DOCUMENT RESUME -.Eb 283 926 up 025 637 TITLE INSTITUTION 'PUB DATE NOTE :AVAILABLE FR° PUB TYPE JOURNAL CIT EDRS PRICE DESCRIPTORS IDENTIFIERS Money Income and Poverty StatUs of Families and Persons in the United States: 1985. (Advance Data frowthe March 1986 Current Population Survey). .Bureau of the Census (DOC),.Suitland, Md. AUg 86 46p. Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office; Washington, DC 20402. Statistical- Data (110) Current Population Reports; Series P-60 n154 MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. Age Differences; *Business Cycles; *EConomically DiSadvantaged; Family Characteristics; *Family income; Hispanic Americans; *income; Low income GroupS; *Minority Groups; *Poverty; Racial Differences; Salary Wage Differentials; Sex Differences Bureau of the Census ABSTRACT Analysis of information gained from the March 1986 Current Population Survey (CPS) conducted by the Bureau of the Census shows the following results for the year 1985: .(1) median family money income continuedto move ahead of inflation; (2) the median earnin0s,of.men ihoWed -no statistically significant change from 1984, but the earnings of woMen rose by 2.1 percent; (3) in the last ten years percapita income has increased considerably more than median family income;- (4) the number of persons below .poverty level was 33.1 million; (5) both the number of blacks in poverty and their poverty rate declined. between 1984. and 1985; (6) the poverty rate among children 'and the elderly did not change significantly from 1984; and (7) the -number in poverty and the poverty rate declined in the Nort:heast, but did not change significantly in other regions. Twenty-one tables of statistics are included. Appendices provide definitions and explanations, information on sources and reliability of estimates, and comments on underreporting. (PS) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ********* ************************** ****** * * * * *
Transcript
DOCUMENT RESUME
-.Eb 283 926 up 025 637
TITLE
INSTITUTION'PUB DATENOTE:AVAILABLE FR°
PUB TYPEJOURNAL CIT
EDRS PRICEDESCRIPTORS
IDENTIFIERS
Money Income and Poverty StatUs of Families andPersons in the United States: 1985. (Advance Datafrowthe March 1986 Current Population Survey)..Bureau of the Census (DOC),.Suitland, Md.AUg 8646p.Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice; Washington, DC 20402.Statistical- Data (110)Current Population Reports; Series P-60 n154
MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage.Age Differences; *Business Cycles; *EConomicallyDiSadvantaged; Family Characteristics; *Familyincome; Hispanic Americans; *income; Low incomeGroupS; *Minority Groups; *Poverty; RacialDifferences; Salary Wage Differentials; SexDifferencesBureau of the Census
ABSTRACTAnalysis of information gained from the March 1986
Current Population Survey (CPS) conducted by the Bureau of the Censusshows the following results for the year 1985: .(1) median family
. money income continuedto move ahead of inflation; (2) the medianearnin0s,of.men ihoWed -no statistically significant change from 1984,but the earnings of woMen rose by 2.1 percent; (3) in the last tenyears per . capita income has increased considerably more than medianfamily income;- (4) the number of persons below .poverty level was 33.1million; (5) both the number of blacks in poverty and their povertyrate declined. between 1984. and 1985; (6) the poverty rate amongchildren 'and the elderly did not change significantly from 1984; and(7) the -number in poverty and the poverty rate declined in theNort:heast, but did not change significantly in other regions.Twenty-one tables of statistics are included. Appendices providedefinitions and explanations, information on sources and reliabilityof estimates, and comments on underreporting. (PS)
Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be madefrom the original document.
UM. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONOffice of Educatioriel Rematch and ImprovementEDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION
CENTER (ERIC)
his document heiS peen reproducenreceNed from the person or orognitAtionofloineting it
0 Minor changes have been made to improvereproduction muddy.
* Points of view Or opinions Mated in this dcco.mem do not nocessoniy represent officialOERI position or policy.
CURRENT POPULATION REPORTS
Consumer fncomeSeries P-60, No 154
rvioney Incomeand
Poverty Statusof
Families andPersons in theUnited States:
1985(Advance Data From the March1986 Current Population Survey)
US. Department of CommerceBUREAU OF THE CENSUS
BEST COPY AVAILABLE2
ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis report was prepared by Edward J. Welniak, Jr., of the Income Statistics Branch andArne I. Winard, Staff Assistant fOr Poverty Statistics, Population Division. Staff members con-tributing to the collection and compilation of the data and the preparation, analysis, and statisticalreview of the text were Mary F. Henson, Robert W. Cleveland. and Robert Bennefield. Clericalassistance was provided by Helen Ogle, Rose Mary Schade, and Eleanor Baugher. The reportwas prepared under the direction of John F. Coder, Chief of the Income Statistics Branch, andJohn M. McNeil, Chief of the Poverty and Wealth Statistics Branch. Sampling review was con-ducted by Janet G. Yax and M. Diana Harley of the Statistical Methods Division. Overall direc-tion was provided by Gordon W. Green, Jr., Assistant Division Chief iSocioeconomic StatisticsPrograms), Population Division.
CURRENT POPULAT ON REPORTS
Consumer IncomeSeries P-60, No. 154Issued August 1986
Money Incomeand
Poverty Statusof
Families andPersons in theUnited States:
1985(Advance Data From the March1986 Current Population Survey)
U.S. Department of CommerceMalcolm Baldrige, SecretaryClarence J. Brown. Deputy SecretaryRobert Ortner, Under Secretary forEconomic Affairs
BUREAU OF THE CENSUSJohn G. Keane,Director
4
BUREAU OF THE CENSUSJohn G. Koane, Director
C. L. kincennon, Deputy DirectorWilliam P. Butz, Associate Director
for Demographic FieldsRoger A. Herriot, Senior. Demographic
and Housing Analyst
POPULATION DIVISIONGugnion Green, Acting Chief
SUGGESTED CITATION
U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 154, Money incomeand Poverty Status of Families and Parsons in the United States: 1985 (Advance Data fromthe March 1986 Current Population Survey), U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,D.C., 1986.
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.
-1--ontents
Page
Income of families 1
Earnings of year-round full-time worke 1
Per capita income 1
Poverty status 2Alternative estimates of poverty 4Revisions to the earnings question on the March 1986 CPS 4
TEXT TABLES
A. Comparison of median family money income in 1935 and 1984, by selectedcharacteristics
B. Persons, families, /And unrelated individuals below the poverty level in 1985 and 1984 .
C. Comparison of 1985 income and poverty measures for households, families, andpersons, by earnings limit, race and Spanish origin
DETAILED TABLES
Money Income of Families, Persons, and Households in 1985
2
1. Selected characteristics of familiesnumber of families and median income in 1985and 1984 of all families and families with householders working yea: round full time,by race and Spanish origin of householder 6
2. Family income in 1970 to 1985families, by total money income, race, and Spanishorigin of householder . . ......... . . . . . .................. 9
3. Family income in 1970 to 1985families, by total money income in 1985 dollars, race,and Spanish origin of householder 10
4. Number of families and unrelated individuals, income at selected positions, andpercentage share of aggregate income in 1985 received by each fifth and top 5percent of families and unrelated individuals, by race of householder and region 11
5. Race and farm-nonfarm residencefamilies and unrelated individuals, by total moneyincome in 1985 11
6. Age of householderfamilies and unrelated individuals, by total money income in 1985 127. Selected characteristics of personsnumber with income and median income in 1985
and 1984 of all persons 15 years old and over and persons working year round fulltime, by sox 13
8. Race and farm-nonfarm residencepersons 15 years old and over, by total moneyincome in 1985 and sex 15
9. Marital statuspersons 18 years old and over, by total money income in 1985 and sex .. 1510. Agepersons 15 years old and over, by ti:tai money income in 1985 and sex 1611. Work experience in 1985civilians 15 years old and over, by total money earnings in
1985 and sex 1712. Total money income in 1970 and 1972 to 1985persons 14 years old and over, by sex 1813. Total CPS population and per capita money income in 1967 to 1985, by race and Spanish origin 1914. Selected characteristics of householdshouseholds, by total money income in 1985. . 20
iii
6
lv
DETAILED TABLESContinued
Characteristics of Poverty Population in 1985
15. Number, poverty rate, and standard errorspersons, families, and unrelated individuals
Page
below the poverty level in 1985 and 1984 2116. Persons below the poverty level, by family status, type of family, race, and Spanish
origin, for selected years . . .. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . , . . . . . . . . 2217. Persons below 125 percent of the poverty level, by family status, type of femily, race,
and Spanish origin: 1970 and 1980 to 1985 258. Age, type of residence, region, and work experiencepoverty status in 1985 of
persons, by race end Spanish origin . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . .... . . .. . 27Selected characteristics of familiespoverty status in 1985 of all families and families
with female householder, no husband present, by race and Spanish origin ofhouseholder 29
20. Type of residence and regionpoverty status in 1985 of families and unrelatedindividuals, by race and Spanish origin of householder 31
21. Size of income deficitfamilies and unrelated individuals below the poverty level in1985, by sex, race, and Spanish origin of householder 32
APPENDIXESPage
Appendix A. Definitions and Explanations .. . . . . . . ....... .........Appendix B. Source and Reliability of Estimates . . . .. ,
= . . - .. = = 35Source of data . . . . . . . . ....... ...... . .... - - . = - 35Reliability of estimates 35Standard errors of estimated numbers and estimated percentages . . . .... 36
Appendix C. Undeneporting of Income . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . .. 38
APPENDIX TABLES
A-1. Weighted average poverty thresholds in 1985 . . . . . . . . ; . ... .. . 33A-2. Annual average Consumer Price Index (CPI): 1947 to 1985 . . ... . . . .. . . . 34B-1. Parameters for direct computation of standard errors of estimated numbers and
C-1. COMparisons of CPS aggregate money income in 1983 with independently derivedestimates, by income type . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . 38
SYMBOLS USED IN TABLES
Represents zero or rounds to zero.Base less than 75,000.
NA Not available.X Not applicable.
Revised.
o n ey income and Poverty Status of Familiesend Perrsons in the United States: 1985 (Advance Report)
NOTE
Octal-wind povverty data in this report for 1885 are the first estimates based entirely on householdsseleoteci he the 1 980 census-based sample design. EstitilateS by type of residence categories such asrnetrepoilin, nonr=netropolitan, farm, and nonfarm, which wero omitted from the 1984 report becauseof the rrNd 1 97010 end 1 980 census sampling frame used for the March 1985 CPS, have been resumedin this t-eport, The residence categories reflect metropolitan areas defined as of June 1984. In addition,the Mar ch1986 CL:PS income supplement was revised to allow for the coding of larger earnings amountsdn the riisillonnais-fre. A description of this change and its effect on estimates in this report can be foundin the rsclIon disussing the revised earnings question.
