4096-OFDM Implementation on the HFC plant with Fiber Deep and Distributed Access Architecture

Maxwell Huang

Study on 4096-OFDM Implementation on R-PHY + FD Architecture

Remote PHY + Fiber Deep Architecture

4096-OFDM implementation over entire HFC plant becomes feasible because • CNR is improved significantly by R-PHY. • Distortion and noise are significantly

improved by FD. • MER distribution becomes consistent

over the entire plant by R-PHY+FD.

EOL MER Estimate

Device MER (dB)

Room Temp. Over Temp. R-PHY 47 46

Power Amplifier 41.5 39.5 CPE 41.5 40.5

EOL MER 37.9 36.5

4096-QAM =12 bit / symbol =58.4Mbps / 6MHz 42dB MER required Lower to 36dB by

OFDM w/ LDPC

Study on PAPR Increase

PAPR and Compression

OFDM suffers the more degradation in MER than QAM when power amplifier operates close to its maximum output power.

EOL MER Estimate

Device MER (dB)

Room Temp. Over Temp. R-PHY 47 46

Power Amplifier @ Compression 39.5 37.5

CPE 41.5 40.5 EOL MER (dB) 36.9 35.3

Assume 2dB degradation in the MER caused by compression due to PAPR

May not support 4096-OFDM

CCDF Comparison Probability All SC- QAM 6*4096-OFDM

10% 3.58 3.65 1.00% 6.29 6.71 0.10% 7.78 8.3 0.01% 8.79 9.55

0.001% 9.52 10.5 0.0001% 10.17 10.59

Peak 10.7 10.62

Partial Band CFR _ A Solution Under Investigation

Apply the Adaptive Baseband on OFDM channel A

Proposed solution to PAPR reduction: • Applying the Crest Factor Reduction (CFR)

technique such as Adaptive Baseband on the partial band. e.g. ONLY for highest OFDM (channel A).

Reasoning: • Partial band CFR still effectively reduces PAPR

but mitigating the trade-offs in performance and computational complexity.

Adaptive Baseband

Study on Power Increase R-PHY + FD architecture could bring an unprecedented thermal challenges for the node because • Roughly 25 watt of DC power increase results from enabling the super high output

capability needed for fiber deep deployment. • Roughly 20Watt DC power increase results from introducing R-PHY module in the

node.

A proposed power saving solution

Power saving associated with cable loss distribution

Power saving associated with Spectrum Loading

The Dynamic Power Saving feature makes the bias current adjustable in field, so that

node can smartly set the bias current according to the actual cable losses and the change

in spectrum loading. APSIS Compliant

Thank You!

The  Capacity  of  Analog  Op3cs  in  DOCSIS  3.1  HFC  Networks  Michael  He  John  Skrobko,  Wen  Zhang,  Qi  Zhang  

Calculated  DS  CNR  vs.  EIN  as  a  Func3on  of  OIP  

4dB  

Constella3on  (QAM)  

DS  OFDM  Marginal  CNR  (dB)  

DS  Min  OIP  (dBm)  

4096   44.5    -­‐2  2048   40.5   -­‐8  1024   37   -­‐11  512   33.5  

<  -­‐12  256   30  

Note:    1.  OMI  (2.1%/6MHz)  for  this  example  is  chosen  for  105-­‐1218  MHz  OFDM  signal  loading.  2.  The  Marginal  CNR  targets  for  DS  OFDM  signals  are  3  dB  above  required  values.  3.  The  Min  OIP  (Op[cal  Input  Power)  is  for  the  DS  Rx  with  EIN  (equivalent  input  noise)  =  3.5  pA/√Hz.    

1K-­‐qam  

2K-­‐qam  

4K-­‐qam  

CNR =

m2I pd

!

