4602nd AIR INTELLIGENCE SERVICE SQUADRON

LINEAGE Organized on 1 Mar 1952 Discontinued on 2 Jul 1957 STATIONS Ent AFB, CO Peterson Field, CO, 1 Mar 1952-2 Jul 1957 ASSIGNMENTS Air Defense Command 1 Mar 1952-2 Jul 1957 ATTACHMENTS 4600 Air Base Group COMMANDERS HONORS Service Streamers None Campaign Streamers None Armed Forces Expeditionary Streamers None Decorations None EMBLEM

Approved, 13 May 1953 EMBLEM SIGNIFICANCE MOTTO NICKNAME OPERATIONS The Mission of the 4602d Air Intelligence Service Squadron is to provide an organization within Air Defense Command which will: Collect positive air intelligence information by overt means from: Downed enemy air crews Enemy materiel Enemy documents Collect information for such Bomb Damage Assessment as may be directed by Headquarters, United States Air Force. It was established by DCS/I, ADC and the initial planning Staff prior to activation of the unit that the squadron's efforts would be primarily channeled toward collection of information from Soviet prisoners and equipment rather than forming a unit of multi-language and technical capability. All formal training within the unit was based on this plan. The Bomb Damage assessment capability was limited by that of providing a file of pre-strike photos, charts, graphs and making initial damage assessment reports to ADC from photo samples. In the early part of 1951, the Director of Intelligence, Air Defense Command, reviewed all existing requirements and capabilities for (1) immediate first phase examination of enemy air force equipment recovered within the continental Unites States, and (2) First phase interrogation of enemy air force personnel recovered within the continental Unites States, and (3) Providing Bomb Damage Assessment of continental Unites States target area. Although Air Base Commanders are responsible for all crashed aircraft within their areas, it was found that they had no capability for examination of enemy equipment. At the same time, although Air Materiel Command had the capability for thorough examination of enemy equipment, they had only limited first phase and field collection capabilities. During the early part of this period, the administration of personnel records and related matters were handled by the 4600th Air Base Group. Morning reports, Form 20's and similar administrative forms were prepared by 4600th personnel. As more personnel became available, squadron clerks began to take over these functions, and in April, the personnel function, except for officers' records was moved to Peterson Field. The Command and Operations functions remained

in the Domestic Vulnerability Division, R&E, DSC/I, until May, when these functions were also moved to offices at Peterson Field. Throughout this period, the squadron was attached to the 4600th Air Base Group for Administration and Logistical Support. At a later date, when the unit has sufficient qualified personnel to man its administrative and operational functions, it is to become an independent squadron, attached to the 4600th AB Gp only for logistical support. The squadron, as organized, provides for a Squadron Headquarters at Peterson Field, three Detachments, with one attached to each Defense Force, and 17 flights. The Fights are divided with 4 in WADF, 4 in CADF, and 9 in EADF areas. The flights were designed as the basic field collection units for exploitation of crashed enemy aircraft and captured enemy personnel. These units were designed to be highly mobile, semi-self-supporting, and cross-trained in language and technical ability. Each Detachment and Squadron Headquarters was also designed to provide field collection units within its basic structure, thus providing an actual total of 21 field collection teams. The basic structure of the Squadron Headquarters follows fairly closely that of a standard Air Force unit of similar size, with Command, Personnel and Administration, and Operations sections. Some changes, such as the addition of a full time Supply Officer on a Staff level with Operations; and a Training and Library sub-section to Operations and the addition of a Personnel section, with an officer in charge under the Adjutant, have been noted as desirable. It is also apparent that additional officer and enlisted personnel must be allotted the Personnel, Administration, and Operations overhead functions. Some changes must also be made in the AFSC's authorized for the various functions. Most apparent at the present time is that of changing one airman on each detachment from a 70270 to a 20470 and one airman on each flight from a 20570 to a 20470. These changes will provide the detachments and flights with the necessary administrative, intelligence evaluation and operations capability, not previously provided. It has also become apparent that enlisted grade authorizations as requested in the initial T/D submitted by ADC in July 1951, and approved by USAF for this organization, are not high enough to assure the unit of receiving the type of highly skilled personnel required for operation under the present concept. Action to facilitate the changes in the AFSC's and functional requirements will be reflected the September 52 T/D. Personnel to man the changes will have to be drawn from within the unit's authorized strength. As the flights were planned on a basis of a total strength of 8, and this number has been reduced to 7 due to the shortage of officers, and is not further reducible without seriously hampering the efficiency of the flight, either the number of flights must be reduced or personnel drawn from the administrative overhead of the detachments. The latter is the most likely.

The 4602d Air Intelligence Service Squadron was activated 1 March 1952 in order to provide the Air Defense Command with an organization capable of filling a definite gap in ADC Intelligence in the vital field of collection of air combat intelligence. The very existence of the 4602d is predicated on the assumption of a possible enemy air assault against the United States. As a result of the tight security measures inherent in the Soviet system, certain information will never be obtained until the enemy exposes its military potential to us in the form of an attack. This squadron is one of the very few which is concerned with what will happen after the crucial initial attack, at which time it must be a fully trained combat unit capable of immediate movement to any type of terrain regardless of the climactic conditions or difficulty of access. It will be capable of fully investigating crashed enemy equipment, interrogating enemy personnel, translating enemy documents, and reporting Essential Elements of Information in time to be of value to the commanders. Only by means of such an organization will the intelligence agencies be able to obtain the facts concerning what hit us, how they hit us, when they will hit us again, how they will hit us again, and possibly where they will strike again. Information about the enemy Air Order of Battle, about their technological developments, and about their attack strategy, will allow the interceptors to be more effective in their action against the succeeding waves. The savings thereby incurred to the United States in terms of civilian casualties, property, and military installations will be of incalculable value. The period with which this historical report is concerned witnesses the activation and deployment of twelve (12) field units dispersed strategically throughout the United States. The limitations of any historical document do not permit a full treatment of the painstaking preparations that were involved in the formation of these intelligence teams or the relentless efforts of the team commanders and their personnel, but it is the aim of this historical report to relate the evolution of the 4602d Air Intelligence Service Squadron from an embryonic state of existence as of 1 July 1952 to that of a full-fledged active member of the United States air defense system by 31 December 1952. The 4602d Air Intelligence Service Squadron was activated and organized under authority of Air Defense Command General Order Number 20, dated 28 February 1952, at Peterson field, Ent Air Force Base, Colorado Springs, Colorado with an authorized strength of thirty-four (34) officers and ninety-seven (97) airmen. Under this General Order, three (3) flights, designated as Flights A, B and C were organized to be located at the three (3) Defense Force Headquarters at Hamilton Air Force Base, California, at Kansas City, Missouri, and at Stewart Air Force Base, new York, respectively. A reorganization of the 4602d AISS was directed by ADC GO #47, dated 17 October 1952. The authorized strength of this organization was increased to sixty-one (61) officers and 133 airmen. Administrative and housekeeping equipment was authorized in accordance with Table of Allowance 1-1, March 1952, Table of Allowance 1-21, December 1951, and Special Equipment List as authorized by Headquarters, United States Air Force and Air Material Command. Under this reorganization, the three (3) original flights located at the Defense Force Headquarters were redesignated as detachments with a greatly reduced personnel strength, and a total of seventeen (17) flights were authorized, each with a strength of two (2) officers and five (5) airmen. ADC GO #47 also served to assign each field unit of the 4602 AISS to the nearest Air Defense Command

