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4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
All cells need chemical energyCell Energy = ATPATP = Adenosine Triphosphate
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
• ATP transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell functions.
– Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed.– ADP – adenosine diphosphate
– ADP is changed into ATP when a phosphate group is added.triphosphateadenosine
adenosine diphosphate
tri=3
di=2
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
Molecules in food store chemical energy in their bonds
Starch molecule
Glucose molecule
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
• Fats store the most energy.
– 80 percent of the energy in your body– about 146 ATP from a triglyceride
• Proteins are least likely to be broken down to make ATP
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
Autotroph - manufacture own food
• most use photosynthesis– converts sunlight into chemical E– chemical E is stored in the form of sugars
Heterotrophs – rely on other sources for E
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
A few autotrophs do not need sunlight and photosynthesis as a source of energy.
• live in places that never get sunlight.• Chemosynthesis
– uses chemical E (S) instead of light E to make food
– Chemosynthetic bacteria – hydrothermal vents
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
Photosynthetic organisms are autotrophs = producers
• Photosynthesis captures E from sunlight to make food – sugar
• Glucose• All sugars end in -ose• 2 phases of photosynthesis
1. light-dependent reactions 2. light-independent reactions
4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
1. Visible spectrum – wavelengths the human eye can see2. different colors have different wavelengths3. Pigment - absorb specific wavelengths of light
4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis
crest
Trough
I----------------------------I wavelength
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
Why are Leaves Green?
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aAQYpra4aUs&list=PLElB7nLNHZvhSor-RW0mv1FE_IDi9ZuiA&index=9
4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
Chloroplast contains pigments to capture light• Chlorophyll - reflects green light & absorb all others• Carotenoids – reflect orange light & absorbs all others• Anthocyanine – reflect purples and red light & absorbs all others
4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
The light-dependent reactions– chlorophyll absorbs E from sunlight
– PhotolysisPhotolysis – – water molecules are split – HH22O O H + O H + O
– Takes place in the thylakoids (grana)– Increase surface area to increase amount of H2O split– Oxygen is released as waste
4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis4.3 Photosynthesis in Detail
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
The light-independent reactions
– Takes place in the Stroma – space between the thylakoids– needs carbon dioxide (CO2) from atmosphere– Calvin cycle - Carbon fixationCarbon fixation
– Use E and H from light dependent reaction to build a 6 carbon chain of sugar (glucose)
– C6H12O6
4.3 Photosynthesis in Detail
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
• Sugar can be used, or stored as starch, and some is built into cellulose• We obtain E from plants by eating the stored sugar• http://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-simple-but-fascinating-story-of-
photosynthesis-and-food-amanda-ooten
4.3. Photosynthesis in Detail
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
• The equation for the overall process is:6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
C6H12O6
granum (stack of thylakoids)
thylakoid
sunlight
1 six-carbon sugar
6H2O
6CO2
6O2
chloroplastchloroplast1
2
43
energy
stroma (fluid outside the thylakoids)
4.3 Photosynthesis in Detail
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
Light Dependent Light Independent
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
1. Glycolysis - splits glucose into two molecules ofpyruvate (pyruvic acid)
– C-C-C-C-C-C C-C-C + C-C-C– Produces some ATP molecules– Takes place in cytoplasm
4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration
1. Glycolysis
With O2
Without O2
2. Aerobic Respiration
2. Anaerobic Respiration(Fermentation)
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
Aerobic Respiration – with Oxygen1. The Krebs cycle – Citric Acid Cycle
– takes place inmitochondrial matrix
– breaks down pyruvic acid– makes a small amount of ATP– releases carbon dioxide
6H O2
6CO 2
6O 2
mitochondrionmitochondrion
matrix (area enclosedby inner membrane)
inner membrane
ATP
ATP
energy
energy from glycolysis
1
2
4
3
and
and
and
Krebs Cycle
4.4 Overview of Cell Respiration
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
Aerobic Respiration2. The Electron Transport Chain
• takes place on the cristae• Makes a large amount of ATP• Water is released as a waste product
4.5 Cellular Respiration in Detail
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
• The equation for the overall process is:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O • The reactants in Photosynthesis are the same as the products of Cellular
Respiration• The reactants in Cellular Respiration are the same as the products of
Photosynthesis
4.4 Overview of Cell Respiration4.5 Cellular Respiration in Detail
13.1 Ecologists Study Relationships
Anaerobic Respiration:Two Types
1. Lactic Acid Fermentation
2. Alcoholic Fermentation
4.6 Fermentation
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
• Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells.1. Glycolysis – Glucose Pyruvate 2. Converts pyruvate lactic acid– Muscle pain and weakness
4.6 Fermentation
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
Alcoholic fermentation1. Glycolysis – Glucose Pyruvate2. Split pyruvate ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide
- Yogurt, cheese, bread
4.6 Fermentation
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
Extra Credit
• Create an alphabet picture book for middle school kids with ideas relating to cell biology
• Due: Thursday Oct 17th