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4.4.11
CHAPTER 4. COMPUTERS CHAPTER 4. COMPUTERS & INFORMATION & INFORMATION
PROCESSINGPROCESSING
4.4.22
LEARNING OBJECTIVESLEARNING OBJECTIVES
• IDENTIFY HARDWARE COMPONENTSIDENTIFY HARDWARE COMPONENTS
• DESCRIBE HOW DATA IS DESCRIBE HOW DATA IS REPRESENTEDREPRESENTED
• DESCRIBE STORAGE MEDIADESCRIBE STORAGE MEDIA
• DESCRIBE INPUT, OUTPUT, DESCRIBE INPUT, OUTPUT, PROCESSING, PROCESSING, MULTIMEDIAMULTIMEDIA
**
4.4.33
LEARNING OBJECTIVESLEARNING OBJECTIVES• CONTRAST MAINFRAME, MIDRANGE, CONTRAST MAINFRAME, MIDRANGE,
PERSONAL COMPUTERS, SUPER PERSONAL COMPUTERS, SUPER COMPUTERSCOMPUTERS
• COMPARE ARRANGEMENTS OF COMPARE ARRANGEMENTS OF COMPUTER PROCESSING: COMPUTER PROCESSING: CLIENT/SERVER, NETWORKCLIENT/SERVER, NETWORK
• COMPARE INPUT/OUTPUT COMPARE INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICESDEVICES
• ANALYZE TRENDSANALYZE TRENDS
**
4.4.44
MANAGEMENT CHALLENGESMANAGEMENT CHALLENGES
• WHAT IS A COMPUTER SYSTEM?: WHAT IS A COMPUTER SYSTEM?: CPU AND PRIMARY STORAGECPU AND PRIMARY STORAGE
• SECONDARY STORAGESECONDARY STORAGE
• INPUT & OUTPUT DEVICESINPUT & OUTPUT DEVICES
• TECHNOLOGY TRENDSTECHNOLOGY TRENDS
**
4.4.55
INPUTDEVICES
SECONDARY STORAGE
PRIMARY STORAGE
COMPUTER COMPONENTSCOMPUTER COMPONENTSCPU
OUTPUT DEVICES
COMMUNICATIONS DEVICES
BUSES
4.4.66
• BIT:BIT: Binary Digit. On/Off, 0/1, Magnetic/NotBinary Digit. On/Off, 0/1, Magnetic/Not• BYTE:BYTE: Group of bits for one characterGroup of bits for one character
– EBCDIC- Extended Binary Coded Decimal EBCDIC- Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (8 bits per byte)Interchange Code (8 bits per byte)
– ASCII- American Standard Code for ASCII- American Standard Code for Information Exchange (7 or 8 bits per byte)Information Exchange (7 or 8 bits per byte)
• PARITY BIT:PARITY BIT: extra bit added to each byte to extra bit added to each byte to help detect errorshelp detect errors
**
HOW CHARACTERS ARE STOREDHOW CHARACTERS ARE STORED
4.4.77
EXAMPLES OF BYTESEXAMPLES OF BYTES
C:C: 1100 0011 0 1100 0011 0 100 0011 1100 0011 1
A:A: 1100 0001 1 1100 0001 1 100 0001 0100 0001 0
T:T: 1110 0011 1 1110 0011 1 101 0100 1 101 0100 1
Note how sum for each byte is an Note how sum for each byte is an EVENEVEN number number
**
EBCDICEBCDIC ASCII ASCII (assume even-parity system)(assume even-parity system)
4.4.88
CPU & PRIMARY STORAGECPU & PRIMARY STORAGE
CPUCPUPRIMARYPRIMARY
STORAGESTORAGE
DATA BUSDATA BUS
ADDRESS BUSADDRESS BUS
CONTROL BUSCONTROL BUS
INPUT
DEVICES
OUTPUT
DEVICES
SECONDARY
STORAGE
4.4.99
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)(CPU)
RAMRAM
PRIMARY (MAIN) MEMORYPRIMARY (MAIN) MEMORY
CONTROL UNITCONTROL UNITARITHMETIC/LOGICARITHMETIC/LOGIC
UNITUNIT
ROMROMCLOCKCLOCK
4.4.1010
ALU & CONTROL UNITALU & CONTROL UNIT
• ARITHMETIC- LOGIC UNIT:ARITHMETIC- LOGIC UNIT: CPU CPU component performs logic and component performs logic and arithmetic operationsarithmetic operations