INCOME OP FAMILIES
For the third mode o rcw _,7,.. median family money incomecontinued ta move eiead of menflation according to results ofthe March 1986 Qeuent Pop..slation Survey (CPS) conductedby the Bureau af theConsus. In 1985, median family incomewas $27,740, 4, aunt hgher than the 1984 median of$26,430.1After aCljuilIng fortlxhe 3.6-percent increase in con-sumer prices betvveen1984 amnd 1985, real median family in-come incroaacti bv13percen-u-t2 The 1.3-percent real increasein family income boelivoon 19=34 and 1985 follows increasesof 2.8 percent for 1983-84 nd 1.6 percent for 1982-83.2
Both White fernillaancl Blamick families posted gains in realmedian inconie in 1985,The n edian income for White familiesWas $29.150, 1.7 pelcont higher than in 1984. The medianincome for Black famiges warns $16,790, 5.0 percent higherthan in 1984. Sbanishmodianiftramily income, $19,030 in 1985,showed no staticticely signiMicant "change from 1984.3
The median ince:woof rnerrFaed-coupte families was $31,100in 1985; with the wHilnthepaid labor force it was $36,430.In March 1986. eboul8Operent of all families were marriedcouples of which 5Aperoent lizd a wife in the paid labor force.Ten years earlier, f34percenwm of all families were marriedcouples and 44 pg.ceni had t--.1-1e wife in the paid labor force.The median incorrielerfamili.ies with a female householder,no husband preset-Items $1,660 in 1985.
Data by educaltkeel att,=--inment level of the familyhouseholder inclicWelhat farra-iilies in which the householdercompleted high saralhad a median income of $27,470 in
'Changes in real inQatiefer to romparisons after adjusting for infla-tion. The percentage ahsegeln aricis between 1984 and 1985 was com-puted by dividing the etnnuileveragi Consumer Price Index (CPO for 1985by the annual average mind the =P1 for 1984. See table A-2 of appen-dix A for CPI's (Mei i47io 1985_
'The percent chanigolnniediani. toome between 1982 and 1983 wasnot significantly di-flat-Worn the 1983-94 or .1984-85 changes.
2The percent Chaugoltoolian frnily interne for Whites, Blacks, andHispanics were not 5-tenlically diferent frOrn one another.
1985. In contrast, families with a householder completing 4yeani of college had a median income of $43,190, and thosewith 5 or more years of college had a median of $50,530.
EARNINGS OF YEAR-ROUND, FULLTIMEWnRKERS
While the median earnings of men, $24,200, showed nostatistically significant change from 1984, the earnings ofwomen, $15,620, rose by 2.1 percent in real terms. In 1985,66.3 percent of civilian male workers 15 years old and overWorked year round, full time. This compares with 48.5 per-cent of women. Ten years earlier, 62.7 percent of men and40.6 percent of women worked year round, full time.
PER CAPITA INCOME
Beginning with this year's report, a table showing per capitamoney income that has previously appeared in final incomereports in the Consumer Income P-60 Series has been in-cluded. (See table 13.) Per capita income. is computed bydividing the total aggregate money income by the total popula-tion. Basically, it is the amount of income per person, for everyman, woman, and child in the CPS noninstitutional popula-tion. Per capita income differs from family income in that itincludes the income of all persons whereas family income isrestricted to the income of related persons living inhouseholds. Changes in family Licome do not, therefore,reflect the changes in income for other segments of thepopulation, such as unrelated individuals, or the fact that thecharacteristics of families are changing. Changes in familycharacteristics, such as declines in average family sire ordecreases in the proportion of married couples, can affect themeasurement of family income. Use of per capita income pro-vides a measure that includes all population segments andthat is less affected by changes in family composition.
2
Table A. Comparison of Median Family Money Income in 1985Selected Characteristics
nd 1984, by
Character is tic
Median family money income
Percentchange
inreal
moneyincome1985
1984
Constant Currentdollars dollars
All families $27,735 $27,376 $26,433 *1 3RACE OF HOUSEHOLDER
Elementary: Total 15,370 15,470 14,937 -0.6High school: 4 years 27,472 27,475 , 26,528 -College: TO t al 0 0 0 @ 6 # * .. .. 6 ... 0 6 39,487 38,629 37,298 *2.2
Ito 3 years66. 0000660## . ... 0 00 32,177 31,759 30,665 1.34 years...6.4666000000 60 .6 . 00000 6 64 43,187 42,177 40,724 *2.45 years or . 50,525 48321 *4.6
TYPE OF FAMILY
Married-couple families 31,100 30,669 29,612 *1.4Wife In paid labor force 36,431 35,905 34,668 *1.5Wife not In paid labor force..." 66660&0600666## 24,556 24,423 23,582 0.5
Male householder, no wife present 22,622 24,157 23,325 *-6.4Female householder, no husband present 13,660 13,260 12,803 3.0
*SignEficant at the 95-percent confidence level.
'Persons of Spanish origin may be of any race.2Restricted to householders 25 years old and over.
Over the past 10 years, the change in real per capita incomediffers significantly from that of median family income. Forexample, between 1975 and 1985 per capita income has in-creased by about 1.2 percent per year. This compares withan average annual change in median family income of about0.1 percent per year.' In 1985, real per capita money incomein the United States was $11,010 up 2.1 percent from 1984.The per capita income of Whites in 1985 was $11,670up 2.0 percent from 1984; for Blacks it was $6,840 up 4.9
'The 0.1-percent annual average change in median family income wasnot statistically significant.
°The percent change in per capita income between 1984 3nd 1985 isbased on a 1985 amount consistent with 1984 topcoded to $99,999.(See section on revisions to the earnings,question on the March 1986 CPS.)
percent, and for Spanish-origin persons it was $6,610, un-changed from 1984.5 The changes in per capita income be-tween 1984 and 1985 for Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics werenot statistically different from one another.
POVERTY STATUSThe number of persons below the poverty level was 33.1
million in 1985. The difference between the 1985 figure andthe 1984 estimate of 33.7 million was not statistically signifi-cant. The percentage of persons in poverty was 14.0 in 1985;the 1984 figure was 14.4 percent. The difference was notstatistically significant at the usual 95-percent level of con-fidence but was significant at the 90-percent confidence level.The poverty threshold for a family of four in 1985 was$10,989.
Table .B. Persons, Families, and Unrelated Individuals Below the Poverty Level in1985 and 1984
Numbers 1_ thousands.following year)
Persons, families, and unrelated individuals as of March of the
Stic
All persons.14bite
Oilack:Spanish origi
nder 15to 24to 44
4.5 to 54.
5-to 590.to 64
.65-years
yeara..... 0000000000000000000yearsyears.years.. ...... .... ...........yearsyearsand over
,lfortheast'IMidwest*tuth
.................. ....O
All related children under18 years
)31ackSpanish origin
jn familiesIn unrelated subfamilies...., . .
All familiesleateIaack'Spanish origi
:Married-couple familiesMale householder, no wife presentFemale householder, no husband present
MaleFemale-p=t-
All unrelated individuals
- Rounds to zero.gnificant at the 95-percent confidence level.
Significant at the 90-pareent confidence level.persona,of Spanish origin may ba'ofany racei
The estimates of poverty in this report are based solely onmoney income The value of noncash benefits such as.foodstamps, Medicare, Medicaid, and public housing are not in-cluded as income for purposes of estimating the povertypopulation. For a further discussion on valuing noncashbenefits and poverty, see the section discussing alternativeestimates of poverty.
Both the number of Blacks in poverty and their poverty ratedeclined between 1984 and 1985. The number declined from9.5 million to 8.9 million, and the rate declined from 33.8 per-cent to 31.3 percent. There was an increase of approximately430,000 in the number of Spanish-origin persons in poverty(from 4.8 million to 5.2 million). The poverty rate amongSpanish-origin persons, 29.0 percent in 1985 versus 28.4 per-cent in 1984, did not show 8 statistically significant change.There were no statistically significant changes in either thenumber or percentage of Whites in poverty. In 1985, 22.9million Whites were in poverty and their poverty rate was 11.4percent.
The poverty rate among related children under 18 years oldwas 20.5 percent in 1985, not statistically different from the1984 rate. The rate did not change significantly among Whitechildren (15.9 percent in 1985), Black children (43.4 percentin 1985), or Spanish-origin children (39.9 percent in 1985,not statistically different from the figure for Black children).
The number of poor elderly persons in 19135 was 3.5 millionand their poverty rate was 12.6 percent Neither of thesefigures was significantly different from the 1984 estimates.
The number of poor families in 1985 was 7,2 million, and3.5 million of these p8Or families had a female householder,no husband present. Both of these figures were about thesame as the 1984 estimates. The poverty rate among Blackfamilies was 28.7 percent in 1985; the change from the 1984figure of 30.9 percent was significant at the 90-percent levelof confidence but not at the 95-percent level. There were nosignificant changes in the number or percentage of Whitefamilies in poveay, but there was some evidence of an increasein the number of Spanish-origin families in poverty.
The poverty rate among unrelated individuals was 21.5 per-clBrit in 1985 and 6.7 million were in poverty. There was nostatistically significant change in either the number or percent-age of unrelated individuals in poverty.
Among regions, the number in poverty and the poverty ratedeclined in the Northeast, but the poveny figures in the otherregions did not change significantly. The rate in the Northeastfell from 13.2 percent to 11.6 percent. The rate was lowestin the Northast and highest in the South (a poverty rate of16.0 perbent).
ALTERNATIVE ESTIMATES OF POVERTY
While Federal expenditures intended to assist the low-income population are now concentrated in programs that
provide in-kind or noncash benefits, the value of these benefitsare not included as income in official estimates of the povertypopulation. For the past several years the Bureau of the Cen-sus has provided alternative estimates of poverty based onincome definitions that include values of selected noncashbenefits. These estimates, which have been exploratory innature, indicate significantly lower estimates of poverty follow-ing the inclusion of noncash benefit values. The latest of theseestimates, shown in Technical Paper 55, Estimates of PovertyIncluding the Value of Noncash Benefits: 1984, indicatepoverty rates which are between S and 33 percent lower thanthose based solely on money income depending on the in-come definition used.
Alternative estimates of povehy for 1985 are being preparedand are expected to be released in Technical Paper 56 inSeptember. In addition to the estimates of poverty based onan income definition that includes noncash benefit values, thisreport will present a discussion of the highlights of the 2-dayConference on the Measurement of Noncash Benefits heldin December 1985.
