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4/6/2020 1 Warm Weather Toxins: A Short Review of Timely Woes April 7, 2020 Renee D Schmid, DVM, DABT DVM Supervisor, Senior Consulting Veterinarian, Clinical Toxicology Pet Poison Helpline The green “resource” widget contains downloadable presentation slides, instructions on how to download your CE certificate, a link to take our survey, and links to further information about Pet Poison Helpline. The yellow “certification” widget is where you will be able to download your CE certificate after you have attended the live presentation for 45 minutes. CE and Widget Information 24/7 animal poison control center Veterinary & human expertise 20+ DVMs, 75+ CVTs DABVT, DABT DACVECC DACVIM 10 PharmDs 2 MDs Case fee of $59 includes: Unlimited consultation Fax or email of case report Educational Center Free webinars (archived) Wheel of Vomit Textbook Newsletters for vet professionals Free resources for clinics Videos Electronic material Clings Social media graphics What is Pet Poison Helpline? Email us for more information: [email protected] 1 2 3
Transcript
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Warm Weather Toxins: A Short Review of Timely Woes

April 7, 2020

Renee D Schmid, DVM, DABTDVM Supervisor, Senior Consulting Veterinarian, Clinical ToxicologyPet Poison Helpline

The green “resource” widget contains downloadable presentation slides, instructions on how to download your CE certificate, a link to take our survey, and links to further information about Pet Poison Helpline.

The yellow “certification” widget is where you will be able to download your CE certificate after you have attended the live presentation for 45 minutes.

CE and Widget Information 

• 24/7 animal poison control center

• Veterinary & human expertise

• 20+ DVMs, 75+ CVTs

DABVT, DABT

DACVECC

DACVIM

• 10 PharmDs

• 2 MDs

• Case fee of $59 includes:

• Unlimited consultation

• Fax or email of case report

• Educational Center• Free webinars 

(archived)

• Wheel of Vomit

• Textbook

• Newsletters for vet professionals

• Free resources for clinics

• Videos

• Electronic material

• Clings

• Social media graphics

What is Pet Poison Helpline?

Email us for more information:

[email protected]

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Pet Poison Helpline®

and Nationwide®

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Warm Weather Toxins: A Short Review of Timely Woes

April 7, 2020

Renee D Schmid, DVM, DABTDVM Supervisor, Senior Consulting Veterinarian, Clinical ToxicologyPet Poison Helpline

Today’s DiscussionDiscuss:

• Different types of cyanobacteria toxins

• Signs expected

• Treatment and prognosis

Blue Green Algae (Cyanobacteria)

• Potential toxicity concerns

• MOA/Signs/Therapy

Bifenthrin

Lilies

Fipronil in rabbits

Chocolate

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Audience Poll

All blue‐green algae is toxic

• True

• False

Photo courtesy of Dr. Steve Ensley, DVM (K‐State CVM)

Cyanobacteria (Blue‐Green Algae)

Found in fresh and salt water 

Blooms are most common in hot, calm, dry weather and occur in nutrient rich waters

Toxins can be present any time of the year

Run‐off from fer lizers ↑ risk of growth

Water looks pea‐green with thick mats of green or blue‐green algae on the surface

Most are NOT toxic

Cyanobacteria (Blue‐Green Algae)

2,000 species

95 can produce toxins

Organized as 

•Individual cells (ex. Synechococcus)

•Filaments (ex. Plankothrix)

•Colonies (ex. Microcystis)

Benthic and pelagic can proliferate into blooms

Toxin concentration ≠ cell count

Toxins enclosed within cyanobacteria 

•Only release with cell damage or lysis

•Acidic stomach environment → Release of toxin

Destruc on of algal mat → Large release of toxin

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Cyanobacteria (Blue‐green Algae)Risk Factors

All species, all breeds at risk if a sufficient dose is ingested

Dogs that swim or hunt 

Pets with access to backyard ponds

Livestock, especially cattle, using ponds and lakes as water source 

Horses have had fewer case reports

Humans

Cyanobacteria (Blue‐Green Algae)Common species to produce toxins

Anabaena spp Microcystis spp

Aphanizomenon flos‐aquaae

Cyanobacteria (Blue Green Algae)Microcystin 

Produced by numerous types of cyanobacteria

•Microcystis, Anabaena, Planktothrix and others

> 100 structural variants

• Microcystin‐LR most common

Absorbed in the S.I. and rapidly distributed to liver, also lungs, heart, 

capillaries

Oral LD50 mice  

5‐11 mg/kg

Irreversibly inhibits protein phosphatase 1 

and 2AAcute hepatotoxicosis

Cytocellular collapse, apoptosis, necrosis

Shock, death from hepatic failure

Poor prognosis → Death within a few hours for most

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Cyanobacteria (Blue‐Green Algae)

