4446 4450.output

* GB784853 (A)

Description: GB784853 (A) ? 1957-10-16

Improvements in and relating to analogue computers

Description of GB784853 (A)

A high quality text as facsimile in your desired language may be available amongst the following family members:

US3128376 (A) US3128376 (A) less Translate this text into Tooltip

[79][(1)__Select language] Translate this text into

The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete, up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.

PATENT SPECIFICATION Inventors:-ERNEST EDWARD BARBER and KENNETH HENRY SIMPKIN. Date of filing Com plete Specification: Dec 3 1954. Application Date: Dec 4, 1953 No 33839153. Complete Specification Published: Oct 16, 1957. Index at Acceptance:-Class 37, G 2 B( 1: 3: 6: X), G 3 A( 1: 2: X). International Classihieation:-GO 6 g. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION. Improvements in and relating to Analogue Computers. We, AIR TRAINERS LINK LIMITED, formerly Air Trainers Limited, a British Company, of Cubitts Buildings, Bicester Road, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- This invention relates to analogue computers.

For providing, in such computers, a voltage proportional to a nonlinear function of a variable voltage, it is usual to use voltage dividing means comprising a shaped potentiometer the slider of which is automatically positioned in accordance with the variable voltage by an electromechanical positional servo The disadvantage of such means is that the servo is not immediately responsive to changes in the variable and the resultant voltage therefore does not accurately represent the transient value of the quantity being computed There is always a lag between the instant of change in the value of the variable and the production of the desired voltage The lag is measured in milliseconds but can appreciably impair the performance of a computer. In the case of linear functions and certain simple non-linear functions the required voltage can be produced without the interposition of mechanical motion and so with a lag is measured in microseconds and which is acceptable Complex functions, however, cannot be so derived, or at least only by the introduction of unacceptable complications. The invention is an application of the principle that a complex function can be expressed as a modification of a more simple function. lPrice 3 s 6 d l According to the invention, the value of a desired non-linear function of a variable input voltage is continuously computed in a computor employing a servo-potentiometer device automatically positioned by the input voltage, by deriving by static means a voltage representing a simple approximation of the desired non-linear function, and modifying the simple approximation to give the desired output function by means of a voltage produced by the servo-potentiometer device. By "static" means is meant means in which there is no mechanical mass which has to be accelerated when the variable changes, and on other lag-producing characteristic such as a thermal capacity which has to be satisfied before there can be any eflective response A thermionic amplifier is an example of such static means; a potential divider comprising a potentiometer having a fixed tap is another example; a transformer is yet another example An electromechanical servo having a slider which is moved under the influence of change of a variable, however, is not static because of the inertia of the slider and other moving parts Nor is an electrically heated thermo couple "static" in the sense in which the term is used here because there must necessarily be a delay in its response to variation of the input as a result of its thermal capacity. The basic voltage, being produced without involving the acceleration of mechanism, will vary simultaneously with variation of the variable The correction, being made electromechanically, will be subject to the

time delay inherent in the mechanism and will, accordingly, not be wholly accurate during changes The error will, however, be smaller than that which would result from 784,853 784,853 the wholly electromechanical evaluation of the complex function because the effect of the delay is felt only by the adjusting factor. By the choice of conditions giving rise to a basic voltage which fairly closely represents the complex function, the error can be reduced to very small proportions indeed. In order that the invention may be thoroughly understood it will be further explained with reference to the drawings accompanying the Provisional Specification in which:Figs 1 and 2 show examples of curves of complex functions which can be expressed as a modification of a more simple function. Figs 3 and 4 show diagrammatic arrangements in accordance with the invention for evaluating the functions shown in Figs 1 and 2. The non-linear function represented by the curve a in Figure 1 can be expressed as the product of the linear function represented by the line b and the non-linear function represented by the line c The same nonlinear function a could equally well be expressed (Figure 2) as the algebraic sum of a linear function d and a non-linear function e It is possible (especially by the use of thermionic equipment) to obtain parabolic and other simple non-linear functions of a variable voltage, and in appropriate cases such functions may be so produced to give a closer first approximation than the linear functions such as a and d. Figure 3 shows diagrammatically an arrangement for solving the equation:V, = f 3 (V,) = f,(V,) f 2 (V,) in which V 1 is a variable; f, is a complex function (for example function a of Figures 1 and 2) of the variable; fh is a simple function of the variable capable of being evaluated by static means in a simple manner; and f 2 is an adjusting function capable of being evaluated electromechanically. In Figure 3 D is a static device (for example a fixed voltage divider, transformer, or thermionic amplifier) responding to the variable V 1 to produce the basic voltage f,(VJ-for example the linear function b of Figure 1-which is applied to a potentiometer P. EM is an electromechanical positional servo which also receives the input V, and serves to position the slider S of the potentiometer in accordance with V 1. The potentiometer winding is graded in depth in accordance with the function f 2 (for example function c in Figure 1) so that the voltage V, which is tapped off through the slider is proportional to the product of f,(V) and f 2 (V 1). The voltage across the potentiometer P will vary simultaneously with variations in V 1 The position of the slider S will also vary with variations in V 1 but only after the delay inherent in the mechanism

of the servo EM The resultant voltage Vo will, therefore, not be quite accurate in transient conditions but it will at least change simultaneously with change in the variable V 1 and to approximately the right degree In other words, immediate response of the resultant voltage is ensured and the error arising out of the delay in response of the servo is minimised. Figure 4 shows an arrangement for solving the equation:V 2 = f 3 (V,) = f 4 (V 1)+f 5 (V,) so f 2 being, for example, again the curve a of Figures 1 and 2, and f, and f being respectively the curves d and e of Figure 2. D and EM correspond to the devices D and EM in Figure 3 The output f L(V) of 85 the static device D, however, is fed to an electronic summing amplifier A. The servo EM again serves to position the slider S of the potentiometer P but the latter receives in this case a constant voltage Vk 90 and is so wound that the voltage tapped off from the slider is of such a positive or negative magnitude as is required, according to the value of V 1, to be added to or subtracted from the output of the device D to 95 produce the desired resultant voltage In other words, the potentiometer is wound in accordance with f,. The output of the potentiometer, i e. f A(V), is fed to the summing amplifier A 100 the output of which is therefore f/(V)+ f 1 (Vi) = Vo. As in the case of Figure 3, V 2 will vary simultaneously with variation of V, and the delay inherent in the servo EM will be felt 105 only in the evaluation of the adjusting factor f 5 (V 1). As previously stated, the device D could be such as to produce a non-linear function if required in the interests of close approxi 110 mation, but such function will, of course, always be less complex or more regular than the function which is finally to be computed.