• CONTROL UNIT:CONTROL UNIT: CPU component CPU component controls, coordinates other parts of controls, coordinates other parts of computer systemcomputer system
**
4.4.1111
I-CYCLE:I-CYCLE:
1. FETCH1. FETCH
2. DECODE2. DECODE
3. PLACE IN INSTRUCTION REGISTER3. PLACE IN INSTRUCTION REGISTER
4. PLACE INTO ADDRESS REGISTER4. PLACE INTO ADDRESS REGISTER
**
INSTRUCTION & EXECUTION CYCLEINSTRUCTION & EXECUTION CYCLE
4.4.1212
E-CYCLE:E-CYCLE:
5. SEND DATA FROM MAIN MEMORY 5. SEND DATA FROM MAIN MEMORY TO STORAGE REGISTERTO STORAGE REGISTER
6. COMMAND ALU6. COMMAND ALU
7. ALU PERFORMS OPERATION7. ALU PERFORMS OPERATION
8. SEND RESULT TO ACCUMULATOR8. SEND RESULT TO ACCUMULATOR
**
INSTRUCTION & EXECUTION CYCLEINSTRUCTION & EXECUTION CYCLE
4.4.1313
COMPUTER TIMECOMPUTER TIME
MillisecondMillisecond .001 second thousand.001 second thousand 15min 40 sec15min 40 sec
MicrosecondMicrosecond .001 millisecond million 11.6 days .001 millisecond million 11.6 days
Nanosecond Nanosecond .001microsecond billion .001microsecond billion 31.7 years31.7 years
PicosecondPicosecond .001 nanosecond trillion.001 nanosecond trillion 31,700 years31,700 years
**
NAME LENGTH SECOND TO 1 SECONDNAME LENGTH SECOND TO 1 SECOND
# PER COMPARED# PER COMPARED
4.4.1414
TYPES OF MEMORYTYPES OF MEMORY
• RAM:RAM: Random Access MemoryRandom Access Memory
– Dynamic: Dynamic: Changes thru processingChanges thru processing
– Static: Static: Remains constant (power on)Remains constant (power on)
• ROM:ROM: Read Only Memory (preprogrammed)Read Only Memory (preprogrammed)
– PROM: PROM: Program can be changed onceProgram can be changed once
– EPROM: EPROM: Erasable thru ultraviolet lightErasable thru ultraviolet light
– EEPROM: EEPROM: Electrically erasableElectrically erasable
**
4.4.1515
ADDRESSES IN MEMORYADDRESSES IN MEMORY
101101 102102 103103
201201
301301
202202 203203
302302 303303
Each location can hold one BYTEEach location can hold one BYTE
Each location has an ADDRESSEach location has an ADDRESS
4.4.1616
MEMORY SIZEMEMORY SIZE• KILOBYTE (KT): 2KILOBYTE (KT): 21010 bytes... 1024 bytes bytes... 1024 bytes• MEGABYTE (MB): 2MEGABYTE (MB): 21010 KB... “million” bytes KB... “million” bytes• GIGABYTE (GB): 2GIGABYTE (GB): 21010 MB... “billion” bytes MB... “billion” bytes• TERABYTE (TB): 2TERABYTE (TB): 21010 GB... “trillion” bytes GB... “trillion” bytes
**
4.4.1717
VLSI CIRCUIT WITH CPUVLSI CIRCUIT WITH CPU• WORD LENGTH:WORD LENGTH: bits processed at one timebits processed at one time• MEGAHERTZ:MEGAHERTZ: one million cycles per secondone million cycles per second• DATA BUS WIDTH:DATA BUS WIDTH: bits moved between CPU & other bits moved between CPU & other
devicesdevices• REDUCED INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTING (RISC):REDUCED INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTING (RISC):
embeds most used instructions on chip to enhance embeds most used instructions on chip to enhance speedspeed
• MultiMedia eXtension (MMX):MultiMedia eXtension (MMX): enhanced Intel chip enhanced Intel chip improves multimedia applicationsimproves multimedia applications
