1
Chapter13MeiosisandSexualLifeCycles
Chromosomenumber
• Humancells‐Diploid– 46totalchromosomespercell
• 46‐Diploidnumber
• Humanscells‐23pairsofhomologouschromosomes– 23‐Haploidnumber– Thenumberofdifferentkindsofchromosomes
AnOverviewofMeiosis• Humancellsareconsidereddiploidbecauseeachcellhastwocopies– Someorganisms
• Haploid• triploid• tetraploid
OverviewofMeiosis
• Meiosis– Processofasinglediploidcelldividingtoproducefourhaploidcells• Cellsthatcontainasinglesetofchromosomes• ForreproducKon
2
OverviewofMeiosis• Gametes
– Haploidcellsproducedthroughmeiosisare– Femalegametesareeggs
– Malegametesaresperm.
• TheyarethereproducKvecellsofhumanbeingsandmanyotherorganisms.
MeiosisComparedtoMitosis
Figure 10.1
Both mitosis and meiosis are initiated in cells that are diploid or “2n,” meaning cells that contain paired sets ofchromosomes. The members of each pair are homologous––the same in size and function. Two pairsof homologous chromosomes are shown within the cellsin both the mitosis and meiosis figures. In each homologous pair, one chromosome (in red) comes from the mother of the person whose cell is undergoing meiosis, while the other chromosome (in blue) comes from the father of this person.
Prior to the initiation of both mitosis and meiosis, thechromosomes duplicate. In both processes, eachchromosome is now composed of two sister chromatids.
In mitosis, the chromosomes line up on the metaphaseplate, one sister chromatid on each side of the plate.In meiosis, homologous chromosomes—not sisterchromatids—line up on opposite sides of themetaphase plate.
In mitosis, the sister chromatids separate. In meiosis, thehomologous pairs of chromosomes separate.
The cells divide again, yielding four haploid cells.
somaticcell
duplication duplication
gameteprecursor
Homologousmeans the
same in sizeand function
2n2n
2n2n
2n2n
2n2n
1n2n 1n
1n1n
1n1n 1n1n
2n
homologouspairs
Mitosis Meiosis
In mitosis, cell division takes place, and each of the sisterchromatids from step 4 is now a full-fledged chromosome.Mitosis is finished. In meiosis, one member of eachhomologous pair has gone to one cell, the other memberto the other cell. Because each of these cells now hasonly a single set of chromosomes, each is in the haploidor “1n” state. Next, these single chromosomes line up onthe metaphase plate, with their sister chromatids onopposite sides of the plate.The sister chromatids of each chromosome then separate.
division division
division division
1.
2.
3.
4.
7.
5.
6.
OverviewofMeiosis
• Whenthehaploidspermandhaploideggfuse,adiploidferKlizedegg(orzygote)isproduced,seSngintodevelopmentanewgeneraKonoforganism.
Chapter13MeiosisandSexualLifeCycles
10.2TheStepsinMeiosis
3
TheStepsinMeiosis• Meiosis
– oneroundofchromosomeduplicaKon
– followedbytworoundsofcelldivision• NosecondchromosomeduplicaKonaVerfirstdivision
Both mitosis and meiosis are initiated in cells that are diploid or “2n,” meaning cells that contain paired sets ofchromosomes. The members of each pair are homologous––the same in size and function. Two pairsof homologous chromosomes are shown within the cellsin both the mitosis and meiosis figures. In each homologous pair, one chromosome (in red) comes from the mother of the person whose cell is undergoing meiosis, while the other chromosome (in blue) comes from the father of this person.
Prior to the initiation of both mitosis and meiosis, thechromosomes duplicate. In both processes, eachchromosome is now composed of two sister chromatids.
In mitosis, the chromosomes line up on the metaphaseplate, one sister chromatid on each side of the plate.In meiosis, homologous chromosomes—not sisterchromatids—line up on opposite sides of themetaphase plate.
In mitosis, the sister chromatids separate. In meiosis, thehomologous pairs of chromosomes separate.
The cells divide again, yielding four haploid cells.
somaticcell
duplication duplication
gameteprecursor
Homologousmeans the
same in sizeand function
2n2n
2n2n
2n2n
2n2n
1n2n 1n
1n1n
1n1n 1n1n
2n
homologouspairs
Mitosis Meiosis
In mitosis, cell division takes place, and each of the sisterchromatids from step 4 is now a full-fledged chromosome.Mitosis is finished. In meiosis, one member of eachhomologous pair has gone to one cell, the other memberto the other cell. Because each of these cells now hasonly a single set of chromosomes, each is in the haploidor “1n” state. Next, these single chromosomes line up onthe metaphase plate, with their sister chromatids onopposite sides of the plate.The sister chromatids of each chromosome then separate.
division division
division division
1.
2.
3.
4.
7.
5.
6.
TheStepsinMeiosis
• Twoprimarystagesinmeiosis– meiosisI
– meiosisII
MeiosisI• ProphaseI(aVerchromosomeduplicaKon)
– First‐pairingofhomologouschromosomes
– Crossing‐overoccurs• HomologouschromosomesexchangereciprocalsecKonsofthemselves
• IncreasesvariaKon• ResultsinnotwospermoreggsbeingidenKcal
MeiosisI• MetaphaseI
– Homologouschromosomepairslineupatthemetaphaseplate
• Onememberofeachhomologouspairisononesideoftheplate,theothermemberisontheotherside– Randomassortment
4
MeiosisI
• AnaphaseI– Homologouspairsseparate
• eachwillbecomepartofaseparatedaughtercell.
