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ByBy

Dr.A RehmanDr.A Rehman

Dr.R.M.SarviyaDr.R.M.Sarviya

Rajesh Kumar PandeyRajesh Kumar Pandey

Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical Engineering

MAULANA AZAD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYMAULANA AZAD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Deemed University)(Deemed University)Bhopal (M.PBhopal (M.P

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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Till date -basic requirements Food, Water and ShelterNow- fourth EnergyEnergy Important input in all sectors of countries economyIndia imports about 70% of petroleum demand

( Rs 80000 crores per annum)

Environment effect ( Air Pollution) CO2 ,, CO, SOx ,, Nox

Alternate fuel Minimum /without engine modifications- Renewable- Less Pollute

Bio-fuels Tree based oils or Vegetable oils are promisingalternatives to Diesel

Advantages of Liquid Bio-fuels Easy transport & Ignition.

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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Vegetable oil Edible- Non- Edible

Problems in Vegetable oil High Viscosity Harmful smoke

- Fuel Modification

India 31 million hectare of waste land- Tropical advantage can grow pongamia, Mahua, Jatropha or

Ratanjyot or wild castor oil content 25-35%- 10% of waste land can produce 4-5 million tonnes of Bio diesel

which is about 10% of current diesel demand of 46 million tonnes.

BIO-DIESEL: - Methyl or ethyl ester of fatty acid made from virgin or

used vegetable oil can be used pure form Blendedwith vegetable oil- Diesel engine properties areComparable.

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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

In this work Karanja and their Bio-Diesel in pure andBlended at different proportions

Performance Parameters: BP, BSFC, BSEC , BTE,

Emissions-, HC

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ECOLOGICAL REQUIREMENT

It can grow gravelly, sandy and even saline soils.

Minimum water requirement (200mm rainfall)Can withstand draught for long periods.

Uses of Karanja

As ornamental plantAs a fenceAs a potential oil crop

As raw material for industrial use

Potential as medicinal plant

For enrichment of soilAs potential feed stockAs insecticide/pesticide

As non conventional energy cropAs profitable agro forestry crop

As raw material for dye

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As oil crop

Oil can be used as fuel in pre-combustion chamber engine(for efficient combustion)

- Lubricant- soap production- Oil Cake as good organic fertilizer- Insecticide.

BLEND PREPERATIONBLEND PREPERATION

KBD20

KBD40

KBD60

MEKO

D

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Karanja as an alternate to diesel

Karanja oil as promising and commercially viable alternate to diesel,Since properties and performance characteristics are comparable to diesel.

Crude Karanja Oil

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NEED OF BIO-DIESEL

Crude vegetable oils high viscosity choke fuel filter

High viscosity poor atomization Large droplets High spray jetpenetration fuel don't mix properly with air.

Poor combustion Loss of power & economy.

In small engines- fuel spray may impinge on cylinder walls-washing away lubricant oil film dilution of crank case oil excessive wear and tear.

Kinematic Viscosity at 400CVegetable oil - 35-50 cstDiesel 4 to 6 cst

Simple esters of fatty acids in vegetable oils greatly reducesviscosities in the range 2.4 to 7.2 cst at 400c.

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Problems during Engine Tests

Operationala. Starting ability

b. Ignitionc. Combustiond. Performance

Durabilitya. Deposit formation

b. Carbonization ofinjector tip

c. Ring stickingd. Lub.oil dilution.

These problems can be solved by -1. Engine modification

- dual fuel mode operation- Employing high injection pressure- Heated fuel lines

2. Fuel Modification- Blending- Transesterification

- Cracking/ Pyrolysis.

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Engine Modification such as dual fueling and injection system expensive

viscosity of Karanja oil at 1580 c become equal to viscosity of diesel

at ambient temperature.

conversion of vegetable oil to simple esters of Methyli.e, Bio-Diesel solves almost all problems associated with vegetable

oil.

Dilution of vegetable oil with other fuels like alcohols and diesel oil(i.e.,Blending ) Bring the viscosity to the near specification range

Out of these methods- Fuel modification by transesterification - simple& suited process ( Reduces viscosity and removes impurities).

