relations, ; religion, ;

Southeast Asia connections, ,

labor: market expansion affecting, , ; wages,, . See also potters

lacquerware: European imports, , ;Japanese tableware, ; Song utensils,

Lamb, Charles ( ), Lang Tingji, Jingdezhen reconstruction (

), language: Chinese homophones, ; clas-

sical Chinese, ; literary Chinese, ;Yuan/Mongol,

Lan Pu, Potteries of Jingdezhen, , , , laws: commercial maritime, , ; interna-

tional, ; Quran-based, , , lead glazes, , Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm ( ), ,

, , , , ; Novissima Sinica/Latest

News of China ( ), Linschoten, Jan Huyghen van ( ),Itinerario ( ),

Lisbon: Fronteira Palace, ; earthenware, ,, , ; Santos Palace,

Li Shizhen, essay on herbs ( ), literary Chinese language, literati (rujia), Chinese, , , , , ,

, , , Liu Xie (ca. ca. ), Literary Minds and the

Carving of Dragons/Wenxin diaolong,

loess, , , London: chinaware mending, ; EIC Court of Directors, ; EIC porcelain warehouse, ;Joyners Company, ; Leadenhall Street, ,

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, ; Royal Society of London, , ,, , ; silk,

Longquan, Zhejiang: celadons, , , ,, , ; decline, ; Song pottery

kilns, , , lotus motif, , , , Louis XIV (r. ), ; Aurangzeb

resembling, ; Boileau, ; celadon, ;chinoiserie, , , ; Colbert as financeminister for, , ; Confucius SinarumPhilosophus ( ), ; decorative motifs,

; Jesuits sent from, , , ; La Fares Mmoires et rflexions de Louis XIV ( ),

; mercantilism, ; melting silver plate,, , , ; Madame de Montespan

( ), ; porcelain fashion, ,; table manners, ; Trianon de Porce-

laine ( ), , , , . See alsoVersailles

Luo Guanzhong (ca. ca. ), Water Margin,

Luo Maodeng, Voyage of the San Bao Eunuchto the Western Ocean/San Bao Taijian XiaXiyang ( ), ,

lusterware, , Lyell, Charles ( ), The Principles of

Geology ( ),

Macao, , , ; Carletti purchases, ,

Magellan, Ferdinand (ca. ), Ma Huan (ca. ca. ), The Overall Survey

of the Oceans Shores/Ying-Yai Sheng-Lan,, ,

maiolica, tin glazing, , Majapahit (ca. ), , ; court and

mosque ceramics, ; Gaja Mada (d. ), ; Muslims, , ; porcelain rituals,

Maldive Islands: cowries, , ; Muslims, ;Zheng He voyages,

Mali, Mansa Sulayman (r. ), Mamluks ( ), , ; Egypt, ,

, , , ; Syria, , Manchus: Ming struggle with, , , ,

, , . See also Qing/Manchudynasty

manuals: Chinese decorative motifs, ; cook-books, , ; dining etiquette, , ;pattern books,

manufacturing: lacquerware, ; pewter, ;

tea vessels, . See also import substution;metalworking; pottery production

maritime trade, ; Canton, , , , ,, , , , , , ; Chinese

government attitude toward, , , ,, , ; decline, ; Ming, , , , , ; Portuguese, , , ,, , , ; Qing emergency

measures, , ; Song, , ,, , ; Southeast Asia, ;

Southwest Asia, , , , , ,, , , , , ;

and tribute, ; Western-dominated,; Yuan Government-Invested Ships,; Zheng He, , , , , . See also Chinese trade; East Indies

companiesMarot, Daniel ( ), porcelain fashion,

martaban jars, , , Mary, Virgin, , , , , Mason, Charlotte, The Ladys Assistant for Regu-

lating and Supplying the Table ( ), Massialot, Franois ( ), Le Cuisinier

royal et bourgeois ( ), Mataram (ca. ), agriculture

supporting, Mecca: hajj, , ; porcelain, Medici family: Catherine de Medici ( ),

; Cosimo deMedici, Grand Duke of Tus-cany, ; Francesco I de Medici, GrandDuke of Tuscany (r. ), , ;Lorenzo de Medici ( ), ; Mariede Medici, , ; shells, , , ,