REVISIONS TO THE EARNINGS QUESTION ONTHE MARCH 1986 CPS
The Census Bureau has made a revision to the March CPSincome supplement questionnaire in an effort to adapt to con-tinually rising levels of annual incorm,_ Beginning with theMarch 1986 CPS, question number 48, which covers theamount of earnings received from the employar or ownbusiness for which the respondem worked the longest dur-ing the previous calendar year, was modified to permit codingof earnings amounts to a maximum of $299,999. Prior toMarch 1986, procedures allowed for coding of amounts to amaximum of $99,999. In March 1977, about 127,000weighted sample persons reported receiving earnings in theprevious calendar year in excess of the $99,999 maximum.In March 1986, when the revision was made, about 627,000weighted sample persons reported receiving earnings in ex-cess of this maximum. About 16,000 weighted sample per-sons reported earnings amounts that exceeded the revisedmaximum of $299,999.
This change in the questionnaire causes a break in the timeseries for some income measures. Table C has been includedto indicate the effect of the questionnaire revision on selectedincome measures. Overall the revision added about $22.9billion to the total aggregate income that would have goneundetected had the $99,999 limit continued. Mean income,per capita income, shares of aggregate income by quintile andthe index of income concentration (GINI Index) were all af-fected by the revision and caution should be used when com-paring the 1985 data to earlier years.
11
Table C. Comparison of 1985 Income and Poverty Measures for Households, Families, andPersons, by Earning Limit, Race, and Spanish Origin
Table 1. Selected Characteristics of Families-Number of Families and Median income in1985 and 1984 of All Families and Families With Householders Working Year RoundFull Time, by Race and Spanish Origin of Householder
Charset &Vic
March Of the following year. an litedsk (') pmcedIng percent change Indicates statistIcia
nificant change at the 95-percent confidence level.
Percent
Inounentdollars
'4.9
'7_2.4.4'4.16.1
"5.0'5.1"4.1-3.0'6.7
'5.1'6.1.4.4-5.4'5.01.9
4.85.35.4
' 3.3'9.80.5
' 5.
'9.3'6.7
' 4.1' 5.75.5
'7.3
'6.020.6'5.5
For meaning of symbols, sea taxi)
In1985
dollars
Householder year40u5d, wurimr
1085 1984 Perc_ an I
Number(thous.)
MedianIncome
(dollars)
35 165
36 05925 233
38 00240 22735 15442 73335 61133 62536 46220 533
3433 07138 493
37 82040 50332 63220 05921 622
35 760(13)
25 gin36 60144 56653 588
33 51835 78037 45230 29636 39337 035
35 76546 29446 07038 189se 41230 673
3400030 08731 $25
25 553
27 183
27 270
19 705
Standarderror
_Hera)
107
1681 721
224267457359273515330357
384320339470
21022332990_
2492095171353
384360329432731550
167557593908021457
362485485
530
571(6)
571
719
MedianIncome
tars
0
38 77933 55531 75435 936
38 14938 71331 56930 317lo 899
34 071(9)
25 41534 94342 60652 136
31 03034 06536 02635 55234 39533 024
34 07745 02744 me3s 20138 3512$ 654
32 68027 86530 164
24 411
25 335B)
25 458
1$ 932
Inttirefltdollars
'6.0
'6.0
'4.1'7.1
40'4.9'3,4-4.1'9.7
'5.0
'2_
'4.6
'4.9'5.0'4.02.1
'5.610.1
5.0'7.3'4.1*8.4'5.7*7.0
*4.3.7.0'5.5
4.7
(7A)7.1
4.1
In1965
dollars
'1.3
.8
.524
'1.4'1.5
.5'43.4
3.0
2.5
1.71.3
-LB
1.21.71.6-.36.02.8
'1A'4.31.9
'5.63.0
'3.7
.52.11.8
3.6
2.416.51.0
2.1
30 185
35 1061 079
28 29615 0245 361
10 20412 6714 5598 1127 689
7 5479 326
12 3376 975
31 13219 97311 159
1 3073 740
38 157
0 06619 5324 8072 071
11 0500 5239 4304 1641 341
657
38 1055 9164 6151 1024 1473 271
6 8442 8362 032
1 146
2 52724
2 796
1 225
13
'2.4-.3.6
1.01.2-2
'-7.5'5.9
'1.3
-1.31.11.0
1.31.4.4
-1A2.26.3
'1.3'3.0
.54.72.03.4
.7'4-21.9
1.1
3.6
Table -1. Selected Characteristics of Families-Number of Families and Median Income in1985 and 1984 of All Families and Families With Householders Working Year RoundFull Time, by Race and Spanish Origin of Householder-con.
(Famines as of march of the following year. An astegsk (*) preceding percent change Indicates alatistically significant change at the 95-percent confidence level. For moaningof syethols. see texl
Oharacteestic
All families Householder year-round, full-timo worker
Table 1. Selected Characteristics of Families-Number of Families and Median income In1985 and 1984 of All Families and Families With Householders Working Year RoundFull Time, by Race and Spanish Origin of Householder-con.
(Families as of March of the following ywar. An asterisk (') preceding percent change indicates statistically significantchange at the 95-percent confidence level. For moaning of symbols. soo text)
eiiatic
All arnillos Householder yesr.rcwnd, full4Ime worke
'Excludes families with members who are In the Armed Forces.glniducleS pawns whose longest job was In the Armed ForeeS.3Persons of Spanish oriOn moy be of any ram
Table 2. Family income In 1970 to 1985-Families, by Total Money Income, Race, andSpanish Orig In of Householder
un current doilor0 Families as of Much of the folirr-tno year. For moaning of
Toth@ rhOney Income
ALL RACES
Ntrnbar .
POrCientUnder $2,000 .. ...12,600 to 54,999$5,000 to $7.499$7,600 to 19,099 . ....$10,000 to ......$12500 to 314.199.. . ...... . ..$18.000 to $10999. .......$20,000 to 624.e99 . .....325moo to $u.Sm.= to 549,$50,000 and overModan Income,- ......Moan IncOrraa . ...
.......
WHITE
PercentUnder $2300 . . .. .$2,50010 14,990 . . .$5.090 to ;7,499 . ..... .57,500 to $9.909 . ....... ....$10,00010 512.499 ......... ........312500 to $14,1399$15,000 to 3193013 ........$20,000 to $24,125.000 to 534.535300 to $49.909
.000 and overMedan Incomof .. .Mean Income
BLACK AND 0111ERRACES
Number
FomentUnder $2,500 . ........52,500 to 54,94955300 to $7,499 .........$7,500 to $9,999 .510,000 to $12,499512500 to $14,999- . .$15,000 to $19,999.S20300 to $24,999 ... . .. .135,000 to 334.969436.000 to $49,999. . ...$50300 and aver ...Medan Income'Mean income
BLACK
Nurnber
Under $2,500=500 to $4.099 . .......85300 to $7,49957,500 to .510.000 to $12,490 ..........$12,500 to $14,999.... ..515.000 to 319.999. ....
300 to 524,999. ...$225300 to 1134, ...... .135.000 to $49,999550,000 and merPAeclan
SPANISH ONIGIN OFHOUSEHOLDER2
- .......Formant . .
Under $2,500$2,500 to 34.009 .55,000 to $7,49957.500 ta $9,999. ..... . .. .$10,000 to $12.499..... -$12,500 ha $14,999. ....$16,000 to 519,999.. . .120.000 to 124,
,00010 134,999 ....535.000 to $49,099....... . .$50,000 and mix . . .. .Medan Income, ....... .......Mean Income .. . .
0135
83 556
100,0132.94.24.35.25,0
10310318.018.810.3
27 73532 944
wit
lea°1.8213.53.94.84.9
10.310.419219.719.6
29 15234 375
100 03.9738.47.27.05.9
12.19.4
14.71329.7
0 835755
821
100,0429.39.47.77.98.4
13.08.0
14.31 ta7.0
16 78821 359
4 206
100.02.95.4a
8.10.8
12.111.318.012.501
9 02723 152
706
100.02.0104.54.95.652
10.810_719.018,415.8
20 43331 052
54 400
100.01.6
3,74.45,35_0
10.711.019.819.410.9
27 68832 422
8 3138
1130.04.48.79.38.37.86.4
11.892
13,812.182
17 09822 076
00_U4.7
10,110.29.0
39.4
13.110.55.8
3 03
100.03.46.38,17.88,07.0
11.712.116.712.46.7
832
_ 01
_ .0
3..0
528.15.5
11311,519.417.112.8
24 67428 820
090
100.01.82.64.24.65.85.3
11.911.820.218.013,8
25 83730 067
124
1 omo5.19.4
10.48.77.662
11.49.5
14.411.08.3
10 02020 546
0 681
100.05_6
10.811.49.013.00.7
11.89.7
14.1924.0
14 58110 397
3 785
10103.70_3
10.0028.17.6
13.913.014.110.1
5.116 93020 422
1951
100.02.33.7525 46.55.9
12.112.319.510.010.9
23 4.3327 391
407
100.01,92.74.44.86.25.9
12.312620.310911.9
24 60328 003
7 967
100.04,9
10.210.8
8.7
10.714.59.84.6
IS 21119 282
530
100.05.4
11.611.7
9.19,30.4
11210.714.17.72.6
13 59817 259
01 019
100.02.13_75.513.07.18_5
12.012.620214.90.0
22 38825 038
209
00.01.7
4.75,68.76,4
12613.021.115.79.7
23 51726 934
7 7$0
100.04.7
10.111.18.99.58.7
1239.8
14.292
14 598lu 300
6 413
100.135.2
11.512.28.49.57.0
12.49.6
13.07.92.1
286
100.0 100.03.6 3.08.5 7.0
10.8 9.38.7 8.79.0 9.07.5 6.0
14.1 15.211.7 12.014.3 14.410.0 9.53.0 3.5
10 227 16 40119 737 19 370
0 300
100.02.14.16.28_57.38.9
14.013,719.81286.7
21 02323 974
2 710
100.01,6
5.38.07,1
14.114220.813_67.2
21 90424 939
7 599
100.05.0
10212.39.88.77,4
12.710.1312.97.02.0
13 84317 280
317
100,05.3
11.313_410.49.17.7
12.810_211.86_31_7
12 67415 006
100.03,67.9
10.510.310.0
14.911.31426.12.5
14 71617 015
1979
59 550
100,0224,80.57.10.37.3
15314.319,11025.2
19 58722 318
52 243
100.01.73.85.76.88.17.3
15,414.920.010.95,6
20 43923 232
7 307
100.05.8
12.112010.310.17.4
12.310.312.45.41,9
12 4045 770
13 184
100.062
11312.911.110.37.4
1239.7
11.34.0.e
1 57414 505
3 020
100.03_49.1
10.29.9
11.60.0
15,812.011.9
2.014 10918 773
1977 1978 1975 1974' 197
57 804
10032.55.77.88.08.87.9
10914,518.07.73.6
17 64020 OW
1 00.02.04_57.37_6
8,017.315.217A
8.14.0
a20
lotto6.3
14,211.810.99,77.7
14292
10.74,31.0
11 75414 410
5 906
100.00.7
15.812.311.59.87.9
13.98.9
10 013 409
2 741
10103.7
10,911.911.312.78,5
10.710.9923.21,0
12 56814 657
7 215
100,0288.09_19.09_59.0
17213314.15.7
50 530
100.0225.48.3
9,49.1
18.414.015.0
2.797
13 58
100.07.3
15.515.111.510.17.7
13.09.07.8
.610 14212 723
5 808
100.07.8
16.318.012.210.47.5
12.78.26.131.7
11 882
2 764
100.04.2
11.013.713313.19.8
15.49.68.02_5
.51 4213 293
50 710
100,0237_59.90.8
10.40.9
19.112.911.74.21.9
14 95810 an
50 003
100.02.36.1929.6
10_49.9
10813.612.44.52.1
15 53717 525
0 827
100.0
17.715_011.310.0
13.97_96.31.4.6
821922
5 804
100.07,2
18.915,811.010.08.9
13.57.45.41.1
_39 2421 276
2 583
10035.0
14.115.614,012.29.3
1037.74.81.8.4
10 25912 060
245
100.03,2a_a
10.510.711.610.718,8
9.5121.4
13 71915 540
49 573
100.02.87.6
10.010_411311.019.512.210.13,51.5
14 26810 111
372
100.07.9
18.414.312811.58.6
13.36.04,91.2.3
9 32111 127
588
100,08.4
20.014.71101218.4
12.30.04.1
.9
a 77910 401
2 4
100.06,4
15210.613.712.9
9_814.25.83.5
100,03.09.1
11.111_513.111,118.110,5
8.12.81.2
12 00214 711
49 440
loo_o2.87,0
10.511.313.311.418.910.88.7101.3
13 40015 252
0 258
100,09.5
19.115,812.910.9
11.76,93.3
.6.4
8 5780 440
5 4
100.010.321416.613.310.98.7
10.76.024
7
2 475
103.05.3
16,218.014.713.010.9125533,11.0.4
g 54010 053
5 053
10104.3
m312.012.414.011_517.10,08.22.11.0
12 05113 622
10103.49.1
11.312214.312.018_19.66.72.21.1
12 59514 153
134
100_011.820.517_513.411_47.79,84_02.7
.17 5969 307
5 4-40
100.012.421.617.913.511,57.59.23_82.2A
7 26a 807
2 36
00.05.8
17.217.8
14.08.5
11.84.32.5
8 71$9 924
151nce modlana were tali:Waled using mom detailed Intervals than thoSe shown above, they will not be the same ao those calculated using the above Intervals.tPersona ad SpaLnLan [sigh may be of any race.