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Production stepsProduction steps

Transesterification

Heat

Vegetable Oil

Mix

Alcohol + catalyst

Crude

Glycerin

Refining

Biodiesel

Water

Washing

Alcohol

Recovery

Glycerin Biodiesel

Waste Water

Treatment

Separation of Co-products

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Mechanism of Transesterification Reaction

1.08 KgGlycerin

9.6 KgBiodiesel

0.10KgKOH

1.13 KgAlcohol

10 KgOil

Karanja

CH2-OH

CH2-OH

CH2-OH

glycerol

CH2-OOC-R1

CH -OOC-R2

CH2-OOC-R3

+ 3ROHR1-COO-RR2-COO- R

R3-COO- R

+Catalyst

At Temp

60 to 70C

Triglyceride + Alcohol Esters +

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Properties of the oil

Colour Dark brown

Odour Repulsive

Refractive index at 40oC 1.4734 -1.4790

Specific gravity at 30oC 0.925 -0.940

Iodine value 80 - 96

Saponification value 117 -195

Unsaponifiable matter 0.9 -4.2 %

Fatty acids Percentage

Palmitic acid 3.7-7.9Stearic acid 2.4-8.9

Arachidic acid 2.2-4.7

Oleic acid 44.5-71.3

Linoleic acid 10.8-18.3

Lignoceric 1.1 - 3.5

Eicosenoic 9.5-12.4

Behenic 4.2-5.3

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KARANJA SEEDS AND KARANJA BIODIESEL

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Steps involved in transesterification

1. Filtering to remove solid particles warming oil at 35

0

C to run freely cartridge filter used for the same.2. Removing the water- Heated to 100 0C maintained this temp to allow

the water to boil off- when boiling slower temp is increased furtherto 1300C for 10 min cool the oil.

3. Preparation of sodium methoxide about 6 gms of catalyst (NA0H)pellets dissolved in 200ml of methanol to prepare metho-oxide solution byvigorous stirring.

4. Heating and mixing-oil is preheated to about 500C (

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IIT Delhi

August 18, 2004

High volatilityLess volatile than

diesel

Less volatility

Kinematicviscosity is lower(3.8 -5 cSt at40oC)

Kinematic viscosityis in same range ofthat of diesel

Kinematic viscosityis higher (35-45 cStat 40oC)

Major hydrogenand carbon (SOx,NO

x

, PAH)

10-12 % less heatingvalue than diesel

10% less heatingvalue than dieselbecause it containsOxygen

SaturatedHydrocarbon (C12-C14) Molecular

Wt~200

Alkyl esters of FattyacidMolecular Wt~260 to

300

Triglyceride of fattyacid (Molecular Wt700-1000)

DIESEL FUELBIODIESELVEGETABLE OIL

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Advantages of Vegetable oils or Bio-fuels

1. Renewable source of Energy

2. Easily mixed with diesel3. Environmentally friendly4. High flash point5. Economical6. Global warming potential7. Green House effect.

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PRESENT WORK

To prepare the bio-diesels of Karanja oil.

To run a typical diesel engine on neat diesel.

To run diesel engine on neat Karanja oil separately.

To run diesel engine on neat Karanja bio-diesel.

To run diesel engine on blends of jatropha oil and their bio- diesel withdiesel.

To evaluate the performance in regard to BP, BTE, BSFC, BSEC,

and emissions such as HC.

To compare the all parameters of Karanja oil and their bio- diesel

and different blends with neat diesel.

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PERFORMANCE TEST ON VARIABLE COMPRESSION IGNITIONPERFORMANCE TEST ON VARIABLE COMPRESSION IGNITIONENGINEENGINE

SEPARATE TANK FOR BIODIESEL

PETROL TO DIESEL CONVERSION CLEANED AND CHANGED OLD TUBES

CLEANED COOLANT TANK

MAINTAINANCE OF THE ENGINE SMOKE METER

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EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

Schematic Diagram of the experimental setup

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Make TD43F COMLETE HEAD VCR

Class Single cylinder, 4-stroke direct injection

type

Power output, kW 7 kW

Compression Ratio 5:1-11:1( for petrol ),12:1-8:1(forDiesel)

Speed, rpm 1000 to 2500

Fuel Diesel / petrol

Bore, mm

Stroke mm

95

82

Swept volume, cc

Filter farryman

582

0540.00.0.456

Valve timing IVO-50 BTDC

IVC-27. ATDCEVO-290 BTDC

Test Engine specification

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EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

1. The engine was started and allowed to run for some time to attain

steady state conditions.