base for logistical support. It was specifically determined that operational control resided with Headquarters, 4602d AISS. Considerable time and effort was expended during this reporting period in the drafting and submitting of an Air Defense Command Regulation which would prescribe the mission, organization, functions, and responsibilities of the 4602d AISS and the responsibilities within the Air Defense Command for its control, support and general deployment. Acceptance of this regulation was received from Headquarters, Air Defense Command at the close of this reporting period and its publication as Air Defense Command regulation 24-4 was to be effected 3 January 1953. The 4602d AISS has the combat mission of supporting the Air Defense Command intelligence function through overt collection. limited field analysis, and rapid reporting of air combat intelligence from positive field sources within the area of Air Defense Command responsibility. It will render such other general support of the Air Defense Command intelligence mission as shall be directed. During peacetime, the 4602d AISS has been assigned the primary mission of training, effecting liaison, and otherwise preparing for full and instantaneous performance of its combat mission; and the secondary mission of supporting Air Defense Command training and other activities to the extent consistent with the squadron's combat mission and primary peacetime mission. Under ADCR 24-4 the 4602d AISS has been organized as follows: headquarters, located at Headquarters, Air Defense Command; a detachment established and maintained at each Air Defense Headquarters; and numbered flights, each subordinate to one of the detachments, located at various points throughout the area of responsibility of the Air Defense Forces. In view of the pattern of deployment of these small units, it was decided that administrative and operational control would be maintained at squadron headquarters, and that logistical support would be the responsibility of the ADC bases to which the units wee permanently attached. Under current plans, there will be nineteen (19) strategically deployed intelligence teams trained to fulfill the requirements of our highly specialized mission. the selection of geographical locations has been based on a study of prime target areas coupled with a desire for maximum area coverage. The vital Northeast Area will therefore be covered by the greatest number of teams, while the central and Western Defense Zones, in line with tactical considerations, will be covered by fewer teams. This assignment ratio has been based on the same assignment ratio given the tactical units in those areas. The most significant feature of ADCR 24-4, insofar as the future of this organization is concerned, is its flexibility to meet any future emergencies. The promulgation of ADCR 24-4 signified the culmination of a series of documents in which the 4602d AISS obtained formal recognition throughout the air defense system. Early in this reporting period the 4602d AISS received a new commanding officer. Lieutenant Colonel John M. White, formerly Commanding Officer of the 6004th AISS in Japan, was assigned to the 4602d AISS in July 1952 and formally assumed command of this organization on 4 August

1952, replacing Lieutenant Colonel Richard C. Jones. Lieutenant Colonel Jones, in January 1952, received the assignment of writing and obtaining approval of the mission of this unit and activating and assuming command of the 4602d. Lieutenant Colonel Rial F. Callagher, the former Commanding Officer of the 7053 AISS in Germany, was assigned to the 4602d AISS as Deputy Commanding Officer on 17 October 1952. In order to cover effectively its huge area of responsibilities with a limited number of personnel, the 4602d Air Intelligence Service Squadron has inaugurated an intensive training program designed both to promote greater proficiency in each airman's job specialty and to cross train him in other fields of intelligence activities. Based on current goals, the ultimate training objectives are as follows: All male personnel trained in skiing and Arctic survival. All field personnel trained in horse and pack animal operations. All linguists cross trained in technical intelligence. All technical personnel intelligence cross trained in intelligence operations. All linguists and intelligence operations specialists instructed in interrogation procedures. At least thirty-four (34) officers and airmen completing the parachute training course at Fort Benning, Georgia. All squadron personnel trained in the essentials of public speaking. The original Russian language course at Headquarters 4602d AISS was intended to complement the individual proficiencies of the students, many of whom were already highly qualified linguists or possessed a Slavic language capability. The first two (2) classes provided the necessary number of linguists to fill the immediate requirements for manning the field units that were activated during the past six (6) months. The bulk of the students remaining after 19 December 1953 were linguists assigned to the 4602d AISS who were not proficient in the Russian language who required a greater degree of formal training before they could assume duties as linguists at the various field units. Emphasis in the Russian language training was placed on conversation, orthography, and Air Force terminology. Students whose native tongue was Russian were proficient in the use of colloquialisms; grammar and pronunciation had to be stresses in order to achieve the desired standard. In addition to language training, a program of Russian background and area studies was pursued. Among the subjects covered were Russian history, with particular emphasis being placed on events since the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, Soviet armed forces, the Soviet Air Force, and the characteristics of the Russian and satellite peoples as well as the Soviet airman. Several classes were conducted on intelligence report writing which dealt primarily with the Form 112 since, as potential interrogators, this is the form with which linguists will be most confronted. Specific attention was devoted to Air Defense Command, Essential Elements of Information. Sample interrogation reports were executed in conjunction with mock interrogations given both in the English and Russian languages. The composition and uses of the Air Interrogation Guide were also explained to the students.

In order to adapt the training program to the specific needs of air intelligence, approximately two-fifths of the language training was devoted to the study of technical terms and the RAF Handbook for Interpreters. The Training Section of the 4602d AISS was most fortunate in receiving fifty (50) copies of the RAF Handbook since only 200 copies have been made available to the entire United States Air Force. It has been considered by members of the Training Section to be the best Russian technical text available, containing in concentrated form, statistics, Soviet Air Force terminology, abbreviations, and conversion tables. During free conversation periods and mock interrogations, the use of colloquial expressions was stressed to give the linguists greater rapport in any actual interrogations they might be called upon to conduct in the future. It is significant to note that when the linguists underwent proficiency testing in the Russian language at Camp Carson, Colorado, the students, trained at Headquarters 4602d AISS, displayed greater fluency in the writing, speaking and comprehension of the Russian language than did the graduates of the Russian course of the United States Air Force Institute of Technology at Syracuse University. As of 31 December 1952 a total of five (5) officers and forty-four (44) airmen assigned to the 4602d AISS had completed the nine (9) week course at Air Technical Intelligence at the Air Intelligence Center at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio.[1] In view of the valuable training these personnel received there in technical investigation, it has been planned to detail more personnel of the 4602d AISS to ATIC in the future. Word has been received from the Commanding Officer, Air Technical Intelligence allotting the 4602d AISS ten (10) slots for the ATIC course to be conducted from 5 January through 16 March 1953 Effective 10 October 1952, the 4602d Air Intelligence Service Squadron, a Table of Distribution Unit, is reorganized with an authorized strength of 61 officers and 133 airmen. Effective 10 October 1952, the following flights of the 4602d Air Intelligence Service Squadron are designated and organized at stations and with strength as indicated: Flight 1-A, McChord Field, Tacoma, Washington Flight 1-B, Great Falls AFB, Great Falls, Montana Flight 1-C, Norton AFB, San Bernardino, California Flight 1-D, Kirtland AFB, Albuquerque, New Mexico Flight 2-A, Minneapolis-St Paul, Intl Aprt, Minnesota Flight 2-B, McGhee-Tyson Aprt, Knoxville, Tennessee Flight 2-C, Dobbins AFB, Marietta, Georgia Flight 2-D, Tinker AFB, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Flight 3-A, O'Hare Intl Aprt, Chicago, Illinois Flight 3-B, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, Ohio Flight 3-C, Selfridge Field, Mt Clemens, Michigan Flight 3-D, Hancock Field, Syracuse, New York Flight 3-E, Ft Ethan Allen, Vermont Flight 3-F, Greater Pittsburgh Aprt, Pennsylvania Flight 3-G, Presque Isle AFB, Presque Isle, Maine

Flight 3-H, McGuire AFB, Wrightstown, New Jersey Flight 3-I, Andrews AFB, Camp Springs, Maryland Effective 10 October 1952, the following flights of the 4602d Air Intelligence Service Squadron are attached to units indicated for logistics only: FLIGHT ATTACHED TO: Flight 1-A 25th Air Division (Defense) Flight 1-B 29th Air Division (Defense) Flight 1-C 27th Air Division (Defense) Flight 1-D 34th Air Division (Defense) Flight 2-A 31st Air Division (Defense) Flight 2-B 74th Air Base Squadron Flight 2-C 35th Air Division (Defense) Flight 2-D 33d Air Division (Defense) Flight 3-A 4706th Defense Wing Flight 3-B 4602d Air Intelligence Service Squadron Flight 3-C 4708th Defense Wing Flight 3-D 32d Air Division (Defense) Flight 3-E 75th Air Base Squadron Flight 3-F 81st Air Base Squadron Flight 3-G 4711th Defense Wing Flight 3-H 4709th Defense Wing Flight 3-I 4602d Air Intelligence Service Squadron (Personnel authorizations for detachments and flights are derived from and not in addition to the total authorized strength of the parent squadron.) The 4602d AISS has the combat mission of supporting the Air Defense Command intelligence function through overt collection, limited field analysis, and rapid reporting of air combat intelligence from positive field sources within the area of Air Defense Command responsibility. It will render such other general support of the Air Defense Command intelligence mission as shall be directed. During peacetime, the 4602d AISS has been assigned the primary mission of training, effecting liaison, and otherwise preparing for full and instantaneous performance of its combat mission; and the secondary mission of supporting Air Defense Command training and other activities to the extent consistent with the squadron's combat mission and primary peacetime mission. Organization, Control and Support. a. The 4602d Air Intelligence Service Squadron is a Table of Distribution Unit allocated to the Air Defense Command by Headquarters USAF for the specific purpose of performing the mission set forth in paragraph 3, above. it is organized as follows: Headquarters 4602d Air Intelligence Service Squadron will be located at Headquarters, Air Defense Command.

