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French & Italian Comparative Tutorial I: Learn TwoLanguages Simultaneously
Basic Phrases
English French Italian
Good day Bonjour BuongiornoGood evening Bonsoir Buona sera
Good night (going to bed) Bonne nuit Buona notte
Hello / Hi / Bye Salut CiaoGoodbye Au revoir Arrivederci
Thank you (very much) Merci (beaucoup) Grazie (mille)
You're welcome De rien PregoPlease S'il vous plat Per favore
How are you? (formal) Comment allez-vous ? Come sta?
How are you? (informal) a va? Come stai?
I'm (really) good. Je vais (trs) bien. Sto (abbastanza) bene.
I'm ok. Comme ci, comme a. Cos cos.
Bad / not bad Mal / pas mal Male / Non c' male
What's your name? (f) Comment vous appelez-vous ? Come si chiama?
What's your name? (in) Tu t'appelles comment ? Come ti chiami?My name is Je m'appelle Mi chiamo
Where are you from? (f) D'o venez-vous ? Di dov' Lei?
Where are you from? (in) Tu es d'o ? Di dove sei?
I'm from. Je suis de Sono di
How old are you? (f) Quel ge avez-vous ? Quanti anni ha?
How old are you? (in) Tu as quel ge ? Quanti anni hai?
I'm ___ years old. J'ai ___ ans. Ho ___ anni.
Yes / No Oui / Non Si / No
Do you speak ? (f) Parlez-vous ParlaDo you speak ? (inf) Est-ce que tu parles Parli
I (don't) speak Je (ne) parle (pas) (Non) parlo
I (don't) know Je (ne) sais (pas). (Non) lo so.
Do you understand? (f) Comprenez-vous? Capisce?
Do you understand? (inf) Est-ce que tu comprends ? Capisci?
I (don't) understand Je (ne) comprends (pas). (Non) capisco.
Can you help me? (f) Pouvez-vous m'aider ? Pu aiutarmi?
Can you help me? (inf) Est-ce que tu peux m'aider ? Puoi aiutarmi?
Of course. Bien sr CertamenteI would like Je voudrais Vorrei
Where is / are ? O est / sont ? Dov' / Dove sono ?
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masculine form, with the feminine ending in parentheses.(In French, you generally add -e to formthe feminine; while in Italian, you change -o to -a). If there is only one form of an adjective given,then it is the same for masculine and feminine (such as malade in French).
There are two ways to say "you" in both languages, formally (f) or informally (inf). The formal youis the polite form and should be used with people you do not know or with people to whom youwant to show respect. The informal you should be used with children and animals, and with close
friends and family.
Pronunciation
The major difference in pronunciation between the two languages is that French has several silentletters, while every letter must be pronounced in Italian. In addition, French contains fourdistinctive nasal vowels that do not exist in Italian.
Vowels
Vowels in French are somewhat complex (12). Vowels in Italian are much simpler (7). Vowels that
do not exist in English are highlighted.
French Vowels Italian VowelsEnglish
Pronunciation
[i] vie, midi, lit, riz [i] vita meet
[y] rue, jus, tissu, usine ee rounded
[e] bl, nez, cahier, pied [e] vedi wait
[] jeu, yeux, queue, bleu ay rounded
lait, aile, balai, reine era bet
[] sur, uf, fleur, beurre eh rounded
[a] chat, ami, papa, salade [a] kane not
[ ] bas, ne, grce, chteau ah longer
[u] loup, cou, caillou, outil [u] uva boot
[o] eau, dos, escargot, htel [o] sole coat
[ ] sol, pomme, cloche,horloge
[ ] modo law
[ ] fentre, genou, cheval,cerise
rut
I'm using the International Phonetic Alphabet symbols for the vowels and a rough phonetic
transcription for those who do not know the IPA.
French has three front rounded vowels that do not exist in English, but you can learn to pronouncethem correctly because their unrounded counterparts do exist in English. To pronounce [y], roundyour lips when saying [i]; to pronounce [], round your lips when saying [e]; and to pronounce [],
round your lips when saying []. The distinction between [a] and [] continues to disappear in
modern French, so don't worry about trying to distinguish these two sounds.
Pronouncing Italian vowels is rather easy. The only problems arise when distinguishing the two e'sand o's. If the vowel is stressed, then it is always closed [e] and [o]. If the vowel is not stressed, it is
always open [] and []. This can change according to regional dialects in Italy, of course, but this is
the standard rule.
Nasal Vowels, Semi-Vowels/Consonants, & Diphthongs
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The four nasal vowels are a distinctive feature of French. There are also three semi-vowels. InItalian, there are two semi-vowels, several diphthongs and a few triphthongs.
French nasal
vowels
French semi-
vowels
Italian semi-
vowels
[ ] gant, banc,
dent
[w] oui, Louis [w] quando, uomo
pain, vin,linge
lui, suisse [j]piano, ieri,piove
brun, lundi,parfum
[j]oreille,Mireille
rond, ongle,front
The distinction between the two nasals and is disappearing in French. Italian semi-vowels
are written ua, ue, uo, ui for [w] and ia, ie, io, iu for [j]. If another vowel precedes u or i, then it is adiphthong: ai, ei, oi, au, eu. The combination iu + another vowel creates a triphthong.
Consonants
French consonants
ex + vowel egz examen, exercice eg-zah-mawn, eg-zehr-sees
ex + consonant eksexceptionnel,expression
ek-sehp-see-oh-nel, ek-spreh-
see-ohn
ch (Latinorigin)
sh architecte, archives ar-shee-tekt, ar-sheev
ch (Greekorigin)
korchestre,archologie
ohr-kehs-tr, ar-kay-oh-loh-zhee
ti + vowel(except )
see dmocratie, nationday-moh-krah-see, nah-see-
ohn
Italian consonant + vowel combinations
c + a, o, u, he,hi
k amica, amico, amicheah-mee-kah, ah-mee-koh, ah-
mee-keh
c + ia, io, iu, e,i
ch bacio, celebre, cinemabah-cho, cheh-leh-breh, chee-
neh-mah
g + a, o, u, he,hi
g gara, gusto, spaghettigah-rah, goo-stoh, spah-geh-
tee
g + ia, io, iu, e,i
dj Giotto, gelato, magico djoh-toh, djeh-lah-toh, mah-djee-koh
sc + a, o, u, he,hi
sk scala, scuola, scheda skah-lah, skoo-oh-la, skeh-dah
sc + ia, io, iu, e,i
shsciarpa, sciupato,scemo
shar-pah, shoo-pah-toh, sheh-
moh
In both languages, s is generally pronounced the same as in English, except when it is between twovowels, then it is pronounced like z. H is always silent.
Double consonants in Italian must be pronounced individually: il nonno (eel nohn-noh) ispronounced differently than il nono (eel noh-noh)
Liaison in French forces a preceding consonant to be pronounced before the following vowel of thenext word. Normally, this consonant is silent, but it must be pronounced at the beginning of the next
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word: trs (treh) and heureux (uh-ruh) become treh zuh-ruh when pronounced together. S and x arepronounced as z, d as t and f as v in liaisons.
Stress
In general, stress falls on the last syllable in French and the second-to-last syllable in Italian. Ifstress falls on the last syllable in Italian, the vowel is written with an accent mark (la citt).
However, it is also possible for the stress in Italian to fall on the third-to-last syllable (America,telefono) and even the fourth-to-last syllable (telefonano) in third person plural verb conjugations.
Alphabet
English French Italian
A ah ah
B bay bee
C say chee
D day dee
E uh eh
F eff eff-eh
G zhay zhee
H ahsh ahk-kah
I ee ee
J shee ee loon-gah
K kah kahp-pah
L ell ehl-eh
M emm ehm-ehN enn ehn-eh
O oh oh
P pay pee
Q kew kooR air ehr-reh
S ess ehs-seh
T tay tehU ew oo
V vay vooW doo-blah-vay dohp-pyah vooX eeks eeks
Y ee-grek ee greh-kah
Z zed dzeh-tah
Numbers
English French Italian English French Italianzero zro zero
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one un uno first premier (re) primo (a)
two deux due second deuxime secondo (a)
three trois tre third troisime terzo (a)
four quatre quattro fourth quatrime quarto (a)
five cinq cinque fifth cinquime quinto (a)six six sei sixth sixime sesto (a)
seven sept sette seventh septime settimo (a)
eight huit otto eighth huitime ottavo (a)
nine neuf nove ninth neuvime nono (a)
ten dix dieci tenth dixime decimo (a)
eleven onze undici eleventh onzime undicesimo (a)
twelve douze dodici twelfth douzime dodicesimo (a)
thirteen treize tredici thirteenth treizime tredicesimo (a)
fourteen quatorze quattordici fourteenth quatorzimequattordicesimo(a)
fifteen quinze quindici fifteenth quinzime quindicesimo (a)
sixteen seize sedici sixteenth seizime sedicesimo (a)
seventeen dix-sept diciassette seventeenth dix-septimediciassettesimo(a)
eighteen dix-huit diciotto eighteenth dix-huitime diciottesimo (a)
nineteen dix-neuf diciannove nineteenth dix-neuvime diciannovesimo(a)
twenty vingt venti twentieth vingtime ventesimo (a)
twenty-one vingt et un ventuno twenty-first vingt et unime ventunesimo (a)
twenty-two vingt-deux ventidue twenty-second vingt-deuxime ventiduesimo (a)
twenty-three vingt-trois ventitre twenty-third vingt-troisime ventitreesimo (a)
thirty trente trenta twenty-fourth vingt-quatrimeventiquattresimo(a)
forty quarante quaranta twenty-fifth vingt-cinquime venticinquesimo(a)
fifty cinquante cinquanta
sixty soixante sessanta one-half une moiti un mezzo
seventy soixante-dix settanta one-third un tiers un terzo
eighty quatre-vingts ottanta one-fourth un quart un quarto
ninety quatre-vingt-dix novanta
hundred cent cento once une fois una volta
hundred one cent un centuno twice deux fois due volte
two hundred deux cents duecento three times trois fois tre volte
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thousand mille mille
million un million un milione
When writing numbers, switch the use of commas and periods. For example, 4.50 in English wouldbe written as 4,50 in French and Italian. In French, cent has a plural form: cents, but mille isinvariable (there is no plural form); while in Italian, cento is invariable and mille has a plural form:
mila.French telephone numbers are ten digits, beginning with zero, and the country code is 33 (Belgium:32, Switzerland: 41, Canada: 1). Italian telephone numbers are between 8 and 11 digits, most
beginning with zero, and the country code is 39.
