47966368 super-student

1. Super Student make that into Super Managera. Combine with Dragon Speaking, WhiteSmokes and DigitalVoiceRecorder GOOD

OFFICE SKILLs THAT KILL !!!2. Alkaloids again f1rST2_Control Folder please

3. SEEK different alternative4. Seriously look into Super Student, seem to be very strucutred5. ATi 5970 seems to stay the best GPU in the world , great start 6. Check IMAX audio equipment reply from Auditoria USA7. Check Scoopon reply8. Check Dan Winter’s reply9. Methodologies matter

a. Project Mgt Professional Methodologiesb. Executive GM Methodologiesc.

10.

Author: Warfreak

Version: 0.2

Date Started: 28/09/10

NOTE: This Guide will Contain Spoilers. YOU HAVE BEEN WARNED!

REMEMBER, IF YOU LIKE THIS GUIDE, RECOMMEND IT TO OTHER USERS USING THE LINK

ABOVE!

*('@')~~~~~~Watch In Awe, Watch In Awe, Aeria Gloris, Aeria Gloris~~~~~~('@')*

Use Ctrl+F to quickly navigate this guide.

Table of Contents

§1 Introduction

[1.01] Introduction

[1.02] Version History

[1.03] Steam

§2 Civ V

[2.01] Game Intro

§3 The 18 Civilizations

[3.01] Arabia

[3.02] Aztecs

[3.03] China

[3.04] Egypt

[3.05] England

[3.06] France

[3.07] Germany

[3.08] Greece

[3.09] India

[3.10] Iroquois

[3.11] Japan

[3.12] Ottoman

[3.13] Persia

[3.14] Rome

[3.15] Russia

[3.16] Siam

[3.17] Songhai

[3.18] United States

§4 City-States

[4.01] City States Intro

[4.02] Cultural City States

[4.03] Militaristic City States

[4.04] Maritime City States

[4.05] City State Missions

[A] Contact Information

[B] Credits

[C] Webmaster Information

[D] Copyright Notice

*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Now, Let the Guide Begin~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*

[1.01] Introduction

If you stand back enough, you will be able to recognise the V as the same

V behind the name of the game. Anyway this is my guide, number 63 actually,

and I will probably support all the Civ 5 games, so future expansion packs,

just like my coverage on Civ 4. Basically, this game is a lot different, so

first things first, cover the differences.

First off, I know there is going to be a lot of copy pasta from the

Civilopedia from the game, however, given how clunky I find it now, and how

it is more annoying to use, it will be put here, and besides, you might want

to get some context on why some leaders are so, well, out there.

And for anyone curious to my game edition, it's the lovely Special Edition

or the Collectors edition. Who can resist metal figurines of archers and a

metallic death robot?

For those that care, my Steam ID is antisniperwarfreak, and more or less, I'm

using Steam to either play this, Total War, L4D2, or TF2. Although being

based down under, lag will get most of you.

*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*

[1.02] Version History

Version 0.0 [29/9/10]

Template done, started on the guide proper.

Version 0.1 [4/10/10]

Guide is way too big for starters, might have to remove history, but Chapter

2 and 3 are done.

Version 0.2 [12/10/10]

Well, City States are done.

*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*

[1.03] Steam

This is a copy and paste on how to use Steam in an offline capacity for those

that are interested. I've stolen this from my Empire: Total War guide, and I

don't think any of this has changed, and I don't use Steam in an offline

capacity any more, thanks to my new wireless connection, so my PC isn't in

it's offline mode anymore. And a few pieces are editted, cause well, this

isn't Total War.

Install the game, but you need the Net first. Steam will prompt you to put in

the serial code, and if need be, create an account if you don't already have

one. It will install the game, and it will take some time. Go do some

homework or something, cause you won't have time to when this is done. When

it is done, adjust your settings.

Now, if you want to play and you don't have the internet access all the time,

such as dial-up users, access Steam and use the My Games tab. Let the game be

updated via Steam, and wait until it gives the 100% Ready sign. Then, you can

launch the game.