"#

$

%&2

2 ⋅e ⋅ I pd + RIN ⋅ I pd2 +EINtotal

2( ) ⋅B

Measured  Upstream  NPR  for  Mul3ple  Loads    

Note:    1.  The  US  Rx  op[cal  input  power  is  -­‐13  dBm.  The  EIN  of  US  analog  Rx  is  1.3pA/√Hz.  2.  Typically  the  US  op[cal  link  required  min.  NPR  dynamic  range  (DR)  is  12  dB.  

24  dB  DR  12  dB  DR  

12  dB  DR  

Thermal  Noise  Contributes  more  to  CNR  at  Low  OIP  

9.5dB  

Constella3on  (QAM)  

US  OFDMA  

Required  CNR  (dB)  

US  Min  OIP  (dBm)  

5-­‐85  MHz     5-­‐204  MHz    

1024   35.5   -­‐17   -­‐13  (measured)  

512   32.5   -­‐20   -­‐16  

256   29   -­‐22.5   -­‐19  

Note:    1.  OMI  (5%/6.4MHz)  for  this  example  is  chosen  

for  5-­‐204  MHz  loading.  The  EIN  is  1.3pA/√Hz.  2.  The  US  Min  OIP  results  (in  table)  are  in  

mee[ng  the  Required  CNR  with  12  dB  of  dynamic  range,  and  are  extrapolated  base  on  the  measured  NPR  DR  at  -­‐13  dBm  

-­‐22.5  dBm  

Link  Budget  vs.  Fiber  Deep  Requirements  

WDM

 Mux   W

DM  Dem

ux  

Rx  n  

Rx  1  

Rx  2  

Fiber  link  (40km)  

Tx  n  

Tx  1  

Tx  2  

Loss  (dB)   3   9   3   Total:  15  

0  

5  

10  

15  

20  

25  

Downstream    (up  to  1218  MHz)  

Upstream    (5-­‐204  MHz)  

Link

 bud

get  (dB

)  

Analog  (moderate  order)   Analog  (high  order)  10G  Digital  

4K-­‐qam  

1K-­‐qam  2K-­‐qam   512-­‐qam  

Probable  Fiber  Deep  Op3cal  Link  R-­‐phy   R-­‐phy/EDR  

Note:    1.  Assuming  output  power  of  analog  Tx  DS(US)  is  10  dBm  (3  dBm)  for  link  budget  calcula[on.  2.  Assuming  10GE  op[cal  transmission  link  budgets  is  with  the  EML  Tx  minimum  output  of  0  

dBm,  and  APD  Rx  receiving  sensi[vity  of  -­‐21  dBm  (w/  2dB  fiber  dispersion  penalty).    

Summary  q  CNR  of  analog  op[cal  links  is  dominated  by  EIN  of  the  op[cal  Rx  at  

low  op[cal  input  power.  

q  Analog  op[cal  link  is  s[ll  workable  for  4K-­‐qam  OFDM  DS  (up  to  1218  MHz)  at  -­‐2dBm  OIP,  while  for  1K-­‐qam  OFDMA  US  (5-­‐204MHz)  at  -­‐13dBm  OIP.  

q  Digital  op[cs  can  support  4K/1K  OFDM/OFDMA  with  9  dB  and  5  dB  more  link  power  budget  than  DS/US  analog  op[cs,  respec[vely.  

Thank  You  

Michael  He  Cisco  Systems  

michahe@cisco.com  

DOCSIS 3.1 Profile Management Application and Algorithms Greg White, Karthik Sundaresan

(CableLabs)

D3.1 Profiles & Creation Problem N-Dimensional Vectors •Modulation Profile: Vector of modulation orders •CM MER: Vector of reported signal quality

How to choose best profiles? •CMTS supports up to 16 profiles per channel •“Profile A” : lowest common denominator

Dimensionality Problem •N = 3800 or 7600 subcarriers •73800 possible profiles (8 bit - 14 bit Modulations) •73800-choose-15 = ~1048000 possible 16-profile sets •Simplifying assumptions don’t help

D3.1 Profiles : Objective Function • What function are we trying to maximize?