Articles & Demonstratives
Definite and Indefinite Articles
Definite Article (the) French ItalianIndefinite Article (a,
an)French Italian
masculine singular le il masculine singular un unbegins with vowel l' l' begins with vowel un un
begins with s + cons. lo begins with s + cons. uno
masculine plural les i masculine plural des dei
plural of l' and lo gli plural: di + gli degli
feminine singular la la feminine singular une una
begins with vowel l' l' begins with vowel une un'
feminine plural les le feminine plural des delleArticles are slightly more complicated in Italian. The rows in italics only concern Italian and notFrench. If a masculine Italian noun begins with s + consonant, z, gn, ps, x, or i + vowel, you mustuse lo as the definite article (instead ofil). However, la is still used for allfeminine Italian nounsthat begin with those same letters. Only il changes to i in the plural, while l' and lo change to gli.Feminine articles are more simple: la and l' change to le in the plural. The plural indefinite articlecan be expressed assome in English, but it is not always used.
Demonstrative Adjectivesthis / these + noun French Italian that / those + noun French Italian
masculine singular ce questo masculine singular ce quel
begins with vowel cet quest' begins with vowel cet quell'
begins with s + cons. questo begins with s + cons. quello
masculine plural ces questi masculine plural ces quei
plural of l' and lo questi plural: di + gli quegli
feminine singular cette questa feminine singular cette quella
begins with vowel cette quest' begins with vowel cette quell'
feminine plural ces queste feminine plural ces quelleIn French, ce, cet, and cette can be translated as this or that, while ces can be translated as these orthose. If you would like to be precise, you can add -ci to the end of the noun to specify this/these(for what is close to you), and -l to the end of the noun to specify that/those (for what is furtheraway from you). For example, cette chaise-ci means this chairwhile cette chaise-l means thatchair. In Italian, two distinct forms exist to distinguish between what is close and what is far away:
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quest- for close, and quel- for far away.
In Italian, demonstrative adjectives (which precede nouns) and demonstrative pronouns (which takethe place of nouns) have very similar forms. In French, the demonstrative pronouns have differentforms. You can add -ci and -l to the French demonstrative pronouns to specify what is close(this/these) and what is far away (that/those): celui-ci means this one, while celui-l means thatone.
Demonstrative Pronounsthis / these + verb French Italian that / those + verb French Italian
masculine singular celui questo masculine singular celui quello
masculine plural ceux questi masculine plural ceux quelli
feminine singular celle questa feminine singular celle quella
feminine plural celles queste feminine plural celles quelle
Nouns: Gender & NumberThere are two genders of nouns in both languages, masculine and feminine, and two numbers,singular and plural. Adjectives agree in gender and number with nouns, so you must learn thegender with each noun in order to form grammatically correct phrases. Usually the last letter of thenoun will tell you which gender it is.
GenderIn French, masculine singular nouns generally end with a consonant, - age or -ment. Femininesingular nouns generally end with -ure, -sion, -tion, -ence, -ance, -t, and -ette.
In Italian, masculine singular nouns generally end with -o or -ore. Feminine singular nouns
generally end with -a or -zione. Nouns ending with -e and -ista can be either gender, so you mustlearn those individually. A few masculine nouns end with -a: il problema, il tema, il teorema, il
poeta, il cinema, il programma; and a few feminine nouns end with -o: la mano, la radio, la foto, lamoto.
In most cases, the gender of a noun is the same in French and Italian. But there are some cases inwhich the genders are reversed. (For example, names of cities and letters of the alphabet aremasculine in French, but feminine in Italian.)
Masculine in French / Feminine in Italian Feminine in French / Masculine in Italian
English French Italian English French Italian
air l'air l'aria affair, case l'affaire l'affareart l'art l'arte tooth la dent il dente
calm le calme la calma oil l'huile l'olio
number/digit
le chiffre la cifra limit la limite il limite
couple le couple la coppia sea la mer il mare
Sunday le dimanche la domenica method la mthode il metodo
summer l't l'estate minute la minute il minuto
forehead le front la fronte panic la panique il panico
guide le guide la guida period la priode il periodospring le printemps la primavera planet la plante il pianeta
sand le sable la sabbia second la seconde il secondo
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evening le soir la sera attempt la tentative il tentativo
NumberIn French, singular nouns generally add -s (unless the noun already ends in -s, -z, or -x, then theychange nothing for the plural), though nouns ending in -au, -eau, and -eu add -x instead (or change-al/-ail to -aux) to form the plural. (Exceptions: festival, carnaval, bal, pneu, bleu, landau, dtail,chandail all add -s) There are also seven nouns ending in -ou that add -x instead of -s: bijou,caillou, chou, genou, pou, joujou, hibou
French Irregular Plurals: l'il - les yeux (eye-eyes); le ciel - les cieux (sky-skies); le jeune homme- les jeunes gens (young man-young men); and three nouns are masculine in the singular, butfeminine in the plural: amour, dlice, orgue
In Italian, singular nouns that end with -o or -e, whether masculine or feminine, change to -i in theplural. Feminine nouns change -a to -e in the plural. Monosyllabic nouns, nouns that end with anaccented letter, with a consonant, and with -i do not change in the plural. Nouns ending in -ca, -go,-ca, and -ga add an -h before the plural ending (as a rule of pronunciation). Nouns that end with -io
can either change to -ii in the plural (if the i of -io is stressed), or to -i (if the i of -io is not stressed).
Italian Irregular Plurals: l'uomo - gli uomini (man-men); il dio - gli dei (god-gods); il bue - i buoi(beef); il centinaio - le centinaia (century-centuries); il dito - le dita (finger-fingers); il riso - lerisa (laughter); l'uovo - le uova (egg-eggs); l'ala - le ali (wing-wings); l'arma - le armi (weapon-weapons); la mano - le mani (hand-hands)
Personal Pronouns
Subject PronounsDirect Object
PronounsIndirect Object
PronounsDisjunctive Pronouns
English French Italian English French Italian English French Italian English French Italian
I je io me me mi me me mi me moi me
you (s,inf)
tu tuyou (s,inf)
te tiyou (s,inf)
te tiyou (s,inf)
toi te
you (s,f)
vous Leiyou (s,f)
vous Layou (s,f)
vous Leyou (s,f)
vous Lei
he / she il / ellelui /lei
him /her
le / la lo / lahim /her
lui gli / lehim /her
lui /elle lui / lei
one /
weon si
we nous noi us nous ci us nous ci us nous noi
you (pl,inf/f)
vous voiyou (pl,inf)
vous viyou (pl,inf)
vous viyou (pl,inf)
vous voi
they(m/fem)
ils /elles
loro them les li them leur loro themeux /elles
loro
s = singular, pl = plural, inf = informal, f = formal, m = masculine, fem = feminine
There is more than oneyou in both languages, depending on how many people you are speaking toand how informal or formal you are being. In French, tu is singular and informal (when speaking toone person, such as a family member); while vous is plural, whether informal or formal (whenspeaking to more than one person) AND singular and formal (when speaking to one person, whomyou do not know well or to whom you'd like to show respect). In Italian, tu is informal and singular,
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while Lei is formal and singular and voi is plural, whether informal or formal. Keep in mind thatLei takes a third person singular form when conjugating verbs (same as for he/she - lui/lei).
On and si are used as an abstract subject meaning one, they, you, we, people in general, etc. Thereare several translations of this into English where the subject doesn't refer to any person alreadymentioned: They say it's going to rain today. How areyou supposed to do this? What should one dowith $10 million? In addition, the French on is very commonly used to mean we instead ofnous ineveryday conversation. It always take a third person singular form when conjugating verbs, eventhough it refers to more than one person.
In both languages, if you want to useitto refer to a noun, you must know the gender. For example,il in French can mean he orit, depending on what noun the pronoun refers to. Il est petit, legaron. He is small, the boy. Il est petit, le lit. It is small, the bed.Notice that they can also betranslated in two ways in French (ils and elles), depending on the gender of the noun.
Verbs: Be, Have, Do
Present Tense Past Tense Future Tense
tre / essere - to be
suis sono tais ero serai sar
es sei tais eri seras sarai
est tait era sera sar
sommes siamo tions eravamo serons saremo
tes siete tiez eravate serez sarete
sont sono taient erano seront saranno
avoir / avere - to have
ai ho avais avevo aurai avr
as hai avais avevi auras avraia ha avait aveva aura avr
avons abbiamo avions avevamo aurons avremo
avez avete aviez avevate aurez avrete
ont hanno avaient avevano auront avranno
faire / fare - to do, make
fais faccio faisais facevo ferai far
fais fai faisais facevi feras farai
fait fa faisait faceva fera far
faisons facciamo faisions facevamo ferons faremofaites fate faisiez facevate ferez farete
font fanno faisaient facevano feront farannoPast tense here refers to the imperfect, not preterite.