* Sitemap * Accessibility * Legal notice * Terms of use * Last updated: 08.04.2015 * Worldwide Database * 5.8.23.4; 93p

* GB784854 (A)

Description: GB784854 (A) ? 1957-10-16

Improvements in and relating to analogue computers


PATENT SPECIFICATION Inventor: ERNEST EDWARD BARBER Date of filing Complete Specification: Dec 3, 1954. Application Date: Dec4, 1953 N Complete Specification Published: Oct 16, 1957. Index at acceptance:-Class 37, G 2 B( 1: 2: 6), G 3 A(I: 2: 3: 6). International Classification:-GO 6 g. ro 33840/53. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements' in and relating to Analogue Computers We, AIR TRAINERS LINK LIMITED, formerly Air Trainers Limited, a British Company, of Cubitts Buildings, Bicester Road, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: - This invention relates to analogue computers for use, for example, in aviation trainers. It is very convenient in such computers for the variables which are to be mathematically combined to be represented by voltages For the addition of voltages, thermionic amplifiers are ideal but it is not a practical proposition to use thermionic amplifiers in analogue computers to provide as an output a voltage which is the product of two or more input voltages. In the conventional method for the evaluation of products, therefore, one uses a potentiometer to the winding of which a voltage representing one variable is applied and the slider of which is positioned in accordance with another variable through the agency of an electromechanical servo A voltage then appears at the slider which is proportional to the product of the two input variables. The electromechanical servo has the disadvantage that a delay (measurable in milliseconds) necessarily occurs in its response to a change in the input voltage, that is to say, in the case under consideration, between the instant at which the input voltage which controls the potentiometer slider changes and that at which the slider actually responds by motion to the change in voltage Accordingly, if the said input voltage varies continuously, the evaluation of the

product will always be somewhat in arrears. The object of the invention is to enable a resultant voltage representing the transient value of the product of two or more variable voltages to be provided which varies substantially immediately there is a change in the magnitude of any one of the variable voltages. That object is achieved, in accordance with lPiice 3 s 6 d 1 the invention, by evaluating, by the use of a number of potentiometer units energised with voltages representing respectively the rates of change of each of the variables adjusted by electromechanical servo systems in accordance with voltages representing the variable quantities to give outputs representing the product of a rate of change of a different one of the variables by all the other variables and means summing the output products of the said units and integrating their sum with respect to time. Expressed somewhat differently, the invention consists in producing the differential with time of the desired product and integrating the result, the differential being obtained by summing a number of products obtained by electromechanical multiplication. In order that the invention may be thoroughly understood examples in accordance with it will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:Figure 1 shows diagrammatically an arrangement in accordance with the invention for obtaining the product of two variables; Figure 2 shows diagrammatically an arrangement in accordance with the invention for obtaining the product of three variables; Figure 3 shows diagrammatically an arrangement in accordance with the invention for obtaining the quotient of two variables; and Figure 4 shows diagrammatically a checking circuit as applied to the example of Figure 1. Assume, for example, that the problem is to provide a voltage representing the transient value of y=V 1 V, V, and V being independently variable When differentiated, the equation reads y V= V 2 + Vs V For the solution of that equation and the evaluation of y, the apparatus shown diagrammatically in Figure 1 of the accompanying drawings can be used 784854 SO Figure 1 shows a potentiometer 1 having a voltage V, applied to its winding, and the slider 3 of which is positioned in a conventional manner in accordance with a voltage V 2 by an electromechanical positional servo 5. A second similar potentiometer 2 has voltages V 2 and V, applied to it for energising its winding and positioning its slider 4 respectively, the slider being positioned by a second electromechanical positional servo 6 Each potentiometer and its associated servo forms an electromechanical multiplying device having an input V, or V which is multiplied by the servo in accordance with V 2 or V, as the case may

be. The output of one multiplying device-will be a voltage proportional to V 2 V 1 and that of the other multiplying device-a voltage proportional to V 1 V, Those two voltages are added in a summing amplifier 7 the output of which will, therefore, be a voltage proportional to VV 1 +VIV 2 =Y The output y then becomes the input to an integrator 8 which gives an output voltage proportional to y. The equation y=V 1 V 2 is thus solved. Whenever V 1 or V 2 varies, the voltage V 1 or V 2 across the winding of one or the other of the potentiometers 1 and 2 will be varied immediately The altered value in V, or V. will be transmitted to the slider of the appropriate potentiometer only after the delay inherent in the electromechanical transmission of the servo 5 or 6 through which the slider is driven The instantaneous position of the slider will never be quite correct unless the variable V, or V which governs it has remained constant for a period longer than the inherent delay The error in the resultant product will, however, always be much smaller than that which would have been produced had the voltage V, been multiplied by a potentiometer driven by the servo logging V 2 to produce the product y, and well within the acceptable limit. The summing amplifier 7 must of course be suitable for dealing with the kind of signal which is fed to it, i e whether the signal is A C or D C Also, it must not be such as to produce any appreciable delay Amplifiers fulfilling these requirements are well known in the art to which the invention relates In the preferred form of the invention D C signals are used together with a valve amplifier which introduces a delay measurable in microseconds Similarly the integrator 8 must not introduce appreciable delay Integrators fulfilling these requirements are well known in the art to which this invention relates In the preferred form of the invention the well known Miller integrator is used. Thus, the final resultant (y) will vary instantaneously with variation in the value of either of the variables while its value will always be very close indeed to the true value of the product of the variables The error in the magnitude of the product will be sufficiently small to have no significant effect upon the overall efficienty of an analogue computer for use with aviation trainers. It will be observed that the apparatus in Figure 1 yields voltages representing both a quantity (y) and its rate of change (y) Where therefore, there is extensive use of this principle it will be common to have voltages readily available for the rates of change of most quantities as well as the quantities themselves. Figure 1 is specific to the case of two variables Figure 2 shows

diagrammatically an arrangement for use where there are three variables, viz: V,, V,, V,. The differential equation then is y = VV 2 V,+VV 1 + V,+VV 2 Three positional servos 9, 10, 11 (not shown) are used, each adjusting two potentiometers, so that the rate of change of each variable can be multiplied by or factorised with both the other variables, as shown. Clearly, the system can be applied to evaluating the product of any number of variables whilst avoiding delay in response of the final element in the chain, the positional servos corresponding in number to the variables, and the rate voltages being respectively applied to potentiometers driven by the servos. The term " product " is used herein in its broad sense which includes " quotient " If the product is to provide a voltage representing the transient value of VI one proceeds by evaluating differential equation y from the Y= V'22 and then integrating with respect to time. A number of different arrangements in accordance with the invention can be used for that purpose, one of which is shown in Figure 3 of the accompanying drawing In that arrangement, V, and V, are multiplied to produce a voltage proportional to VVI Similarly, -V 2 and V 1 are factorised to obtain -VV These two products are summed in a summing amplifier 12, the feedback resistor 784,854 sented as A C or D C voltages but in the final integration the signals must be represented by D C voltages.