• 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐽𝐽 = channel capacity using set of profiles Pchannel capacity using only profile A

• 𝐽𝐽𝑃𝑃,𝐴𝐴 = 1

𝐾𝐾𝐴𝐴∙∑Φ𝑥𝑥𝐾𝐾𝑥𝑥∀𝑥𝑥∈𝑃𝑃

– Φx = Nx/N (fraction of users assigned to profile x) – Kx = sum of bit-loading values (all subcarriers) for profile X

Optimization Methods (1): PCA • Profile Coalescation Algorithm

Optimization Methods (2): K-Means

• Clustering using K-Means

Optimization Methods (3): KCA

K-Means PCA KCA

Start with K-Means to quickly get initial clusters

Use PCA to reduce to optimal set of profiles

Algorithm Comparison • KCA : best choice for fast runtime

21 profiles using K-Means

Use PCA to reduce to 16

DOCSIS 3.1 Multicast Profile Management Mechanism

Evan Sun Ph.D. Standard Engineer

Multicast Profile Management • Multicast Profile (MP) Optimization Prerequisite

– CM joins or Leaves multicast group

• Internal Profile Management – CM joins or leaves procedures

• External Profile Application – Interfaces between the PMA and CMTS

MP Optimization Trigger Conditions

• CM is working on DOCSIS 3.1 mode with OFDM downstream channel; • First Client connected with CM wants to join the multicast group; • Last Client connected with CM leaves the multicast group.

CM A

Multicast Group One

CMTS

Multicast Group Two

CM B

CM C

CM D Client 2

Client 1

Internal Profile Management CM Joins Multicast Group

CM supports the multicast profile

Choose a lower common profile, and then test it using the OPT messages

All CMs support the new profile

Force to replicate the multicast on multiple profiles

End

End

PM Module

CM Leaves Multicast Group

Find a higher profile for the remaining group members can support

All CMs support the new profile

Using the new profile

PM Module

Using the current profile

Yes

Yes Yes

External Profile Management Interfaces between CMTS and PMA 1. CM Joins/Leaves Descriptor 2. OFDM DS Multicast Profile Test

Request Message 3. OFDM DS Multicast Profile Test

Response Message 4. Multicast Group Information

Request Message 5. Multicast Group Information

Descriptor

Multicast Profile Optimization Trigger Message

Profile Optimization

Multicast Profile Test REQ

OFDM DS Profile Test RSP (CM1)

OFDM DS Profile Test RSP (CM2)

Testing Completed

Multicast Profile Switchover Message

OPT-REQ

OPT-REQ

OPT-RSP

OPT-RSP

OPT-ACK

OPT-ACK

DBC-REQ

DBC-REQ

DBC-RSP

DBC-RSP DBC-ACK

DBC-ACK

PMA CMTS CM 1 CM 2

HUAWEI To enrich life through communication

The World Is Flat Capacity Optimization in a Coaxial

Network, Constrained by Total RF Power

Karl Moerder PhD, Futurewei Technologies Inc. Fred Harris PhD, San Diego State University

The world is flat • Capacity Optimization

• What do we think? • What do we know? • What can we prove? • What does it mean?

What do we think? 256 QAM256 QAM 256 QAM 256 QAM 256 QAM

Inpu

t P

SDO

utpu

t P

SD

Frequenc y

Frequenc y

200

200

400

400

600

600

800

800

1000

1000

1200

1200

MHz

MHz

f

f

6dB 12dB 18dB 24dB 30dB

Modulation Constellation Density

What do we know? 1024 QAM16384 QAM 4096 QAM 256 QAM 64 QAM

Inpu

t P

SDO

utpu

t P

SD

Modulation Constellation Density

Frequenc y

Frequenc y

200

200

400

400

600

600

800

800

1000

1000

1200

1200

MHz

MHz

f

f

6dB

6dB

What can we prove?