In French, the subject pronoun must always be used before the verb conjugations. When the verbbegins with a vowel,je becomesj' and is connected to the verb (j'ai). In informal speech, the samehappens with tu, it becomes t' and is connected to the following verb (t'as). In Italian, you do nothave to use the subject pronouns, unless you want to emphasize the subject or to avoid ambiguity.
There are several common and idiomatic expressions with the verbs avoir and avere, which
translate to be in English:to be hungry avoir faim avere fameto be thirsty avoir soif avere sete
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to be warm avoir chaud avere caldo
to be cold avoir froid avere freddo
to be right avoir raison avere ragione
to be wrong avoir tort avere torto
to be sleepy avoir sommeil avere sonno
to be afraid (of) avoir peur (de) avere paura (di)to be # years old avoir # ans avere # anni
to need avoir besoin de avere bisogno di
to want, feel like avoir envie de avere voglia di
There is another verb in Italian that means to be, stare. But this verb is only used in expressionsrelating to health and feelings and when expressing the progressive form (be + gerund in English).
Present Tense Past Tense Future Tense
stare - tobe
sto stavo star
stai stavi staraista stava star
stiamo stavamo staremo
state stavate starete
stanno starano staranno
Interrogatives / Conjunctions / Adverbs
English French Italian English French Italian
who qui chi because parce que perchwhose de qui di chi and et e
what qu'est-ce que / quoi che cosa / che / cosa or ou o
where o dove but mais ma
where from d'o di dove if si se
why pourquoi perch not pas non
when quand quando very trs molto
how comment come also aussi anche
how much combien quanto while pendant mentre
which quel(le) quale since depuis dathat que che although bien que bench
Days / Months / Seasons
English French Italian English French Italian
Monday lundi luned January janvier gennaio
Tuesday mardi marted February fvrier febbraio
Wednesday mercredi mercoled March mars marzo
Thursday jeudi gioved April avril aprile
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Friday vendredi venerd May mai maggio
Saturday samedi sabato June juin giugno
Sunday dimanche domenica July juillet luglio
August aot agosto
spring le printemps la primavera September septembre settembresummer l't (m) l'estate (f) October octobre ottobre
autumn l'automne (m) l'autunno November novembre novembre
winter l'hiver (m) l'inverno December dcembre dicembre
The days of the week and months of the year are all masculine in both languages (except domenicain Italian). If you want to express an action that happens habitually on a certain day, use the definitearticle before the day: le lundi / il luned (on Mondays).In a season or a month is translated as enin French (except forin spring, which is au printemps) and in in Italian. When writing the date,use the definite article (le or il) plus the number and then the month: le 5 mai / il 5 maggio. For the
first day of a month, you must use premier orprimo instead of the number.
Time / Weather / Directions
What timeis it?
Quelle heure est-il ?
Che ora ? / Cheore sono?
What's theweather like?
Quel tempsfait-il ?
Che tempo fa?
At whattime?
A quelle heure ? A che ora? It's nice Il fait bonFa tempobuono
1:00 Il est une heure l'una It's beautiful Il fait beau Fa bel tempo
2:00 Il est deux heures Sono le due It's hot Il fait chaud Fa caldo
3:10Il est trois heuresdix
Sono le tre edieci
It's cold Il fait froid Fa freddo
19:50Il est vingt heuresmoins dix
Sono le ventimeno dieci
It's sunnyIl fait dusoleil
C' il sole
18:15Il est dix-huitheures et quart
Sono le diciotto eun cuarto
It's windyIl fait duvent
Tira vento
7:45Il est huit heuresmoins le quart
Sono le ottomeno un quarto
It's cool Il fait frais Fa fresco
15:30 Il est quinzeheures et demie
Sono le quindicie mezzo
It's bad Il faitmauvais
Fa bruttotempo
noon midi mezzogiorno It's foggyIl fait dubrouillard
C' la nebbia
midnight minuit mezzanotte It's cloudyIl faitnuageux
nuvoloso
exactly prcise in punto It's stormyIl faitorageux
Il tempo burrascoso
in the
morning du matin di mattina It's raining Il pleut Piovein the de l'aprs-midi del pomeriggio It's snowing Il neige Nevica
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afternoon
in theevening
du soir di sera It's freezing Il gleFa un freddogelido
English French Italian English French Italian
afternoon l'aprs-midi (m) il pomeriggio sunrise le lever du soleilil levar delsole
century le sicle il secolo sunsetle coucher dusoleil
il tramonto
dawn l'aube l'alba time le temps il tempo
day le jour il giorno today aujourd'hui oggi
daybreak le point du jourla spuntar delgiorno
tomorrow demain domani
duskla tombe de la
nuitil far della notte week la semaine la settimana
evening le soir la sera year l'an (m) l'anno
fortnight la quinzaine la quindicina yesterday hier ieri
holiday la fte la festalast,
previousdernier (re) ultimo
hour l'heure (f) l'ora next prochain(e) prossimo
half hour une demi-heure una mezz'ora north nord nord
quarter hourun quart d'heure un quarto d'ora south sud sud
hour and
half
une heure et
demi
un'ora e mezzo east est est
leap year l'anne bissextile l'anno bisestile west ouest ovest
midnight la minuit la mezzanotte northeast nord-est nord-est
minute la minute il minuto northwest nord-ouest nord-ovest
month le mois il mese southeast sud-est sud-est
morning la matin la mattina southwest sud-ouest sud-ovest
night la nuit la notte to/on the left gauche a sinistra
noon le midi il mezzogiornoto/on theright
droite a destra
season la saison la stagione straight tout droit sempredirittosecond la seconde il secondo
Colors & Shapes
English French Italian English French Italian
red rouge rosso (-a) square le carr il quadrato
pink rose rosa circle le cercle il cerchio
orange orange arancione triangle le triangle il triangoloyellow jaune giallo (-a) rectangle le rectangle il rettangolo
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green vert(e) verde oval l'ovale l'ovale
blue bleu(e)azzurro (-a)
box la bote la scatola
purplelila /violet(te)
viola sphere la sphre la sfera
brown brun(e) /marron
marrone cube le cube il cubo
black noir(e) nero (-a) pyramid la pyramide la piramide
white blanc(he)bianco (-a)
cone le cne il cono
gray gris(e) grigio (-a) cylinder le cylindre il cilindro
silver argent(e)argento (-a)
heart le cur il cuore
gold dor oro (-a) star l'toile (f) la stelladiamond le diamant il diamante
crescent le croissant la mezzaluna
Remember that colors are adjectives and they are placed after the noun they modify. In French, add-e to form the feminine; in Italian, change the final -o to -a. Adjectives that already end in -e do notchange for the feminine in either language. Adjectives that end in -a (such as lila or viola) tend to beinvariable and do not change at all, not even for the plural.
Family
family la famille la famiglia stepson le beau-fils il figliastro
mother la mre la madre stepsisterla belle-sur
la sorellastra
mom maman mamma stepbrotherle beau-frre
il fratellastro
father le pre il padre half-sisterla demi-sur
la sorellastra
dad papa pap half-brotherle demi-
frreil fratellastro
parents les parents i genitori mother-in-lawla belle-mre
la suocera
daughter la fille la figlia father-in-law le beau-pre il suocero
son le fils il figlio daughter-in-law la belle-fille la nuora
children les enfants i figli son-in-law le gendre il genero
sister la sur la sorella sister-in-lawla belle-sur
la cognata
brother le frre il fratello brother-in-law le beau-frre il cognato
wife la femme / la sposa godmother la marraine la madrina
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l'pouse
husband le mari / l'poux lo sposo godfather le parrain il padrino
grandmother la grand-mre la nonna girl la jeune fille la ragazza
grandfather le grand-pre il nonno boy le garon il ragazzo
grandparents les grands-parents i nonnibaby le bb il bambino
granddaughter la petite-fille la nipote woman la femme la donna
grandson le petit-fils il nipote man l'homme l'uomo
grandchildren les petits-enfants i nipoti adult l'adulte l'adulto
cousin (f) la cousine la cugina relatives les parents i parenti
cousin (m) le cousin il cugino twins les jumeaux i gemelli
aunt la tante la zia birth la naissance la nascita
uncle l'oncle lo zio death la mort la morteniece la nice la nipote marriage le mariage il matrimonio
nephew le neveu il nipote divorce le divorce il divorzio
stepmother la belle-mrelamatrigna
single clibataire celibe / nubile
stepfather le beau-pre il patrigno married mari(e) sposato (-a)
stepdaughter la belle-fillelafigliastra
divorced divorc(e)divorziato (-a)
Possessive Adjectives & Pronouns
Possessive Adjectives French Italian French Italian French Italian French Italian
adjective + noun masculine singular masculine plural feminine singular feminine plural
my mon il mio mes i miei ma la mia mes le mieyour (s) ton il tuo tes i tuoi ta la tua tes le tue
his / her son il suo ses i suoi sa la sua ses le sue
our notre il nostro nos i nostri notre la nostra nos le nostreyour (pl) votre il vostro vos i vostri votre la vostra vos le vostretheir leur il loro leurs i loro leur la loro leurs le loroIn Italian, you must always use the definite article before the possessive adjective, except withsingular family members that are not modified in any way. However, loro is invariable and always
preceded by the definite article. In both languages, you generally use the definite article instead of apossessive adjective when referring to parts of the body (because it is obvious who they belong to).
In Italian, possessive adjectives (which precede nouns) and possessive pronouns (which take theplace of nouns) have the same form. However, in French, there are different words for thepossessive pronouns.