* GB784855 (A)

Description: GB784855 (A) ? 1957-10-16

Manufacture of methyl steroids

Description of GB784855 (A) Translate this text into Tooltip



PATENT SPECIFICATION 784,s 855 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Jan 28, 1954. 4 " No 2661/54. l Sffi @) Application made in Switzerland on Jan 29, 1953. Application made in Switzerland on Nov 30, 1953. 0 m /9 Complete Specification Published: Oct 16, 1957. Index at acceptance:-Class 2 ( 3), C 3 A 7 (A 3: C: El: J 1), C 3 A 8, C 3 A 14 B( 2 E: 8 C), U 4 (A 1: A 2: B 1: CI: C 4: C 5). International Classification:-C 07 c. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Manufacture of Methyl Steroids We, CIBA LIMITED, a body corporate organised according to the laws of Switzerland, of Basle, Switzerland, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- This invention relates to the manufacture of saturated and unsaturated 14-methyl-pregnanecompounds which in the 3 and 20-positions have free or functionally converted hydroxyl or oxo groups These steroids may also be further substituted, especially in the 21 and/ or 11-position, by a free or functionally converted hydroxyl or oxo group and also in the 17-position by a free or esterified hydroxyl group or a hydrocarbon radical In the unsaturated compounds the double bond advantageously occupies the 4:5 or 5: 6position and/or the 9: 11-position Of particular importance are, for example, 14-methylprogesterone, 14-methyl ll-ketoprogesterone, 14-methyl-desoxy-corticosterone, 14-methylcortisone and 14-methyl-dihydrocortisone. Some of the new methyl steroids prepared according to the invention are useful as intermediates for the above mentioned compounds. The above mentioned substances however have themselves valuable pharmacological properties and can be used therapeutically The AW3: 11: 20-triketo-14 methyl-pregnene, for instance, has a gestagenic activity.

The new methyl steroids can be made by treating a A':s-3: 14-dimethyl-A-nor-pregnene compound, which contains in 20-position a free or functionally converted hydroxy or oxo group, with an oxidizing agent, suitable for splitting up a C-C-double bond, condensing the 5-keto group in the resulting 4: 5-seco3: 5 diketo-14-methyl pregnane compound with the 4-methyl group by means of an alkaline condensing agent and if desired, converting any free or functionally converted hydroxy or oxo group into each other. The starting materials can be obtained in various ways Thus, the 3-hydroxy-4: 4dimethyl-grouping present in the tetracyclic triterpenes, e g, lanosterol and its derivatives degraded in the side chain, can be converted into the A:5 _ 3 _methyl A-nor-grouping according to the following diagram of partial formula: G 3 _C C-C QX 0)<)\C \ O S ets}/3 C 0: For the oxidation of the A':5-3:14dimethyl-A-nor-pregnene compounds there is used e g, a compound of hexavalent chromium such as chromic acid, or also permanganate, ozone, peroxides, such as perbenzdic acid, monoperphthalic acid or hydrogen peroxide, advantageously in the presence of osmium tetroxide Depending on the oxidizing agents used, the 3: 5-double bond is split up directly or there are first obtained ozonides, glycols or oxides The ozonides can be split up hydrolytically, or oxidatively, while the oxides can be converted into glycols by hydrolysis. The splitting up of these glycols is performed, lPricg r"l 4 S 6 d e.g, by means of chromic acid, lead tetracetate or periodic acid. For the cyclicization of the resulting 4: 5soco-3: 5-dikleto-14 mnthyl-pregnane compounds into the A-3-keto-14-methyl-pregnene compounds by condensation of the 5-keto group with the 4-methyl group, alkaline condensing agents, are used There may be used an alkali metal hydroxide or alcoholate or an alkaline earth metal hydroxide or alcoholate, for example a hydroxide or alcoholate of sodium, potassium, lithium or calcium, or a strong organic base, such as a secondary or tertiary amine, or a quaternary ammonium 2 784,855 hydroxide, e g triethylamine or piperidine in the presence of an acid, such as glacial acetic acid, or trimethyl benzyl ammonium hydroxide There may be used a solution in an anhydrous solvent, such as benzene, alcohol or ether, or an aqueous solution. The \ 4-3-keto-14-mnethyl-pregnane compounds resulting from the cyclicization can be converted into A 5-3-hydroxy-14-methyl0 pregnane cempaunds e g by way of the 3enol acetates and subsequent reduction in the 3-position In the 3-keto and 3-hydroxycompounds so obtained, the double bond in 4: 5 or 5: 6-position can be saturated with hydrogen These reactions, as also the conversion of substituents in 20 and/or 11position, can be conducted in a conventional manner.

The following Examples illustrate the invention: EXAMPLE 1. A solution of 407 mg of A 3 '5-3:14dimethyl-11-keto-20 acetoxy-A-nor-pregnene in 20 cc of pyridine is admixed with 300 rag. of osmium tetroxide and allowed to stand at room temperature for 5 days The solution is then evaporated to dryness, the residue mixed with a mixture of 10 cc of benzene, 20 cc of ethanol, 5 cc of water, 2 gmn of mannitol and 1 gin of potassium hydroxide and the whole is boiled under reflux for several hours After cooling, water is admixed, the whole extracted with ether and the ethereal extract washed with water, dried and evaporated The glycol obtained is oxidized in a mixture of 10 cc of chloroform and 10 cc of glacial acetic acid at room temperature with 1 3 gin of lead tetracetate The oxidation product isolated by extraction with ether is then dissolved in 35 cc of dioxane and vigorously shaken with a solution of 3 5 gin of potassium hydroxide in cc of water for 1 hour at room temperature The reaction product is isolated by the addition of water and extraction with ether. 100 mg of the A 4-3: 11-diketo-14-methyl-20hydroxy-pregnene obtained are then treated with 50 mg of chromic acid in 95 % acetic acid After the addition of aqueous sodium sulphite solution, the reaction mixture is extracted with ether and the ethereal solution washed, dried and evaporated The crude product thus obtained is purified by chromatography over I 0 gin of aluminium oxide Elution with a mixture of petroleum ether and benzene gives the 14-methyl-1-ketoprogesterone of the formula: which, after recrystallization from methanol, melts at 233-235 C; l lD= + 302 ' (c= 1 30 in chloroform) 60 The 3-keto group can be converted into a hydroxyl group and thereby the 4:5 double bond shifted into the 5: 6-position by known methods via the A:::-3-enol acetate and reduction in the 3-position 65 The A'5 '-3: 14-dimethyl 11-keto-20acetoxy-A-nor-pregnene used as starting material can be obtained as follows: The 4: 4: 14-trimethyl-3-hydroxy-11: 20dilketo-Frn Bane obtainabl from lanost-rol by 70 the process described in Specification No. 779,941 is converted into 3-isopropylidene-14methyl- 11: 20-diketo-A-nor-pregnane by treating a suspension of 8 4 gmn of the above named starting material in a mixture of 840 75 cc of benzene and 840 cc of petroleum ether with 7 1 gin of phosphorus pentachloride in an atmosphere of dry nitrogen The substance dissolves within 10 minutes with evolution of hydrogen chloride After 90 minutes the evolu 80 tion of gas ceases Water is added and the reaction mixture is stirred for one hour The organic phase is washed neutral, dried and chromatographed over 85 gm of aluminium oxide Elution with a mixture