Detachment Headquarters will be established and maintained at each air defense force headquarters. Numbered flights, each subordinate to one of the detachments, located at various points throughout the area of responsibility as may be specifically prescribed from time to time by the Commanding General, Air Defense Command. The squadron headquarters has full administrative capability, but no logistic support capability. detachments and subordinate flights have only limited administrative and no logistical support capabilities. Headquarters, Air Defense Command will ensure over-all logistical support to the 4602d Air Intelligence Service Squadron and its field units throughout the Air Defense Command. This support will be provided by the nearest Air Force base in accordance with AFR 11-4. the squadron commander has direct access to Headquarters Air Defense Command staff agencies. The functions of the 4602d Air Intelligence Service Squadron are: To fulfill Air Defense Command combat readiness elements of information by overt collection of air combat intelligence in the Air Defense Command area of responsibility through the interrogation of captured enemy personnel, the examination and field analysis of enemy materiel, and the translation of captured enemy documents. To supply the Deputy Chief of Staff/Intelligence with timely information and technical assistance in discharge of responsibility for Weapons Impact Evaluation (Air Defense Command aspects of the Bomb Damage Assessment Program). To procure and/or train and maintain the necessary personnel qualified in general intelligence procedures, written and spoken foreign languages, technical intelligence investigation, photography and photo interpretation, and other such activities as may be necessary for the accomplishment of the mission. To establish through procurement and training, a capability on the part of the personnel for prompt physical access to and effective operations in remote areas, over all types of terrain, and in all conditions of climate and weather. Training will specifically include, but is not confined to, cold weather, desert and swamp survival; skiing, snow shoeing, mountain climbing, animal transport and parachutist operations. Responsibilities. a. The 4602d Air Intelligence Service Squadron will be responsible for: Exercise of administrative control and, under the general direction of Deputy Chief of Staff Intelligence, Air Defense Command, centralized operational control for deployed units and personnel. Establishment and maintenance of effective liaison and coordination with military, semi-military, governmental, and civilian agencies listed below:

Military organizations to include, but not limited to, Headquarters Air Defense Command and subordinate units, Army Anti-Aircraft Command, other Air Force commands and subordinate units, Army, Navy, Marine and Coast Guard command and subordinate units. Semi-military agencies to include, but not limited to, Civil Defense Administration, ground Observer Corps, and Civil Air Patrol. Governmental agencies to include, but not limited to, Central Intelligence Agency, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Civil Aeronautics Administration, Federal and State Park and Forestry Services, State and local law enforcement agencies. Civil agencies when appropriate and in accordance with governing regulations, AFR 205-1 and ADCR 190-4, to include, but not limited to, the press, radio, television, telephone and telegraph companies, land grant agencies, flying clubs, etc. Arranging through local facilities for transportation of requisite personnel to intelligence targets. Arranging for rapid dissemination of collected intelligence through prescribed channels using organizational communications where appropriate. Keeping fully acquainted with all established training facilities, exploitation of which will further the squadron's training mission, and initiating action pointed toward such exploitation. Exploitation of squadron capabilities and training activities for the benefit of organizations to which attached to the maximum extent consonant with the squadron mission, along such lines as crash rescue and investigation; language, technical, and intelligence instruction; and direct support of intelligence operations within Air Defense Command. Because time is of the essence, one of our goals is to train to be able to go anywhere in our area of responsibility within six hours. We must train to use any means of transportation; make all possible liaison contacts in order to get our job done. We are reporters out to get facts. We must know how to get things done and to be able to report incidents clearly and concisely. Even though our mission is after the advent of hostilities, we must take advantage of every way now to be ready to make people aware of our mission in order to fulfill the requirements of key EEI's and supply information which the ADC Commanders must know. Since this organization is based in continental limits of the United States and a part of the Air Defense Command since it is identical in mission with 7050th AISW in Europe and 6004th AISS in the Pacific, the latter two organizations both having considerable contact with personnel of the USSR, the mission and requirements as a collection agency of the 4602d and other like units could hardly remain as restricted as ADCR 190-4 would place them. The year of 1953 saw the 1st "birthday of the 4602d Air Intelligence Service Squadron pass amid a solid period of building for the organization. The original purpose of the squadron, as outlined in ADCR 24-4 is two-fold. First it has "the combat mission of supporting the Air Defense Command

intelligence function through overt collection, limited field analysis, and rapid reporting of air combat intelligence from positive field sources within the area of Air Defense Command responsibility. It will render such other general support of the Air Defense Command intelligence mission as shall be directed." Second, "During peacetime, the 4602d AISS has been assigned the primary mission of training, effecting liaison, and otherwise preparing for full and instantaneous performance of its combat mission; and the secondary mission of supporting Air Defense Command training and other activities to the extent consistent with the squadron's combat mission and primary peacetime mission."[1] It is the youngest and most unique of the five (5) AISO's within the Air Force, and covers the largest area geographically. Consistent with the peace time mission of the 4602d, training is going on at full speed within the squadron. Some is done through special Air Force Schools, some in conjunction with the Army, and those unique courses which cannot be found in the regular curricula are taught in the Squadron Headquarters. Liaison contacts, together with promises of equipment and manpower, have increased more than ten-fold, and many areas of the country have now been well covered. Reporting procedures have left with many military, semi-military, and civilian groups, so that they will know what, where and how to report to the This reporting period also saw the activation of six (6) new field units, one at Great Falls Air Base, Montana, in January; second at Minneapolis in February, the third at Tinker Air Force Base in February; the fourth at McGuire Air Force Base in February; the fifth at Pittsburgh in March; and the sixth at McGhee-Tyson in May. As of June 1953 a total of 12 officers and 57 airmen had completed the Air Technical Intelligence Course at Wright-Patterson AFB Dayton, Ohio. After this course became an official USAF course, difficulties were encountered in getting authorization for 4602d AISS personnel to attend because of the prerequisites established. a letter from Col White to the Commanding General, ATIC, requesting the training of 4602d AISS personnel on an average basis without actually awarding an AFSC is expected to be favorably considered Language proficiency was deemed not sufficient in itself to meet the exacting demands of our mission which includes interrogation of captured hostile airmen as one of our responsibilities. Training in interrogation procedures and techniques was installed to equip 4602d AISS linguists and operations personnel to successfully discharge that part of our mission requiring interrogations. The first curse was held at Headquarters 4602d AISS from 16 Feb through 13 March 1953 and included: 1. Importance of Far East Operations (Col White) 2. Wringer Operations (Col Gallagher) 3. Basic Intelligence Terms 4. Psychology of Questioning (Lt Woody, Base Legal Office) 5. The Soviet Mind 6. Basic Interrogation Techniques 7. Map and Compass Reading 8. Soviet Air Force

9. Basic Interrogation Reports, AF Form 112 10. Soviet Psychology and Soviet Intelligence System 11. Geneva Convention 12. Air Interrogation Guide 13. Psychology, Form, and Tactics of Eastern Interrogation 14. Sample USSR Documents, Customs 15. Interrogation Problems and Report Writing 16. Resisting Russian Interrogation (Lt Col Work, SAC) 17. 4602d AISS Operational SOP's 18. Personal Experiences (Col Rankin, ADC) 19. Russian Equivalents and Abbreviations 20. Intelligence References for the Interrogator 21. Air Interrogation Guide, Technical Series 22. Soviet and Satellite Air Forces The second interrogation course, revised and abridged, was held at Headquarters 4602d AISS from 18 May through 29 May 1953. It included the following: 1. Basic Intelligence Terms 2. Basic Interrogation Procedures 3. Soviet and Satellite Characteristics 4. Eastern Cases 5. Recognition of Aircraft 6. Recognition of uniforms 7. Geneva Convention 8. Air Intelligence Guide and Air Intelligence Bulletin 9. Russian methods of Interrogation 10. Interrogation Approaches 11. Basic Interrogation Techniques 12. Map and Compass Reading 13. Case Histories of Eastern Interrogations 14. Soviet Intelligence and Security Agencies The instructors for these classes were chosen for the most part from squadron personnel. Many of these were experienced interrogators from Project Wringer in Europe, the 6004th AISS in Japan and Korea, and various intelligence agencies in World War II. During this period the 4602d AISS was fortunate in obtaining qualified speakers who addressed the students and permanent party personnel at headquarters, supplementing the regular interrogation classes. These lecturers were: Lt Col Robert E. Work, D/I, 3904th Composite Wg, Stead AFB, Nevada (SAC), on 19 March 53. Col Work is one of the AF experts on interrogation, and his lectures on his experiences in interrogating POW's during World War II proved most enlightening. Col R G Ronka, Hq, ADC, gave two lectures on POW interrogation procedures and techniques. Col Ronka interrogated German prisoners during WW II and, drawing from his personal experiences, gave extremely informative and interesting lectures.