Possessive Pronouns French Italian French Italian French Italian French Italian
verb + masculine masculine plural feminine singular feminine plural
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pronoun singular
mine le mien il mio les miens i miei la mienne la mia les miennes le mie
yours (s) le tien il tuo les tiens i tuoi la tienne la tua les tiennes le tue
his / hers le sien il suo les siens i suoi la sienne la sua les siennes le sue
ours le ntre il nostro les ntres i nostri la ntre la nostra les ntres le nostre
yours (pl) le vtre il vostro les vtres i vostri la vtre la vostra les vtres le vostretheirs le leur il loro les leurs i loro la leur la loro les leurs le loroRemember that the forms forher/hers in Italian can also be capitalized and use for the singularformalyour/yours: il Suo / i Suoi / la Sua / le Sue.
French & Italian Comparative Tutorial II: Learn TwoLanguages Simultaneously
Adjectives: Gender & Number
Adjectives are placed afterthe noun they describe in French and Italian, though there are a fewcommon adjectives that are placed before the noun (adjectives of beauty, age, goodness and size).They also must agree in gender and number with the noun. Most of the rules for changing genderand number in both languages are the same for adjectives as they are for nouns.
GenderIn French, add -e to the masculine adjective to form the feminine. If the masculine adjective already
ends in -e, then add nothing (the masculine and feminine forms are the same). There are severalother rules for forming feminine adjectives in French: -x changes to -se, -il, -el, and -eil change to-ille, -elle, and -eille, -et changes to -te, -en and -on change to -enne and -onne, -er changes to -re,-f changes to -ve, -c changes to -che, -g changes to -gue, -eur changes to -euse if adjective is derivedfrom verb, -eur changes to -rice if adjective is not same as verb, -eur changes to -eure withadjectives of comparison. Three common adjectives are irregular, and generally precede the noun:
beau - belle (beautiful); nouveau - nouvelle (new); vieux - vieille (old). These three adjectives alsohave an alternate form that is used before masculine adjectives that begin with a vowel: bel, nouvel,vieil.
In Italian, masculine adjectives change -o to -a for the feminine. Adjectives that end in -e can be
masculine or feminine.
NumberIn French, add -s to a singular adjective to form the plural, unless it already ends in -s, -x, or -z(adjectives ending in these letters are the same in the singular and plural).
In Italian, singular masculine adjectives change -o to -i and singular feminine adjectives change -ato -e to form the plural. Adjectives ending in -e (regardless of gender) change to -i for the plural.Same as for nouns, adjectives ending in -ca, -go, -ca, and -ga add an -h before the plural ending.Adjectives that end with -io can either change to -ii in the plural (if the i of -io is stressed), or to -i(if the i of -io is not stressed).
In both languages, when an adjective describes more than one noun of different genders, theadjective will be masculine plural. Mes amis et mes amies sont tous italiens. / I miei amici e le
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mie amiche sono tutti italiani.My male friends and my female friends are all Italian. However, inItalian, the adjective can also agree with the noun that is closest to it.
nice gentil / gentille gentile ugly laid/e brutto/a
mean mchant/e meschino/a open ouvert/e aperto/a
great / large grand/e grande closed ferm/e chiuso/a
small petit/e piccolo/a wide large largo/along long/ue lungo/a narrow troit/e stretto/a
short (length) court/e corto/a hot chaud/e caldo/a
tall grand/e alto/a cold froid/e freddo/a
short (height) petit/e basso/a dirty sale sporco/a
newnouveau /nouvelle
nuovo/a clean propre pulito/a
young jeune giovane quiet tranquille zitto/a
old vieux / vieille vecchio/a loud bruyant/e rumoroso/a
first premier /premire
primo/a thin maigre magro/a
next prochain/e prossimo/a big / fat gros / grosse grasso/a
last dernier / dernire ultimo/a empty vide vuoto/a
same mme stesso/a full plein/e pieno/a
different diffrent/e differente slow lent/e lento/a
good bon / bonne buono/a fast vide veloce
bad mauvais/e cattivo/a happy content/e felice
beautiful beau / belle bello/a sad triste triste
Remember for adjectives, you add-e to form the feminine in French; while in Italian, you change-o to -a.
Verbs: Come, Go
Present Tense Past Tense Future Tense
venir / venire - tocome
viens vengo venais venivo viendrai verr
viens vieni venais venivi viendras verrai
vient viene venait veniva viendra verr
venons veniamo venions venivamo viendrons verremovenez venite veniez venivate viendrez verrete
viennent vengono venaient venivano viendront verranno
aller / andare - togo
vais vado allais andavo irai andr
vas vai allais andavi iras andrai
va va allait andava ira andr
allons andiamo allions andavamo irons andremo
allez andate alliez andavate irez andrete
vont vanno allaient andavono iront andrannoAller and andare can both be used to indicate the future, as doesgo in English: to be going to +infinitive. In French, aller is followed directly by the infinitive, but in Italian, the preposition a is
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placed between andare and the infinitive.
Je vais partir. / Vado a partire.I'm going to leave.
Asking Questions
Yes / No QuestionsThe easiest way to form yes/no questions in both languages is to add n'est-ce pas to the end ofFrench statements and non vero to the end of Italian statements. These phrases are similar to thetags that English adds to the end of questions, and therefore there are several translations intoEnglish.
Tu es une tudiante, n'est-ce pas ? / Sei una studentessa, non vero? You're a student, aren'tyou?
You can also change the word order to form yes/no questions. In French, you invert the subject andverb and write them together with a hypen. If the verb ends in a vowel, you must add -t- betweenthe verb and subject for ease of pronunciation. And if there is a subject other than the subject
pronoun, you leave the subject at the beginning and invert the subject pronoun and verb. In Italian,you simply add a question mark to the end of the sentence and raise the intonation of your voice. Orif there is a subject, you can move it to the end of the sentence.
Parlez-vous allemand ? / Parlate tedesco? Do you speak German?Le garon a-t-il faim ? / Ha fame, il ragazzo? Is the boy hungry?
Another way to form yes/no questions in French involves adding est-ce que before the statement:Est-ce que vous parlez allemand ? You can also simply add a question mark and raise theintonation of your voice to form questions in French, but this is informal and not advised in writing:Vous parlez allemand ?
Interrogative QuestionsFor questions that begin with wh- words or phrases in English, you use question word + inversionof subject and verb in French and simply the question word + verb in Italian. You can also usequestion word + est-ce que + subject + verb in French if you do not want to use inversion. A third,and informal, way of forming wh- questions in French is to use the question word + subject + verb(no est-ce que and no inversion).
Quelle heure est-il ? / Che ore sono? What time is it?
Negatives
In French, ne and pas are placed around the verb to make the phrase negative. (In everyday spokenFrench, ne is often dropped, but it must always be written). In Italian, non is placed before the verb.
Il n'est pas triste. / Non triste.He is not sad.Tu n'es pasparti ? / Non partito? You haven't left?Je ne joue pas au foot. / Non gioco a calcio.I don't play soccer.
Other negatives use two words in both languages. Ne or non is placed before the verb, and the otherword is placed after. Unlike English, it is possible to use two negative words in a sentence.
English French Italian
never ne...jamais non...mai
no longer, no more ne...plus non...pi
nothing ne...rien non...niente
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nobody ne...personne non...nessuno
neither...nor ne...ni...ni non...n...n
Work & School
English French Italian English French Italian
actor l'acteur l'attore lawyer l'avocat l'avvocato
actress l'actrice l'attrice mechanic le mcanicien il meccanico
author l'crivain l'autore musician le musicienil/ lamusicista
baker le boulanger il fornaio nurse l'infirmire l'infermiera
bookseller le libraire il libraio optician l'opticien l'ottico
businessman le commerant il commerciante painter le peintre il pittore
butcher le boucher il macellaio pharmacist le chimiste il chimico
clerk le vendeur il commesso photographer le photographe il fotografo
cook le cuisinier il cuoco policeman l'agent de police la guardia
customer le client il cliente postman le facteur il portalettere
dentist le dentiste il dentista priest le cur il prete
doctorle mdecin /docteur
il medico /dottore
publisher l'diteur l'editore
employee l'employ l'impiegato shoemaker le cordonnier il calzolaio
engineer l'ingnieur l'ingegnere singer le chanteur il cantante
fisherman le pcheur il pescatore soldier le soldat il soldato
gardener le jardinier il giardiniere student l'tudiant lo studente
hairdresser le coiffeur il parrucchiere surgeon le chirurgien il chirurgo
jeweler le bijoutier il gioielliere teacher l'instituteur il maestro
journalist le journaliste il giornalista typistledactylographe
il dattilografo
judge le juge il giudice workman l'ouvrier l'operaio
English French Italian English French Italian
accounting le comptabilit la ragioneria history l'histoire (f) la storia
architecture l'architecture l'architettura law le droitlagiurisprudenza
art l'art l'arte (f) linguistics le linguistique la linguisticaastronomy l'astronomie l'astronomia literature la littrature le lettere
biology la biologie la biologia mathematicslesmathmatiques
la matematica
business les commerces il commercio medicine la mdecine la medicina
chemistry la chimie la chimica music la musique la musica
computerscience
l'informatique l'informatica philosophy la philosophie la filosofia
earth sciencela science de la
terra
la scienza della
terra
physical
education
l'ducation
physique
l'educazione
fisicaeconomics l'conomie l'economia physics la physique la fisicaengineering l'ingnieur l'ingegneria political la science le scienze
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science politique politiche
foreignlanguages
les languestrangres
la linguastraniera
psychology la pyschologie la psicologia
geography la gographie la geografia science la science la scienza
geometry la gomtrie la geometria sociology la sociologie la sociologia
In the French school system,foreign languages is referred to as les langues vivantes (livinglanguages).
