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46 , xx DSD Dr. Hashemi Pediatric Endocrinologist Assistant Prof. of Shahrekord University Of Medical Sciences 1
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Page 1: 46, xx DSD Dr. Hashemi Pediatric Endocrinologist Assistant Prof. of Shahrekord University Of Medical Sciences 1.

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46 ,xx DSD

Dr. Hashemi Pediatric Endocrinologist

Assistant Prof. of Shahrekord University Of

Medical Sciences

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Normal Sex Development

The distinction between male and female is considered

absolute so that sex assignment at birth is

instantaneous.

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Chromosomal sex

Gonadal sex

Phenotypic sex

Brain sex

Normal Sex Development

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Chromosomal sex

Chromosomal sex refers to the karyotype

• (46,XX, 46,XY )

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Gonadal Sex

• The primitive gonad arises from urogenital ridge at approximately 4 to 5 weeks' gestation.

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• The primitive gonad remains bipotential until about 40 days' gestation .

Gonadal Sex

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One of the first and most significant events in

testis determination is SRY.

Testis Determination

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Ovarian Development

• Ovarian development is an active process that requires expression of a set of specific genes:

DAX1 WNT4 RSPO1

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Phenotypic Sex

• The developing gonad produces several steroid and peptide hormones that mediate sexual differentiation and result in the phenotypic sex seen at birth.

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Female Sexual Differentiation

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Phenotypic Sex Female Sexual Differentiation

internal genitalia

• Müllerian structures persist to form:

Fallopian tubesUterus Upper portion of the

vagina.

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Phenotypic Sex Female Sexual Differentiation

internal genitalia

The lack of local

testosterone production leads to degeneration of wolffian structures.

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Phenotypic Sex Female Sexual Differentiation

external genitalia

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Disorders of Sex Development

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Definition

• Infants with a congenital discrepancy between external genitalia, gonadal and chromosomal sex are classified as having a disorder of sex development.

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• Some DSDs present with abnormalities of the external genitalia (ambiguous genitalia).

• Many of these individuals present as newborns with an atypical genital appearance often termed "ambiguous genitalia".

Disorders of Sex Development

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Sex Chromosome DSD46,XY DSD46,XX DSD

Classification

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46,XX DSD

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Etiology of 46xx DSD

A : Androgen Excess• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia• Aromatase deficiency• Glucocorticoid receptor gene mutation• Maternal source ( virilizing tumors e.g. luteoma)• Androgenic drugs (progestron , testosterone , …)

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Case 1

علت 3شيرخوار • به اي حالت Poor feedingهفته با ولتارژي . است شده آورده اورژانس به شوك

از • استفراغ . 2سابقه دهد پيشمي روز

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چه به معمول معاینات جز به؟ کنید می توجه دیگری نکات

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اروژنیتال • سینوس و کلیتورومگالی ، ژنیتاليا معاينه دردارد .

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•. شود نمي لمس اي توده اينگونيال درناحيهاست .• هیپرپیگمانته نیپل

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چه • به حال شرح در؟ کنید می توجه نکاتی

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می • متذکر را مشابه تابلوی با اول فرزند فوت سابقهباشند .

• . دارند فامیلی نسبت هم با مادر و پدر

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در • آزمایشاتی چه ارسالدارد؟ ضرورت اول وهله

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ارسالي : آزمايشات در• BS=4 , K=6.2 , Na=126 اسیدوزیس متابولیک و

دارد .