, Mediterranean: commercial and industrial

supremacy, ; pilgrim flask, ; trade,, , . See also Southwest AsiaMeissen ceramic manufactory, , , , plates

5,8,20; August IIs porcelain collection, , ; cross-cultural exchange, ; dinner

services, , , , ; and English pot-tery, , ; Guanyin copies, ; Jingde-zhens competition, ; pilgrim flasks,

; rococo style, , , , , ; wareffects,

Melaka: Chinese protection, ; Dutch con-

quest, ; Muslims, , , , ;Portuguese conquest, , , ; strategicport for West,

Memling, Hans (ca. ), altarpieces,

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Mendoza, Juan Gonzlez de (ca. ),History of the Great Kingdom of China( ),

mercantilism: European, , ; Japa-

nese, merchants. See tradeMercier, Louis-Sbastian ( ), , Mesopotamia: Arab-Muslim conquest ( ), ;

Babylon, ; Chinese trade, , ;civilization origins, ; cuneiform tablets, ;kiln making, ; maritime trade, ; pilgrimflasks, ; pottery divinities, ; pottersimitating Chinese, . See also Abbasids;Iraq; Syria

metalworking, ; casting vs. hammering, ; lusterware and, ; pewter, ; pottery and, , ; Southwest Asia,

. See also bronze; copper-cash; gold; iron;silver

Mexico: blue-and-white chinaware shipped to,, ; pottery divinities, ; Puebla potters,

, ; silk, ; silver, , Ming dynasty ( ): aesthetic forms

interchanged, ; ancient tradition, ,, , ; blue-and-white porcelain,, , , , , , , plates

1,9,13-15,24; Chongzhen emperor (r. ), ; Confucianism, , , , ,

, ; dinner services, ; economy, ,; egg-shaped kiln (zhenyao), ; Empress

Xu (d. ), ; eunuchs, , ;Grand Canal, ; Guanyin images, ,

, ; inflation, ; jade culture, ;Japanese embassies, ; Jiajing emperor(r. ), ; Jingdezhen, , , ,

, , , ; kendi, ; and Korea,

, , ; Manchu threat, , ,, , , ; maritime trade, , , , , ; miracles related to

porcelain, , ; paintings, , ,; pilgrim flasks, , plate 1; political

corruption, ; porcelain colors, ;porcelain connoisseurship, , ,

; porcelain images, , , , ;porcelain products, ; Silk Road trade, ;Southeast Asian trade, ; Southwest Asianpottery modeled after, , ; tea culture,

, , ; Thai trade, ; tributeand trade, ; and Vietnam, , ,, ; Zheng Chenggong Koxinga

( ), . See also Hongwu em-

peror; Nanjing; Wanli era/emperor; Xuandeemperor; Yongle emperor

Minoan pottery, , Mirabeau, comte de ( ), Essaie de le

despotisme ( ), miracle-fanciers, missionaries, Christian, , , . See also

JesuitsMoluccas: Chinese trade, ; clove trees, ;

Dutch conquering, Mongols, ; Abbasids conquered by, ,

; cross-cultural exchange, , ;Eurasian unification by, ; GenghisKhan (ca. ), , , ,

; Hongwu and, ; Hulegu (d. ),; Japanese invasions attempted by, ;

Karakorum, ; Korea, ; Kublai Khan;Middle Kingdom conquered by, , ;Mughal name, ; Ogodei Khan (r.