Countries & Nationalities
English French Italian English French Italian
Africa l'Afrique (f) l'Africa Indonesia l'Indonsie (f) l'Indonesia
African africain/e africano/a Indonesian indonsien/ne indonesiano/a
Albania l'Albanie l'Albania Ireland l'Irlande (f) l'Irlanda
Albanian albanais/e albanese Irishman irlandais/e irlandese
America l'Amrique (f) l'America Israel l'Isral l'Israele
American amricain/e americano/a Israeli isralien israeliano/a
Argentina l'Argentine (f) l'Argentina Italy l'Italie (f) l'Italia
Argentine argentin/e argentino/a Italian italien/ne italiano/a
Asia l'Asie (f) l'Asia Japan le Japon il Giappone
Asian asiatique asiatico/a Japanese japonais/e giapponese
Australia l'Australie (f) l'Australia Latvia la Lettonie la Lettonia
Australian australien/neaustraliano/a
Latvian letton/ne lettone
Austria l'Autriche (f) l'Austria Lithuania la Lituanie la Lituania
Austrian autrichien/ne austriaco/a Lithuanian lituanien/ne lituano/a
Belgian belge belga Luxembourger luxembourgeois/e lussemburghese
Belgium la Belgique il Belgio Luxembourg le Luxembourg il Lussemburgo
Bosnia la Bosnie la Bosnia Macedonia la Macdoine la Macedonia
Bosnian bosniaque bosniaco/a Macedonian macdonien/ne macedone
Brazil le Brsil il Brasile Malta Malte (f) Malta (f)
Brazilian brsilien/ne brasiliano/a Maltese maltais/e maltese
British brittanique britannico/a Netherlands les Pays Bas i Paesi BassiBulgaria la Bulgarie la Bulgaria Dutch nerlandais/e olandese
Bulgarian bulgare bulgaro/a New Zealandla Nouvelle-Zlande
la NuovaZelanda
Canada le Canada il CanadaNewZealander
no-zlandais/e neozelandese
Canadian canadien/ne canadese Norway la Norvge la Norvegia
China la Chine la Cina Norwegian norvgien/ne norvegese
Chinese chinois/e cinese Poland la Pologne la Polonia
Croatia la Croatie la Croazia Polish polonais/e polacco/a
Croatian croate croato/a Portuguese portugais/e portoghese
Czech tchque ceco/a Portugal le Portugal il Portogallo
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CzechRepublic
la RpubliqueTchque
laRepubblicaCeca
Romanian roumain/e romeno/a
Danish danois/e danese Romania la Roumanie la Romania
Denmark le DanemarklaDanimarca
Russia la Russie la Russia
Egypt l'Egypte (f) l'Egitto Russian russe russo/aEgyptian gyptien/e egiziano/a Scotland l'Ecosse la Scozia
England l'Angleterre (f) l'Inghilterra Scottish cossais/e scozzese
English anglais/e inglese Serbia la Serbie la SerbiaEstonia l'Estonie l'Estonia Serbian serbe serbo/a
Estonian estonien/ne estone Slovakia la Slovaquie la Slovacchia
Europe l'Europe (f) l'Europa Slovak slovaque slovacco/aEuropean europen/ne europeo/a Slovenia la Slovnie la Slovenia
Finland la Finlande la Finlandia Slovene slovne sloveno/aFinnish finnois/e finlandese Spain l'Espagne (f) la SpagnaFrance la France la Francia Spanish espagnol/e spagnolo/a
French franais/e francese Swedish sudois/e svedese
German allemand/e tedesco/a Sweden la Sude la Svezia
Germany l'Allemagne (f) la Germania Switzerland la Suisse la Svizzera
GreatBritain
la Grande-Bretagne
la GranBretagna
Swiss suisse svizzero/a
Greece la Grce la Grecia Turkey la Turquie la Turchia
Greek grec/grecque greco/a Turk turc/turcque turco/aHungarian hongrois/e ungherese Ukrainian ukrainien/ne ucraino/a
Hungary la Hongrie l'Ungheria Ukraine l'Ukraine l'Ucraina
Iceland l'Islande l'IslandaUnitedKingdom
la Royaume-Uni il Regno Unito
Icelandic islandais/e islandese United States les Etats-Unis gli Stati UnitiIndia l'Inde l'India Wales le Pays-de-Galles Galles
Indian indien/ne indiano/a Welsh gallois/e galleseThe article is not used with Malta in either language.
Prepositions & Contractions
Prepositions are highly idiomatic in any language, so it is always better to learn them in commonphrases. Nevertheless, here are the most common prepositions:
English French Italian
to, in, at a
in, to en / dans in
on sur su
with avec con
without sans senza
for pour per
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from, by de da
of de di
over / above au-dessus sopra
under / below au-dessous sotto
in front of devant dietro
behind derrire di fronte anear prs de vicino a
far loin de lontano aIn both languages, possession is shown by using de ordi (of) rather than the - 's in English:
le chat de Luca / il gatto di LucaLuca's cat (or the cat of Luca)
In French and de combine with the definite articles: + le = au, + les = aux, de + le = du, de +les = des. Italian has several more contractions involving prepositions and articles:
il lo l' la i gli le
a al allo all' alla ai agli alleda dal dallo dall' dalla dai dagli dalle
di del dello dell' della dei degli delle
in nel nello nell' nella nei negli nelle
su sul sullo sull' sulla sui sugli sulle
con col collo coll' colla coi cogli colle
Usually no article is used with in before words denoting rooms in a house or buildings in a city. Thecontractions with con are rarely used nowadays, but you will see them in older writings.
Verbs: Know
Present Tense Past Tense Future Tense
savoir /sapere - toknow facts
sais so savais sapevo saurai sapr
sais sai savais sapevi sauras saprai
sait sa savait sapeva saura sapr
savons sappiamo savions sapevamo saurons sapremo
savez sapete saviez sapevate saurez saprete
savent sanno savaient sapevano sauront sapranno
connatre /conoscere -to know
people,places;to beacquaintedwith
connais conosco connaissais conoscevo connatrai conoscer
connais conosci connaissais conoscevi connatras conoscerai
connat conosce connaissait conosceva connatra conoscer
connaissons conosciamo connaissions conoscevamo connatrons conosceremo
connaissez conoscete connaissiez conoscevate connatrez conoscerete
connaissent conoscono connaissaient conoscevano connatront conosceranno
Food & Meals
English French Italian English French Italian
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bacon le bacon il lardo lunch le djeuner il pranzo
beef le buf il manzo meal le repas il pasto
beer la bire la birra meat la viande la carne
beverage la boisson la bevanda milk le lait il latte
biscuit le biscuit il biscotto mustard la moutarde la mostarda
bread le pain il pane mutton le mouton la carne dimontone
breakfast le petit djeuner la colazione oil l'huile (f) l'olio
butter le beurre il burro omelet l'omelette (f) la frittata
cake la gteau la torta pepper le poivre il pepe
candy le bonbon la caramella pie la tarte la torta
cheese le fromage il formaggio pork le porc il maiale
chicken le poulet il pollo rice le riz il riso
chocolate le chocolat il cioccolato roast le rti l'arrosto
coffee le caf il caff roll le petit pain il paninocookie le biscuit il biscotto salad la salade l'insalata
cottage cheese le fromage blanc la ricotta salami le salami il salame
cotton candy la barbe papa lo zucchero filato salt le sel il sale
cream la crme la panna sauce la sauce la salsa
dessert le dessert la frutta sausage la saucisse la salsiccia
dinner le dner la cena soup la soupe la minestra
egg l'uf (m) l'uovo steak le bifteck la bistecca
fat la graisse il grasso stew la ragot lo stufato
flour la farine la farina sugar le sucre lo zuccheroham le jambon il prosciutto supper le souper la cena
hamburger le hamburger l'hamburger tea le th il t
honey le miel il miele toast le pain grill il pane tostato
hot dog le hot-dog l'hot dog veal la veau la carne di vitello
ice la glace il ghiaccio vegetables le lgume il legumeice cream la glace il gelato vinegar le vinaigre l'aceto
jam la confiture la marmellata water l'eau l'acqua
juice le jus il succo wine le vin il vinolollipop la sucette il leccalecca yogurt le yaourt lo yogurt
Verbs: Can, Want, Must
Present Tense Past Tense Future Tense
pouvoir / potere - to beable to, can
peux posso pouvais potevo pourrai potr
peux puoi pouvais potevi pourras potrai
peut pu pouvait poteva pourra potr
pouvons possiamo pouvions potevamo pourrons potremo
pouvez potete pouviez potevate pourrez potretepeuvent possono pouvaient potevano pourront potranno
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vouloir / volere - towant
veux voglio voulais volevo voudrai vorr
veux vuoi voulais volevi voudras vorrai
veut vuole voulait voleva voudra vorr
voulons vogliamo voulions volevamo voudrons vorremo
voulez volete vouliez volevate voudrez vorrete
veulent vogliono voulaient volevano voudront vorranno
devoir / dovere - tohave to, must
dois devo devais dovevo devrai dovr
dois devi devais dovevi devras dovrai
doit deve devait doveva devra dovr
devons dobbiamo devions dovevamo devrons dovremo
devez dovete deviez dovevate devrez dovrete
doivent devono devaient dovevano devront dovranno
Fruits & Vegetables
English French Italian English French Italian
almond l'amande (f) la mandorla lentil la lentille la lenticchia
apple la pomme la mela lettuce la laitue la lattuga
apricot l'abricot (m) l'albicocca lime le citron vert la limettaartichoke l'artichaut (m) il carciofo melon le melon il melone
asparagus l'asperge (f) l'asparago mint la menthe la menta
avocado l'avocat l'avocado mushroom le champignon il fungo
banana le banane la banana oats l'avoine (f) l'avenabarley l'orge (f) l'orzo olive l'olive (f) l'oliva
bean (broad) la fve la fava onion l'oignon (m) la cipollabean(kidney)
le haricot il fagiolo orange l'orange (f) l'arancia
berry la baie la bacca parsley le persil il prezzemolo
broccoli le brocoli i broccoli pea le petit pois il pisello
cabbage le choux il cavolo peach la pche la pescacarrot la carotte la carota pear la poire la pera
cauliflower le chou-fleur il cavolfiore pepper le poivron il peperonecelery le cleri il sedano pine le pin il pinocherry la cerise la ciliegia pineapple l'ananas (m) l'ananasso
chestnutla chtaigne, lemarron
la castagna plum la prune la susina
chives la ciboulette la cipollina potatola pomme deterre
la patata
corn la mas il granoturco pumpkin le potiron la zucca
cucumber le concombre il cetriolo radish le radis il ravanello
currant la groseille il ribes raspberry la framboise il lamponecypress le cyprs il cipresso rice le riz il riso
date la datte il dattero rye le seigle la segale
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eggplant l'aubergine (f) la melanzana sage la sauge la salvia
fig la figue il fico seed la graine il seme
fruit le fruit la frutta spinach les pinards (m) gli spinaci
garlic l'ail (m) l'aglio strawberry la fraise la fragola
grapefruitle
pamplemousseil pompelmo tomato la tomate il pomodoro
grapes le raisin l'uva turnip le navet la rapa
hazelnut la noisette la nocciola vine la vigne la vite
herb l'herbe (f) l'erba walnut la noix la noce
horse-radish le raifort la barbaforte watermelon la pastque l'anguria
leaf la feuille la foglia wheat le froment il frumento
lemon le citron il limone zucchini le courgette la zucchinaTo specify the type of tree that a certain fruit grows on, just make the noun masculine and add -ierto the French fruit / change the last letter of the Italian fruit to -o (sometimes the fruit and the treewill be the same). la pomme / la mela - apple; le pommier / il melo - apple tree
There is, are : Il y a / C'e, ci sono
Il y a is the French expression for there is or are. C' is Italian for there is, while ci sono meansthere are.