Quit, making sure it works, and head to settings, making sure that the "Don't

Save Account Credentials" Button IS NOT ticked. Now, you can go offline, or

when you next use Steam and you are offline, Steam will access your offline

account and Empire: Total War, since it is 100% Ready, will be able to be

played offline.

This is a quick summary of this link

https://support.steampowered.com/kb_article.php?ref=3160-AGCB-2555

So if you are still lost, read there. This part is necessary just to make sure

no one has problems with Steam, and everyone can play it.

However, there will be problem using Steam. Given that you need it to be at

the 100% ready sign to play, the latest patches, which amount to a nice

total of about 500mb, you will be downloading for a long time if you are

using a dial-up connection, and still it will take hours on a decent ADSL/

Cable line.

Also, the download speed will vary, given the time on the day, the speed of

your connection, the speed of the servers, the amount of users, etc, so it

will take some time. This can cause some problems. Therefore, if you wish

to avoid updates, I suggest you always start in offline mode, otherwise, you

will be here for a while.

*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*

[2.01] Game Intro

There are many differences between this game and Civ 4. As someone who has

played pretty much every single Civ game since Colonization and Civilization,

which were released all that long time ago on DOS, there has been a lot of

differences, but let us start small.

- Hex Tiles -

Yes, the square tiles are gone, the diagonal tiles are in the dustcans of

history, they are replaced with hex tiles, and although it might be a bit

of a shock, they look horribly nice. They are very well done, and old civ

players really wouldn't notice too much of a difference.

- Cities can Bombard and Defend -

Yes, that is right, cities can now bombard enemies that come within 2 tiles

of the city. That means, get too close, and watch the city rain projectiles

on you. Therefore, there cannot be a rush early in the game, because they

can just attack enemies that decide to get too close. This makes them very

strategic as well in terms of placement, they can be used as offensive weapons

as well, and they are very useful overlooking a chokepoint or bottleneck.

- Leadership Traits -

The way each leader is arranged is different. There are 18 civilisations,

and each have a single leader. There are no more dual leaders, which is a bit

of a shame, but that makes thing a little more tolerable. Each civilisation

has a specific power, the Americans have the Manifest Destiny, whereas the

Chinese will have the Art of War, something that is related to each of them.

Each civilisation will have 2 unique features that are specific to them,

besides their power. They will either have 1 unique building and 1 unique

unit, or they will hav 2 unique units. For example, the Americans will have

the Minuteman and the B17 as their unique units, whilst the Chinese will have

the Chu-No-Ku as their unique unit and the Paper Maker as their unique

building.

- Religion -

What was introduced in Civ 4, the concept of religion, has been removed. This

was done mainly because it wasn't very effectively implemented, but it has

been removed.

- Civics -

Yes, Civics have pretty much been redone completely. This means that you

don't get to choose a government system when it is time to do so, however,

you will be picking civics or rather, social policies. This is where you

accumulate culture points from your cities, and from here, you will be able

to pick new policies from that. This is talked about heavily in the manual,

and I'll jibber a bit more about it later.

- Technology -

Whilst the tech tree is still there, ready to be pruned, tech trading has been

changed. No longer can you just trade technology back and forth like some sort

of commodity, rather, technology is traded in the form of agreements, where

you and another party will basically create a research pact, and that,

although costing money, will lead to a joint venuture to create new tech.

And the biggest change is, no more Leonard Nemoy.

- Stacks -

No more stacks. Stacks of units are now gone, banished, erased. No more can

you send a stack of 50000 armoured units into a city and watch them pulverise

the enemy defences. One hex tile can only hold a civilian unit, such as a

settler or worker, and a military unit, such as a warrior or catapult, no

more. Of course, you can move past them, but you cannot now have stacks.

That concludes most of the major changes, now we will go into depth about the

smaller changes and the overall scope of the game.

*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*

[3.01] Arabia

Leader - Harun al-Rashid

Unique Unit 1 - Camel Archers, replaces Knights

Unique Unit 2 - None

Unique Building - Bazaar, replaces Markets

Civilization Power

TRADE CARAVANS

- +2 Gold per Trade Route

~ History

"The Muslim Empire of the Caliphate - also known as the Islamic Empire or the

Arab kingdom - came into existence after the Prophet Mohammed's death in 632

AD, created by Mohammed's disciples as a continuation of the political

authority he established. During its long existence the Caliphate would grow

to enormous size and power, dominating Spain, North Africa, the Middle East,

Anatolia, the Balkans and Persia, ruling an empire that at least rivaled that

of the Romans at the height of their power.