16
1972
100.05.2
11.511113.814.711.415.87.24,91.6.6
11 11612 625
48 477
100.04.2
10212,513.915,211.91057.6
5 835
100.013.022.318,013.010.47.7
_
7 106a 067
100.013,823.018213.310.27.39.4
.4
.2
2 312
100.07.0
19,119.518.114.27.78.6
1:7
.4_ 153
1971
100.06.0
12.414.415.415.811.213.85.73.81,1.6
0 2851 553
47 041
100.05.0
11_213.815_515.311.714.58.03.91.2.7
10 87211 997
100.014.5=.418.914.211.18.8732.91.2
.1a 7148 101
5 157
100,015.123.518.214.5103
1126.9
.82.1
4407 695
(NA)
iNNAA
(NA(NA
4A
NA
NANA
NANANANA
9
1970
52 227
100.00.6
12.515,0
15.910.912.8
3.11.0
_a867
11 106
100.05.6
11.414.417.016.511,413.5523.31.1.0
10 23611 495
5 413
100.015,621.519,814.610.86.47.12.312
.1
.18 5107 760
4 928
100.016,422.220.214.710.8
6.10.52.1.8
2707 442
(NA)
10
Table 3. Family Income In 1970 to 1985 -Families, by Total Money Income in 1985 Dollars,Race, and Spanish Origin of Householder
(Families as of March of tha following rut For moaning of smbols, see tect)
Total money Income 1895 1884 1983, 1082 1081 1980 1979 1978 1077 1976 1975 1974' 1973 1072 1971 11370
ALL RACES
Number .
POMOnttMcim $2,500$2.500 tO 54,99965.000 to $7,488...57,500 tO 59,999510,000 to $12,499512.500 tO 514.999515,000 to $19,999 ,,,, ............520.000 to $24.999-525,000 to $34.909... - - -525,000 to $49,999530.000 and .. .Median Inborn& dol...Moan Income ..... . dol...
WHITE
Number ........... ........ mous...ParcOnt
under $2,500 ..52,500 to $4,996
$7,500 to $9,999510.000 to 512,499$12,500 to $14,999. .315.000 to 519,999$20,000 to $224,099.$25,000 to 334,999-$35,000 to $49,999........_ ......$50.000 and over
Moon Income _-
BLACK AND OTHERRACES
Number t
POMOntunder s2,500 ._ .$2,500 tO $4,13o985.000 to smog . .57.500 to 89.999510.000 tO 512.499$12,500 to $14.909_ .._315.000 to $19,999$20,000 to 524,999.525,0013 to 334,999530.000 10 849299.- ..... ..$50,000 and over ._ ._Medan Income'Moan Income ....... .. ....- 1
BLACK
Percent ...... ........ . . ... .. .Under $2,500 . ............-52.500 tO 54.999$5,000 to 57,400 .............37,500 tO 59199510.000 10 $12,499$12,5643 to $14,999.515,000 tO 519.999$20,000 to $24,525,000 tO 534099s3.5,000 to 849,688$50,000 and overMedian InCOMOI..... ... . ... . .Maan Income . .. . .. .... ...... I.
SPANISH ORIGIN OFHOUSEHOLDER2
Number mous.
Pomacetinder 62.600. . _.. _.... ......$2.500 to 54.849$5,000 to $7,499 .............67.500 to $9.999 . ... ... ...........510,000 tO 512,499612,500 to $14,999... ........ ....$15.000 to 519-999$20,00010 524,099.525,000 tO 534,999$35,000 to $49,839_150.000 and Over ....... ...... .Medan Income' . _ dol..Mean Income de1...
63 558
100.01.02.9424.3525.0
10.510.316118.818.3
2773532 044
54 091
100.01.62.13.63.94.84.9
10.310.419.219.719.6
29 15234 375
7
177
7.7.4
727.65.9
12.19.4
14.713.29.7
8 63523 755
921
100.0420.39.47.77.96.4
13.09.0
14.311.87.0
10 76e21 359
4 200
100.02.95.48 56._8.1_.
12.111.316.012.58.1
113 02723 152
62 708
100.01.92.94.24.75.55.0
10.610.418.718.017.0
27 37032 100
54 400
100.01.62.13.54.25.14.8
10.510.619.420.018.3
28 67433 579
8 308
10004.28.58.98,27.06.1
11.79.0
13.912.59.0
17 70822 864
6 778
100.04.59,69.79.18.46.4
12.39.1
13.310.96.4
15 98220 484
3 930
1110.0._- 4
t;.?7.i7.67.88.7
12.011.715.912.87.6
19 60423 073
62 015
100.02.13.14.34.05.55.3
11.010.719.218.315.6
26 04231 119
53 890
100.01.82.3154-25151
11.011.019.019.316.8
27 89832 465
8 124
100.04.88.19.59.00.96.6
11.39.2
14.711.8
8.117 28822 185
6 081
100.0529.1
10.49.70.972
1119.0
14.310.25.7
15 72219 0134
3 786
100.03.55.58.58.57.67.0
14.711.015.211.56.5
18 28022 051
01 393
100.02.13.04.44.95.75.4
10.911.410.517.914.8
26 11630 W
53 40_7
10011.72.23.54.45.35.2
11.011.620.118.816.1
27 42031 878
7 987
100.04.18.59.98.83.16.7
10.310.115.211,70.7
1695321 490
5 530
100.0419.8
10.79.26.77.0
10.810214.810.342
15 15519 235
3 359
100.03.15.18.9928.50.7
13.312.015.311.76.1
18 08521 997
01 019
100.01.82.04.3415.80.7
11.011,119.618.9146
26 48130 562
53 200
100.01.5113.5415.05.5
11.011.220219.915.8
27 81831 858
7 750
100.03.87.60.08.77.77.7
10.910.015.411.90.0
'17 26721 646
6 413
100.04.28.0
10.79.48.07.7
11.010.214.810.44.8
1569119 748
3 305
100.02.54.88.37.28.27.5
13.112.916.212.96.7
19 39922 911
GO 309
100.01.52.44.24.72.05.4
11.110.620.519.515.1
27 44831 298
52 710
1001.31.73.54.14.75.2
11.010.721220.016.1
28 50632 558
7 599
100.0347.08.79.17.60.9
11.810.215.612.47.6
le 07222 559
6 317
1003.57.90.69.78.27.1
12210.214.811.35,5
1 54020635
3 235
100.02.34.87.77.96.27.5
14.111.416.812.7
6.419 21222 997
59 550
100.01.42.13.84.24.1351
10.610.020.321.016.6
29 02933 074
52 243
100.01.21.43.13.84.54.8
10.310.221,022.018.0
3028234 431
7 307
100.03.08.78.98.37.37.1
12.492
15.413.7
8.118 38323 372
6 164
100.03.17.59.88.97.77.6
12.69.2
14.912.4CO
17 15321 502
_17
I00.02.13.87.36.57.47.1
13.711.818.513.68.3
20 991324 859
57 804
100.01.42.13.04.54.85.0
10.410.120,320.917.1
29 08733 129
50 910
100.01.21.52,04.04,54.7
10.210.12022,018.2
30 28734 397
6 89-4
100.02.76.29.5718.87.1
1119.8
16.5lag8.9
19 36123 771
5 906
100.02.76.9
10.5827.17.8
11.910.116.011.97,1
17 93922 110
2 741
100.02.0
7.27.27.47.4
14.511.118.714.07,0
20 72024 168
57 215
100O1.32.03.74.80.25.1
10.310.520.121.115.9
23 41932 422
50 530
100.0121.43.04.24.74,9
10.010.620122.217.0
29 71733 724
6 885
100.0
0.49.19.20.76.9
12.210.214.812.67.6
18 00422 588
5 806
100.02.36.99.69.70.17.4
12.810.214.411.66.0
16 97621 235
2 764
100.02.12.77.37.87.67.7
15.011.818.412.06,7
20 27523 598
58 710
100.01,31.93.74.75.341
10.810.821.020.614.9
28 26731 No
so 083
loco121.42.94.24.94.6
10.710.921.521.715.0
29 36133 113
6 627
100.02.25.59.89.18.07.2
11.610.317.112.70.6
18 55922 529
5 804
100.02.25.9
10,00.68.37.7
11.610216.811.75.4
17 46521 309
2 583
100.01.63.97.7828.67.0
15.411.717.712.75.8
19 38722 700
50 245
100.0.1.32.03.95.05.25.2
11.111221.120.013.9
27 42131 073
49 873
100.01.11.63.24.54.95.0
10.1311.321.721.014.9
28 51832 202
6 372
100.02.45.59.19.67.66.7
13.01 i.118.312.36.3
18 63022 240
5 586
100.02.48.19.9
10.47.96.8
13.211.715.511,24.0
17 54720 789
2 499
100.02.14.47.68.18.78.1
14212.118.910.8
CO19 09022 178
55 698
10001.31,83.54.54.95.0
10.811.321.520.4152
28 14532 091
49 440
100.01.21.3193.94.04.7
10.311.522.221.316.3
29 24933 271
6 258
100.02.36.08.49.47.57.2
12.910.216.113.36.0
18 71222 774
5 491
100.0246.69.1
10.17.47.9
13.610.216.012,04.8
17 46521 044
2 475
180.01.62.96.68.07.87.2
13.713.420.412.08.3
20 81123 075
65 083
100.01.21.93.54.34.74.9
10.110.821.021.010.5
29 17232 975
48 919
100.01.01.42.93.84.24.09.6
10.921.622217.8
30 48034 285
_ 134
100.07
5.68.48.78.57.3
13.710.218.111.772