), ; Pax Mongolica, ; Silk Roadsecurity, , ; and Southern Song, ,

, , ; and Vietnam, . See alsoIlkhanids; Timurids; Yuan/Mongol dynasty

monsoon winds, , Montagu, Elizabeth Wortley ( ),

Montaigne, Michel de ( ), , Montesquieu, Baron de ( ), ; on

Louis XIV, ; silver, ; The Spirit of theLaws ( ), , , , ; tea consump-tion in Holland,

Moravia, first ceramic, Morocco, Alczar-Quibir battle, Mughal empire ( ), , ,

; Akbar ( ), , , ; Ambassador Roe to, , , , ;

Aurangzeb (r. ), , ;Babur ( ), ; cross-culturalexchange, , ; Jahangir (r.

), , , ; Mumtaz Mahal ( ), , ; Nur Jahan (ca. ),

; paintings, , , , ; Rajputwarriors, , ; religious policy, ;Shah Jahan (r. ), , ,

Muhammad, Prophet (ca. ), , ,, , ,

Mun, Thomas ( ), A Discourse on

Trade, from England unto the East Indies( ), Al-Muqaddasi (d. ), on Fustat (old Cairo),

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Murasaki Shikibu ( ca. ), The Tale of Genji,

musical instruments: jade-like, ; Jingde-zhen kilns,

Muslims: An Lushan rebellion and, , ;blue-and-white chinaware, , ,

, ; China residents, , , , , , ; cross-cultural exchange

among, , , ; decorative motifs, ; hajj, , ; India, ,, , , , ; massacred during

rebellions, , ; merchants, , , ,, , , , , ;

Mongol, ; Muslim blue, , ,, ; porcelain trade, , , ;

Ramisht of Siraf (d. ), ; Song,, ; Southeast Asia, , , ,, , , , , ; Swahili coast, , ; tableware, ; Turkish

warriors, , ; umma, , ; ZhengHe, . See also Ibn Battuta; Islam

Nanjing: Ming capital, ; Porcelain Pagoda/Baoen Temple, , , ,

, , Naples: Anjou kings, ; Capodimonte pottery

manufacturers, , ; center for col-lectors of antique vessels, ; Hamilton,British plenipotentiary, ; King Charles IV,

; Vesuvius, , , ; Winckelmann,

nautilus shell, , , , , , Navarette, Domingo ( ), Tratados hist-

ricos ( ), , , Nebuchadrezzar II (r. . . .), Neo-

Babylonian Empire ( . . .),

neoclassicism, , , , Neo-Confucianism, , , , , Neolithic, ; China, , ; firing range, ;

jade, ; megalith builders of Brittany, ;potters in northern Vietnam,

Neptunism, , Netherlands. See DutchNezami de Gandjeh ( ), The Seven

Beauties, Nian Xiyao: Jingdezhen reconstruction (

), ; Shi Xue/Visual Learning,

Nieuhoff, Johann ( ), An Embassy fromthe East India Company of the United Prov-inces to the Emperor of China ( ),

, ,

Northern Song ( ), ; ancient tradi-tion, ; Central Asia relations, ; coppercoins, ; painters, ; pottery production,

, ; tea, ; tribute and maritime trade,

. See also Kaifeng

opium, trade, , Orry, Jean-Henry-Louis, comte de Fulvy (

), Orry, Louis-Franois, , , , , Ottomans ( ): artwork motifs, ,

, , plate 23; kendi, ; Memhed II(the Conqueror, r. ), ; Mingporcelain designs, , ; Muslim sultansof the Deccan close to, ; Philip II defeat-ing at Lepanto, ; porcelain culture, ;Selim I (r. ), ; Selim II (r.

), ; Sleyman I (the Magnificent,r. ), ,

Paekche ( . . . . .), , painters: Giovanni Bellini ( ), ;

Gentile Bellini (ca. ), ; PieterBruegel the Elder ( ), ; Jan Brue-ghel the Elder ( ), ; AlbrechtDrer ( ), ; Giovanni Ghera-dini ( ca. ), ; Giotto (ca.