il y a une chaise / c' una sedia there is a chairil y a trois chats / ci sono tre gattithere are three cats
Il y a also means ago in French when it precedes a time period. In Italian, you add fa after the timeperiod.
il y a un mois / un mese faone month ago
Necessity: Il faut / Bisogna, Occorre, Ci vuole
To express necessity, such as must, have to, need (to), require, it's necessary to, etc. French uses ilfaut + verb or a noun (whether singular or plural). Italian has several more expressions: bisogna +verb; oroccorre + verb; occorre + singular noun / occorrono + plural noun; orci vuole + singularnoun / ci vogliono + plural noun. The verbs will always be in the infinitive.
Il faut faire des courses. / Bisogna fare la spesa. You must / It's necessary to go grocery shopping.
Il faut acheter du pain. / Occorre comprare pane. You must buy bread.Il faut du lait. / Occorre il latte. We need milk.Il faut des biscuits. / Ci vogliono i biscotti. We need cookies.
Partitive
In French, you must always expresssome, especially when speaking about food, even though youdo not have to do this in English. Partitives are formed by using de (of) + definite article: du, de l',de la and des in the positive; but in the negative, only de ord' are used. The partitive (contractionswith di) is not required in Italian. You may use it in positive sentences, but never in negativesentences.
Est-ce que tu prends du vin ou de l'eau ? / Prendi (del) vino o (dell') acqua? Are you having(some) wine or (some) water?
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J'ai achet des livres intressants. / Ho comprato (dei) libri interessanti. I bought (some)interesting books.Je n'ai pas pass de bonnes vacances. / Non ho passato buone vacanze. I didn't have a goodvacation.
French Italian 3
French & Italian Comparative Tutorial III: Learn TwoLanguages Simultaneously
Verbs: Present & Past Tenses
In both languages, there are three types of verbs grouped according to the last letters of theinfinitive. In French, there are -er, -re, and -ir verbs; while in Italian, there are -are, -ere, and -ireverbs. The following chart uses aimer/amare (to love); vendre/vendere (to sell); and finir/finire(to finish) as examples for all regular verbs in the present and imperfect tenses. (There is another
simple past tense, the preterite, but it is rarely used in modern spoken French or Italian).
French Italian
aimer vendre finir amare vendere finire
Present Tense
aime vends finis amo vendo finisco
aimes vends finis ami vendi finisci
aime vend finit ama vende finisceaimons vendons finissons amiamo vendiamo finiamo
aimez vendez finissez amate vendete finite
aiment vendent finissent amano vendono finiscono
Imperfect Tense
aimais vendais finissais amavo vendevo finivo
aimais vendais finissais amavi vendevi finivi
aimait vendait finissait amava vendeva finiva
aimions vendions finissions amavamo vendevamo finivamo
aimiez vendiez finissiez amavate vendevate finivate
aimaient vendaient finissaient amavano vendevano finivanoNot all French verbs that end in -ir or all Italian verbs that end in -ire use the above endings. Some-ir / -ire verbs have slightly different endings in the present tense. In French, verbs such as partir,dormir, sortir (to leave, to sleep, to go out) are conjugated thus: for the singular forms, take off thelast three letters, and add -s, -s, -t; for the plural forms, take off the last two letters, and add -ons,-ez, -ent. For example,je pars, tu pars, il part, nous partons, vous partez, ils partent. In Italian,verbs such as partire, dormire, aprire (to leave, to sleep, to open) are conjugated without the -isc-
before the regular endings. For example, parto, parti, parte, partiamo, partite, partono.
Regular Verbs
to like, love aimer amare to sell vendre vendere
to sing chanter cantare to wait for attendre aspettare
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to look for chercher cercare to listen couter ascoltare
to begin commencer cominciare to lose perdre perdere
to study tudier studiare to answer rpondre () rispondere (a)
to close fermer chiudere to go down descendre scendere
to live habiter abitare to live vivre vivere
to play jouer giocare to understand comprendre capireto eat manger mangiare to finish finir finire
to show montrer mostrare to choose choisir scegliere
to speak parler parlare to punish punir punire
to think penser pensare to fill remplir riempire
to work travailler lavorare to obey obir () ubbidire (a)
to find trouver trovare to succeed russir riuscire
to jump sauter saltare to cure, heal gurir guarire
Spelling Changes in the Present Tense
There are a few spelling changes in regular verbs in the present tense. These changes are made toreflect the pronunciation of the conjugated verb.
In French, verbs that end in -ger will use -geons as the first person singular form (nous mangeons);while verbs that end in -cer will use -ons as the first person singular form (nous commenons).Verbs that end in -yer change the y to i in all forms except nous and vous (j'essaie, tu essaies, nousessayons). Some verbs add an accent grave to the letter e to all forms except nous and vous(j'achte, il achte, vous achetez). Some verbs double the consonant before the verb endings in allforms except nous and vous (tu appelle, elle appelle, vous appelez).
In Italian, verbs ending in -care and -gare add an h before the -i of the second person singular andfirst person plural forms (tu and noi). Verbs ending in -ciare and -giare do not add an extra -i beforethe tu and noi forms.
Irregular Imperfect Verbs
In French, there is only one verb in the imperfect that is irregular, tre. It uses the stem t- and theregular imperfect endings.
tre
tais tionstais tiez
tait taient
In Italian, the stem of essere becomes er- forio, tu, lui/lei and loro, and it does not take the v, whilethe stem fornoi and voi is era- and it does take the v. The stems for bere, dire and fare are derivedfrom the old Latin infinitives, and are beve-, dice-, and face-. They also take the regular endings ofthe imperfect.
essere bere dire fareero eravamo bevevo bevevamo dicevo dicevamo facevo facevamo
eri eravate bevevi bevevate dicevi dicevate facevi facevateera erano beveva bevevano diceva dicevano faceva facevano
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Pronominal Verbs
Pronominal verbs are conjugated like regular verbs, but have an extra pronoun before them thatagrees with the subject of the verb. Most of these verbs indicate a reflexive action - that reflects
back on the subject. You can translate the pronouns as myself, yourself, etc. but we rarely use thesewords in English. Some other verbs indicate a reciprocal action, translated by each otherin English.
myself me miyourself te ti
himself/herself/itself se si
ourselves nous ci
yourselves vous vi
themselves se siReflexive verbs
to break (arm, leg,etc.)
se casser rompersi to fall asleep s'endormir addormentarsi
to hurry se dpcher sbrigarsi to get dressed s'habiller vestirsito relax se dtendre rilassarsi to get married se marier sposarsi
to rest se reposer riposarsi to get up se lever alzarsi
to get alongs'entendreavec
intendersicon
to have a goodtime
s'amuser divertirsi
to train/practice s'entraner allenarsi to remember tose souvenirde
ricordarsi di
to be interested in s'intresser interessarsidi
to shave (theface)
se raser farsi la barba
to be bored s'ennuyer annoiarsi to stop (oneself) s'arrter fermarsito be called s'appeler chiamarsi to wake up se rveiller svegliarsi
to complain about se plaindre lamentarsi di to wash up se laver lavarsiNotice in French that the reflexive pronoun precedes the infinitive, whereas in Italian, it
is connected to the end of the infinitive.
When conjugating verbs, the reflexive pronoun is always placed before the conjugated verb in bothlanguages. However, in sentences where the pronominal verb remains in the infinitive, the reflexive
pronoun must agree with the subject of the main verb in the sentence.
Nous nous levons 8h chaque matin. / Ci alziamo alla 8 ogni mattina. We get up at 8 am everymorning.
Il s'appelle Michael. / Si chiama Michael. He's called Michael.Vous allez vous amuser ce soir. / Andate a divertirvi stasera. You're going to have fun tonight.
Etre sur le point de / Stare per + infinitive
If you want to express to be about to do something, French uses tre sur le point de + infinitiveand Italian uses stare per + infinitive. You can use these expressions in the present and imperfect,
just as in English.