18 388.V 530
5 440
100.02.76.0CO029.07.4
14.010.016.010.76.0
17 59621 319
2 385
100.02,02.06.30.3827.1
15.612.810.814.58.3
21 09724 023
54 373
100.0122.03..04.44.75.0
10.211.121.720115.6
28 58432 464
477
100.01.11.6103.94.34.79.9
11.122.421.416.7
29 597aa 701
5 896
100.02.75.08.08.68.17.9
12.910.41-5.213.363
18 27322 287
5 255
100.02.78.29,192828.0
13.110,714.012.85.3
17 55021 401
2 312
100.01.53.05.4CO7.97.3
14.814.220.011.65.7
21 04223 935
53
2730
47
28ai
5
100.0
1721
5
100.0
1720
296
100.01.42.23.94.54.85.5
10.911.022.719.413.1319767
841
100.0121.6324.04.50.1
10.611.723.520.314.0347667
655
2.45.99.48.77.66.2
14.111.115.511.35.6
834518
157
2.55.9
10.19.18.08.4
14.511215.610.1CO
1064.40
NA
NANANA
52
2730
443
2831
5
100.0
1821
4
100.0
1720
227
100.01.5za31444.75.2
10.812.2zast19,313.0338788
535
100.01.31.93.23.94.34.9
10.012223.720.2132358848
413
3.20.3828.47.88.1
13.811.616.011.45.4
052498
On
328.78.68.87.98.3
14.011,615.610.74.0
395817
NA
'Shoo mecum were calculatedVerson of Spanish orMln may
detailed Intervale than those 'Mown -lCUlted using Intervals-
Table 4. Number of Families and Unrelated Individuals, Income at Selected Positions, andPercentage Share of Aggregate income in 1985 Received by Each Fifth and Top 5Percent of Families and Unrelated individuals, by Race of Householder and Region
(Farrlilitta
11
1986)
Nam of hcuseholdar and region
FAMIUES
Roos of Householder
Total 8.1 558White 64 991Stela and other races 6 567
Bleck 6 921
Roglon
UNRELATED IND)VIDUALS
Ramo
13 17515 77122 18312 429
Total 31 351White 27 087Slack and other rams 4 284
Black 3 641
Region
Northeast 6 631Midwest 7 616
9 01137 139
booms at selected Percent distribution ol aggregate Income
Upper WM of each tlfth
L Second Third F HighestTog Mean
IncomeSecond Third Fourth psrcont fifth Afth flfth fifth OM ourcvnt (dollars)
Table 5. Race and Farm-Nonfarm Residence-Families and Unrelated Individuals, by TotalMoney Income In 1985
(Numbers In thousands. Families end unrelated Indhlduals as ol March 1988.
Total money Income
TOTAL
Total .... . .Under $2,500A2,500 to $4,999 .
tO 57.49957,500 to 39,9995103300 to 612.409$12,500 to 514.999 ............ =
515.000 to $17,499$17,600 to 519.999 ........ ..... ...........520,000 to 922,490 . .62.500 tO $24,999 . . .
$25.003 to 927,411$27,500 to $29 999630.000 to 332,499 . .332,500 tO 634.999 .. .......... . ...$35200 to $37.429$37.50010 $39,999 ....... .. _ ......$40.000 Ito 544,999645200 to $49,699$50,000 to $59 599560.000 to 574,999$75,000 end over . .
Table 7. Selected Characteristics of Persons-Number With Income and Median Income in1985 and 1984 of All Persons 15 Years Old and Over and Persons Working YearRound Full Time, by Sex
(Persona 75 years old and pow 153 Of Mardi of tho following year. An eaten* (') precening percent change indicatee statisticallymeanIrj Of sThbols, see taxi) nmficant change at the 95percen
Table 7. Selected Characteristics of Persons-Number With income and Median income In1985 and 1984 of All Persons 15 Years Old and Over and Persons Working YearRound Full Time, by Sex-con.
(Persons 15 years old and over ns of March of the following yew. An asterisk () precedIng perrent change indicates stelisllmeL.ning of cymbals, 40111 terxi)
Table 10. Age-Persons 15 Years Old and Over, by Total Money Income In 1985 and Sex(Numbers In thousands. Persons 15 years olo and over as of March 1988. For meaning of symbOls. see taxi)
Total money income
Tot
15to19
MALE
Total
Total
WIth Income . .SI to /1,"A9 or loss .... .12.000 to 52.999 -13.000 to $3.999$4,000 to 14,999 ............. .15.1:00 to 15,98956.000 to 56.1329$7.000 to 18.40956,500 to 19,989 ........ .........
510.000 to 512.419112,500 to $14_999515.000 to $17,489$17,930 to 119.999 . ..120.000 to $24.998$25,000 la 529999130.000 to $34.535,000 to 549.999 ..550.000 to 574.999$75.000 and over .......Median
Standard enr dollars..
Standsrd flITIX dollars..
Yearaound, Full-ilme Workfare
Foment of civilianincome. recipionts
Madan InOome . ....Standard enor d011ara
MeanStandard error
FEMALE
Total
TotalWIthoot f000Me ..... .With room . ........
SI to 51.911*. Or 10es ..... -$2,090 SS 52.9139 - ...13.000 1.3.099 . ........34,000 tO 84.909 -85.000 to SS.969 .. . ..........$5.000 tO 58.99917.000 to 16.49955,500 to $9,990 .
S10.000 to 112,499. . ...512,500 to 514.999 ......115.000 to 117,499117,500 to 519,999520,000 to $24.999 .525,000 to 529,099 .
335,000 to $49.999 .....550,003 to 574 999 ..575.000 and . .
Median Incerne dollars..
Mean Incoma dollarsStilfmtard error
yaw-Round, Full-Time Markers
Foment of daelanIncome . .. ..
Median income ......Standard eivor ..Standard enor ... dollars..
$1 to $1,099 or to,,$2.000toS2.009$3.0130 to $3,09054,000 tO $4 99955,000 to $5 99058.000 to $8,99957.000 tO 5849930.500 to $9,999 . ...$10,000 to $12.409 . ....512500 10 514,999$15000 to 517.4N517.500 to 529,999$20.000 to 524,999623,000 10 $29,999$30,0130 to 11:34,099835.000 to $49,999$appao to 574.9995_ 75,000 and over
. .. . .. .
MennesminSiandard erlor
FEMALE
Tot1
loss
58.00057,000 to 5134
¶9.099
510.000 to 612,499$12,500 10 514.999$15,000 to 517*499517.500 to 519,999320.000 to 524.999$25.000 tO $29,999$30,00010 $34,090835,000 to $49.999$50,000 to 574.999575.000 and over
Numbw ot persons ... thous-Number of personswan incomo thous_
PerCOrd webIncomo .. .... . ..
Silo $i Aleg or ioee,.......52000 to Wogs .....
58,000 to $7,098 ....,
510,000 to $12,49i512.500 to 514,909 - ,515.000 to 519,999520.000 to 524,999$.25,000 and 048r_ .,
Median Income' dot..Mean Income dot..
Year-Round, Full-Time Workers
Percent of civilianIncomo recipienls
Median InCOMe dotMew income
MALE
Total
member ot persons ... thotm_ .Number of personswith hertele Mous_
Portent withMoon* _.- . .. : .
51 to 51,999 or loss$2000 to 53.999 ......, ..54.000 to 55.999 . . ..... -$6,000 to 57299 : ._ _$8.000 to 59.999 ..... .510:000 to $12,411...........512,500 to $14.890$15.000 to 518099 ,...520,000 to $24-999525,000 end over ....%Mien income' ..... ... dot..Mean Income dot..
Year-Round, Full-lime Worker*
Percent of civilianInconel recipients
Medan Income .Mean Income dot..
FEMALE
Tots1
Humble el persons .. tbOutl..Number of personswith Inconel
Percont withVow*
Si to 51,999 Or loes$2,000 to 52.99954.000 to $5, 7 . . . .MOW to 57-99958.000 to 58.999 .....$10,000 to 512,499 .,......-512,500 to $14293515.000 to 519,900 - .528000 to $24._525.888 and over- ....median IneOmol IMean IncOnta . . -7-_
Year-Round, Full-lime Workers
Percent of challenIncome recipients
Medan Income ...meari1080me .... . ...