), ; Guanxiu ( ), ; HanZhuos (d. ) Chunjuans Compilationon Landscape, ; Limbourg brothers (fl.

), ; Ambrogio Lorenzetti (d. ),; Jan Miense Molenaer (ca. ),; Antonio Pisanello ( ), ;

David Teniers the Younger ( ), ;Titian ( ), ; Zhang YanyuansReports on Famous Painters for All Dynasties

(ca. ), . See also paintingspaintings: Akbar Receiving the Iranian Ambas-sador ( ), ; ancient tradition,

, , , , ; Bedford MastersFestivities at the Court of the Grand Khan,

; Giovanni Bellinis The Feast of the Gods( ), ; Christoffel van den BergesBouquet of Flowers in Glass ( ), ;Giovanni del Biondos Martydom of Saint Sebastian (ca. ), ; Chinese excellencein, ; Chinese and Southwest Asian,

; Bhawani Dass The Mughal Dynasty from Timur to Aurangzeb and The Sons of Shah Jahan (ca. ), ; Jan de Heems( ) A Richly Laid Table with Parrot

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paintings (continued)and Macaw, ; Gerrit Dous ( )Young Woman at Her Toilet ( ), ;Dream Journey over Xiao Xiang (ca. ),

apparition painting, ; Dutch, , ,, , , ; Eighteen Scholars of the

Tang (Song artists), ; European use of Chinese decorative motifs, ; JohannesGoednerts( ) Flowers in a WanliVase with a Blue-Tit , ; Frans Halss (

) Banquet of the Officers of the St. George Militia ( ), ; Han reign, ; Huizongemperors Landscapes in the Four Seasons,

; Huizong emperors Literary Gathering ,; Ilkhanid, ; International Gothic

style, ; Jahangir Entertains Shah Abbas(ca. ), ; Jahangir and Prince KhurramFeasted by Nur Jahan ( ), ; Japanese,

, , ; Junayds miniature manuscriptpaintings, ; Willem Kalfs ( ) stilllifes, , , plate 2; Kuo Ruoxis history of,

; Manohars The Nativity (ca. ), ;Marian devotional, ; Simone Martinis(ca. ) Saint Louis of Toulouse and Annunciation (ca. ), ; meals, ,

; Ming, , , ; Mughal, ,, , ; Narsinghs Akbar Discourses

with two Jesuit Priests (ca. ), ; ClaraPeeterss ( ca. ) Still Life withGold Goblets and Collectibles, ; Persian,

, ; Pieter Gerritz van Roestraetens(ca. ) still lifes, ; Floris vanSchootens ( ) A Kitchen Scene(ca. ), ; Song, , ; Jan Steens( ) Prayer before the Meal (ca. ),

; still lifes, , , , , , ,

plate 2; story-painted pottery, ; Abra-ham Suseniers (ca. ca. ) Still Lifewith Shells ( ), ; tableware, , ;Tang, , , ; Timurid manuscripts,

, ; Paolo Uccellos ( ) Saint George Fighting the Dragon (ca. ),

; Diego Velzquezs ( ) TavernScene with Two Men and a Boy at Table,

; Venetian, ; Wu Zhens ( )Crooked Pine, ; Yixing pots, ; Yuanpottery designs, ; Zhang Zeduans Peace

Reigns over the River , ; Zhao Yuans Lu YuBrewing Tea, . See also paintersPangaea/All Earth, paper use, Timurid,

Paris: Confucius Sinarum Philosophus ( ),; cosmopolitan life, ; dragon painting

in Notre-Dame, Parker, George Treatise on Japanning and

Varnishing (with John Stalker, ), pattern books, Pegolotti, Francesco, La practica della mercatura/