Anatoxin (neurotoxin)

Primarily produced by Anabaena, Aphanizomenon and others

Anatoxin‐a 

• Oral LD50 mice = 5 mg/kg

• Nicotinic agonist (continuous stimulation @ nicotinic receptors)

• Depolarizing blockade & paralysis 

Anatoxin‐a(s) 

• Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (like OPs and carbamates), irreversible

• Continuous stimulation @ cholinergic receptors

• ‘S’ for salivation

• Does not cross blood brain barrier (insecticides can)

Cyanobacteria (Blue‐Green Algae)Clinical Signs

• Rapid onset of diarrhea, weakness, pale mucous membranes, icterus, shock, liver failure (few hours)

Microcystin (hepatobiliary)

• Rapid onset of muscle tremors, muscle rigidity, paralysis, cyanosis (minutes to hours)

Anatoxin‐a (neurologic)

• Cholinergic signs (SLUD) within hours

• Nicotinic signs (tremors, incoordination, seizures, respiratory arrest) within 30 minutes 

Anatoxin‐a(s) (neurologic) 

MicrocystinTherapy

No specific antidote

Rarely caught early enough for successful intervention

• Location of exposure

• Speed of onset

Emesis

+/‐ Activated charcoal with cathartic

Rifampin?

• Competes for specific transporter → prevents uptake into hepatocytes

• Success shown in mice

Glutathione, silymarin, vitamin E, selenium, cyclosporine A

• Benefits only shown when used prophylactically

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Anatoxin‐a and Anatoxin‐a(s)Therapy

No specific antidote

EmesisActivated charcoal with cathartic

Atropine for SLUD signs

AnticonvulsantsMethocarbamol for tremors

Mechanical ventilation

2PAM not effective

• Does not reactivate inhibited AChE

Cyanobacteria (Blue‐Green Algae)Testing

Multiple veterinary diagnostic labs across U.S.

Kansas State University

CyanoPros‐Auburn University

New Bolton Center‐University of Pennsylvania

University of California Davis

Iowa State University

Purdue

Others

Microcystin, anatoxin‐a and anatoxin‐a(s) conc.

Blood AChE ac vity↓ with anatoxin‐a(s) (Brain AChE levels normal)

Specimens

Water

GI contents

Urine

Bile

Serum

Kidney

Rose11.5yr Healthy F/S 30kg Chesapeake Bay Retriever

October 22, 2016

With family at a bonfire along the banks of the Snake River near 

Burley/Rupert area southern Idaho

Temperatures in the 60’s to low 70’s

Areas of standing water present due to low water levels

Normal for time of year

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Rose

Out playing along the 

riverbank in the dark for approx. 45 minutes

Wet from being in the water once returned 

to family

Possibly ADR but assumed to 

be due to playing

Family loaded up to leave

Rose

Lateral recumbent

Unresponsive

Tremors

Cyanotic

No spontaneous breathing

Intermittent HR on palpation

15‐20 minutes later

Rose

Presentation to clinic

• T 95.0˚F

• Pulse 50‐70, not correlating with auscultation

• Unresponsive/Absent palpebral, menace and corneal reflexes

• No spontaneous respirations

• Cyanotic without manual ventilation

• ALT elevated but other hepatic enzymes wnl

• Mild hypokalemia

Immediate differentials

• Organophosphate/Carbamate

• Blue‐Green Algae

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Rose

• Intubated with ventilation support

• IV fluids with Dextrose

• Vitamin K1

• Lidocaine

• Lactulose enemas

• Doxapram

• Methylprednisolone

• Vitamin B complex

• KCl

Therapy 

Rose

3 ½ hours after presentation  

Slight palpebral No corneal/menaceDiazepam found and 

given 

slow return of stronger palpebral, mild 

respiratory effort, mild eye movement, 

blinking

4 hours after presentation 

Swallowing on ownIsoflurane initiated 

to help with manual ventilation

Good palpebral, jaw tone and 

respiratory effort

Tremors still very pronounced

Temperature normalized

Rose6 ½‐7 ½ hours after presentation

• Methocarbamol obtained and given rectally

• Improvement in tremors

• Patient extubated and alert, responsive

• Apparent cortical blindness and deaf

8 ½‐10 hours after presentation

• Ambulatory but ataxic

• Urinated on own

• Ravenous appetite 

• Recheck labwork showed continued elevation to ALT only

• Bathed

• Started SAM‐e 

• Sent home

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RoseDiagnosis

Taxonomy scan:

12 different algae types

4 toxin producers including anatoxins

Rose

Rose made a full recovery

and is still doing well 3 years

later!

Big thank you to Briedi Gillespie of Washington State University for allowing us to share Rose’s story and pictures!

Cyanobacteria in humansCase Report

Wichita, KS August 2019

Shoplifting suspect tried to escape police by jumping in a retention pond but could not swim.  

Two police officers rescued the teenager and all became ill soon after exposure

Water samples sent to Kansas State University VDL = Microcystin

All those affected were treated and made a full recovery

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Audience PollWhich picture contains toxic blue green algae?

A. Left

B. Right

C. Both

D. Neither

What About Algae Supplements?

Toxicity is possible, however…..

Most supplements contain Spirulina spp.

Low likelihood of toxin 

contamination

Supplements may contain 

other ingredients of 

concern

Blue‐Green AlgaeRecap

Not all algae contain toxins

Familiarize yourself with problem water sources in your area

Most common toxins result in hepatoxicity and neurotoxicity

Onset of signs is often sudden with death occurring within a few hours

No antidote is available

Consider in any patient who has been exposed to a water source and is showing consistent clinical signs

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Bifenthrin

Synthetic Type I pyrethroid pesticide

Over 600 products available in the U.S

Supplied in sprays, granules, aerosols

Commonly found in products to treat fire ants

Bifenthrin

LOW TOXICITY TO BIRDS AND MOST MAMMALS

HIGHLY TOXIC TO FISH AND BEES

DOGS SHOW  SENSITIVITY THAN 

OTHER PYRETHRINS/ PYRETHROIDS

Bifenthrin

Larger ingestions expected to result in more severe signs

No specific toxic dose

Low concentrations may result in signs 

Lethargy

Ataxia

Tremors

Hyperesthesia

Seizures, less common

Clinical signs

Possible delay by 12‐24 hours

Onset of signs within 30 minutes‐3 hours

Signs resolve within 24‐48 hours 

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Frank

Bifenthrin

Induce emesis if asx and <2 hours post ingestion

Activated Charcoal with cathartic

• 1g/kg

Sub q fluids +/‐ IV fluids depending on severity of signs

Methocarbamol for tremors

Anticonvulsants for seizures

Symptomatic and supportive care

TherapyTherapy

Oral Methocarbamol until tremors resolve

Mild signs may be treated at homeMild signs may be treated at home

BifenthrinWhen should bifenthrin be included in your differential list?

Witnessed ingestion

Relevant location

Hx of recent use

Disturbance of ant mounds

Consistent clinical signsAtaxia

Tremors

No other exposure 

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BifenthrinRecap

Consider bifenthrin in your differential list for tremoring/ataxic patients especially in warm weather months

Even low concentrations may result in signs

Dogs are particularly sensitive to bifenthrin poisoning

Severe signs of toxicity are not likely, however, medical intervention is generally necessary

‘Tis the Season

Lilium and Hemerocallis Sp. (True Lilies)

Risk for ARF in cats only

All parts of the plant are toxic including pollen and water from vase

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Not True Lilies

Non‐ToxicPeruvian LilyAlstroemeria spp

Peace LilySpathiphyllum

Calla Lily Zantedeschia

LiliesAggressive therapy recommended

Decontaminate

Emesis

Activated charcoal with cathartic x 1

Baseline labwork (CBC, chemistry, u/a)