184 929
170 162
1_o
(1,68.562
10.982
12.6
11 00713 323
42220 82424 706
88 474
83 831
100.0725.08,38.45.815.28.3
1-210.131=4
16 31120 652
54.524 99928 747
96 354
100.0182132122877.48.882926.482
7 21710 173
31.718 25218 058
1152 316
197 738
100.013210.18138,26.8ea6.1
10.98.0
17.7
10 41614 411
42.020 02623 400
87 034
_ 82 183
100.08.1568.98.55.886.1
12.1103292
15 60019 438
53.02400427 228
05 282
100.010.213.612.69.87.40.06.0885.98.8
a 868g 504
31.015 42217 068
180 253
184 576
11/0.0142meb. 9
6i9.00.4
11.07,5
15.4
9 80513 458
40.710 76722 118
_ 014
80 78-
100.08.98.9828.76.1836.5
12.810.425.9
14 66118 182
51222 50625 807
04 lig781
100.020,514.6122
9=57.613.36.28.24.95.4
8 4058 899
30.114 48853 056
179 100
152 227
1080',5.511.510.38.37.11.36.3
10.57.8
13.9
g 14212 709
39217 92721 ma
84 9-55
79 722
100.09.17.0727.06.4gA6.7
12910.823.6
13 135017 381
50-921 65524 aog
03 145
82 505
100.021.715.913.19.57.9835.58.34.43.9
5 8878 195
26.91366315 142
178 130
181 827
100.015.912,510.66.57.69.262
10.37.4
11.9
8 53111 908
40.518 9551111 561
83 058 _
79 688
100.08.07.6727=36.89.18.7
13.111=421.4
13 47318515
52.020 69223 219
92 228
82 139
100.022.617213.4ea8.20.35.77.5842,7
5 4587 440
28.512 4$713 870
174 082
159 487
100.017.012.410.8a.e7.69.06.1
10_20.05.6
7 94310 097
40.915 83518 354
02 049
78 931
100.09.18.0el7.87.1
10.07.1
14211.317.5
12 53015 340
52.819 17221 438
01 133
93 929
1o0,024.618213.31028.1Ill5.18.42.61.9
4 92_06 772
20,411 59012 731
171 881
158 050
100018.914.510.6gA7.99.35.9886.27.6
7 25410 121
41.114 54417 021
81 047
78 129
10009.59.38=57.97.5
10.-27.5
14.710.814.0
11 77914 311
55.017 47983 935
ag 014
79 921
1 oo.o28.019.612.710.88.3834.4801.712
4 3526 026
27.81053111 441
169 595
147 473
100.018.815.911.1
117889.55.79.85.46.0
6 8129 451
42.-13 33315531
00 868
75 889
100.010.610.28,08.67.7
10.97.5
15.39.4
11.0
10 93513 113
54.918082 _18305
08 817
71 864
100.027.721.813=510.98.48.088S 01.1
.
4 06.85 590
27.69 641
10 403
167 262
130 422
100.019.118.612.110.08.19.46.00=24.54.9
g 428a 886
42212 43314 405
79 093
74 015
100.0mu10.9
9=09.18_2
11_282
14.77.88.6
10 12312 063
53.715 070le 929
87 390
65 407
100.027.523.014.911=06.47.33.480
.8._
3 9415 291
29.5a 8149 535
18.4 935
135 -5
100.020.617.012.410.48.50.26.08.53.63.9
8 0018 242
41.711 72313 531
78 702
72 775
itoo12.411.310.3
1168.9
11.88.6
13.96.36.8
9 42611 165
53213 85915 701
86 153
63 170
100.030.123.614.811.27.9ea2.82.4.5
3 5764 875
28.78 3128 958
162 542
132 041
108021217.512.010.58.8925.97=53.0_ - _
5 6647 704
41.810 98812 654
77 580
71 234
103612.912,010210.09.6
12.98.9
12.3525.4
8 88310 429
58012 93414 714
84 _52
50 507
100.031.924.015.41127.3-5.52.31.8.4
3 3854 513
28.77 7198 252
159 902
130 506
100.023.617.513.010,7829.55.56.52,52.7
5 3357 255
42.410 29211 870
76 363
70 1563
100.013.912.210.910.610.113.7
8=710.84.44.7
8 4520 661
54.412 18213 757
83 509
59 842
100 035.223.015.410.8634.5121.3
3.2
3 0824 161
28,57 1747 884
157 284
126 416
100.025.717.413.210.78.89.4585.52.02.3
5 0046 812
452g 537
10 ON
75 040
69 387
100.014.512,211.511.011.114.2
6.19.33.54.0
ft 093e 2sg
58811 46812 618
82 244
57 029
100.032.822.615.310.4523.51=3
,
222 7963 789
30.28 468a 811
154 468
121 901
100.027.317.913.511.3899=14.34.51.52.0
4 6826 375
45.48 839
10 193
73 572
97 474
100.018013.211.912,312.01406.9752.63.4
7 4508 635
57.410 53811 797
80 aga
54 487
100,041,428215.51085.02.91.1.8.2.2
2 5993 577
3878 0536 520
148 241
118
100.031.117.414,112.0
9.07.63.43,01=01,3
4 1775 mg
44.77 848a 973
100.018813.712.914.713212.15.6811,72.3
6 8707 $37
5829 184
10 312
77 649
51 647
100.046.722.115.78.63.81.9.6.4.12
2 2373 138
30=05 4405 856
15Ince modians were calculated using
Now Beginning wen the year 1079, Mood on persona 15 years old and over. Prevlooe years ere 14 yaws old
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
11
1
Table 13. Total CPS Population and Per Capita Money income in 1967 to 1985, by Race andSpanish Origin
a (al_ S )atinn as of Merph of the following year. For maani
Table 15. Number, Poverty Rate, and Standard Errors-Persons, Farniiies, and UnrelatedIndividuals Below the Poverty Level In 1985 and 1984
(Numbers in thousands. Personk families, and unrelated IndMcluals as of March of the foliostine year. An asterisk (') preceding number end poverty rate difference indicates statistically significantchange at the 98-perrent confidence level. For meaning of eyrnbola. see taxi)
Jr law 18 yowl 11 110 241 21.5 .5 11 455 22,2 -345 254IS to 24 years 6 363 133 16.6 3 6 501 17.0 -218 140ts to 44 years ........... ......... .... . 7 899 153 10.6 7 938 11,0 -39 16015 to S4 years I 91 78 BA 2 100 8-4 '-185 ilui55 tO 59 years 1 103 60 9.8 1 131 9.9 -20 63 -.130 to 64 yeami i 222 63 112 1 167 102 55 55 A35 years and over
Twinning wrth 1979, Includes members of unrelated sub!Rttersons of Spanish odoln =idiabo- jil any race.3Includee female unrelated4Includes mile terelatad Incividuate.
. For ecrlier years. unrelated subfamily members 4r9 Included In the 'in taill:~7asspories,
25
Table 17. Persons Below 125 Percent of the Poverty Level, by Family Status, Type of Family,Race, and Spanish Orlgin: 1970 and 1980 to 1985
Persons ea Of Manta of the following year. For rnesrtirtg of symbol
with 1980. Includes Members of unrelated subfarnthea not shown separately. Far 1070, unfolded subfamily members are Included In the In families' catagcrPalibra bf Spanish origin may be of ally race.Rola:lee fern* WWlitad frtvldIa
mem unnaated inaviskais.Note: Beginning with 1980. Wm ere blood on
Table 18. Age, Type of Residence, Region, ond Work Experience-PovertyPersons, by Race and Spanish Orl in
(Numbers In thousands. Persons ss of March Mt For meaning of symbols. see WO
'Persons of Boarish min may be ofNock:dos week.S* onempfoyack not -stotY.
29Table 19. Selected Characteristics of Families-Poverty Status In1985 of All Fat-WIWI= and
FamIlles With Female Householder, No Husband Present, by Race and Sluir-lishOrIg In of Householder(NuMbers In thousands. Families as of Merch 1986. For meaning of 'symbols, see teal)
ALL FAMILIES
Tom
Age of Hoorah° [der
15 to 24 years . ....... _ .. . . ...26 10 34 yea35 os 44 year, ........ .... . . . .. ......45 to 54 years55 to 59 years ..00 to 64 years65 years end over
S. Of Family
Teo personsThree personsFoos persons
Nem Wm of tunny
Number of Wasted ChildrenUnder 118 Years
No chadrenOne OMTwo ChildrenThree chBdrenFour childrenMrs children or more
f children por family with
Edueettonal Attainment Of
Total. 25 YamNo years 016011001 comple edElemorrtem Lem then 6 years
Mph schooh4
Oalepec
Percent a high school graduate
Number of WOrkerti2
TotalNo workersOne eerierTwo workers11900 teasers or 7
.....
EMI:4010d0.2
Not In 14Wor tercein Armed Forma
Work donee of HouaebojderM
Total
FullWorked 1 to 4
Reason for working pen pionkooldng fcv wor* ........Ail other reasons
Table "I 9, Selected Charactteristics of FamIlies- Poverty Status In 1985 of All Families andFamilies With Fet-rnale Householder, No Husband Present, by Race and SpanishOrigin of Houftel.-7aolder-con.
(Numbers In vend& Families as of March 1005. -or moving ol symbols
FAMILIES WITH FIMMIHOUSEHOLDER NO HUSBANDPESEHT
Tow
Ao, Of Hounholder
Is kr 24 ma25 to 34 yowl30 to 44 yaw45 to 84 yawn.66 to 69 Vsein .60 lo e4 yoko55 years end MI,
Eike of Faint
TwoTrove wawa ,,Fon ~noWe ~noSW onions ....seven moon Of MOM
Mean etre of ktly......... ..... . ....
HUrrilleor Of Rend ChlfdrertLinder Its Yen
No children
Three ohnnen ..Four plastron.Five ofilinen one
Mean numberolfiden per family Vath
EduOstfOrialAtMninent ofHousehOldir
Total. Zan old and overNo 191.9 of screoloonsfshodElarnantary: Ou then
8
993.h SOIssOl: 1 3 pane ....... ..
Gone" I yes Or mote
Pereer12 s Nii10401gogleste
Nurnbox of Workers°
NoOne wOrkerTvao woreershroe woken 8166.
EmDI talus of
of Householder
WennWorkod So Bowen
Fut OnoWorked I to WOO
Retse2G epriarg year:LAMA 131140118 .. ..
cilheeltensDM not woe( . . - .
Total White Bleck Spanish Origin'
Totai
Level Oval Below poverty level
P (sentoftal Tow Nernbe
percentof
to421 Tot 1 Num
Percentof
total To 11 Number
ParSentof
total
Ito 21
749 894032 84=11
82 ,
62=.44=3
4 Oka*3 104
2582=
3 474
1 3
192
12s1 096
655341139116
343057
1 080597258160
2.14
2 0921
37-2_
23 7
51
3 4741 7191 443
24567
1 021463
2 000
3 4741 375
388227
3701319
2 ogo
340
74.250.630_5:3.020.715.513.3
24.135.348.46452.
10.333_246,565.477.1385.4
PC)
30.7(8)
43.838_1348.129.315_4
(X)
34.072.830.510.97.7
18.070.951.4
(S)
34.021.5
6.147.4
44949.054.9
7 III
5001 6221 8921 074
487402
1 155
3 6252 243
76529211473
2.85
2 6417. 2881 502
47'.43772
1.70
6 61238
595452294
2 03321 902
613.6
7 III1 4893 2751 733
614
4 154341
2 617
7 1114 NO3 1302 7101 450
546904
2 531
3.406964951797840
122
747675302137
5138
27995
1.09
1 81016
25215838359-
49.7
1 95096581114430
62721)0
1 123
1 950798203109595
394152
27.4
68.042,926,116.716110.110.6
2_0.630.139_647.044_7
(B)
(X)
42.059_269.1
(0)
DE)
24.4(B)
42.435_038.522.710.7
(X)
27.464.82488.34.9
15.158.742.9
(0)
27.417.48.54.0
41.0
36.843.645.5
2 874
274922
476140111269
9501202552311138110
2.47
823730419188111
2 60013
243159593993599
61.2
2 874823
1 3504613233
1 401282
1 191
2 8741 6651 074
950
2
1 452
236595200177
513967
35840234019283
3.04
409310154
2.35
1 2164
11477
381453178
52.7
1 452713606
377241834
1 452552177113376
1662102199
66.064.542387.136.335.124.9
37.3so.61.761_760.369.4
(X)
19.14.4,156.173.982.990.0
(x)
46.13(B)
46.848_484.346.629.7
(X)
50.