The Practice of Trading, , Pepys, Samuel ( ), , , Periplus of the Erythrean Sea, Persia: Arab-Muslim conquest ( ), ; Farid

al-Din Attar (d. ), ; blue-and-whiteporcelain, , , , plates 21-22;Caliph Harun al-Rashid (r. ), ;carpets, ; cobalt, , , , , , ,

; decorative motifs, , ; IbnBattuta, , ; India trade, , ;Iskander Sultan ( ), ; Japantrade, ; Kashan tile-making center, ,

, ; kendi, ; maritime trade, ,, ; Mongols and, , , ,; paintings, , ; pilgrim flasks, ;

Polo visit, ; porcelain imitations, ,, ; Abul Qasim al-Qashani, ;

Sassanian ( ), , , , , ;Zoroastrians, , . See also Abbasids;Ilkhanids; Safavids; Timurids

persons of gentility (Waungwana), ,. See also Swahili coast

Peru: blue-and-white chinaware shipped to,, ; Jesuit and cinchona bark, ; silver,, ,

Petra, Nabatean pottery, pewter, European tableware, Philip II (r. ), , ; Alessandro

Farnese ( ), ; Charles V (

), ; Dutch conflict, ; pilgrimflasks, , , , , plate 1Philippines: blue-and-white chinaware, , ;

Chinese trade, , , , ; Chris-tianity, , ; Japanese, ; Jingdezhen jars,

; Kamel, , ; kendi, ; Legazpi,, , ; Luzon jars, , , ; Manila

governing council, ; martaban jars, ;Muslims, , ; Porcelain Age, ;porcelain culture, ; porcelain famine inearly Ming, ; silk trade, ; silver, ;

Spanish, , , , ; Wedgwood cream-ware, Phoenicia, maritime trade, Piccolpasso, Cipriano (ca. ), , ;

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Three Books of the Potters Art ( ), ,

Pigafetta, Antonio (ca. ), Magellan voyage,

pilgrim art, , , , pilgrim flasks, , , , plate 13; blue-

and-white porcelain, , , , , plates 1,13; Philip II, , , , , plate 1

Pinto, Ferno Mendes (ca. ), , ,,

Pires, Tom (ca. ?), Suma Oriental (ca. ), , ,

plate tectonics, , , Poland: Stanislaus Augustus (r. ), .

See also August IIpolitics: centralization, ; Confucian, ,

, , ; decorative motifs, ,, ; India, , ; Japan, , , ; Khmer, ; Korea, ; Ming

corruption, ; Southwest Asian upheavals,, ; Sui, ; Swahili coast, ; Tang,

, , ; Thai, ; Vietnam invaded by Ming, . See also rebellions; war

Polo family: Christendom to China, ; Silk Road,

Polo, Marco ( ), , , ; Basilica of San Marco, , ; cowries, ; MarcoPolo bowl, ; Persia, ; porcelain designa-tion, ; possessions at death, ; Rustichelloof Pisa scribe, ; speed of travel, ; Ti-betan plateau and Himalaya mountains asroof of the world, ; The Travels of MarcoPolo ( ), , , , , , , ;Yuan administrative position,

Pontanus, Johannes ( ),

popes: Boniface VIII (r. ), ; Chinacontacts, ; Pius IV (r. ), population: Changan, ; Chinese in Thailand,

; Europe, , ; Fujian, ; IndianMuslims, ; Japan, ; Jingdezhen, ;Mongols, ; porcelain effect, ; Quanzhou,

; Samarqand, ; Song, , , ;Tang,

porcelain, , ; armorial, , , plates5-6 ; composition, ; connoisseurship,

, , , , , ,

, ; cowry replicas, ; creation of, , ; cross-cultural exchange, , , ; culture of, , , , , , , ;

currency, , ; European enthusiasm, , , , , , , , ,

, , ; Europeans seeking to dis-cover how to make Chinese porcelain, ,

, , , , , , ; flawed, ; gender stereotypes, , ;

global economy, ; idol, ; Imari,, , ; inkstones, ; Japan, , ,

, , , , , , , plates 1819; Jingdezhen center, , ,

, , , ; Kakiemon, ,, , , ; Korean, , ,

, plate 17 ; lacquerware imported with, ; modern uses, ; Mughal, , ; Netherlands, , , ;

origins, , , , ; Philip II and, ; porcelain disease, , , ;