Monitor renal values daily for 72 hours

IV fluids in clinic for 48 hours

Monitor urine output if azotemia develops

Anti‐emetic and GI protectants as needed

Fipronil and Rabbits

Wide margin of safety in mammals EXCEPT rabbits

• Lethargy

• Anorexia

• CNS signs may be delayed for 3‐9 days 

• Tremors

• Seizures

• Death 11‐14 days post exposure 

Signs expected with dermal and oral exposures 

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Fipronil and RabbitsTherapy

BATHE IN LIQUID DISHWASHING 

DETERGENT IF DERMAL

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL WITH CATHARTIC IF 

ORAL

IV OR SUB Q FLUIDS ANTICONVULSANTS

NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT

ChocolateTheobromine

Toxicity varies by type

Unsweetened > semi‐sweet > dark > 

milk > white

Absorption can be delayed up to 6 

hours

17.5 hr half‐life (dogs)

Toxicity

Mild >20 mg/kg

Moderate >40 mg/kg

Severe toxicity >60 mg/kg

Chocolate

GI upset

Vomiting

Diarrhea

Agitation/restlessness

Increased thirst

Mild toxicity

Tachycardia

Hypertension

Possible tremors

Moderate toxicity

Arrhythmias

Tremors

Seizures

Severe toxicity

Pancreatitis possible

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Chocolate

DecontaminationInduce emesis up to 6 post ingestion

+/‐Activated charcoal/Enterohepatic recirculation

Anti‐emetics, GI support

Fluids  SQ or IV fluids

Outside frequently to urinate Bladder wall reabsorption

Sedation

Methocarbamol

Beta blockers

Anti‐convulsants

Wrapping it all up

Not all algae contain toxins consistent with blue‐green algae

Watch for exposures to any concentration of bifenthrin products

Keep true lilies away from cats

Keep fipronil containing products away from rabbits

Identify the type and amount of chocolate ingested when determining toxicity risks

Special thanks to Dr. Steve Ensley, DVM and K‐State’s VDL for the many blue‐green algae photos 

Sign up for…

[email protected]

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Blackwell’s Five‐Minute Veterinary Consult Clinical Companion: 

Small Animal Toxicology 2nd Edition 

• Provides concise, bulleted information focused on the most important facts needed when treating a poisoned cat or dog

• Carefully organized for ease of use in an emergency, with important toxicants arranged alphabetically within categories

• Details clinically relevant information on the most common toxicants encountered by small animals

• Presents a wealth of color photographs to aid in plant identification

• Includes 14 new topics to this edition covering cyclosporine A, sleep aids, tacrolimus, bath salts, synthetic marijuana, poisonous lizards, imidacloprid, spring bulbs, and sodium monofluoroacetate

Drs. Lynn Hovda, Ahna Brutlag, Robert Poppenga, Katherine Peterson

www.wiley.com/go/vet

Paperback | May 2016 | 960 pages | 978‐1‐119‐03654‐8 | $109.99 ∙ CAN $120.99

Pet Poison Helpline is excited to announce our recent expansion into Australia and New Zealand!

Our services are available 24/7 to any veterinary professional in Australia by calling 0011-800-4444-0002

and

New Zealand by calling 00-800-444-0002.

For more information please visit our website:https://www.petpoisonhelpline.com/pphworld

PPH World: Australia & New Zealand 

• FT & PT CVT/RVT/LVT -Evening, full and part time hours available!

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Learn all the details of our positions and qualifications by visiting our careers page at www.petpoisonhelpline.com/careersor by emailing [email protected]

Pet Poison Helpline is Hiring!

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• February 2ndRecorded and available for non-interactive CE credit!

• Essential Oils

• April 9th

• Remote Leadership: How to Get the Most Out of Your Team When Distance Separates You

• June 2nd

• Hot Topic TBD

• October 6th

• Worst of the Worst. Evaluating the Most Dangerous Toxins for Pets.

• November 10th

• Hot Topic TBD

2020 Webinars Announced 

Thank you for attending!

CE credit FAQs

1. When will I get my CE certificate?Now!  You can download it directly from the On24 platform. Please refer to the green “resource” widget at the bottom of your screen for detailed instructions. 

2. I attended the webinar but wasn’t the person who logged in. Can I still get interactive CE credit? Yes. Send your name and email address to [email protected] central time on Nov. 19, 2019 (strict deadline). 

3. Can I watch the recorded webinar online for CE credit? Yes.  You can receive non‐interactive CE credit. Go to the “For Vets” page on our website, www.petpoisonhelpline.com for more info. 

Comments? Questions? Email us! [email protected]

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