2. The engine was run at no load.

3. The three way valve was opened and fuel allowed the fuel to flow fromburette to engine via. injector. The time taken for c.c. of fuelconsumption was noted down.

4. The engine was loaded electrically by switching on the bulbs.

5. The loading was made from zero to maximum at different steps.

6. For all load conditions the readings of Ammeter, voltmeter, time for 10 ccof fuel consumption, the values of HC were noted down.

7. The experiments were repeated for all fuel combinations.

8. The observations were recorded in tabular column and calculations are

made using appropriate equations.

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AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONSAUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS

TailpipeTailpipe emissions: The products of burning fuel in the vehicle'semissions: The products of burning fuel in the vehicle'sengineengine, emitted from the vehicle's exhaust system. The major, emitted from the vehicle's exhaust system. The major

pollutants emitted include:pollutants emitted include:

HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons:: This class is made up of unburned or partially burnedThis class is made up of unburned or partially burned

fuel, and is a major contributor to urbanfuel, and is a major contributor to urban smogsmog, as well as being, as well as beingtoxic. They can cause liver damage and even cancer.toxic. They can cause liver damage and even cancer.

Nitrogen oxidesNitrogen oxides ((NOxNOx):): These are generated whenThese are generated when nitrogennitrogen in the airin the air

reacts with oxygen under the high temperature and pressurereacts with oxygen under the high temperature and pressure

conditions inside the engine. NOx emissions contribute to bothconditions inside the engine. NOx emissions contribute to both

smog andsmog and acid rainacid rain..

Carbon monoxideCarbon monoxide (CO):(CO): a product of incomplete combustion, carbona product of incomplete combustion, carbon

monoxide reduces the blood's ability to carry oxygen and ismonoxide reduces the blood's ability to carry oxygen and is

dangerous to people with heart disease.dangerous to people with heart disease.

Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide (CO(CO22):): Emissions of carbon dioxide are an increasingEmissions of carbon dioxide are an increasing

concern as it's role in global warming as a greenhouse gas hasconcern as it's role in global warming as a greenhouse gas has

become more apparent.become more apparent.

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12.326.163.0861.622009-10

11.685.842.9258.352008-09

11.045.522.7655.262007-08

10.485.242.6252.332006-07

9.924.962.4849.562005-06

9.404.702.3546.972004-05

20%10%5%

Biodiesel Demand, MMTDiesel, MMTYear

Estimated Diesel Demand and Biodiesel Requirement inEstimated Diesel Demand and Biodiesel Requirement inIndiaIndia

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Redwood Viscometer

Mini biodiesel plantMini biodiesel plant

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PROPERTIESPROPERTIES

flash point of diesel and karanja methyl ester65C and 170C

As per BIS standards and ASTM D-6751 standards

Rehaman et al - flash point of karanja oil found to begreater than 100C, which is safe for storage andhandling.

Gopalakrishnan and Surywanshi et al for kranja and

jatropha oil 165C

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Specific gravity - 0.895 At 28C for MEKO 0.84 forDIESEL

Specific Gravity for MEKO ,DIESEL and their BLENDS

0.81

0.82

0.83

0.84

0.85

0.86

0.87

0.88

0.89

0.9

20KBD 40KBD 60KBD MEKO DIESEL

FUEL

SPECIFICGRA

VIT

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Kinematic viscosityKinematic viscosity

DIESEL- 4.17 cSt, MEKO- 8.8 AT 28C

Rehman et al 2.9 times diesel

Suryawanshi et al and Senethil et al reported similar

patternEffect of temperture on kinematic viscosity

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

28 35 40 50 60 70

Temperature0C

Viscosity(cSt

MEKO 60KBD 40KBD

20KBD D

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Calorific value - 44.805 MJ/kg for diesel and 36.76MJ/kg. found 11.29 percent lower

Gopalkrishnan et al reported heating value of linseedoil is about 10% lower than diesel due to higheroxygen content in it.