MeiosisI
• TelophaseI– separatedHomologouspairsreachoppositepoles
MeiosisI
• CytokinesisI– Twodaughtercellsfullyseparated
• Nowhaploid• 23chromosomespercell
– Nohomologouspairspresent– EachchromosomesKllinduplicatedstate
MeiosisII
• MeiosisII– SisterchromaKdsoftheduplicatedchromosomesareseparatedintoseparatedaughtercells• NosubsequentDNAreplicaKon• Proceedsmuchlikemitosisfromthispoint
– Only23setsofsisterchromaKdspresentinsteadof46
5
MeiosisII
• MeiosisII– ProphaseII
• Nuclearmembranesbreakdown– IftheyreformedatallaVermeiosisI– NewmitoKcspindleforms
– MetaphaseII• 23sisterchromaKdslineduponmetaphaseplate
• A^achedtomitoKcspindleatthecentromere
MeiosisII
• MeiosisII– AnaphaseII
• 23setsofsisterchromaKdsseparateatcentromere– Traveltopoles
– TelophaseII• Separatedchromosomesatthepoles• Nuclearenvelopesreform• Cleavagefurrowbeginstoform
– CytokenesisII• Cleavagefurrowgrowstopinchoffcellintotwonewdaughtercells
– NowFOURdaughterhaploidgametes,readyformaturaKon
MeiosisII
Figure 10.2
(a) Meiosis I
(b) Crossing over (c) Independent assortment
Homologous chromosomeslink as theycondense, formingtetrads.
DNA has alreadyduplicated
Microtubulesmove homologouschromosomesto metaphase plate. Microtubules
separate homologouschromosomes(sister chromatidsremain together).
Crossing overoccurs.
Independentassortmentoccurs.
duplicated paternal
chromosome
Exchange of parts of non-sister chromatids.
sister chromatids
non-sisterchromatids
Diploid
Prophase IEnd ofinterphase
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
duplicated maternal
chromosometetrad
First important sourceof genetic variation
Two haploiddaughter cellsresult fromcytokinesis.
(Brief)Sister chromatidsline up at newmetaphase plate. Sister chromatids
separate.Four haploidcells result.
Telophase I IMetaphase II
Metaphase I
In the sequence above,homologous chromosomes lined up this way inMetaphase I . . .
... but they could have lined up this way, yielding a different outcome.
Compare these cellsto the cells above
Haploid
Telophase I Prophase IIMetaphase II
Anaphase II Telophase I I
cytokinesis
cytokinesis
Meiosis II
Second important sourceof genetic variation
Metaphase I
Random alignment of maternal/paternal chromosomes at the metaphase plate.
Chapter13MeiosisandSexualLifeCycles
10.3WhatistheSignificanceofMeiosis?
6
WhatistheSignificanceofMeiosis?
• Meiosis– GeneratesdiversitybyensuringthatthegametesitgivesrisetowilldiffergeneKcallyfromoneanother.
MeiosisGeneratesDiversity
• Meiosisisunlikemitosis– Inmitosis,TWOdaughtercellsareexactgeneKccopiesofparentcells• Diploid(46chromosomes)• 2copiesofeachhomologouschromosome(23x2)
– Inmeiosis,FOURdaughtercells(gametes)arenotidenKcal• Haploid(23chromosomes)
• 1copyofeachchromosome
MeiosisComparedtoMitosis
Figure 10.1
Both mitosis and meiosis are initiated in cells that are diploid or “2n,” meaning cells that contain paired sets ofchromosomes. The members of each pair are homologous––the same in size and function. Two pairsof homologous chromosomes are shown within the cellsin both the mitosis and meiosis figures. In each homologous pair, one chromosome (in red) comes from the mother of the person whose cell is undergoing meiosis, while the other chromosome (in blue) comes from the father of this person.
Prior to the initiation of both mitosis and meiosis, thechromosomes duplicate. In both processes, eachchromosome is now composed of two sister chromatids.
In mitosis, the chromosomes line up on the metaphaseplate, one sister chromatid on each side of the plate.In meiosis, homologous chromosomes—not sisterchromatids—line up on opposite sides of themetaphase plate.
In mitosis, the sister chromatids separate. In meiosis, thehomologous pairs of chromosomes separate.
The cells divide again, yielding four haploid cells.
somaticcell
duplication duplication
gameteprecursor
Homologousmeans the
same in sizeand function
2n2n
2n2n
2n2n
2n2n
1n2n 1n
1n1n
1n1n 1n1n
2n
homologouspairs
Mitosis Meiosis
In mitosis, cell division takes place, and each of the sisterchromatids from step 4 is now a full-fledged chromosome.Mitosis is finished. In meiosis, one member of eachhomologous pair has gone to one cell, the other memberto the other cell. Because each of these cells now hasonly a single set of chromosomes, each is in the haploidor “1n” state. Next, these single chromosomes line up onthe metaphase plate, with their sister chromatids onopposite sides of the plate.The sister chromatids of each chromosome then separate.
division division
division division
1.
2.
3.
4.
7.
5.
6.
Meiosis
• MeiosisprovidesvariaKoningametesintwoways– Crossingover
– Independentassortment
7
MeiosisGeneratesDiversity
• Crossingover– ProphaseIofmeiosis
• Homologouschromosomespairwitheachother• Chromosomesexchangereciprocalsegmentswithoneanother
• Tetrads– Alignedreplicatedhomologouspairs
• Chiasma– Pointonthechromosomeswherecrossingoveroccurs