Major Arthur Lilly, Human Resources Research Institute, Maxwell AFB, Ala., on 20 Mar 1953, explained the mission and composition of his organization to personnel of the 4602d AISS. Major Lilly stated that the HRRI will soon complete an interrogator's guide based on their research and that the 4602d will be included on the distribution list for this study. On 18 Mar 1953, Piotr Pirogov, a former Soviet Air Force Lt who became famous in 1948 when he flew from the Ukraine to Linz, Austria, spent the afternoon at Headquarters 4602d AISS. Mr. Pirogov described his background and career in the Soviet Air Force and the events leading up to his now historic flight. Major Ellis Vander Pyle of the Intelligence School, Lowry AFB, presented a lecture on the Far East situation to headquarters personnel on 9 April 1953. Lt Col George E Schneider, former USAF Air Attach‚ to Poland, spoke to headquarters personnel on 18 June 1953. He described his experience during the 2 1/4 years he spent in Poland, the status of Polish airfields, and the observation of Soviet activity in Poland. Since 1 Jan 53, the squadron personnel strength has steadily increased, primarily due to the return of personnel from overseas assignment. This squadron is the only organization the Zone of the Interior to which Intelligence-Linguist personnel can be sent for the best possible utilization upon their return from overseas assignment. Consequently, we have received a number of people from the 6004th AISS in Japan, the 7050th AISW in Germany, the 5004th AISS in Alaska, and the 1142d SAS in Austria. Since there are four OS Intelligence Organizations and only one in the ZI, the percentage of gains to this squadron is not consistent with the percentage of losses. Mission. a. The 4602d AISS has the combat mission of supporting the Air Defense Command intelligence function through overt collection, limited field analysis, and rapid reporting of air combat intelligence from positive field sources within the area of Air Defense Command responsibility. It will render such other general support of the Air Defense Command intelligence mission as shall be directed. During peacetime, the 4602d AISS has been assigned the primary mission of training, effecting liaison, and otherwise preparing for full and instantaneous performance of its combat mission; and the secondary mission of supporting Air Defense Command training and other activities to the extent consistent with the squadron's combat mission and primary peacetime mission. Organization, Control and Support. a. The 4602d Air Intelligence Service Squadron is a Table of Distribution Unit allocated to the Air Defense Command by Headquarters USAF for the specific purpose of performing the mission set forth in paragraph 3, above. it is organized as follows: Headquarters 4602d Air Intelligence Service Squadron will be located at Headquarters, Air Defense Command. Detachment Headquarters will be established and maintained at each air defense force Headquarters.

Numbered flights, each subordinate to one of the detachments, located at various points throughout the area of responsibility as may be specifically prescribed from time to time by the Commanding General, Air Defense Command. The squadron headquarters has full administrative capability, but no logistic support capability. detachments and subordinate flights have only limited administrative and no logistical support capabilities. Headquarters, Air Defense Command will ensure over-all logistical support to the 4602d Air Intelligence Service Squadron and its field units throughout the Air Defense Command. This support will be provided by the nearest Air Force base in accordance with AFR 11-4. The squadron commander has direct access to Headquarters Air Defense Command staff agencies. Functions. The functions of the 4602d Air Intelligence Service Squadron are: To fulfill Air Defense Command combat readiness elements of information by overt collection of air combat intelligence in the Air Defense Command area of responsibility through the interrogation of captured enemy personnel, the examination and field analysis of enemy materiel, and the translation of captured enemy documents. To supply the Deputy Chief of Staff/Intelligence with timely information and technical assistance in discharge of responsibility for Weapons Impact Evaluation (Air Defense Command aspects of the Bomb Damage Assessment Program). To procure and/or train and maintain the necessary personnel qualified in general intelligence procedures, written and spoken foreign languages, technical intelligence investigation, photography and photo interpretation, and other such activities as may be necessary for the accomplishment of the mission. To establish through procurement and training, a capability on the part of the personnel for prompt physical access to and effective operations in remote areas, over all types of terrain, and in all conditions of climate and weather. Training will specifically include, but is not confined to, cold weather, desert and swamp survival; skiing, snow shoeing, mountain climbing, animal transport and parachutist operations. Responsibilities. a. The 4602d Air Intelligence Service Squadron will be responsible for: Exercise of administrative control and, under the general direction of Deputy Chief of Staff Intelligence, Air Defense Command, centralized operational control for deployed units and personnel. Establishment and maintenance of effective liaison and coordination with military, semi-military, governmental, and civilian agencies listed below:

Military organizations to include, but not limited to, Headquarters Air Defense Command and subordinate units, Army Anti-Aircraft Command, other Air Force commands and subordinate units, Army, Navy, Marine and Coast Guard command and subordinate units. Semi-military agencies to include, but not limited to, Civil Defense Administration, Ground Observer Corps, and Civil Air Patrol. Governmental agencies to include, but not limited to, Central Intelligence Agency, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Civil Aeronautics Administration, Federal and State Park and Forestry Services, State and local law enforcement agencies. Civil agencies when appropriate and in accordance with governing regulations, AFR 205-1 and ADCR 190-4, to include, but not limited to, the press, radio, television, telephone and telegraph companies, land grant agencies, flying clubs, etc. Arranging through local facilities for transportation of requisite personnel to intelligence targets. Arranging for rapid dissemination of collected intelligence through prescribed channels using organizational communications where appropriate. Keeping fully acquainted with all established training facilities, exploitation of which will further the squadron's training mission, and initiating action pointed toward such exploitation. Paragraph 1, Section 111, General Orders 47, 1952, and amending General Orders 20, 1953, is deleted and the following substituted therefor: Effective 11 April 1953, the following flights of the 4602d Air Intelligence Service Squadron are attached to Air Force Bases and units indicated for logistic support: FLIGHT ATTACHED TO Flight 1-A McChord AFB, Washington Flight 1-B Great Falls AFB, Montana Flight 2-C Norton AFB, San Bernardino, California Flight 2-D Kirtland AFB, Albuquerque, New Flight 2-A 514th Air Defense Group, Minneapolis- St Paul, International Airport, Minnesota Flight 2-B 516th Air Defense Group, McGhee-Tyson Airport, Tennessee Flight 2-C Dobbins AFB, Marietta, Georgia Flight 2-D Tinker AFB, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Flight 3-A 501st Air Defense Group O'Hare International Airport, Illinois Flight 3-B Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, Ohio Flight 3-C Selfridge AFB, Mt Clemens, Michigan Flight 3-D Griffiss AFB, Rome, New York Flight 3-E Ethan Allen AFB, Vermont Flight 3-F 500th Air Defense Group Greater Pittsburgh Airport, Pennsylvania Flight 3-G Presque Isle AFB, Presque Isle, Maine Flight 3-H McGuire AFB, Wrightstown, New Jersey Flight 3-I Andrews AFB, Camp Springs, Maryland