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الزم • دیگری بررسی چه؟ است

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تخمدان • و رحم ، شده انجام سونوگرافی درشد . دیده

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تشخیص • محتملترین؟ چیست

(، اندروژن افزایش عالیم با دختر نوزاداختالالت ، هیپرپیگمانتاسیون

شوک ( و الکترولیتی

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Etiology of 46xx DSD

A : Androgen Excess• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia• Aromatase deficiency• Glucocorticoid receptor gene mutation• Maternal source ( virilizing tumors e.g. luteoma)• Androgenic drugs (progestron , testosterone , …)

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Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

• 21-Hydroxylase deficiency ( salt wasting)• 11 Hydroxylase deficiency• 3BHSD deficiency ( salt wasting)• POR deficiency

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کدام • تکمیلی آزمايشات؟ است

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تکمیلی :• آزمايشاتTestosterone = high

17 OHP = high DHEAS = NL

Cortisol = low

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Case 2

است .14دختر • کرده مراجعه بلوغ تاخیر علت به ای ساله

است .• نکرده پیگیری که داشته کلیتورومگالی تولد بدو از

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می توجه نکاتی چه به معاینه در؟ کنید

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صدک ) 171قد : • سانتیمتر95)

نرمال : • فشارخوندارد .• هیرسوتیسم• . دارد کلیتورومگالی

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دوران • در وهیرسوتیسم اکنه بروز از حالی شرح بیمار مادر. دهد می بارداری

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بزرگ • تخمدانی های کیست شده انجام سونوگرافی دراست . گزارششده طرف دو در

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می • آزمایشاتی چه؟ فرستید

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ارسالی : • آزمایشات• Na = NL• K = NL• Cortisol = NL• 17OHP = NL• Testosterone = high • Androstenedione = high • Estradiol = low

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؟ • تشخیصچیستعالئم) • و بلوغ تاخیر با دختر

کیستهای ، اندروژن افزایشو باال آندروژن سطح تخمدانی،

افزایش ، پائین استروژندوران در مادر در اندروژن

بارداری(

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Etiology of 46xx DSD

A : Androgen Excess• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia• Aromatase deficiency• Glucocorticoid receptor gene mutation• Maternal source ( virilizing tumors e.g. luteoma)• Androgenic drugs (progestron , testosterone , …)

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Aromatase deficiency

Virilization since birthFurther virilization after birth Ovarian failure to synthesize estrogenMaternal serum levels of estrogen : very low Serum levels of androgens : high

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Large ovarian cysts bilaterally in ultrasonography. Tall stature Delay bone age

Aromatase deficiency

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Case 3

دلیل 3شیرخوار • به را ای مبهم ماهه غدد ژنیتالیا درمانگاه به. اند آورده

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بیمار • فشارخون معاینه است. 130/95در• . ندارد اسکلتی مشکالت و دیسمورفیک چهرهشود .• لمسنمی ای توده اینگوئینال ناحیه در

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چه • به حال شرح درمی توجه نکاتی

؟ کنید

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ویریلیزاسیون • یا دارو مصرف حال شرح بیمار مادر. دهد نمی حاملگی زمان در

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می • آزمایشاتی چه؟ فرستید

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ارسالی : • آزمایشات• Na = NL • K = LOW • Cortisol = high • ACTH = high • Testosterone = high

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دخترانه • ، ژنیتالیا اینترنال سونوگرافی در . گزارششد

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؟ • تشخیصچیست (، مبهم ژنیتالیا با دختر نوزاد

، باال فشارخونو کورتیزول ، پائین ACTH پتاسیم

باال(

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Etiology of 46xx DSD

A : Androgen Excess• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia• Aromatase deficiency• Glucocorticoid receptor gene mutation• Maternal source ( virilizing tumors e.g. luteoma)• Androgenic drugs (progestron , testosterone , …)

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Glucocorticoid receptor gene mutation

Mutation in the GR Elevated cortisol levels High ACTH HTN Hypokalemia Elevated levels of adrenal androgens

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B : Disorders of ovary development• Gonadal dysgenesis ( Turner syndrome & ….)• Ovotesticular DSD ( True hermaphrodism )• Testicular DSD ( 46, xx males )

Etiology of 46xx DSD

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C : Other condition• Associated with GU and GI tract defects ( Mayer

Rokitansky ,…. )

Etiology of 46xx DSD

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تشکر با

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