of petroleum 85 ether and benzene gives 5 5 gmin of 3-isopropylidene-14-methyl 11:20-diketo-A-norpregnane which, after recrystallisation from methanol, melts at 143-145 C llD = 102 (c= 0 71 chloroform) 90 For the reduction of the keto groups in positions 11 and 20 a solution of 3 gin of the above substance in 90 cc of benzene is treated with a slurry of 3 gin of lithium aluminium hydride in 60 cc of ether The reaction mix 95 ture is worked up in the usual manner and the crude product is acetylated by treatment with 30 cc of acetic anhydride in 30 cc of pyridine The mixture of 3-isopropylidene-14methyl-ll/3-hydroxy 20 acetoxy-A-nor 100 pregnanes, isomeric at the carbon atom 20, can be separated by fractional crystallisation from a mixture of methylene chloride and methanol. The isomers melt at 241-244 C or 1821840 C respectively, l-lD = + 35 (c= 1 03 in 105 chloroform) or lD= + 40 ' (c= 1 12 in chloroform) It is, however, advantageous not to separate the isomers at this stage. The replacement of the 3-isopropylidene group by an oxo group is carried out as 110 follows: To a solution of 1 85 gin of the above mixture of isomers in 60 cc of dry pyridine are added 1 3 gin of osmium tetroxide and the mixture is allowed to stand at room 115 temperature for 4 days After evaporation of the solvent the residue is dissolved in 40 cc of benzene and 40 cc of ethanol, mixed with a solution of 8 gmn of mannitol and 8 gin of potassium hydroxide in 20 cc of 120 water and 40 cc of ethanol and the whole is 784,855 progesterone in 10 cc of ethyl acetate is shaken with 20 mg of palladium-barium sulphate catalyst for 3 hours in a hydrogen 60 atmosphere at room temperature After removal of the catalyst and evaporation of the solvent, the 14 -metrlhyl 3:11:20 triketopregnane is obtained which shows no absorption in the ultra violet spectrum at 240 m/u 65


* GB784856 (A)

Description: GB784856 (A) ? 1957-10-16

Improvements in recording television pictures on cinematograpic film


A high quality text as facsimile in your desired language may be available amongst the following family members:

BE526290 (A) CH320971 (A) DE972987 (C) FR1076235 (A) CH324097 (A) FR63933 (E) BE526290 (A) CH320971 (A) DE972987 (C) FR1076235 (A) CH324097 (A) FR63933 (E) less Translate this text into Tooltip



PATENT SPECIFICATION Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Feb 12, 1954. Application made in France on Feb 21, 1953. Application made in Franceon Mor 16, 1953. Complete Specification Published: Oct 16, 1957. 784,856 No 4249/54. Index at Acceptance:-Class 40 ( 3), F( 2 81 I: 2 F 2: 5 B: 6 K). International Classificatior n:-HO 4 n: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements in Recording Television Pictures on Cinematograpic Film. We, SOCITE NOUVELLE DE L'OUTILLAGE R.B V ET DE LA RADIO-INDUSTRIE, 43-45 Avenue Klber, Paris 16 eme, France, a Body Corporate organised according to the laws of France, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: - The invention concerns an improved apparatus for recording television pictures displayed on a cathode ray tube, on a cinematographic film. The main problem in this recording results from the fact that the duration of the shutter closure in a film camera is much longer than the vertical fly-back period in any television standard In standard

film cameras the time during which the shutter is closed (intermittent drive) is equal to the duration of aperture, that is to say to half the picture recording cycle In television, on the contrary, the cathode ray picture blanking (or picture return time) is very short compared with the scanning period; for instance, according to the French Standard, this period is about 10 % of the scanning period The use of standard cinematographic equipment, inoperative as far as recording is concerned for 50 %' of the time, causes the loss of nearly 50 % of the light energy emitted by the cathode ray tube screen and consequently the density of the picture on the recorded film is very weak. Besides, it becomes very difficult to provide "trick pictures" as is usual in television or cinematographic techniques Many solutions have been suggested to solve this problem, all of them requiring an alteration of the mechanical devices of the cameras or other unwinding devices. It is an object of the invention to provide entirely electronic means to perform a correct film recording of television interlaced pictures using standard cinematographic equipment It has been suggested (British Patent No 640,186) to display the television picture on a picture tube with long afterglow so that the parts of the picture scanned 50 during the time when the shutter is closed should still be present during the exposure time together with the part of the picture displayed during said perod of exposure. Each of said parts is one frame of a tele ss vision picture However, due to phosphorescence decay, both frames of the picture would not show the same mean brilliancy. It is proposed in this patent that the gain of the television receiver be so pulsed that 60 the lines of one frame are initially brighter than the lines of the second frame. However, as will be shown below, such a pulsing introduces spurious signals in the picture conveying signal which it is not pos 65 sible to suppress According to said Patent, with cameras having a faster pull through time than 50 %, it is necessary to use fixed or mechanically synchronised neutral filters to adjust the relative brightness, since in 70 that case, the amount of information recorded as afterglow on the fluorescent screen is reduced, the amount of brightness correction being accordingly less This means is not practical with up to date high defini 75 tion television. According to the present invention, we provide an apparatus for recording television pictures each consisting of two interlaced frames on intermittently moving cine 80 matographic film, comprising a video channel and a display cathode ray tube on which the pictures are produced, wherein the video channel comprises at least one video