Antony et al 42700and 39976 value (KJ/Kg)

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EFFECT ON ENGINE PERFORMANCEEFFECT ON ENGINE PERFORMANCE

VARYING ENGINE SPEED COMPRESSION RATIO 18 AND 15

TEST PARAMETER Power output

Specific fuel consumption

Specific energy consumption Exhaust gas temperature

Exhaust smoke

RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS

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RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS

Experiment conducted to evaluate performance and emissions

of Diesel engine

C O G S O O

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EFFECT OF ENGINE SPEED ON BRAKE POWER AT

CR 18

4

4.5

5

5.5

6

6.5

7

7.5

1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400

Speed (RPM)

BrakePower(KW)

20 KBD

40 KBD

60 KBD

MKEO

D

DISCUSSION WITH REFERANCES

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DISCUSSION WITH REFERANCES

6.7% power increased at 1600 rpm

Complete combustion

High cetane number

higher cetane numbers of biodiesel shortens theignition delay

Usta et al 3.13% higher than the power with the dieselfuel

Peterson et al showed 1.8% less power, and 8.9% lessfuel economy

Cardonea et al ) reported Carinata biodiesel performedver similarl to Diesel

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EFFECT OF ENGINE SPEED ON BSFC AT C R 18

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0.55

1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400

ENGINE SPEED (RPM)

BSFC

(Kg/KWhr)

20KBD 40KBD 60KBD

MKEO D

DISCUSSION WITH REFERANCES

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DISCUSSION WITH REFERANCES

Biodiesel contains 1012% oxygen in weight basis

which results in less calorific value and higher spgravity may be the reason for higher consumption

Puhan et al The specific fuel consumption is higher(20%) than that of diesel

Raju et al The higher density of esterified fuel has ledto more discharge of fuel for the same displacement ofthe plunger in the fuel injection pump. increase ininjection pressure from 210 to 320 bar

Peterson et al showed 8.9% less fuel economyincrease in injection pressure from 210 to 320 bar

Eff t f E i d BSEC AT CR 18

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Effect of Engine speed on BSEC AT CR 18

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400

Engine Speed (rpm)

BSEC

(MJ/kWhr)

20KBD 40KBD

60KBD MKEO

D

DISCUSSION WITH REFERANCES

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DISCUSSION WITH REFERANCES

Biodiesel has 10 to 12 % built up oxygen

Calorific value is less

Compared with energy content

Comparable energy utilization.

Suryawanshi et al suggested SFEC is reliable parameter

, SFEC is comparable for jatropha ester

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Effect of engine speed on Exhaust GasTemperture at CR 18

400

450

500

550

600

650

1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400

Speed (RPM)

Temperture(0C)

20 KBD 40 KBD 60 KBD

MEKO D

DISCUSSION WITH REFERANCES

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DISCUSSION WITH REFERANCES

Complete combustion due to extra oxygen present

Higher energy release

Higher temperature

Higher exhaust temperature

Reduction in emissions CO, HC Rehman et al -Exhaust temperature for blends varied

between 260C and 360 C higher than diesel. could bedue to complete combustion of fuel as compared todiesel

Surywanshi et al- exhaust gas temperature is similar todiesel

Senethil kumar et al higher exhaust temp forjatropha ester

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EFFECT OF ENGINE SPEED ONENGINE SMOKE

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400

ENGINE SPEED (RPM)

HARTRIDGE

SMOKEUNIT

DIESEL MEKO

Discussion with referencesDiscussion with references

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Discussion with referencesDiscussion with references

Raheman et al reported the reduction in emissions(CO, smoke density and NOx) could be due tocomplete combustion of fuel as compared to diesel

Suryawanshi et al-The maximum reduction in smokeby 35% in case of neat biodiesel operation ascompared to diesel. due to soot free and completecombustion because of oxygenateted fuel of biodieselblends.