Effective 10 October 1952, the 4602d Air Intelligence Service Squadron, a Table of Distribution Unit, is reorganized with an authorized strength of 61 officers and 133 airmen. Effective 10 October 1952, the following flights of the 4602d Air Intelligence Service Squadron are designated and organized at stations and with strength as indicated: Flight 1-A, McChord Field, Tacoma, Washington Flight 1-B, Great Falls AFB, Great Montana Flight 1-C, Norton AFB, San Bernardino, California Flight 1-D, Kirtland AFB, Albuquerque, New Mexico Flight 2-A, Minneapolis-St Paul, Intl Aprt, Minnesota Flight 2-B, McGhee-Tyson Aprt, Knoxville, Tennessee Flight 2-C, Dobbins AFB, Marietta, Georgia Flight 2-D, Tinker AFB, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Flight 3-A, O'Hare Intl Aprt, Chicago, Illinois Flight 3-B, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, Ohio Flight 3-C, Selfridge Field, Mt Clemens, Michigan Flight 3-D, Hancock Field, Syracuse, New York Flight 3-E, Ft Ethan Allen, Vermont Flight 3-F, Greater Pittsburgh Aprt, Pennsylvania Flight 3-G, Presque Isle AFB, Presque Isle, Maine Flight 3-H, McGuire AFB, Wrightstown, New Jersey Flight 3-I, Andrews AFB, Camp Springs, Maryland 1. Effective 10 October 1952, the following flights of the 4602d Air Intelligence Service Squadron are attached to units indicated for logistics only: FLIGHT ATTACHED TO: Flight 1-A 25th Air Division (Defense) Flight 1-B 29th Air Division (Defense) Flight 1-C 27th Air Division (Defense) Flight 1-D 34th Air Division (Defense) Flight 2-A 31st Air Division (Defense) Flight 2-B 74th Air Base Squadron Flight 2-C 35th Air Division (Defense) Flight 2-D 33d Air Division (Defense) Flight 3-A 4706th Defense Wing Flight 3-B 4602d Air Intelligence Service Squadron Flight 3-C 4708th Defense Wing Flight 3-D 32d Air Division (Defense) Flight 3-E 75th Air Base Squadron Flight 3-F 81st Air Base Squadron Flight 3-G 4711th Defense Wing Flight 3-H 4709th Defense Wing Flight 3-I 4602d Air Intelligence Service Squadron

Last Friday while Colonel White was away, Lt Col Gallagher called up and said that they had been requested by Washington to send eleven officers to Korea, and to come back, in case of a truce, with the returning U S Prisoners of War for the purpose of interrogation. That, of course, means about sixty days TDY for eleven officers. That will seriously cripple your present capability , especially for interrogation. It will cripple some of your language capability. nevertheless, it's the type of thing which this squadron must be ready to do at any time; and it will certainly have an advantage from the point of view of training, from the point of view of gathering certain information in which the Air Defense Command may be interested. In other words, we can by the use of that addition to the interrogation team have some influence on the type of interrogation. I'm very much interested in the project as it goes forward, and I think we can afford to take the calculated risk of lessening the effectiveness here in the United States. The background of the 4602d Air Intelligence Service Squadron can be adequately visualized by reviewing the past histories during the growing pains of the organization. Within these histories are the events and problems encountered with the operation of such an unique organization. To comprehend the noteworthy occurrences described within this historical period a review of the 4602d AISS mission and capabilities is necessary. AFR 23-9 states that the Air Defense Command is primarily responsible to provide for the air defense of the United States. The role of the 4602d within the command mission is the rapid exploitation and field analysis of downed enemy aircraft and uniformed personnel from an intelligence standpoint in the event of attack on this country. No other ADC unit has the capability to exploit the combat intelligence opportunities afforded by crashed enemy aircraft. The 4602d is the only unit based in the Z/I with such a capability, and the only ADC unit assigned the primary task of combat intelligence collection. To successfully accomplish this mission, elements of the squadron are deployed in nineteen (19) strategic locations within the United States with Headquarters at Ent Air Force Base Colorado Springs, Colorado. The basic operational unit within the unit is the three man intelligence team. At least two, three man teams are deployed at each of the nineteen (19) locations of the squadron, one of which must be airborne qualified. The intelligence team consists of linguists, technical intelligence specialists and intelligence specialists. To insure instant notification of a crash and adequate logistical support, a continuing liaison program is conducted with civilian organizations. The 4602d mission calls for the education of a wide variety of groups having an organizational capability for assisting the squadron in carrying out its mission. The squadron also conducts a comprehensive indoctrination program for those organized groups on an active basis by such means as briefings and informational articles in professional trade, or other, publications directed to or controlled by these groups. Communications is a vital structure in the 4602d AISS make-up. The information collected, to be of value to the tactical using organization must be disseminated rapidly through a system of communications which insures transmittal of the intelligence gained. Therefore a position of instant readiness is maintained When a field team reaches the scene of a crash, they should send a flash report in immediately stating that they are at the scene of a crash with a brief description of what is found. Three hours after reaching the scene, another flash report should be sent listing all flash intelligence gathered to that time. Twenty-four hours after reaching the scene, a twenty-four hour intelligence summary will be submitted. If the mission lasts for more than one day, a twenty-four hour report will be

dispatched for every twenty-four hour period. There is no limit to the number of flash reports which may be transmitted on a single investigation. The number of flash reports will depend on the intelligence value of the information being collected. Then within seventy-two hours after the field team returns to their station, they will submit a complete report on the investigation on the Form 112 to the local D/I with an information copy to Headquarters 4602d. Only one Form 112 will be submitted per investigation except in rare cases where extremely vital intelligence information may be involved. Time is of the essence - get all intelligence information into intelligence channels just as soon as it is humanly possible. POLICY ON PUBLIC RELATIONS: do not try to get the 4602d AISS or the names of 4602d personnel in the paper. When members of this Squadron participate in special activities such as rescue missions where it is virtually impossible to remain anonymous, it is all right to identify yourselves as members of the 4602d Air Intelligence Service Squadron. Inasmuch as this Squadron is new and completely unique, PIO men would like very much to publicize our activities and write-up Squadron personalities. It is again emphasized that absolutely no publicity is to be given to the Squadron mission or to individuals within the Squadron. the only exception to this will be in special cases such as the one mentioned above where the Squadron activities are necessarily in the public eye. In other words, stay away from publicity except when it becomes a must. If there is any doubt or if special permission is desired to release information in various media, contact this Headquarters for an approval or disapproval. It is necessary that every man in this organization be cleared for access to SECRET information. It is further necessary that no man be given access to classified information above restricted until he is cleared. All clearances are requested by this headquarters. In several instances, clearances have been requested by OIC's through local Provost Marshals. This procedure results in duplication of effort by this Headquarters and, more important, a duplication of effort by investigating agencies. All clearances will be requested by the security section at Squadron Headquarters. Confusion has existed in the field as to the degree of clearance to which an individual is cleared for access and the clearance previously granted and entered in appropriate personnel records. Because a man's records reflect that an NAC and a BI have been completed and he is cleared for Top Secret does not mean he may have access, within this squadron, to Top Secret. Even though his records reflect clearance to Top Secret, he cannot have access to even confidential information until he is granted such access by the Provost Marshall, Ent AFB. This is not a situation peculiar to this organization or to this command, but a procedure which is Air Force wide. Neither clearance previously granted nor rank authorizes access to classified information. In many instances persons who have previously had access to Top Secret may, in the Squadron have access to Secret only. The carbine and the 45 caliber pistol are the only squadron approved weapons. Only in rare cases when the weapons just mentioned are not available will it be authorized to carry 38 caliber p. E-1 kits are strictly for survival purposes and will not be scavenged or used on filed trips unless absolutely necessary. Let's keep up the kind of rescue service, whenever possible, which Lt. Johnson recently accomplished at San Gorgonio. Your units are in a position to render a great service by helping out