amplifier whose gain is controlled by a voltage 85 generated by a gain control generator operating through a bi-directional switching means, said switching means being controlled by switching pulses occurring during line retrace periods 90 (Price 3/6) 784,856 According to a feature of the invention he video channel comprises two gain controlled video amplifiers operated independently from two separate generators through two bi-dire'ctional switching mrneans, said switching means being controlled by switchng pulses occurring during line retrace periods. The switching pulses may be made coincident with the line synchronising pulses. The invention will be better understood by reference to the accompanying drawings in which: Fig I is a diagram showing two function1 Sing cycles of operation of the recording device; Fig 2 shows a curve representing the variation of the brilliancy of a point with respect to time; Fig 3 is a block diagram of the system according to the invention; Fig 4 shows a few curves helping in the understanding of the working of the system of Fig 3 at different stages Figs 5 and 8 show two embodiments of the present invention; Fig 6 shows the control generator 4 of Fig 3; Fig 7 shows the characteristic curves i,. v, of the cathode ray tube. In Fig I the diagram shows two functioning cycles of operation of thle recording device operating under the conditions under which the invention works, that is to say when the camera device is operated in svnchronism with the frame or traversal succession on the ricture tube This is easily obtained since both the television scann ns and the hvltter operation are synchronised bv the mains sup Dlv It is sunnosed, as is usual in standardised television systems. that each picture is made ulp of two interlaced frames, which means that each complete picture is obtained by successive reproduction of the even lines followed by the reproduction of the odd lines of the picture. In European standards, standard equipments employ effectively 24 film picture frames per second, but it is usually and universally adopted when used in connection with television reproducing tubes, to svnchronise the shutter operation with the nmains as it is done in television scanning. Duration of each frame is 1/50 of a second, the complete picture being thus reproduced in 1/25 of a second As is usual in standard cinematographic equinments the shutter is closed (pull through time) for 50 % 5 of the total time, a complete working cycle 60.(obturation and exposure) taking 1/25 of a second For instance, the shutter is closed during the first period of 1/50 of a second, open during the

second period, closed during the third, and so on As it appears, if one uses a cathode ray tube with a phosphorescence time short with respect to 1150 of a second, the printing of the film will correspond only to one frame for each picture It has been proposed to use a picture tube, the screen of which shows an after-70 glow period such that the frame displayed on the tube when the shutter is closed be still brilliant during the succeeding exposure. However, the brilliancy of any point on the screen decays with time according to an 75 exponential law, as shown on the curve of Fig 2 Therefore, the frame displayed during the closure of the shutter, although still apparent during the exposure time, will be considerably attenuated with respect to 80 g the frame displayed on the screen during the exposure period. Besides, each frame is reproduced in I 50 of a second, which, (taking the extreme cases, means, in the case of a standard scan 85 ning (from left to right and from top to bottom), that the light emitted from the picture elements located at the left upper corner of the frame acts on the film during nearly the whole exposure time, while the 90 light from the picture elements located at the right lower corners falls on the film only during a very short fraction of this period The attenuation of brilliancy (decay) of the picture element, on the screen 95 with respect to time tends to produce a partial compensation of this operating characteristic but dees not suffice The compensation due to the attenuation is not sufficient to provide a uniform printing of the film 100 The object of this invention is to provide this necessarys, compensation. Fic q Thchsts: record Inc:im-a-t c ^prising a gain controlled video amplifier in a schematical form It is well understood 105 that this example is in no way limitative and that one could provide a device for film recording from a set of several cathode ray tubes, each working simultaneously or alternately 110 A wide band amplifier 1 receives the video signal to be displayed on the screen of cathode ray tube 6 The very low frequency components and the D C component of the video signal are not transmitted 115 by the video amplifying stages but are restored at end of the channel by means of a D C restoring circuit 2 of known type. The video signal is then applied to a variable gain D C amplifier 3 The gain of 120 this amplifier 3 is controlled by means of a gain control generator 4 so as to compensate for the light decay of the screen of cathode ray tube 6 The signals generated by means of the gain control generator 4 125 are shown by curve B on Fig 4 Curve A represents a saw-tooth voltage waveform representing the vertical frame scanning voltage During the frame corresnonding to the non-exposure of the film the even 130 784,856 frame in the instance

chosen above, the gain of amplifier 3 is high, and reproduces the exponential curve representing the decay of phosphorescence as shown in Fig 2 During the frame corresponding to the exposure of the film, the gain of the amplifier remains always less than its gain during the preceding frame; and may be either maintained constant as is shown by the curve B or follow a more complex law of variation, as is shown by the curve H The law of variation during the exposure frame results from the combination of the exponential curve (Fig 2) with a linear increase intended to compensate the difference of time of pring: with the point location due to the fact that the frame is actually scanned during the exposure period. The output from amplifier 3 is then applied to the picture tube 6 by means of a filter network 5 designed to suppress the spurious signals resulting from the gain control of the video amplifier 3 from the video signal The optical system 7 focuses the picture from the screen of cathode ray tube 6 onto the objective of the cinematographic recording equipment 8 Owing to the exponential law of decay of phosphorescence, it has been found difficult to design such a filter as 5 to give good results since the video signal and the gain controll Ing signals occupy the same frequency band. The video signal includes components the frequency of which ranges from zero (D C) up to several Mc/s The frequency components in signal B range from zero (D C level) up to several times the frame frequency ( 50 cus) It has not been found possible to separate the video signal from the spurious one introduced by the gain variation of amplifier 3 Spurious D C components have a very bad effect on the picture since they tend to introduce variations in the black level. 4 $ According to one feature of the invention, the gain variation of amplifier 3 is controlled in a non-continuous way, the controlling voltage being operative during intervals when the video signal has a reference level. Such intervals exist, for instance, during the line and frame blanking pulses The signal is usually provided with line synchronising pulses or frame synchronising pulses superposed on such blanking signals In most of the standardised signals used for television a pedestal is provided on both sides of a synchronising pulse The level of the signal during the pedestal is related or equal to the black level Reference parts are therefore provided in the video signal which must normally keep a constant level through a whole transmission By restoring said constant level as will be explained later a complete elimination of the spurious D C. and low frequency component may be achieved. Fig 5 shows a circuit diagram of part of Fig 3 in greater detail, those parts of Fig.