Cardonea et al-showed lower levels of CO and smokeemissions with respect to petroleum diesel at each

engine load level,

Eff t f E gi d BSFC t diff t i

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Effect of Engine speed on BSFC at different compression

ratio (18 AND 15).

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0.55

1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400

Engine speed (rpm)

BSFC

(kg/kWhr)

18C40KBD 15C40KBD

18 MEKO 15MEKO

18D

Lowest sfc for diesel at 18 CR

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Highest sfc for biodiesel and blend at 15 CR

Intermediate position for biodiesl at 15 CR

poor performance at lower compression ratios shownby biodiesel and blends.

EFFECT OF ENGINE SPEED ON BSEC AT DIFFERENT

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COMPRESSION RATIO AT (18 AND 15)

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400

Engine Speed (rpm)

BSEC(M

J/kWhr)

18C40KBD

15C40KBD

18 MEKO

15MEKO

18D

Economics of BiodieselEconomics of Biodiesel

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Economics of BiodieselEconomics of Biodiesel

S.No. Item/Expenditure Amount, Rs.

1. 10 Kg Seeds @ 5/- per Kg 50/-

2. Oil Extraction and other charges @ 1/- per Kg. 10/-

3. Trans-esterification Cost @ 8/- per Kg. of oil 24/-

Total 84/-

Sale

1. 7 Kg. oil cake @ 2/- per Kg. 14/-

2. Glycerol .3 Kg. @ 20/- per Kg. 6/-3. Total 20/-

Net Expenditure incurred to get 30 Kg/33

Liters Oil64/-

Cost of biodiesel ( per litre) 19.40/-

CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS

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CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS

NON EDIBLE OIL SHOULD BE PREFFERED FORBIODIESEL PREPERATION

TRANSESTERIFICATION REDUCESD VISCOSITY OFKARANJA OIL

INVENTED, TRIAL AND ERROR METHOD IS MOSTSUITBLE FOR HIGH FATS CONTENT OIL

USE OF KARANJA OIL METHYL ESTER INCRESED THEBRAKE POWER

SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION FOR MEKOAND BLENDS SLIGHTLY HIGHER THAN DIESEL ITMAY BE DUE TO LOWER CALORIFIC VALUE

SPECIFIC ENERGY CONSUMPTION IS RELIABLEPARAMETER FOR COMPARISON THAN BSFC.

SMOKE REDUCED FOR MEKO IT MAY BE DUE TO

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COMPLETE COMBUSTION OF OXYGENATE FUEL

EXHAUST GAS TEMPERTURE IS SLIGHTLY HIGHER FORMEKO WHICH INDICATE COMPLETE COMBUSTION OFFUEL.

AT LOWER CR BIODIESEL AND BLENDS SHOWS POORPERFORMANCE

BIODIESEL IS RENEWABLE ENERGY,PROVIDEEMPLOYMENT

SOLUTION TO THE RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROBLEM

PROVIDE WOMENS PROMOTION

Future scopeFuture scope

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Future scopeFuture scope

Further reduction in viscosity can be obtained by addition of

additives

Other vegetable oils can be tried

Pyrolysis or thermal cracking are other methods to reduceviscosity

To see the environmental impact of MEKO should studied on gasanalysis should be done

engine modification may be tried to suit for veg oil

economics of biodiesel

storage

handling engine deposits, performance , crank oil dilution

RECOMMENDATION FOR FURTHUR IMPROVEMENTS

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RECOMMENDATION FOR FURTHUR IMPROVEMENTS

Use of heterogeneous catalysts such as sulfated zeolite,metal Oxides for production of biodiesel to reduce cost.

Heating of biodiesel by engine exhaust gas to reduceviscosity.

Coating of piston, cylinder, cylinder head by anti corrosivecoatings to reduce corrosion.

Use of EGR (Exhaust gas recirculation), advanced catalytic

to converter reduce emission

Effect of bio-diesel on spray characteristics in diesel enginesusing CFD.

Development of additives for Bio-diesel-Diesel blends

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Thank You

Rajesh Kumar Pandey