20.815.1
26.982.470.0
(0
52533.216.411.963.0
62.704.474.4
10330827213849
310305195834740
3.)
209269267140
5738
2.19
87723
24897
177196135
37.6
96035827317177
420
500
980482289251193
GO133498
521
8021213652141115
125174118
513023
2.70
2712711311094432
2.42
441
15104
1077634
24.9
52132316429
5
11343
365
5211464733
101
2971
373
53.1
78.168.950.037.8
(8)(B)(0)
40.258.960.462.1
(s)63)
(X)
13.147.567.777.5
(B)(13)
50.2(13)
50_866.1GOA38.625_2
(X)
53.190.243.816_98.2
(B)73.1
(8)
53.130.618.213.052.2
srg74.9
a pools3 in s
280=1
93e-w-187-
9 4120-.5Et-
too1 607 -32 553 2
Baa-
10 211_
4 124304 _
610 .
6 679
3 003
10 2116 6954 2983 1462 807
624283
3 628
Wotan kleltok 041b1 Mei be4NaseltiGlo families with onion
31Table 20. Type of Residence and Region-Poverty Status in 1985 of Families and Unrelated
Individuals, by Race and Spanish Origin of Householder(Numbers In ItiOu %and& Families and tuvolatod tridivIduals LS Of March 1088. For Moaning of ernbols. see lash
Table 21. Size of income DeficitFamilies and Unrelated individuals Below the PovertyLevel in 1985, by Sex, Race, and Spanish Origin of Householder
/Numbers In thousinda. Familiee and urrolated Individuals ELS 04 MarCh Me)
Sim of income With
Totrd White Black
3i
3pt6 6915,
Total
Farnirteiwith
femalehhldr.,
nohusbandpresent!
Allother
families' Total
Familieswith
femalehhldr.,
nohusbandpresent"
Allother
families! Total
Familieswith
femaleNair..
nohusbandpresent'
AllOther
familiiii!
6441148
1401angleiildr.
soWeldyam!
FAMILIES"
TOW ...........................Leas than 52505250 tO 5499$500 to MM..... . . .............51.000 to 31.49951,500 to 51,99932.000 to 52.99953,000 to 53,990 . .. . .... .......$4.000 to $499955.000 and Over ... .... .... ........
Medlin InCoMe deficit$tandard ano
Mean Income deficitStandard WM'
Deficit per family member..
UNRELAWD INDIVIDUALS
TotalLiao than $250
5500 to 589951'40 to 31.499 . .......$1.500 to 31 90952,000 to 52.99933,000 and over
Median Income dead'Standard error
Mann Income derict..........Standard error
....
Dot..
Doi
..
Dot..Dot..
Dot..
7
2
4
1
0
1
2
1
2
480295254635480463929974781740
76561
27840
211
725482437050891709942174
_ 84037
35430
3
1
4
4
1
4
1
1
2
5446875
183171194478648402406
09010151565
358
22636131373060656264.4112
513340
12137
3
1
3
4
1
2
1
2
2
915207169352309289451427378334
425101062
71092
499102125320286207325(162
52957
77551
5
1
3
4
1
5
1
1
2
149230204380358350661673652735
50274
05757
192
2994163657957046097536.45
00241
31134
1
3
4
1
3
1
2
9946942
124104134297341236645
65190
080132
315
4063332665100479447458644
55045
05240
3
1
3
4
1
1
2
2
155161162256253215353332319093
50111709176
126
8936599
215225162305002
5261311
77968
2
4
4
1
1
1
2
046_5-2
12211095
237255205904
42416673097
276
2644071
240173146162432
87168
44572
1
4
5
1
1
2
4791929560357
1871961513732
9501190841013402
7342545
14211710882
214
67491
28091
5693023684736706750
172
3 071253
3 an;200974
530152595553880
218 _
2 411208
2 674114
1
3
4
1
2
2
7
605051
1
407
55150423131040
53228317435471
481211820121
132231
Ito
31051
221
4570Ill275
2761521
47202625
114
I ON304
2570172
'Patient; Of Spaniel Ork3in may be Of'IncliMes female unrelated'Includes male unrelated indMduals.*Includes unrelated subfamilies.
race.
4
2
24811
4214
Appendix A. Definitions and ExplanationsPopulation coverage. This raport includes the civiliannoninstitutional population chile United States (the 50 Statesand the District of Columbia) and members of the ArmedForces living off post or with tleir families on post, but ex .dudes all other members efthe Armed Forces.
Money income. Income distianations and income summarymeasures (such as medians and means) shown in this reportare limited to money incoMe bah:pre payment of Federal, State,local, or Social Security (PICA) taxes and before any othertypes of deductions, such as union dues and Medicarepremiums. Total money income is the sum of the amountsreceived from wages and salaries, self-employment income(including losses), Social 6ecurit-y. Supplemental Security In-come, public assistance, interes-t, dividends, rent, royalties,estates or trusts, veterans' pay-ments, unemployment andworkers' compensations, private and government retirementand disability pensions, alimony, 'child support, and any othersource of money income which Ints regularly received. Capitalgains (or losses) and lump-sm car one-time payments suchas life insurance settlements are excluded.
Per capita income. Per capita income is the mean income com-puted for every man, women, anti child in a particular group.It is derived by dividing the total income of a particular groupby the total population (excludinQ patients or inmates in in-stitutional quarters) in that gmuip.
Underreporting. As in most house-hold surveys, the estimatesof the number of money incorn: e recipients and the totalamount of money income deriveci from the March CPS aresomewhat less than comparable estimates derived from in-dependent sources, such as tnelkareau of Economic Analysis,Social Security AdministratioRared Veterans Administration.The difference between the sulvev estimate and the indepen-dent estimate is generally termed -underreporting." Under-reporting tends to be more orono-unced for income sourcessuch as public assistance and welfare, unemployment com-pensation, and property income (isiterest, dividends, and netrental income). Estimates of incorree from wages and salariestend to have less underreporting liven most income types. Forfurther details concerning the repoarting of money income, see"Appendix C. Underreporting of lancome."
Poverty definition. Families and unrelated individuals areclassified as being above or below -the poverty level using thepoverty index originated at the Social Security Administrationin 1964 and revised by Federal Irrtf,ragency Committees in1969 and 1980. The poverty indm is based solely on moneyincome and does not reflect the fact that many low-income
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persons receive noncash tnefits such as food stamps,Medicaid, and public housing. The index is based on theDepartment of Agriculture's 1961 Economy Food Plan andreflects the different consumption requirements of familiesbased on their size and composition. It was determined fromthe Department of Agriculture's 1955 Survey of Food Con-sumption that families of three or more persons spend approx-imately one-third of their income on food; the poverty levelfor these families was, therefore, set at three times the c-:3stof the Economy Food Plan. For smaller families and personsliving alone, the cost of the Economy Food Plan was multipliedby factors that were slightly higher in order to compensatefor the relatively larger fixed expenses of these smallerhouseholds. The poverty thresholds are updated every yearto reflect changes in the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Theaverage poverty threshold for a family of four was $10,989in 1985, about 3.6 percent higher than the comparable 1984cutoff of $10,609. Weighted average poverty thresholds bysize of family are shown in table A-1. For further details, seeCurrent Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 152.
Table A-1. Weighted Average PovertyThresholds in 1985
Size of family unit Threshold
One person (unrelated individual) $ 5,46915 to 64 years 5,59365 years and over.. 5,156
Two persons 6,998Householder 15 to 64 years. .. 7,231Householder 65 years and over 6,503
Three persons 8 573
Four persons 10,989
Five persons 13,007
Six persons 14,696
Seven persons 16,656
Eight persons 18,512
Nine persons or more 22,083
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Household. A household consists of all the persons who oc-cupy a housing unit. A house, an apartment or other group
Source: Department of Labor, Bureau ofLabor Statistics.
of rooms, or a single room is regarded as a housing unit whenit is occupied or intended for occupancy as separate livingquarters; that is, when the occupants do not live and eat withany other persons in the structure and there is either (1) directaccess from the outside or through a common hall or (2) akitchen or cooking equipment for the exclusive use of theoccupants.
A household includes the related family members and allthe unrelated persons, if any, such as lodgers, foster children,wards, or employees who share the housing unit. A personliving alone in a housing unit or a group of unrelated personssharing a housing unit as partners is also counted as ahousehold. The count of households excludes group quarters.
Family. The term "family" refers to a group of two or morepersons related by blood, marriage, or adoption and residingtogether; all such persons are considered members of thesame family. Thus, if the son of the householder and the son'swife are in the household, they are treated as part of thehouseholder's family. However, a lodger and his wife notrelated to the householder or an unrelated servant and his wifeare considered as additional families, not a part of thehouseholder's family. These unrelated subfamilies are not in-cluded in the count of total families.
Unrelated individuals. The term "unrelated individuals" refersto persons 15 years old and over (other than inmates of in-stitutions) who are not living with any relatives. An unrelatedindividual may (1) constitute a one-person household, (2) bepart of a household including one or more other families orunrelated individuals, or (3) reside in group quarters (such asa rooming house). Thus, a widow living by herself or with oneor more other persons not related to her, a lodger not relatedto the householder or to anyone else in the household, anda servant living in an employer's household with no relativesare examples of unrelated individuals.
Appendix B. Source and Reliability of Estimates
SOURCE OF DATA
The estimates in this report are based on data obtained an-nually in March of 1948 through 1986 from the CurrentPopulation Survey (CPS) conducted by the Bureau of the Cen-t us and from supplementary questions to the CPS. The mon-thly CPS deals mainly with labor force data for the civiliannoninstitutional population. Questions relating to labor forceparticipation are asked about each member in every samplehousehold. In addition, supplementary questions areasked every March about money income and work experiencefor the previous year. In order to obtain more reliable data forthe Hispanic population, the March CPS sample was enlarg-ed to include all households from the previous Novemberwhich contained at least one sample person of Hispanic origin.For this report, persons in the Armed Forces living off postor with their families on post are included.
Current Population Survey (CPS). The present CPS samplewas selected from the 1980 census files with coverage in allSO States and the District of Columbia. The sample is con-tinually updated to reflect new construction. The current CPSsample is located in 729 areas comprising 1,973 counties,independent cities, and minor civil divisions in the Nation. Inthis sample, approximately 60,500 occupied households wereeligible for interview. Of this number, about 2,500 occupiedunits were visited but interviews were not obtained becausethe occupants were not found at home after repeated callsor were unavailable for some other reason.