0 200 400 600 800 1000 12000

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000Power vs Frequency

Frequency (MHz)

Pow

er (A

rbitr

ary

Sca

le)

64-QAM 16-QAM

4-QAM

What does it mean? • It means the closer we come to a flat power spectral density out of the amplifier and into the coax, the more efficiently we use our limited RF power. • For the same total RF power, a nearly flat spectrum at the amplifier output significantly reduces the distortion from the amplifier. • The above points become increasingly important as the total bandwidth gets wider. • Pre-emphasis can be approximated with smaller constellations at higher frequency and boosting the gain for the smaller constellations.

Thank You

Karl Moerder, karl.moerder@huawei.com Fred Harris, fred.harris@sdsu.edu

Hi Ho, Hi Ho to a Gigabit We Go Positioning the HFC Network for the New Gigabit Era

Phil Miguelez Comcast

Source – www.gig-u.org

What’s driving the need for a new network architecture? • Competition • HSD growth • D3.1 / R-Phy • Future FDX

Architecture Migration Goals • Continue to extend the life of the HFC network • Provide expanded capacity needed to meet subscriber usage

demands and fend off competitive challenges with D3.1 – Reduce node serving area size to increase data capacity per HHP

• Improve OpEx and network reliability by eliminating RF actives – Enable a passive coax access link to the home

• Provide a future migration path to an all IP / all fiber network – Fiber Deep Distributed Access Architecture FTTH

Network Migration Options Drop-In BW Expansion Fiber Deep FTTH

Description / Benefits

− Maintain existing station locations and HHP

− Upgrade Amps and Node electronics to 85/1GHz or 1.2 GHz

− Enables 1 Gb DS / 100 - 200 Mb US peak rates. Lower avg rates

− High HP per node limits HSD tier rate penetration

− Eliminate all RF Amps and reduce serving area size to 128 HP per node max

− Upgrade Node to 85/1218 MHz − Enables true 1 Gb DS / 200 Mb US

delivered data rates − Lower HP per node permits

increased HSD tier rate penetration

− Replace HFC network with RFoG / PON overlay

− Enables 1 Gb DS and US symmetric data rates

Cost − Lower, $XX/HHP for avg system − Large cost variations due to

density and plant condition

− Modest, $XXX/HHP based on assumed 60/40 aerial / UG split

− High, $XXXX/HHP − Incremental $XXX to

connect each subscriber

Pros − Rapid scalability − Operationally familiar

− Modular transition to R-PHY − Migration path to FTTH

− Low OpEx cost − Allows 2Gb to 10Gb HSD

Cons − No long term network benefit − Requires continued node splits − Higher cost solution over time

− Workforce training and scale − Slower to ramp

− Cost prohibitive − Slowest to scale − Requires all new CPE

Fiber Deep N+0 Architecture Concept

Fiber Deep N+0 Design Challenges • High output node level and tilt to allow maximum HP reach

– 64 dBmV analog ref output, Linear tilt extension from 1 GHz to 1.2 GHz – N+0 node expansion ratio is typically 12:1 (Average: 70 HP, Max: 128 HP) – Express cable used to reach additional taps

• 85 MHz Mid Split migration – Legacy STB OOB agility issues means changing out older STB’s

• Maintain existing plant power design – Node power consumption design closely watched – PS location and size remain unchanged to avoid permit issues – Added coax power lines, Access Cable bridging

• Network design training, Construction training

Conclusions / Lessons Learned • Gigabit over builders are an expanding threat to every MSO • D3.1 plus Fiber Deep N+0 provides the data capacity to meet

competitive challenges and deliver Gb per subscriber rates • US BW change creates the largest challenge due to the wide

array of deployed legacy STB’s and requires the most planning • Commercial customers determine the node cut in schedule • Continual communication with the municipality and customer

is key to a successful, pain free network migration plan