in this way. I would rather see one rescue field mission accomplished than fifty classes in Russian. I addition to performing a humanitarian act, these mission do much to establish good relationships with agencies from whom we may desire assistance in the event of war. Never pass up an opportunity to assist in a rescue activity. never take the cold-hearted approach to an air crash when death and disaster are involved. At a time like this, the humanitarian aspects are far more important than performing a technical investigation. So don't ask the Base Commander for permission to exploit a crash for investigation purposes when he is personally worried about the accident, notifying relatives, and recovering bodies. Rather, let the Base Commander know that you have the equipment and know-how, and make the services of your unit available in the event he wishes to call on you. At the termination of WW II, intelligence information was plentiful. It was then possible to accurately assess the effectiveness of our weapons. Documents containing valuable technical data were abundant. Persons having knowledge of a multitude of pertinent subjects were available for interrogation. Inventions of all stages of development were awaiting investigation. Prisoners of War were returning from areas of interest. All this and much more was at our disposal for intelligence exploitation. An enormous opportunity and challenge existed for military intelligence, and many military programs were initiated to gather as much information as possible. These programs constituted a commendable effort. Reports containing valuable intelligence of all types were evaluated and collated. They clearly showed the potential, but only a minute portion of intelligence information available was being collected. The CIC, later redesigned by USAF as the OSI, was doing its best to service the intelligence requirements in both Europe and the Far East, but the two-fold mission of collecting counter and positive intelligence precluded any concentrated effort toward the collection of positive air intelligence. Criminal investigation, black market activities, and security investigations were receiving priority while air intelligence exploitation went begging. Realizing the need for an organization comparable to the OSI for the collection of positive air intelligence, D/I, USAF gathered a group of linguists to service the D/I of the United States Air Force in Europe with interpreters, translators, and interrogators. In November, 1948, this group was designated the 7001st Air Intelligence Service Squadron. As relations with the USSR became increasingly strained and the Iron Curtain closed around Russia and the Satellites, the Director of Intelligence, USAF, established "Project Wringer" to exploit, for air intelligence, former prisoners of war repatriated from the USSR and its satellites. The returnees had been scattered in PW camps throughout the "Iron Curtain" countries performing a variety of tasks in semi-skilled and hard labor capacities. In some cases PoW's had worked as specialists in key industries, and a small group of PoW had enjoyed limited freedom of movement in certain areas of USAF interest. Through interrogation of these returnees, the Air Force was able to begin forming a picture of the USSR's air offensive and defensive capabilities, and the extent and vulnerability of the USSR's industry and war making potential. The results of the intelligence collection efforts proved sufficient to indicate the need for further expansion. The original 7001st AISS of 15 officers and 45 airmen grew into the 7050th Air Intelligence Service Wing with personnel skilled in all phases of intelligence. recognizing the

success of this type of unit, the Director of Intelligence, USAF, took action in August, 1950 to develop additional 7050th Air Intelligence Service Organizations for certain selected major air commands and areas to intensify the collection of air intelligence in the field. The 6004th AISS in the Far East proved beyond a doubt the value of an AISO during hostilities through overt collection activities. This unit has recently been enlarged and redesignated the 6002d Air Intelligence Service group. the 5004th, activated in Alaska in 1951, although a much smaller unit, is nevertheless producing valuable positive intelligence. The 4602d AISS, activated in March 1952, is the newest AISO, but has the greatest geographical coverage per individual assigned. Operations Section has been reorganized to comply more closely to actual functional needs and to the organizational T/D. Under the new set up there are three major sections in Operations: Training, Critique and Analysis (formerly Editing and Evaluation) and Operational Control. Training is broken down into two sections, Language Training and Specialized Training. Operational Control is broken down into Field Coordination (formerly Field Units) and Documents and Dissemination. The Documents and Dissemination folder that was passed out to all Officers-in-Charge included all the forms used between D&D and the field units. The sample forms were filled out in a correct manner and contained complete instructions. The few problems that D&D has had with the field units were in the nature of administrative errors in filling out the forms. The D&D folder will guide the personnel that maintain the field unit libraries and classified sections. In addition to standard form, the D&D folder contained the directives that revised the AFR 205-1 and directives that upgraded and downgraded restricted documents. The security directives will be effective pending revision of AFR 205-1, ADCR 205-2, and SR 205-1 and 205-2. As time passes and new technological advances are made, the prospect of future war looms more ominous and foreboding; into this atmosphere the 4602d AISS was projected. The increased tempo of activity in all phases of the squadron operations gave rise to new problems and required refinement of procedures already in existence and the reevaluation of the progress made in certain activities. The way in which the 4602d has attempted to solve its problems is in effect the history of the organization. Time is the most significant factor in solving these problems. War does not wait for the unprepared; therefore, the 4602d has increased its training, liaison, logistical and administrative efforts. New regulations were issued and old ones revised. A total of twenty-eight (28) were published during the reporting period. Administrative work was simplified, enabling field units to concentrate on peacetime training. Communications, parachute, interrogation, language and technical training was intensified. Unwieldy supply procedures were simplified, resulting in greater flexibility and reduced effort.

Issues with the FBI which had temporarily halted liaison activities with law enforcement agencies were resolved. The liaison effort produced proportionately greater pledges of assistance during the reporting period than in any previous period. Pledges of communication assistance from non-military agencies and increased familiarity with portable communications equipment resulted in some improvement in the communications capability of the squadron. The printing and distribution of 300,000 copies of the new Squadron Brochure provided a new medium for solicitation of assistance. There was steady advancement in combat readiness at the end of the reporting period. There was more assurance that the field units of the squadron would be notified in the event of downed enemy aircraft or aircrewmen. The squadron had greater capability to move rapidly to the scene of an enemy crash. The squadron's intelligence teams were more capable of exploitation of intelligence sources. While still the weakest phase of squadron operations, there was some increase in the ability of the squadron to transmit intelligence information rapidly into Air Defense Command channels. The period was characterized by an evaluation of previous efforts. This evaluation was expressed in new and refined procedures and directives. The squadron is more mature and better able to take its place in the Air Defense structure. A change occurred in the organization of the 4602d AISS with the issuance of Air Defense Command General Orders #16 [1], dated 21 May 1954. These orders amended Headquarters Air Defense Command General Orders #47 [2], dated 17 October 1952 in the following manner: So much of General Orders #47 as pertains to organization of Flight 3-B and Flight 3-I was deleted. Flight 3-B was reorganized and activated effective 24 May 1954. General Orders #16further assigned Flight 3-B to the Air Materiel Command, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, for administrative and logistical support. A revision of Squadron Regulation 24-1 [3], Organization of the 4602d AISS, dated 29 July 52 was effected on 4 June 54. This new regulation reorganized the headquarters staff. It divided the staff into four departments; Command, Personnel & Administration, Operations, and Materiel & Services. The major revisions took place in the Operations Section. All sub-sections concerned with direct control of peacetime and combat operations of the squadron were placed under the Operations Officer. Control of classified material including all intelligence reference documents was returned to the Officer-in-Charge of Personnel & Administration (Adjutant). The mission, function and responsibilities of field units and Headquarters Staff of the 4602d AISS were described on Squadron Regulation 24-2 [4], dated 16 June 54. It set forth in detail the peacetime mission of training and liaison to prepare the intelligence teams of the squadron for the

wartime mission of overt collecting of intelligence from "people, paper and hardware". This regulation defined duties of field units in respect to the two aspects of the mission. Combat Intelligence Team: The smallest operational unit of 4602d AISS which functions as a team in the investigation of downed enemy aircraft or interrogation of enemy crewmen or in training for the performance of the combat mission. The team will consist of one officer or noncommissioned officer and two airmen. At least one of the three team members must have a technical intelligence skill. If one team member has two or more of the required skills, that advantage will not obviate the necessity for the teams to have three members, each of whom will have a minimum of one of the three required skills. The beginning of this period marked a new phase of squadron development. The activation phase was over. Reassessment and standardization of directives and policies was completed early in this historical period. The squadron entered into a period of determining the best solutions to problems and procedures of training, liaison, personnel, records maintenance and supply and administration. Refinement of squadron policies and directives was the keynote of this period. Investigation of unidentified flying objects is not presently part of the mission of this Squadron. Field units are not authorized to make investigations of this type unless so directed or prior approval is obtained from this Headquarters. If ATIC gets a report and feels an investigation is necessary, they will notify this Headquarters and we in turn will then direct the proper field team to make the investigation. If you are asked by the D/I of your division to make an investigation, let us know about it. If it is not going to involve too much time, you can go ahead and make the investigation based on your own judgment. Don't let this sort of thing get out of hand, but if it will assist you in your relationships with the D/I and you feel that you have the time, go ahead. Otherwise, notify this Headquarters for prior approval. On 4 December 1953 Colonel White, Captain Cybulski and Captain Bellovin attended a conference with General Burgess fort he purpose of discussing the role of the 4602d AISS in the Unidentified Flying Object (UFOB) Program, and an ATI course for the 4602d. It was proposed that in the future the 4602d will be the agency responsible to ATIC for the investigation of FLYOBRPTS in the ZI. Captain Cybulski was appointed FLYOBRPT officer and departed on 5 December 1953 for Wright-Patterson AFB for the purpose of (1. Establishing the role of the 4602d in the collection of and reporting of FLYOBRPT data and (2. Developing an ATI course to meet 4602d requirements. The course will be designed primarily to instruct our personnel in the latest technological developments in SLRA, ECM, and A-Bomb and Guided Missile techniques as applicable to our responsibilities. No Flight or Detachment personnel will be authorized to arrange with local Air Defense units for interception action. The 4602d is an investigating agency. We are not operations. Colonel Walton, Intelligence, at the Pentagon asked that we be permitted to go into this, before the regulation becomes final, but so far I have not heard any report on it. The primary reason for our participation in this program is to solve a very perplexing problem for the Air Force and the country as a whole. To the Air Force the investigations of the UFOB is very important. In all but a few cases a satisfactory solution has been reached and the Air Force feels that adequate, thorough