**
MICROPROCESSORMICROPROCESSOR
4.4.1818
NAME MICROPROCESSOR WORD DATA BUS CLOCK SPEEDMANUFACTURER LENGTH WIDTH (MHz)
PENTIUM INTEL 32 64 75 - 200 PENTIUM (MMX) INTEL 32 64 166 - 233 PENTIUM II INTEL 32 64 233 - 450 PENTIUM III INTEL 64 64 500+ PowerPC MOTOROLA, IBM, APPLE 32 64 100 - 400 ALPHA DEC 64 64 1000+
EXAMPLES OF EXAMPLES OF MICROPROCESSORSMICROPROCESSORS
4.4.1919
PENTIUM PCs
PENTIUM (MMX) MULTIMEDIAPENTIUM II HIGH-END PCs, WORKSTATIONS
PowerPC HIGH-END PCs, WORKSTATIONSALPHA COMPAC & DEC WORKSTATIONS
PENTIUM III MULTIMEDIA
NAME USE
USES OF USES OF MICROPROCESSORSMICROPROCESSORS
4.4.2020
SEQUENTIAL & PARALLEL PROCESSINGSEQUENTIAL & PARALLEL PROCESSING
SEQUENTIAL PARALLELSEQUENTIAL PARALLEL
TASK 1
RESULT
TASK 2
RESULT
ProgramProgram
CPUCPU
ProgramProgram
CPUCPU
ProgramProgram
CPUCPUTASK 2TASK 2
CPUCPUTASK 3TASK 3
CPUCPUTASK 1TASK 1
RESULTRESULT
4.4.2121
•DISKDISK
•TAPETAPE
•OPTICAL STORAGEOPTICAL STORAGE
**
SECONDARY STORAGESECONDARY STORAGE
4.4.2222
DIRECT ACCESS STORAGE DEVICEDIRECT ACCESS STORAGE DEVICE
• HARD DISK:HARD DISK: Steel platter array for Steel platter array for large computer systemslarge computer systems
• RAID:RAID: Redundant array of Redundant array of Inexpensive DisksInexpensive Disks
• FLOPPY DISK:FLOPPY DISK: Removable disk for Removable disk for PCPC
**
4.4.2323
DISK PACK DISK PACK STORAGESTORAGE• LARGE SYSTEMSLARGE SYSTEMS
• RELIABLE STORAGERELIABLE STORAGE
• LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATALARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA
• QUICK ACCESS & RETRIEVABLEQUICK ACCESS & RETRIEVABLE
• TYPICAL: 11 2-sided disksTYPICAL: 11 2-sided disks
• CYLINDER:CYLINDER: Same track all surfaces Same track all surfaces
**
CYLINDER 10: TRACK 10 (TOP AND BOTTOM OF EACH DISK)CYLINDER 10: TRACK 10 (TOP AND BOTTOM OF EACH DISK)
DISK 1DISK 1DISK 2DISK 2DISK 3DISK 3DISK 4DISK 4DISK 5DISK 5
READ/WRITEREAD/WRITEHEADSHEADS
4.4.2424
TRACKS AND SECTORSTRACKS AND SECTORS
EACH TRACK HOLDSEACH TRACK HOLDSSAME AMOUNT OF DATASAME AMOUNT OF DATA
SECTORSECTOR
TRACKSTRACKS
DIRECTORY ON TRACK 0DIRECTORY ON TRACK 0
STARTSTARTOFOFTRACKSTRACKS
4.4.2525
• CD-ROM:CD-ROM: 500-660 MEGABYTES500-660 MEGABYTES
–LAND: LAND: flat parts of disk surfacflat parts of disk surface reflects e reflects lightlight
–PITS: PITS: small scratch on surface scatsmall scratch on surface scatters ters lightlight
• WRITE ONCE / READ MANY (WORM):WRITE ONCE / READ MANY (WORM):–CD-R: CD-R: Compact Disk - RecordableCompact Disk - Recordable–CD-RW: CD-RW: CD - RewritableCD - Rewritable
• DIGITAL VIDEO DISK (DVD):DIGITAL VIDEO DISK (DVD): CD size, up to 10 CD size, up to 10 gigabytes of datagigabytes of data
**
OPTICAL STORAGEOPTICAL STORAGE
4.4.2626
• STANDARD FOR STANDARD FOR SEQUENTIAL FILESSEQUENTIAL FILES• SPOOL OF PLASTIC TAPE COVERED WITH SPOOL OF PLASTIC TAPE COVERED WITH
FERROUS OXIDE (2400 feet per spool)FERROUS OXIDE (2400 feet per spool)
• RECORD GROUPS:RECORD GROUPS: BLOCKING FACTOR BLOCKING FACTOR (e.g., (e.g., 10 records per block)10 records per block)