J'tais sur le point de russir. / Stavo per riuscire. I was about to succeed.On est sur le point de manger. / Stiamo per mangiare. We're about to eat.Vous tes sur le point de finir. / State per finire. You are about to finish.
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Etre en train de / Stare + gerund
To translate that an action is currently happening (the progressive form in English: be + gerund),French uses the phrase tre en train de + infinitive, while Italian uses stare + gerund. Rememberthat tre and stare can be conjugated in other tenses besides the present or imperfect. To form thegerund in Italian, just replace the verb endings: -are becomes -ando, -ere becomes -endo, and -irealso becomes -endo. There are three irregular forms: fare - facendo, dire - dicendo, bere - bevendo.
Je suis en train de lire. / Sto leggendo. I am reading. / I'm busy reading. / I'm in the middle ofreading.Il tait en train de parler. / Stava parlando. He was talking.Elles sont en train de partir. / Stanno partendo. They are leaving.
On / Si
To translate you, we, they, the people (in general, abstract terms), French uses on + 3rd personsingular conjugation whereas Italian uses si + 3rd person conjugation (which agrees with thesubject for number). However, on in French is a regular subject pronoun while si is not in Italian. Itis actually a reflexive pronoun normally used with pronominal verbs. But this should not causemany problems as you rarely use the subject pronouns in Italian anyway. The subject for the Italianexpression is placed after the verb and the verb agrees with it - singular or plural.
En France, on boit beaucoup de caf. / In Francia, si beve molto caff. In France, they drink alot of coffee. / In France, a lot of coffee is drunk.En Italie, on mange beaucoup de glaces. / In Italia, si mangiano molti gelati. In Italy, they eat alot of ice cream. / In Italy, a lot of ice cream is eaten.
French uses this same construction (reflexive pronoun + 3rd person conjugation) for the impersonalform and as a subsitute for the passive mood. For example,in the French Le pain s'achte la
boulangerie the verb is constructed the same as in the Italian Al panificio si compra il pane. It'sjust the word order that is slightly different. Both sentences meanBread is bought at the bakery, butthe French construction is not used as often because active expressions with on are more common:On achte le pain la boulangerie.
Plaire / Piacere
Because the verbs aimer and amare means to like andto love, it would be better to use the verbsplaire and piacere when talking about things that you like. The construction of these verbs can beconfusing though because the word order is different from English. In French, the word order issubject + indirect pronoun + plaire. In Italian, the word order is indirect pronoun + piacere +
subject. You can think of these verbs as meaning to please rather than to like. Note that the verbs areonly conjugated for third person singular and plural, because they agree with the subjects, and notthe indirect pronouns.
Le football me plat. Mi piace il calcio. I like soccer.
Le ski te plat. Ti piace lo sci. You like skiing.
Les pommes lui plaisent. Gli / Le piacciono le mele. He / she likes apples.
Le sport nous plat. Ci piace lo sport. We like sports.
Les films vous plaisent. Vi piacciono i film. You like films.
La natation leur plat. A loro piace il nuoto. They like swimming.
Verbs: Imperative
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The imperative is the command form of the verb. The subject (you) is implied and doesn't need tobe expressed. You can also use the we form of verbs to expressLet's... The imperative conjugationsare very similar to the present tense conjugations in both languages.
Imperatives in French are slightly easier to form. Theyou singularform is identical to the tuconjugations, except -er verbs drop the -s. Theyou singular formal / you pluraland we forms areidentical to the vous and nous conjugations. To form the negative of an imperative, just place ne
before the verb and pas after. For pronominal verbs, the affirmative imperative is formedconnecting the reflexive pronoun to the verb with a hyphen (te becomes toi in imperatives). To formthe negative pronominal imperative, the reflexive pronoun is once again placed before the verb andne is placed before the pronoun and verb, and pas is placed after the verb.
Reste l. Stay there.Finis ton travail. Finish your work.Ecoutez le professeur. Listen to the teacher.Commenons. Let's begin.Ne fume pas. Don't smoke.Ne parlez pas. Don't speak.
Dpche-toi. Hurry.Ne vous levez pas. Don't get up.
Italian imperatives are not quite as similar to the present tense conjugations. Theyou singularformis -a for -are verbs and -i for -ere/-ire verbs. Theyou singular formal(the Lei form) is the opposite:-i for -are verbs and -a for -ere/-ire verbs. Theyou pluraland we forms are identical to the voi andnoi conjugations (just as in French). To make a command negative, just add non before the verb;except for you singularimperatives, where you use non + the infinitive. Pronominal verbs form theimperative by placing the reflexive pronoun after the verb, and they are written together as oneword. Negative imperatives for pronominal verbs just add non before the verb; except for you
singularpronominal verbs, which use non + the infinitive. However, the reflexive pronoun
attached to this infinitive must still agree with the subject, so it will be -ti and not -si.Resta l. Stay there.Finisci il tuo lavoro. Finish your work.Ascoltate il professore. Listen to the teacher.Cominciamo. Let's begin.Non fumare. Don't smoke.Non parlate. Don't speak.Sbrigati. Hurry.Non alzatevi. Don't get up.
French Irregular
ImperativesItalian Irregular Imperatives
tre avoir savoir andare venire fare dare dire essere avere stare
yousingular
sois aie sache va' vieni fa' da' di' sii abbi sta'
yousing.formal
soyez ayez sachez vada venga faccia dia dica sia abbia stia
youplural
soyez ayez sachez andate venite fate date dite siate abbiate state
Let's soyons ayons sachons andiamo veniamo facciamo diamo diciamo siamo abbiamo stiamoIn Italian, dare is to give and dire is to tell.
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Verbs: Present Perfect / Past Perfect Tenses
The perfect tenses in French and Italian are formed with to have orto be as auxiliary verbs and apast participle. (In English, to have is always the auxiliary verb.) To have or to be are in the presenttense for the present perfect, and in the imperfect tense for the past perfect. The majority of verbswill use to have as the auxiliary verb; however, all prononimal/reflexive verbs in both languages useto be as the auxiliary. To form the past participle of a verb, use the following endings:
French Italian
-er /-are
- -ato
-ir /-ire
-i -ito
-re /-ere
-u -uto
Verbs using to have (avoir/avere) as an auxiliaryVerbs that can take a direct object use to have as an auxiliary. Word order is simply
present/imperfect form of have + past participle. In the negative, word order becomes ne +present/imperfect of have + pas + past participle for French, and non + present/imperfect of have +past participle for Italian. There is no agreement with the past participle in gender or number unlessthere is apreceding direct object. Follow the same rules for agreement as you do with nouns andadjectives: add -e for feminine and -s for plural in French; change -o to -a for feminine, -o to -i formasculine plural, and -o to -e for feminine plural in Italian.
French Italian English
Positive Tu as mang la pomme. Hai mangiato la mela. You ate the apple.
NegativeTu n'as pas mang lapomme.
Non hai mangiato lamela.
You didn't eat the apple.
Preceding DirectObject
Tu ne l'as pas mange. Non la hai mangiata. You didn't eat it.
Verbs using to be (tre/essere) as an auxiliaryVerbs that cannot take a direct object (i.e. intransitive verbs), as well as all pronominal verbs,generally use to be as an auxiliary. Word order is present/imperfect form of be + past participle forintransitive verbs and reflexive pronoun + present/imperfect form of be + past participle for
prononimal verbs. In the negative, word order becomes ne + reflexive pronoun + present/imperfectof be + pas + past participle for French, and non + reflexive pronoun + present/imperfect of be +
past participle for Italian. The past participle must agree in gender and number with the subject forall verbs using to be as an auxiliary.
French Italian English
Positive Elle est alle la poste.E andata allaposta.
She went to the post office.
Negative Elle n'est pas alle la poste.Non andata allaposta.
She didn't go to the postoffice.
PositivePronominal
Nous nous sommes lav(e)s. Ci siamo lavati/e. We washed ourselves.
NegativePronominal
Nous ne nous sommes paslav(e)s.
Non ci siamolavati/e.
We didn't wash ourselves.
The verbs that require to be (tre) as an auxiliary in French are: aller-to go, sortir-to go out, venir-to come, mourir-to die, arriver-to arrive, partir-to leave, devenir-to become, monter-to go up,entrer-to enter, tomber-to fall, revenir-to come back, rester-to stay, rentrer-to return home,retourner-to return, natre-to be born, passer-to go by (pass), descendre-to go down. Only a few
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of these verbs have irregular past participles: venir-venu, devenir-devenu, revenir-revenu,mourir-mort, and natre-n. And five of these verbs (monter, descendre, sortir, rentrer, andpasser) can sometimes be conjugated with avoir if they are followed by a direct object.
Some verbs that require to be (essere) as an auxiliary in Italian are: arrivare-to arrive, andare-togo, uscire-to go out, entrare-to enter, costare-to cost, venire-to come, essere-to be, partire-toleave, stare-to stay/be, sparire-to disappear, tornare-to come back, nascere-to be born, morire-todie. Five of these verbs have irregular past participles: venire-venuto, essere-stato, stare-stato,nascere-nato, and morire-morto.
Note that avoir and tre both use avoir as an auxiliary in French, but that avere usesavere and essere uses essere as an auxiliary in Italian! And remember that the past participleagrees with a preceding direct object when the auxiliary is to have; but the past participle agreeswith the subject when the auxiliary is to be.
Venir de / Appena
To express that something has just happened, use a form ofvenir + de + infinitive in French, and aform of the correct auxiliary verb + appena + past participle in Italian.
Le train vient de partir. / Il treno appena partito. The train just left.