CPS estimation procedure. The estimation procedure used inthis survey involves the inflation of the weighted sampleresults to independent estimates of the total civiliannoninstitutional population of the United States by age, race,sex, and Hispanic/non-Hispanic categories. These independentestimates are based on statistics from the decennial censusesof population; statistics on births, deaths, immigration andemigration; and statistics on the strength of the Armed Forces.Beginning with reports containing income data for 1980, theindependent population estimates used to obtain data foryears 1979 and later are based on the 1980 census Data for1971 through 1979 were obtained using independent popula-tion estimates based on the 1970 decennial census.
RELIABILITY OF ESTIMATES
Since the CPS estimates are based on a sample, they maydiffer somewhat from the figures that would have been ob-
tained if a complete census had been taken using the samequestionnaires, instructions, and enumerators. There are twotypes of errors possible in an estimate based on a samplesurveysampling and nonsampling. The accuracy of a surveyresult depends on both types of errors, but the full extent ofthe nonsampling error is unknown. Consequently, particularcare should be exercised in the interpretation of figures basedon a relatively small number of cases or on small differencesbetween estimates, The standard errors provided for the CPSestimates primarily indicate the magnitude of the samplingerror. They also partially measure the effect of some non-sampling errors in responses and enumeration, but do notmeasure any systematic biases in the data. (Bias is the dif-ference, averaged over all possible samples, between theestimate and the desired value.)
Sampling variability. The standard errors given in the follow-ing tables are primarily measures of sampling variability; thatis, of the variations that occurred by chance because a samplerather than the entire population was surveyed. The sampleestimate and its standard error enable one to construct con-fidence intervalsranges that would include the average resultof all possible samples with a known probability. For example,if all possible samples were selected, each of these beingsurveyed under essentially the same general conditions andusing the same sample design, and if an estimate and itsstandard error were calculated from each sample, then:
1. Approximately 95 percent of the intervals from two stand-ard er below the estimate to two standard errors abovethe e- nate would !nclude the average result of all pos-sible males.
2. Approximately 90 percent of the intervals from 1.6 stand-ard errors below the estimate to 1.6 standard errors abovethe estimate would include the average result of all pos-sible samples.
The average estimate derived from all possible samples isor is not contained in any particular computed interval.However, for a particular sample, one can say with a specifiedconfidence that the average estimate derived from all possiblesamples is included in the confidence interval.
Standard errors may also be used to perform hypothesistesting, a procedure for distinguishing between populationparameters using sample estimates. The most common typeof hypotheses appearing in this report is that the populationparameters are different. An example of this would be
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comparing the median annual income of Black families ver-sus the median annual income of White families. Tests maybe performed at various levels of significance, where a levelof significance is the probability of concluding that thecharacteristics are different when, in fact, they are identical.
To perform the most common test, let x and y be sampleestimates for two characteristics of interest. Let the standarderror on the difference x-y be aDIFF If the ratio (x-y)/a DIFFis between - 2 and + 2, no conclusion about the differ-ence between the characteristics is justified at the 0.05 levelof significance. lf, on the other hand, this ratio is smaller than-2 or larger than +2, the observed difference is significantat the 0.05 level. In this event, it is commonly accepted prac-tice to say that the characteristics are different. Of course,sometimes this conclusion will be wrong. When the char-acteristics are, in fact, the same, there is a 5 percent chanceof concluding that they are different. All statements of com-parison in the text have passed a hypothesis test at the 0.10level of significance or better, and most have passed ahypothesis test at the 0.05 level of significance or better. Thismeans that, for most differences cited in the text, theestimated difference between characteristics is greater thantwice the standard error of the difference. For the other dif-ferences mentioned, the estimated difference betweencharacteristics is between 1.6 and 2.0 times the standard errorof the difference. When this is the case, the statement of com-parison is qualified, e.g., by use of the phrase "some evidence.-
Comparability of data. Income and poverty estimates for 1985are the first based entirely on households selected from the1980 census-based sample design. Estimates by type ofresidence categories such as metropolitan, nonmetropolitan,farm and nonfarm, which were omitted from the 1994 reportbecause of the mixed 1970 and 1980 census sampling frameused for the March 1985 CPS, have been resumed in thisreport. The residence categories reflect metropolitan areasdefined as of June 1984. In addition, the March 1986 CPSincome supplement was revised to allaw the coding of largerearnings amounts on the questionnaire.
Caution should be used when comparing estimates for 1985with earlier years because of the change in the 1970 and 1990census-based sample designs. The combination of the phase-out of the 629 sampling areas obtained by sampling from the1970 census materials and the phase-in of the 729 samplingareas obtained by sampling from the 1980 census materialsmeans that the current number of sample areas is not com-pletely comparable to the old number of sample areas sincemany of the sample areas have been redefined. A descriptionof these changes and the effect they had on the data is givenin the section "Modifications to the March 1980 CPS- of anearlier report (Series P-60, No. 130).
Note when using small estimates. Summary measures (suchas medians and percent distributions) are shown only whenthe base is 75,000 or greater. Because of the large standarderrors involved, there is little chance that summary measureswould reveal useful information when computed on a smallerbase. Estimated numbers are shown, however, even thoughthe relative standard errors of these numbers are larger than
those for corresponding percentages. These smaller estimatesare provided primarily to permit such combinations of thecategories as serve each user's needs. Also, care must betaken in the interpretation of small differences. For instance,even a small amount of nonsampling error can cause aborderline difference to appear significant or not, thus distor-ting a seemingly valid hypothesis test.
STANDARD ERRORS OF ESTIMATEDNUMBERS AND ESTIMATED PERCENTAGES
Since this is an advance report, standard error parametersare provided in table B-1 for estimated numbers and estimatedpercentages of households, families, unrelated individuals, andpersons for only cenain characteristics which are consideredthe most important among the data in the report.
Two parameters (denoted "a" and "13') are used to calculatestandard errors for each type of characteristic. Direct com-putation of the standard errors will give more accurate resultsthan the use of standard error tables.
Standard errors of estimated numbers and estimatedpercentages can be computed directly with formulas (1) and(2), respectively. The formulas are
417x2 bx
Here, x is the size of the estimate and a and b are theparameters associated with the characteristic.
G(x,p) (4)
Here, x is the size of the subclass of the population whichis the base of the percentage, p is the percentage (0<p<100),and b is the parameter associated with the characteristic.
TableB71 provides the values of the a and b parameters thata e used in formulas (1) and (2) to create standard errors ofestimated numbers and estimated percentages of households,families, unrelated individuals, and persons.
Standard error of a difference. The formula for the standarderror of the difference between two estimates x and y, is givenby
alxy) 02 + y 2PuxCyxwhere ax and ay are the standard errors of the estimates xand y, and p represents the correlation between the twoestimates.
For the year-to-year comparisons of income and povertyestimates the correlation coefficients, p, are contained in thedetailed reports in this series, (Current Population Reports,Series P-60, Nos. 151 and 152). For other comparisons,assume p equals zero. Making this assumption will result inaccurate estimates of the difference between two estimatesof the same characteristic in two different areas, or for thedifference between separate and uncorrelated characteristicsin the same area. If, however, there is a high positive (negative)correlation between the two characteristics, the formula willoverestimate (underestimate) the true standard error.
3)
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Table B-1. Parameters for Direct Computation of Standard Errors of EstimatedNumbers and Percentages of Households, Families, UnrelatedIndividuals, and Persons: 1980 to 1985
Characteristic
Parameters
Number of households, families, and unrelated individuals:Ail races or White.......... . . ........... . .. . ................ 0.000010 1,896Black and/or other races-- _ 0.000081 2,067Spanish origin....... . ................ ..... ........................... 0.000165 2,067
Number of persons:All races or White 0.000011 2,077Black and/or other races 0.000092 2,374Spanish origin 0.000189 2,374
Families below poverty level:All rates or White 0.000084 2,067Black and/or other races 0.000084 2,067Spanish origin 0.000084 2,067
Persons below poverty level:All races or White 0.000052 9,628Black and/or other races 0.000375 9,628Spanish origin 0.000768 9,628
Note: For years prior to 1980, a standard error estimate computed with these parametersmust be adjusted. For 1947 to 1954, multiply the standard error by 1.6, for 1955 to 1964,multiply by 1.3, for 1965 multiply by 1.1, and for 1966 to 1979 multiply by 0.9.
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Appendix C. Underreporting
This appendix discusses some important aspects of incomeunderreporting and its measurement, and presents someestimates of underreporting for the base year 1983. Thegeneral survey phenomenon that is commonly termed under-reporting actually refers to the tendency of household surveysto underestimate the number of income recipients and/or theamount of income received. There are three main causes forunderreporting. These are failure to report receipt of the in-come type. Onderreporting of the amount received, andmisclassification of the income type received.
Accurately measuring the extent of underreporting of cashincome is difficult for many of the income types. There aretwo main components of measuring underreporting: thenumber of income recipients and the total amount of incomereceived. Measuring the survey undercount of recipients forthe March CPS is extremely difficult because independentestimates (benchmarks or controls) for the CPS noninstitu-tional, -ever-received during the year- recipient concept are
difficult to validate. In additicn, some of the administrativesources required for the derivation of independent estimateshave significant errors themselves.
The derivation of accurate underreporting estimaamounts of income is easier but still not without similarproblems. In general, better administrative data are availablefor the annual amount of income received, than for the numberof recipients. Some of the more important problems associatedwith development of the independent controls for amountsare adjusting independent estimates to the CPS income con-cept, significant d ferences between alternate sources of in-dependent estimates for the same income type, especially forself-employment income, interest, dividends, and rents, andperiodic revisions to the sources of independent estimates thatdelay availability of data and significantly alter estimates ofunderreporting. Table C-1 shows estimates of underreportingfor amounts of aggregate income in 1983 by income type.
Table C.1. Comparisons of CPS Aggregate Money Income in 1983 With Independently DerivedEstimates, by Income Type
(Billions of dollars)
Source of income Independentestimate
CPSestimate
CPS as apercent ofIndependent
Total 2,402.5 2,164.9 90.1Wages and salaries 1,632.3 1,616.3 99.0Selfemployment 112.6 130.1 115.5Social Securityl 155.2 142.3 91.7Supplemental Secur ty Income 9.0 7.6 84.9Aid to Families with Dependent Children 13.8 10.5 76.0Interest, dividends, and rental income 315.4 143.2 45.4Veterans' payments 14.0 8.8 63.3Unemployment compensation 26.1 19.7 75.5Workers' compensation 14.1 6.6 47.0Private, government, and milItary pensions 110.1 79.7 72.4
1Includes Railroad Retirement benefits.
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