The Arab Empire began in Medina, on the Arabian Peninsula, in what is now

known as Saudi Arabia. The interior is generally inhospitable desert -

barren, sandy and hot with summer temperatures reaching as high as 130

degrees F. Medina and Mecca occupy the more fertile coastal regions along

the Red Sea.

The Umayyads were a merchant family based in Mecca. They had converted to

Islam in 627, becoming prominent supporters of Mohammed and his successors.

The early Umayyad caliphs were based in Damascus, Syria, and the Syrian army

formed the backbone of the Arab military forces. The Umayyads expanded

Arabian power east, building outposts and sending expeditions into Central

Asia and northwestern India. In addition the Umayyads launched the invasion

of North Africa. In the 7th century they constructed a Mediterranean fleet

with which they launched a series of unsuccessful raids against Christian

Constantinople.

The Umayyad Caliphate reached its zenith under the reign of Abd al-Malik

(reigned 685-705). In the west, Abd's armies overran much of Spain, while in

the east the Caliphate invaded Sind in India and conquered Bukhara,

Samarkand, Khwarezm, and many more places too hard to spell. al-Malik also

oversaw a reorganization of the Caliphate's bureaucracy, economy, and the

institution of a post service. During his reign the arts flourished,

particularly architecture.

The empire suffered a decline after Abd al-Malik's death. A series of

mediocre caliphs combined with economic troubles and military reverses in

the east and west fueled tribal rivalries within the Caliphate, and in 750

the Umayyads were defeated and overthrown at the Battle of the Great Zab

River.

The Umayyads were defeated by the Abbasids, another powerful family. The

first Abbasid Caliph, Abu al-Abbas, was a ruthless leader who upon achieving

power immediately set about exterminating anyone else who might have a

legitimate claim upon the throne. He was successful, as the Abbasids would

remain in power for another three centuries. Not without a certain grim

panache, he gave himself the name as-Saffah, which translates as "the

bloodletter."

The Abbasids shifted the capital of the Caliphate to Baghdad. This reflected

its concentration on events in the east - Persia, India, Central Asia - and

subsequent de-emphasis on North Africa and the Mediterranean. The Abbasids

were more overtly religious than the Umayyads, and under them the Caliphate

more closely followed Islamic law.

Harun al-Rashid (reigned 786-809) was the fifth Abbasid caliph. He ruled

Arabia at the height of its wealth and power. In his early years Harun led

military expeditions against the Byzantine Empire; his successes earned him

the nickname al-Rashid, "the one following the correct path." While Rashid

did have to put down a number of internal revolts, the empire was mostly at

peace during his reign, and the Caliphate grew monumentally, spectacularly

wealthy. For more details on Harun al-Rashid, see his Civilopedia entry.

The Arab empire of the medieval period was far more advanced than

contemporary Europeans; Harun al-Rashid's Baghdad may have held a million

people at the same time that Charlemagne's Aachen was a "capital" of ten

thousand. Centers of learning attracted scholars from across the Muslim

world to great cities such as Baghdad, Damascus, and Cordoba. The Arabs of

this period made many advances in medicine, astronomy, mathematics, and

other areas, as well as translating many of the classics of the Ancient

Greeks into Arabic, thereby saving them from destruction.

During the period of the Crusades, Christian Europe began a sustained assault

against the Arabic world. The greatest of Muslim generals from this period

was Salah al-Din, better known as Saladin, who successfully defeated the

Third Crusade and recaptured Jerusalem for the Arabs.

As the Middle Ages ended, however, the Empire began to fragment under

increasing pressure from both external and internal forces. The sheer size

of the Empire made centralized government nearly impossible, and the caliphs

were forced to put down numerous insurrections by rebellious local leaders.