Portugal, , , , , , ;pulverized fragments, ; qingbai,

, , , , plate 12; repair of, ; shell-work with, ; tableware, , , ,

, , ; Tang, , , , ;taxonomy, , , ; tea accompa-nied by, ; tea culture, ,

, ; term, ; Vietnamese, , , , plate 21; water transportation,

; in Western art, ; Western earliest,, ; white gold (weissener Gold), .

See also blue-and-white porcelain; Chineseporcelain; decorative motifs; porcelain trade

Porcelain Age, Philippines, porcelain formula, , , , , ,

, Porcelain Pagoda/Baoen Temple, Nanjing,

, , , , , porcelain production: celadon vs. blue-and-

white, , ; cobalt, , ; costs,, , ; dragon kilns (longyao), , , ; European attempts, , , , , , ; Five Great

Wares, ; furnace transformation, , , , ; Kashan tile-making, ,

, ; Korean centers, ; mass, , , , , ; and metallurgy, ;

procedures, , , , , , ; secret ornament, ; Tang, ;

Tang Yings knowledge, , . See also

Chinese porcelain; decorative motifs; Jing-dezhen; potters; pottery glazes; pottery production; porcelain formula

Porcelain Regiment, ,

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porcelain trade, , ; European imports, ,, , , , , , , ,

, , , , , , , , ; Grand Canal, ; India, , ;

Muslim, , , ; Silk Road, ,, , , ; Southeast Asia,

; Swahili coast, . See also Chinesetrade

Portland Vase, , , Portugal, ; Afonso VI (r. ), ; Asian

trade, , , , ; Catherine of Bra-ganza ( ), , ; Chinese courtclerics from, ; Cinco Chagas de Cristo/Five Wounds of the Crucifixion, ;Isabella ( ), ; John III (r.

), ; loua da India, , ; Macao, , ,, , ; Manuel I (r. ), ,, ; Maria ( ), ; maritime

trade, , , , , , , ; Melakaconquest, , , ; Miragaia manufac-tory, ; Pedro II ( ), ; Philipthe Good, Duke of Burgundy (r. ),

; Ferno Mendes Pinto (ca. ), ,, , ; porcelain, , , , ,, ; Sebastian I (r. ), ,

; shells, , , ; silk trade, , ; Spainuniting with, , , ; spice trade, ;Swahili coast, ; teapots, ; trade su-premacy, , ; trade-warfare link, ;VOC capture of ships, . See also da Gama,Vasco; Lisbon

Postelthwayt, Malachy (ca. ), , ;Universal Dictionary of Trade and Commerce( ), ,

potters, ; Christian, , , ; Ary deMilde (d. ), ; division of labor, ,

, , , , , ; Egyptian,; European, ; guilds, , ; Hinducaste, ; income, ; Japans Korean,

, , ; Jingdezhen, , , , , , , , ; kiln making, ;

in loess deposits, ; metalworking, , ;miracle-fanciers, ; Bernard Palissy (ca. ), ; rebellions, ; SafavidsChinese, ; secrecy, ; Talavera de Lareina,

; Tang Ying, , ; Thailands Chinese, ; Timurs, ; Wedgwood, .