• GROUPS SEPARATED BY GROUPS SEPARATED BY INTER-BLOCK GAPINTER-BLOCK GAP• RECORDS READ BLOCK AT A TIMERECORDS READ BLOCK AT A TIME
**
HEADER IBG BLOCK 1 BLOCK 2 BLOCK 3
MAGNETIC TAPEMAGNETIC TAPE
4.4.2727
• ENCLOSED FERROUS OXIDE TAPEENCLOSED FERROUS OXIDE TAPE
• USED PERIODICALLY TO BACK UP USED PERIODICALLY TO BACK UP RECORDSRECORDS
• INEXPENSIVEINEXPENSIVE
• STORED IN SAFE LOCATIONSTORED IN SAFE LOCATION
• CAN BE REUSEDCAN BE REUSED
**
MAGNETIC CARTRIDGEMAGNETIC CARTRIDGE
4.4.2828
STORAGE AREA NETWORK (SAN)STORAGE AREA NETWORK (SAN)
• HIGH-SPEED NETWORKHIGH-SPEED NETWORK
• CONNECTS VARIOUS STORAGE CONNECTS VARIOUS STORAGE DEVICESDEVICES
– TAPE LIBRARIESTAPE LIBRARIES
– DISK ARRAYSDISK ARRAYS
**
4.4.2929
INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICESINPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES
• POINTING DEVICESPOINTING DEVICES
• SOURCE DATA AUTOMATIONSOURCE DATA AUTOMATION
• OUTPUT DEVICESOUTPUT DEVICES
**
4.4.3030
POINTING DEVICESPOINTING DEVICES
• KEYBOARDKEYBOARD• MOUSEMOUSE
– WIREDWIRED– INFRA-REDINFRA-RED– TRACKBALLTRACKBALL– TOUCH PADTOUCH PAD
• JOYSTICKJOYSTICK• TOUCH SCREENTOUCH SCREEN
**
4.4.3131
SOURCE DATA AUTOMATIONSOURCE DATA AUTOMATION
CAPTURES DATA IN COMPUTER FORM AT TIME CAPTURES DATA IN COMPUTER FORM AT TIME & PLACE OF TRANSACTION& PLACE OF TRANSACTION
• OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION (OCR):OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION (OCR): saves characters, formatsaves characters, format
• BAR CODE:BAR CODE: identifies products in stores, identifies products in stores, warehouses, shipmentswarehouses, shipments
• MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER RECOGNITION MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER RECOGNITION (MICR):(MICR): special ink identifies bank, account, special ink identifies bank, account, amountamount
**
4.4.3232
SOURCE DATA AUTOMATIONSOURCE DATA AUTOMATION
• PEN-BASED INPUT:PEN-BASED INPUT: Digitizes signatureDigitizes signature• DIGITAL SCANNER:DIGITAL SCANNER: Translates images & Translates images &
characters into digital formcharacters into digital form• VOICE INPUT DEVICES:VOICE INPUT DEVICES: Converts spoken Converts spoken
word into digital formword into digital form• SENSORS:SENSORS: Devices that collect Devices that collect data data
from from environment for computer environment for computer input input (e.g., thermometers, pressure gauges)(e.g., thermometers, pressure gauges)
**
4.4.3333
OUTPUT DEVICESOUTPUT DEVICES
• CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT)CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT)
• PRINTERPRINTER
• PLOTTERPLOTTER
• VOICE OUTPUT DEVICEVOICE OUTPUT DEVICE
• MULTIMEDIAMULTIMEDIA
**
4.4.3434
DATA PROCESSINGDATA PROCESSING
• BATCH PROCESSING:BATCH PROCESSING: Transaction data Transaction data stored until convenient to process as a stored until convenient to process as a group. Useful for less time-sensitive group. Useful for less time-sensitive actions. actions.