3 which are shown in Fig 5 having the same reference numbers The grid of the variable 70 gain amplifier 3 is fed with video signals which have no D C component The gain control signal is fed by means of a low impedance cathode coupled stage 9 to an intermediate point 10 of a rectifier bridge 75 circuit, which constitutes a bi-directional switching network 11 At the diagonally opposite points 12 and 13 of the bridge network 11 are applied two oppositely polarised switching pulses occurring at line 80 frequency and occurring during line synchronising signals called clamping pulses in the art Switching network 11 connects the grid of tube 3 to point 10 during the clamping pulses without delay, and network 11 as 85 such works as a well known type of clamping circuit The gain of amplifier 3 therefore remains constant for the duration of one line, but varies from one line to the next, according to the law of variation of 90 the signal B of Fig 4 delivered by stage 9. The curve representative of the gain variations of amplifier 3 is a stepped curve following signal B; the different steps are of equal duration (one line) The output sig 95 nal from the amplifier 3 is therefore a video signal the A C components of which show the correct values in order to obtain a correct display of the two frames of the picture taking into account the phosphores 100 cence decay However, as explained above, the black level (D C component) follows the gain variations of amplifier 3 In order to obtain a high quality picture, it is necessary to bring the black level back to a fixed 105 value, which should remain constant with respect to time This is obtained by filtering the output from the amplifier 3 through the wide band pass filter 5 which is constituted by a wide band amplifying stage 14 11 U The anode of the amplifier 3 is connected to the grid of stage 14 and to a D C restoring network 15 constituting a bi-directional switching network, via a coupling condenser 16 The bi-directional switch 15 15 is similar to the bidirectional switch 11. The presence of the coupling condenser 16 prevents the transmission of the D C component of the video signal The output from amplifier 14 is fed directly to the grid 120 of the cathode ray tube 6. Fig 6 shows the circuit diagram of the gain control generator 4 whose output is shown by curve B of Fig 4 A switching stage 17 is fed with negative pulses, shown 125 by curve C of Fig 4, which are synchronous with the frame blanking pulses of the video signal The purpose of these pulses is to cut-off tube 17 so that a positive pulse appears across the terminals of resistor 18 130 784,856 This positive pulse is transmitted to the anode of a diode 19 which becomes conductive and quickly charges condenser C. The load impedance of stage 17 is low so as to charge more rapidly condenser C 2.

After the end of pulse C, tube 17 becomes again conductive, the diode 19 is cut-off, and the condenser C discharges through the high resistor R> The voltage appearing at the terminals of the circuit RC, is represented by the curve D of Fig 4 and follows an exponential law with respect to time. The shape of the exponential curve is controlled by the time constant of circuit R C 2 and can be made equal to that of the curve of Fig 2 showing the brilliancy decay of phosphorescence of the screen of tube 6. To obtain an accurate reproduction of the decay curve, it may be necessary to substitute a more elaborate network made up of several circuits having different time constants, discharging themrnselves, either simultaneously, or successively, instead of the condenser-resistor RC network The delayed discharge of condensers may be obtained by connecting the resistor-condenser circuits by means of polarised unidirectional conducting devices. The gain control generator 4 also comprises a bistable trigger circuit 20 which is also fed with the negative pulses C This bistable trigger circuit is designed so as to pass from one stable state to the other one each time it is actuated by the pulse C. The output from the trigger stage 20 is a square signal which is shown by curve E of Fig 4 The signals D and E are then added by means of two tubes 21 and 22 having a common load impedance 23 The voltage developed across the load 23 is the summation of curves D and E and is shown by curve F on Fig 4. It has been explained that there were two possibilities for the setting of the gain of amplifier 3 The first one was to leave the gain of this amplifier constant during the exposure period; whilst the second possibility was to have the gain of amplifier 3 follow a more complex law The law of variation of the gain during the exposure period must compensate for the difference in luminous energy which is radiated by the different picture elements of the screen owing to the fact that one frame is being written on the screen during said period. Using normal vertical frame scanning the upper left hand corner of the picture is inscribed first, and as a result the corresponding part of the screen will radiate luminous energy during almost all of the exposure period, whilst the lower right hand corner of the picture will be scanned at the end of the exposure period and therefore will radiate a very small quantity of energy To provide for this time compensation the gain of the amplifier should increase linearly sc that the brilliancy of one white element or the picture should be inversely proportiona. to the time interval during which it emits light on the film Indeed, the film density 70 is proportional to the luminous energy whici:

is received during the exposure, that is te the product -brilliancy times exposure time" However, owing to the phosphorescence decay of the screen, the brilliancy 75 of a particular picture element on the screen is not constant with respect to time There is an exponential decay as has been explained at the beginning of the specification. Therefore, in order to obtain a fine control 80 the law of variation of the gain of the video amplifier during the exposure periods shoulcd be the sum of the increasing linear variatio. and the exponential decreasing variation used to compensate the luminous decay 85 during the traversals corresponding to the closure of the shutter. Referring again to Fij 6 ales 2 1 a 2 22 sum up the waveforms D and E in ordeto obtain the waveform F which is then 90 fed to a valve 50 _ in order to compensate for a phase reversal due to valves 21 and 2:. The output of valve 50 is fed to an electronic switch 54 (shown schematically ir Fig 6) which is designed to feed the output 95 from valve 50 alternately to two paralle' circuits switching from one to the other aframe frequency When the shutter of the camera is closed the output from valve 56 is fed to the anode of a clipping diode 24 100 whose cathode is biased at a potential suck that diode 24 cuts off any negative transients which may be produced during the switching of electronic switch 54 The output from diode 24 is shown by the wave 105 form B, this diode fixing the D C level of waveform B When the shutter of the camera is open the output from the valve is fed to a limiter 53 Also fed to th: limiter is a saw tooth voltage waveform G 110 generated by a generator 51, and added te curve F by means of valve _'52 The wav form G is provided to compensate for the difference in duration of light emission of the successive lines of the frame scanned 115 during the exposure period The limiter 5is designed to suppress any positive transients which may be produced durinswitching, thus fixing the D C level of waveform H, and giving the correct gain 120 control voltage during the exposure time open as shown by curve H of Fig 4 The output from diode 24 and limiter 53 is fed to a stage 55 where the curves B and H are combined to form a waveform J, which is 125 fed to the control grid of video amplifier ? via the bidirectional switching network 11. As a simplified form of the invention, an increasing (saw-tooth) correcting signal may be used during the odd fields 130 784,856 Up to now, the video signal D C level has been controlled in order to compensate for the phosphorescence decay in the cathode ray tube There is another cause of Spoor picture rendition, which lies in the non-linear characteristic of such a tube. Fig 7 shows the i, -V characteristic of the cathode ray tube.

The following explanations will point out 10the bad effect-of said lack of linearity on the picture rendition, especially when the mean level of the A C Components of the video signal varies in such a way as has just been described If one considers the lotransmissions of an element (or dot) of the object with known brilliancy, a white dot, for instance, the amplitude of the corresponding signals Nm, and Nm, are read on the negative part of axis Vg N being the crosspoint of the curve representing the variation of ip in terms of Vg, and m, and m, respectively the cross points of the curve with the values of the video signal corresponding to a white dot situated at the beginning and end of an even frame, that is to say in the upper left corner and lower right corner of the frame due to the gain control Let i, and i 2 be the corresponding beam intensities (supposed proportional to 30the brilliancies of the dots on the fluorescent screen); the ratio of the brilliancies is not equal to the ratio of the signal amplitudes As a matter of fact, the slope of the characteristic curve decreases as the signal intensity decreases The condition for a perfect recording is that, in the absence of the video signal, the luminous energy radiated by any dot of the raster should be constant and independent of the position of this dot on the screen When the amplitude of the video signal is controlled to compensate for the phosphorescence decay, it is still necessary to take into account the characteristic of the picture tube or gamma of this tube Said correction is achieved by using, in connection with said gain controlled video amplifier, a second amplifier with a non-linear amplification characteristic fed by a negatively polarised video signal, the gain of which is controlled in accordance with the control signal of said first video amplifier By negatively polarised is meant a video signal such that a white dot corresponds to a grid voltage more negative than a black dot The characteristic of said second amplifier is chosen as identical as possible with the characteristic of cathode ray tube 6 The fact that a negatively polarised signal feeds said non-linear amplifier provides for a pre-distortion of said signal which will be compensated by the distortion introduced by the cathode ray tube as well known per se. Fig 8 shows an embodiment of the invention incorporating the gamma correcting means, and in order to make the circuit easier to understand, the reference numerals used are the same as those for Fig 5 An adjustable gain video amplifier 29 is connected in front of amplifier 3 The charac 70 teristic (anode current to grid voltage) of 29 is not linear and is approximately repre sented by the characteristic shown in-Fig 7. The amplifier 29-is fed with the negatively polarised video signal The -gamma correc 75 tion is generated by means of a generator 30, and is fed to the amplifier 29 by means of the bridge network 31, which is