See also porcelain productionpottery: bells, ; composition, ; connois-seurship, , , , ,

, , , ; cultural progress, ;

distinctive attributes, ; divinities, , , ; English, ; Etruria, , , ; Etruscan, , , , , , ; first,

, , ; India, ; loua da India,

, ; lusterware, , ; metallurgy and, , , , ; and religion,

; Southeast Asia, ; Southwest Asia,, , , , ; story-painted,; taxonomy, , , . See also

archaeology; earthenware; manufacturing;porcelain; potters; stoneware; terra-cotta

pottery glazes: Chinese porcelain, , , , , , , , ; crackling, ;

Khmer, ; lead, , ; luster-glazing, ; Southwest Asia, ; tin,

, , , , , , , , pottery production: Chinas superiority in, ;

firing range, , , ; iron in, ;kiln making, ; Korean governmentcontrol of, ; loess in, , , ;mass, , , , , ; petuntse, ;Song percentage, ; Southeast Asia,

; Southwest Asia, , ; technology, , , , , , . See also

European ceramic manufacturing; kaolin/china clay; porcelain production; pottery glazes

Pozzo, Andrea, Perspectiva Pictorum ( ),

prices. See costsprinting: press, ; Wedgwood transfer-

printing process, ; woodblock, production. See manufacturingPrussia: Frederick II (the Great, r. ),

, ; Frederick William I (r. ), ,, ; Louise Henriette ( ),

Pu family, , Qianlong emperor (r. ), ; celadon

dishes, plate 10; crackling glaze, ; jadeartworks, ; kiln owner labor relations,

; McCartney ambassadorial mission, ; Tang Ying work, , ; tea culture,

; treasure boxes (duobaoge), ;Western designs,

Qin dynasty ( . . .), Qin Shihuang(r. . . .), , ,

qingbai, , , , , plate 12. See alsoblue-and-white porcelainQing/Manchu dynasty ( ): aesthetic

forms interchanged, ; ancient tradition,

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, , ; armorial porcelain, plate 6 ;British military aggression, ; bronzeobjects, , ; ceramic connoisseurship,

; Confucians, , ; despised rulers,

; Guanyin figure, plate 3; Jingdezhen, ,, , , , , , , ;

kiln fillers, ; language of elite, ; porce-lain trade, ; porcelain vase decoration, ,

; Portland Vase, , ; Rebellion of Three Feudatories ( ), ; Thai trade,

; trade ban, , ; Yongzheng emperor(r. ), , , . See also Kangxiera/emperor; Manchus; Qianlong emperor

Quanzhou: maritime trade, , , , , ; Muslims, , , , ,

; rebellion vs. Yuan, Queen of Heaven (Tianhou), Qui Ying (ca. ): Ranking Ancient Works

in a Bamboo Court , ; Zhao Mengfu Writ-ing the Heart Sutra in Exchange for Tea,

Quran: divine potter, ; law based on, , ,; light verse, ; Paradise, ; vs.

silver and gold tableware, . See also Islam

Raleigh, Walter ( ), rebellions: An Lushan ( ), , ,

, ; pottery workers, ;Taiping Rebellion ( ), ; ThreeFeudatories ( ), ; vs. Yuan, ,

. See also revolutions; warred: Chinese porcelain, ; tea, religion, ; Archipelago peoples, , ;

Chinese, , , , , , , , ; idols, ; Mongol, ;

Mughal policy, ; pottery divinities,, , ; Rites Controversy, , ;

Southwest Asian salvation religions, ;Zoroastrians, , . See also Buddhism;Christians/Christianity; Confucianism;Daoism; Hinduism; Islam; rituals; Sufimysticism

Renaissance, Italy, , , , , , revolutions: French ( ), , , ;

Glorious Revolution ( ), ; industrial,, , , , ; Neolithic, ; Thailand

( ), . See also rebellionsRicci, Matteo ( ), ; ancient tradition,

, ; Chinese language, ; dinneretiquette, ; elegance of porcelain vessels, ; furniture, ; Goa, ; lacquertechnology, ; Leibniz echoing, ; literary