• ON-LINE PROCESSING:ON-LINE PROCESSING: Transaction data Transaction data entered directly into system, constantly entered directly into system, constantly updating files. Requires direct-access updating files. Requires direct-access devices.devices.
**
4.4.3535
KEYBOARD INPUTBATCH OF TRANSACTIONS
SORTED TRANSACTION FILE
OLD MASTER FILE
NEW MASTER FILE
VALIDATE AND UPDATE
ERROR REPORTS
REPORTS
BATCH PROCESSINGBATCH PROCESSING
4.4.3636
ON-LINE PROCESSINGON-LINE PROCESSING
TRANSACTIONS
KEYBOARD
PROCESS / UPDATE
MASTER FILE
MASTER FILE
IMMEDIATE INPUT
IMMEDIATE PROCESSING
IMMEDIATE FILE UPDATE
4.4.3737
INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIAINTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA
• INTEGRATES TWO OR MORE MEDIAINTEGRATES TWO OR MORE MEDIA
• TEXT, GRAPHICS, SOUND, VOICE, TEXT, GRAPHICS, SOUND, VOICE, VIDEO, ANIMATIONVIDEO, ANIMATION
• STREAMING TECHNOLOGYSTREAMING TECHNOLOGY
• MP3: Audio compression standardMP3: Audio compression standard
**
4.4.3838
CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERSCATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS
• MAINFRAMEMAINFRAME
• MIDRANGE & MINICOMPUTERMIDRANGE & MINICOMPUTER
• SERVERSERVER
• PERSONAL COMPUTER (PC)PERSONAL COMPUTER (PC)
• WORKSTATIONWORKSTATION
• SUPERCOMPUTERSUPERCOMPUTER
**
4.4.3939
MAINFRAMEMAINFRAME
• LARGEST ENTERPRISE COMPUTERLARGEST ENTERPRISE COMPUTER
• 5O MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE 5O MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE GIGABYTE RAMGIGABYTE RAM
• COMMERCIAL, SCIENTIFIC, MILITARY COMMERCIAL, SCIENTIFIC, MILITARY APPLICATIONSAPPLICATIONS
• MASSIVE DATAMASSIVE DATA
• COMPLICATED COMPUTATIONSCOMPLICATED COMPUTATIONS
**
MIPS: Millions of Instructions per secondMIPS: Millions of Instructions per second
4.4.4040
MIDRANGE/MINICOMPUTERMIDRANGE/MINICOMPUTER
• MIDDLE-RANGEMIDDLE-RANGE• 10 MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE 10 MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE
GIGABYTE RAMGIGABYTE RAM• UNIVERSITIES, FACTORIES, LABSUNIVERSITIES, FACTORIES, LABS• USED AS FRONT-END PROCESSOR USED AS FRONT-END PROCESSOR
FOR MAINFRAMEFOR MAINFRAME
**
4.4.4141
• DESKTOP OR PORTABLEDESKTOP OR PORTABLE• 64 KILOBYTES TO OVER 128 64 KILOBYTES TO OVER 128
MEGABYTES RAMMEGABYTES RAM• PERSONAL OR BUSINESS COMPUTERSPERSONAL OR BUSINESS COMPUTERS• AFFORDABLEAFFORDABLE• MANY AVAILABLE COMPONENTSMANY AVAILABLE COMPONENTS• CAN BE NETWORKEDCAN BE NETWORKED
**
MICROCOMPUTERMICROCOMPUTER
4.4.4242
• NETWORKED COMPUTERSNETWORKED COMPUTERS• CLIENT:CLIENT: user (PC, workstation, user (PC, workstation,
laptop) requires data, application, laptop) requires data, application, communications it does not havecommunications it does not have
• SERVER:SERVER: component (computer) component (computer) having desired data, application, having desired data, application, communicationscommunications
**
CLIENT / SERVERCLIENT / SERVER
4.4.4343
CLIENT SERVERREQUESTS
DATA, SERVICE
USER INTERFACEUSER INTERFACE
APPLICATION APPLICATION
FUNCTIONFUNCTION
DATADATA
APPLICATION FUNCTIONAPPLICATION FUNCTION