identical with the bidirectional switching network 11 The generator 30 delivers an output 80 signal identical with that generated in the signal generator 4 and used to control the gain of the video amplifier 3 D C restoration is achieved on video amplifier stage 14, which feeds directly the grid of cathode ray 85 tube 6, by means of the bi-directional clamp circuit 15.


* GB784857 (A)

Description: GB784857 (A) ? 1957-10-16

Seal and method of and means for producing same


PATENT SPECIFICATION Date of Application and Filing Complete Specification: Feb 16, 1954. Application made in United States of America on July Complete Specification Published: Oct 16, 1957. 7845857 No 4568/54. 1, 1953. Index at Acceptance:-Class 146 ( 2), L 4 (A: j). International Classification:-B 43 f. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Seal and Method of and Means for Producing same. We, E J BROOKS COMPANY, a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of New Jersey, United States of Anmerica, of 16 "-192 North 13th Street. Newark, New Jersey, United States of America, assignees of WINFRED MUDGE B Reoo Ks, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it lois to

be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: - The present invention relates to a seal composed of sheet material and strand or equivalent tying material, and to the 1 S method of and means for producing the same. An important object of the invention is to produce a seal that is deceptively simple in appearance but which has the property of delaying, and even of frustrating, the opening of the seal by an unauthorized person, and to make it difficult, if not impossible, to reclose the seal without leaving evidence of tampering. Another important object of the invention is to produce a seal that not only will break if tampered with but will also remain sealed when broken and, in addition, will present such an appearance to the would-be tamperer as to tend to discourage him even from attempting to unlock the seal. According to the invention, a sheet-metal sealing element comprises a substantially flat main portion and, directly integral with the latter at a margin thereof, a coilable portion having a semi-circular section connected to the main portion and to an upstanding section terminating in a curled edge, said coilable portion being adapted to be coiled about and crimped upon strand material or upon the neck of a pouch, bag or similar container; said coilable portion, when thus coiled and crimped, having an inner fold and an outer fold overlapping said inner fold, said outer fold having a line of weakness, parallel to the axis of said coilable portion and spaced from said main portion, tending to induce fracture therealong upon uncoiling of said outer fold, and all points along the side edges of said coil 50 able portion being in the plane of areas of the latter portion which are inward of said points in a direction parallel to the axis of said coilable portion to permit easy coiling of the latter 55 The invention further consists in the method of producing said seal Other features of invention will appear as the specification proceeds. In the accompanying drawings: 60 Fig 1 is a perspective view of a blank from which sheet material sealing element is made; Fig 2 is a perspective view of the partly formed blank of Fig 1, showing its shape 65 when it is to be inserted into a sealing tool: Fig 3 is a side view of the sealing tool. partly broken away in section, showing the sheet material sealing element and the tying material inserted in the tool before the tool 70 is operated; Fig 4 is a front view of the tool shown in Fig 3, looking in the direction of arrow 21 of the latter figure; Fig 5 is a horizontal sectional view sub 75 stantially on the plane of line 22-22 of Fig. 3, the sheet material sealing element and the strand material having

been removed from the tool; Fig 6 is a vertical sectional view substan 80 tially on the plane of line 23-23 of Fig 4 on a greatly enlarged scale; Fig 7 is a view similar to Fig 6 and shows the coiling operation of the sheet material sealing element at an intermediate 85 stage of its progress; Fig 8 is a view similar to Figs 6 and 7 and shows the coiling operation of the sheet material sealing element completed; Fig 9 is a horizontal sectional view sub 90 (Price 3/6) L ' f 784,857 stantially on the plane of line 26-26 of Fig 8; Fig 10 is a vertical sectional view substantially on the plane of line 27-27 of Fig 8; Fig 11 is a plan view of the completed sealing means; Fig 12 is an edge view looking in the direction of arrow 29 of Fig 11; Fig 13 is an edge view looking in the direction of arrow 30 of Fig 11; Fig 14 is a sectional view substantially on the plane of line 31-31 of Fig 12; Fig 15 is a sectional view substantially on the plane of line 32-32 of Fig 12; Fig 16 is a perspective view of the finished seal shown in Fig 11; Fig 17 is a perspective view of another form of seal according to the invention; Fig 18 shows the seal applied to the neck of a bag; Fig 19 is a diagrammatic view showing the preliminary curling of the blank of Fir 1; Fig 20 is a view similar to Fig 19 and shows a further step in the production of the sealing element; and Fig 21 shows the final step in the production of the sealing element shown in Fig 2. In Fig 1, 130 indicates a flat sheet material blank of suitable shape comprising what may be described as a main portion 131 and a wing portion 132, from which blank a sealing element is to be produced. As the sealing element is to have a weakened zone, it will be convenient to form such weakened zone 133 at the time of stamping out the blank. The sealing element 134 is shown in Fig. 2 and consists of main portion 131 and wing portion 132, the latter constructed as follows: said wing portion is composed of two spaced apart, oppositely facing, partly curled end sections 135 and 136, one of which, 135, is of larger diameter than the other, is connected to main portion 131 and has an intermediate weakened zone 133 extending part-way longitudinally thereof Said end sections 135 and 136 are connected by an intermediate section 137 that extends substantially at right angles to main portion 131 The method and means for converting blank 130 into sealing element 134 will be described at a later point in the specification Sealing element 134 is inserted in sealing tool: 138, tying material 139, hereinafter sometimes referred to' as "strand material", is introduced into curled end section 135 and the sealing tool is then operated to act on the sealing element. The sealing tool can be actuated in any suitable way, such as by compressed air, but, in the present instance, it is preferably constructed and operated as follows: the sealing tool is provided with