Chinese, ; monochromes of China, ;Mughals, ; porcelain term, ; religion,

, ; silk trade, ; superiority of China, , ; teas health benefits,

; trade-warfare link, ; transporta-tion and waterways, , , , , ;tribute system, , ,

rice: chief grain, ; currency, ; Grand Canaltrade,

Rites Controversy, , ritual objects: African pottery, , ; ancient

tradition, ; bronze, , , ,, ; Buddhist, , ; first ce-

ramics, ; gold, ; Hindu, , ; jade, ; porcelain, , ; silk, ;silver, . See also kendi

rituals: Christian, , ; Chinese kowtow, ;tea ceremony, , . See also ritualobjects

rivers: Chang River, ; Gan River, ;Yellow River/Huang He, , , . See alsoYangzi River area

Robinson Crusoe (Defoe, ), , ;The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe( ), , , ,

rococo, , , , , Rodrigues, Joo ( ): chopstick use,

; Japanese painting, , ; tea culture,, , , ,

Roe, Sir Thomas (ca. ), , , ,

Roman Empire: Augustus (r. . . . . .),; Diocletian (r. ), ; Julius

Caesar ( . . .), ; maritime trade,, ; Trajan (r. ), . See also

Holy Roman Empire

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques ( ), The NewHlose ( ), Russia: Catherine II (the Great, r. ),

, , ; Mongols, ; Peter(the Great, r. ), , ; Russo-Japanese war ( ),

Ryukyu, ,

Safavids ( ), , plate 22; dragonmotif, ; Shah Abbas, , , ;Shah Ismail (r. ), , ; Shah

Sulaiman ( ), ; Shah Tahmasp(r. ), ; Sheik Safi ( ),shrine,

Saint-Cloud pottery manufactory, ,

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Samarqand: caravan trade, , , , ;Ibn Battuta, ; Mongol sack of, , ;population, ; Timurid, , ,

Samarra: palace complex, ; Song porcelain,

Saxony: Count Jacob Heinrich von Flemming( ), ; Frederick II invasion, ;kaolin, ; Marie Amalia ( ), ;silver, . See also August II; Meissenceramic manufactory

Sayer, Robert, The Ladies Amusement ( ),,

Sayyid Abdalla bin Ali bin Nasir, The Souls Awakening /Al-Inkishafi (ca. ),

Scaliger, Justus Caesar ( ), , , Scarron, Paul ( ), scholar-officials: Confucian, , , ,

; Tang Ying, science, ; Anders Celsius ( ), ;

Aristotle ( . . .), ; Chineselearning, ; Chinese, ; Gabriel Fahrenheit( ), ; Christiaan Huygens (

), ; Jesuit education, ; CarolusLinnaeus ( ), , , , ;Ren-Antoine de Ferchault Raumur (

), , , ; Lazaro Spallanzani ( ), ; Nicolaus Steno ( ), ; X-ray

crystallography, , . See also geology;knowledge; technology

Sengoku/Warring States period, , ; bronze vessels, ; Chinese trade resurgence after,

; jade, ; tea culture, , , Sen no Rikyu ( ), , , , , Svres porcelain manufactory, , , ;

dinner services, , , ; income,; lacquerware, ; Mme de Pompadour,

; neoclassical wares, , Shakespeare, William ( ), Shang dynasty (ca. . . .): bronzes,

, , , , , ; cowry cur-rency, ; firing range, ; Fu Hao, , ;glazes, ; jade culture, , ; King WuDing (ca. . . .), ; political motifs,

; pottery, , ; ritual objects, ,, ; taotie monster-face motif, , ,; white vessels,

shells, , . See also cowries

ShiNaian (ca. ca. ),WaterMargin,shipwrecks, , , , , , Shonagon, Sei, Pillow Book (ca. ), Siam. See Thailand

silk, , ; Americas, , ; Chinese, , ,, ; in Christian rituals, ; currency, ,

; India, , ; London, ; trade in, ,, , , ,

Silk Road, , ;

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