NETWORK RESOURCESNETWORK RESOURCES
CLIENT / SERVERCLIENT / SERVER
4.4.4444
WORKSTATIONWORKSTATION
• DESKTOP COMPUTERDESKTOP COMPUTER
• POWERFUL GRAPHICSPOWERFUL GRAPHICS
• EXTENSIVE MATH CAPABILITIESEXTENSIVE MATH CAPABILITIES
• MULTI-TASKINGMULTI-TASKING
• USUALLY CONFIGURED TO SPECIAL USUALLY CONFIGURED TO SPECIAL FUNCTION (e.g.; CAD, ENGINEERING, FUNCTION (e.g.; CAD, ENGINEERING, GRAPHICS)GRAPHICS)
**
4.4.4545
SUPERCOMPUTERSUPERCOMPUTERTERAFLOP:TERAFLOP: TRILLION TRILLION
CALCULATIONS/SECONDCALCULATIONS/SECOND
• HIGHLY SOPHISTICATEDHIGHLY SOPHISTICATED
• COMPLEX COMPUTATIONSCOMPLEX COMPUTATIONS
• FASTEST CPUsFASTEST CPUs
• LARGE SIMULATIONSLARGE SIMULATIONS
• STATE-OF-THE-ARTSTATE-OF-THE-ART COMPONENTS COMPONENTS
• EXPENSIVEEXPENSIVE
**
4.4.4646
• CENTRALIZED:CENTRALIZED: PROCESSING BY CENTRAL PROCESSING BY CENTRAL COMPUTER SITECOMPUTER SITE– ONE STANDARDONE STANDARD– GREATER CONTROLGREATER CONTROL
• DISTRIBUTED:DISTRIBUTED: PROCESSING BY SEVERAL PROCESSING BY SEVERAL COMPUTER SITES LINKED BY NETWORKSCOMPUTER SITES LINKED BY NETWORKS– MORE FLEXIBILITYMORE FLEXIBILITY– FASTER RESPONSEFASTER RESPONSE
**
CENTRALIZED / DISTRIBUTEDCENTRALIZED / DISTRIBUTED
4.4.4747
DOWNSIZINGDOWNSIZING
TRANSFER APPLICATIONS FROM TRANSFER APPLICATIONS FROM LARGE COMPUTERS TO SMALLLARGE COMPUTERS TO SMALL
• REDUCES COSTREDUCES COST
• SPEEDS RESULTS TO USERSPEEDS RESULTS TO USER
• COMPUTER ASSIGNED TASK IT DOES COMPUTER ASSIGNED TASK IT DOES BESTBEST
• COOPERATIVE PROCESSINGCOOPERATIVE PROCESSING
**
4.4.4848
NETWORK COMPUTERSNETWORK COMPUTERS
• NETWORK COMPUTER:NETWORK COMPUTER: simplified simplified desktop computer stores minimum data desktop computer stores minimum data to function (uses server)to function (uses server)
• TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP (TCO):TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP (TCO): total cost of owning technology total cost of owning technology resources (hardware, software, resources (hardware, software, upgrades, maintenance, technical upgrades, maintenance, technical support, training)support, training)
**
4.4.4949
TECHNOLOGY TRENDSTECHNOLOGY TRENDS
• INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIAINTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA• VIRTUAL REALITYVIRTUAL REALITY• ENHANCED WORLD WIDE WEBENHANCED WORLD WIDE WEB• SUPERCHIPSSUPERCHIPS• FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERSFIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS• MASSIVELY PARALLEL COMPUTERSMASSIVELY PARALLEL COMPUTERS• SMART CARDSSMART CARDS• MICROMINIATURIZATIONMICROMINIATURIZATION
**
4.4.5050
Connect to the INTERNETConnect to the INTERNET
Laudon/Laudon Web site: http://www.prenhall.com/laudon
Additional Internet Resources related to this chapter:http://www.intel.com
http://www.dell.comhttp://www.apple.com
http://www.ibm.comhttp://www.sun.com
http://www.cisco.comhttp://www.motorola.com
© 2001 Laudon & Laudon, Essentials of Management Information Systems 4/e
4.4.5151
CHAPTER 4. COMPUTERS CHAPTER 4. COMPUTERS & INFORMATION & INFORMATION
PROCESSINGPROCESSING