opposed die members 140 and 141 for the reception of sealing element 134 Die member 140 is provided with a pair of supporting ledges 142 and a pair of curved seats 143, the units 70 of each of said pairs being separated by a central channel 144 The other, 141, of said die members has a pair of coil-engaging surfaces 145 complementary to the lower pair of curved seats 143 146 indicates a 75 central punch carried by upper die member 141 and located intermediate the upper pair of coil-engaging surfaces 145 in the plane of channel 144 of the lower die member and extends below said coil-engaging sur-80 faces 145; said punch 146 has a curved under-surface 147. Suitable means to move one of said die members 140 and 141 with relation to the other are provided In the present instance 85 148 is a supporting member having an internal guide 149 Die member 141 is carried by a slide 150 that travels in guide 149 A spring 151 anchored in the bottom of guide 149, is provided, which spring tends 90 to move slide 150 in an upward direction. as viewed in Fig 20 152 and 153 are a pair of levers pivotally connected together at 154, one of said levers 152, being pivotally supported at 155 on supporting mem 95 ber 148, while lever 153 is pivotally connected at 156 to slide 150 It will be understood that, when lever 153 is swung in the direction indicated by arrow 157 of Fig 3. slide 150 will move in a downward direc 100 tion, as viewved in Fig 3 Die member 140 is carried by a slide 158 also mounted in guide 149, and is normally moved into itq upward position by a spring 159 bearing against a portion 160 of slide 150 Spring 105 159 is much weaker than sprina 151 and the said upward movement of slide 158 is limited by means of a pin 161, extending into slot 162 of supporting member 148. The downward movement of slide 150 is 110 transmitted to slide 158 by the interposed sealing element 134 Supporting member 148 is provided with an abutment surface 163 that stops the downward movement of slide 158, which latter engages said surface 115 163 with its surface 164 Therefore, on the continued downward movement of slide 150. slide 158 will stand still while slide 150 continues such downward movement and will cease to support spring 159 120 The method of closing sealing elemnent 134 will now be described The operator retracts slide 158 downwardly against the tension of spring 159 so as to admit of the insertion of sealing element 134 between die 125 members 140 and 141 In so doing, the operator will place curled end section 135. of wing portion 132, in the curved seats 143 and with upper curled end section 136 beneath punch 146, body portion 131 being 130 784,857 placed on supporting ledges 142 between side gauges 165 Die nmenmber 140 is now {ilgi:ii R 10 13 Jiia Aor anl spring I Roves slide 158

upwardly so as to hold the sealing element between the die members. Strand material 139 can now conveniently be placed in lower curled end section 135. The operator now grasps supporting member 148 and lever 153, thereby moving them toward each other The movement thus produced causes slide 150, carrying die member 141, to move downwardly and to transmit this motion through the instrumentality of sealing element 134 to die member 140 and slide 158 This motion continues until surface 164 of slide 158 engages surface 163 of supporting member 148, when the downward motion of slide 158 ceases. while the downward motion of slide 150 continues The downward motion of slide causes center punch 146 to begin the coiling of wing portion 132 of the sealing element In so doing, main portion 131 will rise from its horizontal position until it engages the tip of punch 146 (Fig 7) It will be observed that, in thus rising, main portion 131 closes the gap between curled end sections 135 and 136, thereby trapping, or ensuring the retention of, strand material 139 within wing portion 132 Further downward motion of die member 141 causes center punch 146 to continue the coiling operation and to engage the inner surface of lower section 135 to tear said wing portion 132 in its weakened zone 133 and to crimp the central Dart of the coil. Eventually coil-engaging surfaces 145 of die member 141 act upon opposite ends of the coil to flatten the same, this being made possible by the breaking through of punch 146 into central channel 144 During the foregoing movements, tapered face 166 of die 141 pinches wing portion 132 against curved seats 143 at the place indicated by 167, and main portion 131 of sealing element 134 relapses to its original horizontal position It is to be noted that neither center punch 146 nor the crimped portion of the coil reaches the bottom of channel 144 (Figs 9 and 10). The sealing means produced by the abovedescribed method and tool is shown in Figs I I to 15 and is constructed as follows: 131 indicates the main portion of the sealing element, and 132 is the wing portion which has now been formed into a coil 168 in which strand material 139 is held Wing portion 132 is connected at its base 169 with the main portion Coil 168 is compressed or partly flattened at its ends 170, and is crimned at its intermediate part 171. It will be observed that coil 168 lies entirely at one side of the Dlane of main nortion 131 and, further that the crimped intermediate part of said coil lies separated from said main portion by a gap 172. It will be Uflderstop(tl tmil | at, il it is attempted, after sealing, to undo coil 168, it will be practically impossible to do so without causing a rupture of wing 70 portion 132 This is so because the presence of gap 172 leaves very little metal, at either of its ends,

connecting main portion 131 with wing portion 132 Furthermore, it will be seen that, if wing portion 132 is 75 thus ruptured, strand material 139 will still be held firmly by coil 168 and evidence of tampering will be clearly indicated In addition, the fragile appearance of the seal, gap 172 being clearly visible, will have a tend 80 ency to deter a would-be tamperer from an attempt to open the seal. Fig 16 is a perspective view of the finished seal shown in Fig 11, strand material 139 having been threaded through an object 85 to be sealed (not shown) and formed into a loop 173 in a well-understood manner. Fig 17 is a perspective view of a modified form of the invention shown in Fig 16. The modification consists in having, in ad-90 dition to a wing portion that has been converted into a coil 168 a second wing portion 174 The seal will usually be shipped to the customer with one end of strand material 139 anchored in coil 168 and with 95 the free end 175 of said strand material unsealed The user will now thread free end of said strand material through the object to be sealed, after which wing portion 174 will be inserted in a sealing tool as 100 previously described in connection with the coiling of wing portion 132 The free end of strand material 139 will then be placed within wing portion 174, after which the sealing tool will be operated in the 105 manner previously explained, thereby completing the sealing operation. In Fig 18 sealing element 134 is shown applied to the flexible mouth 176 of a bag 177 In this case mouth 176 of said bag 110 constitutes the strand material. Turning now to the method and means for converting the blank of Fig 1 into the sealing element of Fig 2, blank 130, as shown in Fig 19, is acted upon by two die mem 115 bers, A and B to curl slightly the tip of wing portion 132 Next, the blank, modified as shown in Fig 19, is acted upon in the manner shown in Fig 20, by two die members C and D After this, the blank is 120 placed in a die having two die members E and F in which the curling of end section 136 is carried still further to produce sealing element 134 of the form indicated in Fig 2 and is now ready to be inserted in 125 the sealing tool, as shown in Fig 3.


Date post:	16-Feb-2017
Category:	Law
Upload:	j1075017
View:	99 times
Download:	0 times

4446 4450.output

Law