House & Furniture
English French Italian English French Italian
alarmclock
le rveil la sveglia hook le crochet l'uncino
armchair le fauteuil la poltrona house la maison la casa
ashtray le cendrier il portacenere iron (flat) le fer repasser
il ferro da stiro
attic le grenier la soffitta kerosene le ptrole il petrolio
balcony le balcon il balcone key la clef la chiave
basement le sous-sol il sottosuolo kitchen la cuisine la cucina
basket la corbeille la cesta ladder l'chelle (f) la scala
bathroom le bain il bagno lamp la lampe la lampada
bathtub la baignoirela vasca dabagno
lawn la pelouse il prato
batteries la pile le pile light bulb l'ampoule la lampadinabed le lit il letto living room le living il soggiorno
bedroom la chambre la camera lock la serrure la serratura
bell (door) la sonnette il campanello mailboxla bote lettres
la cassetta postale
blanket la couverture la coperta matches les allumettes i fiammiferi
blinds le store la persiana mattress le matelas il materasso
bookcase le bibliothque la libreriamicrowaveoven
le four micro-ondes
il fornomicroonde
box la botre la scatola mirror le miroir lo specchiobroom le balai la scopa oven le four il fornello
bucket le seau il secchio pantry le garde- la dispensa
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manger
camcorder la camra la telecamera picture le tableau il quadro
cameral'appareil-photo(m)
la macchinafotografica
pillow l'oreiller (m) il cuscino
candle la bougie la candela pipe la pipe la pipa
carpet le tapis il tappeto pipe (water) le tuyau il condottocassette la cassette la cassetta poker le tisonnier l'attizzatoio
CD player la lecteur de CD il lettore CD radio le radio la radio
ceiling le plafond il soffito record le disque il disco
chair la chaise la sedia refrigerator le rfrigerateur il frigorifero
chimney la chemine il camino roof le toit il tetto
cigar le cigare il sigaro room la pice la stanza
cigarette la cigarette la sigaretta rug le tapis il tappeto
clock la pendule l'orologio sheet le drap il lenzuolo
closet le placard l'armadio shelf l'tagre lo scaffalecompactdisc
le CD il compact disc shovel la pelle la pala
computer l'ordinateur (m) il computer shower la douche la doccia
corner le coin l'angolo sideboard le buffet la credenza
cupboard l'armoire (f) l'armadio sink l'vier il lavandino
curtain le rideau la cortina / tendasink(bathroom)
le lavabo il lavandino
cushion le coussin il cuscino sitting room le salon il salotto
desk le bureau la scrivania smoke la fume il fumodiningroom
la salle manger la sala da pranzo sofa le canap il sof
door la porte la porta stairs l'escalier (m) la scala
drawer le tiroir il cassetto steps les marches lo scalino
dresser la commode il com story l'tage (m) il piano
driveway l'alle il viale d'accesso stove le pole la stufa
DVDplayer
le lecteur deDVD
il lettore DVD studyle cabinet detravail
lo studio
fence le portail /clture lo steccato switch lecommutateur l'interruttore
film la pellicule il rullino table la table la tavola
fire le feu il fuoco tap (faucet) le robinet il rubinetto
flame la flamme la fiamma telephone le tlphone il telefono
flashlightla lampe depoche
la pila tascabile television la tlvision il televisore
flatl'appartement(m)
l'appartamento toaster le grille-pain il tostapane
floor la plancher il pavimento toilet (WC) le cabinet il gabinetto
floor(levels)
l'tage (m) il piano towel la serviette la salvietta
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flower la fleur il fiorevacuumcleaner
l'aspirateur(m)
l'aspiratore (m)
freezer la conglateur il congelatore vase le vase il vaso
front walk la promenade la passeggiata VCRlamagntoscope
ilvideoregistratore
furniture les meubles (m) i mobili wall (house) le mur il murogarage le garage il garage wall (room) la paroi la parete
garden le jardin il giardino window la fentre la finestra
groundfloor
le rez-de-chausse
il pianterreno yard le jardin il giardino
hearth la chemine il caminetto
Buildings & Materials
English French Italian English French Italian
airport l'aroport l'aeroporto port le port il portobakery la boulangerie la panetteria prison la prison la prigione
bank le banc la banca restaurant le restaurant il ristorante
bar le bar il bar roadle chemin / laroute
il cammino / lavia
barn le grange il granaio school l'cole la scuola
barracks la caserne la caserma sidewalk le trottoir il marciapiede
bench le banc la panchina square la place la piazzabridge le pont il ponte stable l'curie (f) la stalla
bookstore le librairie la libreria stadium le stade lo stadiobuilding le btiment l'edificio stop sign le stop lo stopbutcher's la boucherie la macelleria store le magasin il negozio
castle le chteau il castello street la rue la strada
cathedral la cathdrale il duomo suburb la banlieue il sobborgo
cemetery le cimetire il cimitero theater le thtre il teatro
church l'glise la chiesa tower la tour la torre
cinema le cinma il cinema town la ville la citt
consulate le consulat il consolato town hall la mairie il municipio
corner le coin l'angolotrafficlight
le feu decirculation
il semaforo
courtyard la cour il cortile university l'universit l'universit (f)
crosswalkle passage pourpitons
il passaggiopedonale
village le village il villaggio
dock le bassin il bacino alloy l'alliage (m) la legadrycleaner's
le pressing la tintoria brass le laiton l'ottone (m)
embassy l'ambassade (f) l'ambasciata brick la brique il mattone
factory l'usine (f) la fabbrica cement le ciment il cementofarm la ferme la fattoria chalk la craie la cretafire hydrant la bouche l'idrante clay l'argile (f) l'argilla
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incendie
fountain la fontaine la fontana coal le charbon il carbone
garage le garage il garage concrete le bton il calcestruzzo
grocerystore
l'picerie la drogheria copper le cuivre il rame
hospital l'hpital (m) l'ospedale (m) cork le lige il sugherohotel l'hotel l'albergo (m) glass le verre il vetro
house la maison la casa gold l'or (m) l'oro
hut la hutte la capanna iron le fer il ferro
inn l'auberge (f) l'osteria lead le plomb il piombo
lane / alley la ruelle il vicolo leather le cuir il cuoio
library la bibliothque la biblioteca lime la chaux la calce
market le march il mercato marble le marbre il marmo
ministry le ministre il ministero mercury le mercure il mercurio
monument le monument il monumento metal le mtal il metallomuseum le muse il museo rubber le caoutchouc la gomma
palace le palais il palazzo silver l'argent (m) l'argento
path le sentier il sentiero steel l'acier (m) l'acciaio
pavement le trottoir il marciapiede stone la pierre la pietra
pharmacy la pharmacie la farmacia tar le goudron il catrame
pier la jete il molo tin l'tain (m) lo stagno
policestation
le commisariat il commissariato wood le bois il legno
French & Italian Comparative Tutorial IV: Learn TwoLanguages Simultaneously
Comparatives / Superlatives
Comparatives of Superiority, Inferiority, and Egality
English French Italian
more ... than plus ... que / plus de ... que pi ... che / pi ... di
less ... than moins .... que / moins de... que meno ... che / meno ... di
as ... as aussi ... que / autant de ... que cos... come / tanto ... quantoFrench comparatives are less complicated than Italian comparatives. Plus... que, moins... que, andaussi... que are used with adjectives, while plus de... que, moins de... que and autant de... que areused with nouns. In Italian, pi...che and meno... che are used when comparing two qualities of thesame thing, and with adjectives, verbs or adverbs; while pi... di and meno... di are used whencomparing two different things. Cos... come and tanto... quanto are used interchangeably withadjectives, but tanto...quanto can also compare two quantities (in which case, the words agree ingender and number with the noun they describe).
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Marc a plus d'amis que d'amies. / Marco ha pi amici che amiche. Mark has more male friendsthan female friends.Paul est plus grand que Franco. / Paolo pi alto di Franco. Paul is taller than Frank.Paris est aussi belle que Rome. / Parigi cos bella come Roma. Paris is as beautiful as Rome.
Superlatives
Use the correct form of the definite article if using an adjective, or just the masculine singular formif using an adverb, and plus / moins orpi / meno. The preposition de / di (plus contractions, ifneeded) means in with all superlatives.
If the adjective follows the noun, you must repeat the definite article before thesuperlative form in French, but not in Italian.
C'est la ville la plus riche d'Italie. / la citt pi ricca d'Italia. It's the richest city in Italy.
Irregular Forms
English French Italian
adjective - comparative - superlative
good - better - best bon - meilleur/e - le/la meilleur/e buono - migliore - il/la migliorebad - worse - worst mauvais - pire - le/la pire cattivo - peggio - il/la peggiore
little - less - least petit - moindre - le/la moindre piccolo - minore - il/la minimo
adverb - comparative - superlative
well - better - best bien - mieux - le mieux bene - meglio - il meglio
badly - worse - worst mal - pis - le pis male - peggio - il peggiolittle - less - least peu - moins - le moins poco - meno - il meno
much - more - most beaucoup - plus - le plus molto - pi - il pi
Clothing & Toiletries
English French Italian English French Italian
apron le tablier il grembiale silk la soie la seta
barrette la barrette il fermaglio skirt la jupe la gonnabathrobe le peignoir l'accappatoio sleeve la manche la manica
belt la ceinture la cintura slippers les pantoufles la pantofola
blouse le chemisier la camicetta soap le savon il sapone
boot la botte lo stivale sock les chaussettes il calzino
brale soutien-gorge
il reggiseno stocking le bas la calza
bracelet le bracelet il braccialettosuit (men /women)
le costume / letailleur
l'abito / ilvestito
brush la brossela spazzola percapelli
sunglasses les lunettes de soleilgli occhiali dasole
buckle la boucie la fibbia suspenders les bretelles le bretelle
button le bouton il bottone sweater le pull-over il maglione
cap la casquette il berretto swimsuit le maillot de bai