investigative procedures can solve the small percentage of unsolved sightings. This is where we come into the picture. Due to our strategic locations throughout the country, we can be available at a moments notice, to investigate any legitimate sightings. before any flight or detachment embarks on an investigation, it should accomplish two major steps: (1) determine the reliability of the reported sighting, (2) obtain permission to investigate from this headquarters by TWX or MARS. It is possible, under some circumstances, to obtain permission by placing a phone call to our headquarters. As a matter of fact that may be necessary in some cases. For example: If the information indicates that the sighting will be around for some time, it may pay off to obtain permission by telephone, because you want to go out there immediately. Several factors will determine that of course. Distance will be a factor. If you have to go some place 250, 300 miles away and you feel that you should, the time that you have spent placing the phone call would not matter. if it was 15 or 20 miles away, and someone calls, reporting an object still in sight, you may want to go immediately. Many factors will have to be taken into consideration when a sighting is reported to one of the flights, or detachments. To better understand the elements and procedures involved in the investigation of UFOB I would like to cover this draft of the regulation. Now you are going to be faced with many, many new problems that you haven't had to face to date, and it will call for and require a great deal of common sense. Determine first how legitimate it is, how serious it is, if there really is something, or if it is a letter from some crackpot. If it is the letter, you'll have to ignore it. Above all, the Air Force is sincere in its attempt to obtain proof one way or the other. When I went to Dayton, the scientist and the astronomer they had hired, were ready to quit. But before they were permitted to say anything I was introduced and told them what I was there for and what I was going to do. They threw their resignations away and decided to stay. Because as the astronomer said - "put yourself in my position, I am being ridiculed by members of my profession for chasing those imaginary objects, and when I went into this ,I went into it sincerely, because I thought that both from the astronomical standpoint and also from the scientific value, I could disprove these things. In so doing I would be rendering my profession and my country some service. in the past, I have not been able to get support from the Air Force. It seems that they all think this is a hot subject, and they want to drop it. They don't want to have anything to do with it. No one wants to be quoted. Now that the 4602d has entered the picture, we are assuming quite a serious role. The feeling is, both at Wright Patterson and Washington, that we could be very very instrumental in bringing this thing to a head, once and for all. They feel that it can be done by personal contact, where a piece of paper fails, because in the past if they had a sighting somewhere, the people looking into it were the people at Wright-Patterson where there was only one officer, and one airman available. So they get a sighting in South Dakota. They send out a form of about 6 or 8 pages, Lt Ledher is quite familiar with it, as probably all of you are. The man takes one look at it, depending on the intelligence level of the person, and he more or less decides that he didn't see anything. Or he'll answer it hastily in a haphazard way, and it doesn't give anyone anything to work with. And that is where we hope to rectify the situation because you will fill out this form if you go out. Let's say that there is a sighting in Kansas City. You go and you look into it and you fill out the form and there's sufficient evidence that it should be looked into, and you've made all efforts to investigate it, it would be turned over from there to ATIC and they would take over. In many cases they would

come up with a solution, whereas now it's dropped dead. They don't do anything about it. It just comes to a blank wall, because of insufficient information. The biggest files at ATIC, are complied of materials that stated insufficient evidence. Of course some of it you can't help. Obviously if somebody calls in and says that he saw an object for 5 seconds, he or she would have to have some very conclusive evidence to substantiate, maybe a picture, maybe some other factor, before you could put any value on it. What can you prove in 5 seconds? But if at La Cross, Wisconsin, where apparently a number of people had seen it for several hours, that's another story. There you could really make something out of it, Then there are cases, like that near Great Falls, Montana where a Warrant Officer shot 40 feet of film. After you blow it up and look at it, you see it's a formation of high-flying geese. Powerful telescopes like those in California or the East, can analyze some of the sightings as stars. I'd like to say a few words on the analysis portion of this AF Reg. (See Par 4b) After we have gone as far as we can, and we have exhausted all efforts to identify a sighting, we will turn it over to ATIC, with a recommendation that it be investigated. You will send it in to us here at Headquarters. I will review it, AND WE WILL PUT AN INDORSEMENT, a cover letter on it and send it on to ATIC. They will investigate from both the astronomical and the scientific standpoint. They will come up with some answer and will notify us. We here in Headquarters will keep a complete file on all the sightings. That's why we want the information copied. We will file them under separate headings, such as the type of personnel involved, military or civilian, or airlines. We will record it under the type of object it was eventually determined to be. Cooperation: When requested by ATIC, the 4602d will conduct investigations, within our capability, and furnish air and ground transportation, to ATIC, and 4602d representatives when feasible. Direct communication is authorized between us and ATIC. Area of Responsibility; All portions of this regulation are equally applicable to us and to ATIC under the following conditions: When the 4602d AISS exhausts all efforts to identify the object, we will turn it over to ATIC. That is one time when the ATIC comes into the picture and the second is when it is actually in their area, and we will be responsible for telling them that. Bear in mind that their military facilities are practically nil. As I cited earlier, they have only one officer. The airman (assigned to this project) was discharged the 31st of December, leaving only the officer and a typist. Guidance: The thoroughness and quality of the reports and investigations is entirely up to you., It's up to the individual. He can make it or break it. The steps you should take to identify the object are (1) the theodolite measurements, (2) the possibility of interception, (3) contact which is your biggest factor. If it happened in this area, who would you check with? Pueblo Airport? Albuquerque? Denver? Determine if they had any aircraft in the area at that time. Contact AC&W people and find out if they had any information on it. Check with weather people and find out if any balloons had been released at that time and in that area. All these steps you would have to take before you could feel that you had exhausted all efforts. now, consult astronomers in the area to determine if any astronomical body or phenomena could account for it, or have any bearing on the observation. This is optional. if you are fortunate in having an astronomer, or their facilities in your area, go to them, and see if they can help you. there cannot be any expense involved, because the astronomer in Dayton is under contract to the Air Force for all investigation,

astronomically speaking and he receives funds to contact other people. If you were in the Albuquerque area and had exhausted all efforts, and we turned it over to ATIC, their astronomer would undoubtedly call the local astronomer whom he probably knows, and asks him to look into it. you could save time and money if you happened to have that contact yourself. not all people will have that. Originally we were trying to work out something where we could take care of that end of it, but it would entail the task of lining up 18 different astronomers with 18 different contracts. Besides the man at ATIC is getting quite a sum of money for this and they feel that it should be his business. In case you can do it, go ahead. Contact military and civilian tower operators, that, of course, goes without saying. You would almost automatically do that. Contact persons who might have knowledge of experimental aircraft, and so on. Lt. Ledher ran into that. They have firms up there that do experimental work at Niagra Falls. Bell Aircraft does much experimental work with supersonic aircraft and things like that. Reports: Information relating to UFOB will be reported without delay to the nearest 4602d unit. It will eventually end up at an Air Force Base or an Air Force Channel, regardless of who reports it, whether it's a civilian or the police. The method and priority of the dispatch will be selected in accordance with the apparent value of the material. There's nothing classified about this. We want to make this as unclassified as possible. Unless, and this I rather doubt, unless it happens to be the real thing. In that case additional data will be necessary, and we will have to come back to you to follow it up and you would have to give us the additional information that we need. The only time I can see that coming up is when we turn it over to ATIC and they get together with their astronomer and scientists, and decide that they need more information. They would come directly to you, the people who investigated it. We want to give them every assistance possible. That's where the program has been falling down. All written reports will be prepared on the Form 112, short title, "UFOB". I won't go into the report format because its outlined for you, and is also on this form. Security: Reports should be unclassified, unless data included necessitates a higher classification. Evidence: If anyone ever looked up AFR 95-6 and 95-7 as to what you have to do to send photographs forward, the way to mark them, the way to identify them, measurements etc., you'll know its complicated. These regulations outline where you have to send them. The photographs go to Washington. In addition one copy of each print will b forwarded to ATIC, and one to us here at headquarters. Fortunately there will not be too much of that. In almost every case where gun cameras or aircraft cameras have been used, the thing has been too small for identification and the photographs haven't been of too much value. Material: In case of any physical evidence of UFOB, you're to safeguard it and notify us. We will tell you what to do with it. a. Inquiries concerning specific local sightings will be referred to the activity information officer. The reporting officer may furnish the latter all raw information except names of principals, Air Force comments, details of intercept procedures involved and classified radar data. Examples of the type of information which may be released are:

(1) The location, time and date (2) Description of the object (3) Maneuvers reported (4) Type of physical evidence (If requester knows that such evidence exists) (5) Intercept or other identification attempt made (6) The fact that the object has been conclusively identified by ATIC or 4602d AISS as a conventional aerial device or other familiar object and no further evaluation is contemplated. With the publication of AFR 200-2 [3] in August 1954, ADC was given the responsibility of conducting all field investigations within the Zone of the Interior to determine the identity of any UFOB. Further, AFR 200-2 noted that the 4602d AISS had the capability to investigate these reports for ADC, and stipulated that Air Force activities should establish and maintain liaison with the nearest element of the 4602d. Thus the 4602d AISS was indirectly designated as ADC investigating and collection agency of UFOB reports. The Air Technical Intelligence Center (ATIC), Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio was responsible for analyzing and evaluating the reports. The 4602d, therefore, worked directly with ATIC in formalizing agreements, plans and policies, and in the actual conduct of the UFOB program. On the 17th and 18th of November, 1954, the Commander, 4602d AISS and his staff met with ATIC representative, Captain Charles Hardin, and Doctor Allen Hynek, USAF Contract Astronomer, to discuss ATIC-4602d AISS relationships in the investigation and processing of Unidentified Flying Object reports. During the course of the conference, general information was exchanged relative to the UFOB program, procedures were developed relative to the handling of UFOB reports and the criteria for the evaluation of reports and conducting investigations were discussed. This meeting resulted in a report being drawn up and submitted to ATIC [4] wherein were recommended certain agreements and procedures relative to the UFOB program. ATIC, in a 1st indorsement to this letter report, concurred in the agreements and procedures recommended. [5] Following the above agreement, ATIC sent to the 4602d a UFOB Guide [6] designed for use in determining the feasibility of follow-up investigation of Unidentified Flying Object reports and in identifying the objects or phenomena concerned. At the close of this period the squadron was in the process of compiling a detailed UFOB Guide of its own. The squadron was also in receipt of U.S. Air Force Technical Information Forms [7] for use in questioning observers of unidentified flying phenomena. Since the receipt of AFR 200-2 (UFOB), dtd 12 August, 1954, to 31 December, 1954, the 4602d AISS had received 112 preliminary UFOB reports. Out of these, twenty-five (25) follow-up field investigations were conducted by 4602d personnel. Although the 4602d was responsible for only for follow-up field investigation and reporting and not the final analysis and identification of UFOB's, nevertheless, seventy-seven (77) reports were resolved by analysis at this squadron. Purpose and Scope: This Regulation establishes procedures for information and evidence materiel pertaining to unidentified flying objects and sets forth the responsibility of Air Force activities in this regard. It applies to all Air Force Activities. Objectives: Air Force interest in unidentified flying objects is twofold: First as a possible threat to the security of the United States and its forces, and secondly, to determine technical aspects involved.

ZI Collection. The Air Defense Command has a direct interest in the facts pertaining to UFOB's reported within the ZI and has, in the 4602d Air Intelligence Service Squadron (AISS), the capability to investigate these reports. The 4602d AISS is composed of specialists trained for field collection and investigation of matters of air intelligence interest which occur within the zone of the ZI. This squadron is highly mobile and deployed throughout the ZI as follows: Flights are attached to air defense divisions, detachments are attached to each of the defense forces, and the squadron headquarters is located at Peterson Field, Colorado, adjacent to Headquarters, Air Defense Command. Air Force activities, therefore, should establish and maintain liaison with the nearest element of this squadron. This can be accomplished by contacting the appropriate echelon of the Air Defense Command as outlined above. All Air Force activities are authorized to conduct such preliminary investigation as may be required for reporting purposes; investigations should not be carried beyond this point, unless such action is requested by the 4602d AISS. On occasions - after initial reports submitted -additional data is required which can be developed more economically by the nearest Air Force activity, such as narrative statements, sketches, marked maps, charts, and so forth. Under such circumstances, appropriate commanders will be contacted by the 4602d AISS. The 4602d Air Intelligence Service Squadron continues to conduct all field investigations within the zone of the interior to determine the identity of any Unidentified Flying Objects. The responsibility foe UFOB investigations was placed on Air Defense Command, with the publication of AFR 200-2, dated 12 August 1954. Paragraph 4b specifically designated the 4602d AISS as the organization having the capability to carry out field investigations and preliminary UFOB reports. It also stipulated that the preliminary UFOB reports are the direct, continuing responsibility of all Air Force activities. The publication of ADCR 200-2 [26], dated 29 January 1955, directed to all ADC subordinate units, the responsibility of rendering the necessary logistical support to units of the 4602d AISS to carry out effective follow-up of UFOB investigations. The 4602d AISS has received a total of 306 preliminary UFOB reports from 12 August 1954 to 30 June 1955. Of this total, 198 reports were resolved by analysis at Squadron Headquarters; 48 were resolved by follow-up investigations; and 60 reports were forwarded to Air Technical Intelligence Center as unresolved, 37 for lack of sufficient data for evaluation and 23 as unknown. Flight A (later Detachment 1), Hamilton AFB, CA, 1 Mar 1952-2 Jul 1957. Flight B (later Detachment 2), Kansas City, MO, 1 Mar 1952-1 Mar 1954; Grandview AFB, MO, 2 Mar 1954-27 Apr 1957; Richards-Gebauer AFB, MO, 27 Apr-2 Jul 1957. Flight C (later Detachment 3), Fort Stewart, NJ, 1 Mar 1952-2 Jul 1957. Detachment 4, Norton AFB, CA, 5 Jun 1957-2 Jul 1957. Detachment 5, Geiger Field, WA, 5 Jun 1957-2 Jul 1957. Detachment 6, Peterson Field, CO, 5 Jun 1957-2 Jul 1957. Detachment 7, Snelling AFS, MN, 5 Jun 1957-2 Jul 1957. Detachment 8, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, 5 Jun 1957-2 Jul 1957.

Detachment 9, Ethan Allen AFB, VT, 5 Jun 1957-2 Jul 1957. Detachment 10, Andrews AFB, MD, 5 Jun 1957-2 Jul 1957. Realizing the need for an organization comparable to the OSI for the collection of positive air intelligence, the USAF gathered a group of linguists to service the United States Air Force in Europe with interpreters, translators, and interrogators. In November, 1948, this group was designated the 7001st Air Intelligence Service Squadron. The results of the intelligence collection efforts proved sufficient to indicate the need for further expansion. The original 7001st AISS of 15 officers and 45 airmen grew into the 7050th Air Intelligence Service Wing with personnel skilled in all phases of intelligence. Recognizing the success of this type of unit, the Director of Intelligence, USAF, took action in August, 1950 to develop additional 7050th Air Intelligence Service Organizations for certain selected major air commands and areas to intensify the collection of air intelligence in the field. The 6004th AISS in the Far East proved beyond a doubt the value of an AISO during hostilities through overt collection activities. This unit has recently been enlarged and redesignated the 6002d Air Intelligence Service group. the 5004th, activated in Alaska in 1951, although a much smaller unit, is producing valuable positive intelligence. The 4602d AISS, activated in March 1952, is the newest AISO, but has the greatest geographical coverage per individual assigned. __________________________________________________________________________________ Air Force Order of Battle Created: 30 Nov 2011 Updated: Sources