The debate over the rightful heirs to Mohammed's leadership continued to

fester. In the west the Europeans wrested control of Spain from the

caliphate, while in the east the Ottomans began their inexorable expansion

into the heart of the Arabian Empire.

In 1258 a Mongol army under Hulagu Khan captured Baghdad and executed

Caliph al-Musta'sim, bringing the Arabian Empire to an abrupt end.

For most of the past five centuries, much of the Arab world has been ruled

by foreigners; first by the Ottoman Turks, then by the Western colonial

powers. Since the onset of de-colonization in the 1950s, traditional Arab

values have been modified through the combined pressures of urbanization,

industrialization, and Western influence. However, the ancient tenets of

Islam are still followed by millions of faithful across the globe.

Although now divided between dozens of different countries, the lands once

part of the greater Arabian Empire owe much to their ancient common

ancestor."

The Arabians are a fun race to play with, you can always mimic the current

Middle East conflict, however, their power is very useful for a large

empire. An extra 2 gold per trade route, with an empire of 40 cities connected

to the capital will lead to an extra 80 gold per turn, in addition to the

usual benefits that trading brings into the civilisation.

The Bazaar is a nice building, it replaces the market. It does the same job

as the market, with the 25% extra gold as well as the specialist slot, but

the unique thing is that an additional luxury resource for each resource

near the city. So 1 wine turns into 2, 2 into 4, and so forth.

The unique unit is the Camel Archer, a unique mounted unit which allows for

movement after attack, as well as a powerful ranged and melee attack for

units within the Medieval Era, which is when you get access to this unit.

However, like all mounted units, pikemen and spearmen are their worst

nightmare.

Harun al-Rashid

~ History

"Harun al-Rashid (which translates roughly as "Aaron the Rightly Guided") was

the fifth Abbasid Caliph, ruling the Arabian Empire from 786 to 809 AD.

During his reign the Caliphate stretched from Spain in the west to Anatolia

in the north to India in the east, and it was the largest and most powerful

political entity in the world. Harun was an able ruler, and his reign was a

time of scientific and cultural advancement and prosperity for his subjects.

The son of the third Caliph and al-Khayzuran, a Yemeni slave girl, Harun

came to power following the death of his brother, Abu Abdullah Musa ibn Mahdi

al-Hadi. Al-Hadi died of a stomach ailment under somewhat suspicious

circumstances, and some believed that his mother had al-Hadi poisoned because

she had much stronger influence with her younger son, Harun. True or not,

al-Khayzuran was one of Harun's chief advisors until her death in 789.

At the start of Harun's reign, the Caliphate's capitol was in Baghdad, a new

city founded by an earlier Caliph. The city was a center of arts, science and

religion, with many beautiful buildings. There Harun founded the "House of

Wisdom," a library and research facility which collected and translated

scientific writings from Persian, Indian, Greek, and Roman texts. Under Harun

Baghdad would blossom, becoming perhaps the largest and richest city in the

world. Later Harun would move his government to the strategically important

city of ar-Raqqah, but Baghdad would remain a great city of arts, science and

commerce for centuries to come (the city would be conquered and sacked by the

Mongols in 1258).

A somewhat fantastic description of Harun may be found in "The Thousand and

One Nights," in which the Caliph is described as living in a sumptuous palace

flowing with gold, silver, and jewels. Although exaggerated, there is a

strong element of truth to the tale. During Harun's reign huge amounts of

wealth poured into the Empire, and a goodly portion of it made it to the

Caliph's coffers. According to ancient historians, Harun's wife insisted that

all utensils and plates at her table be made of gold and festooned with

jewels.

Politically, Harun attempted to maintain cordial relations with the European

powers. He had direct diplomatic relations with Charlemagne, and in these

pre-Crusade years Europeans had free access to Jerusalem and the Holy Lands.

He also had diplomatic relations with the Imperial Court in China. However,

his relations were somewhat less friendly with the Byzantines.

Under his father, Harun had led an army through Turkey to the gates of

Constantinople, capitol of the Byzantine Empire. After negotiation with the

Empress Irene, Harun agreed to spare the city in return for an annual tribute

of 70,000 gold coins. When Irene was deposed and the Byzantines reneged on

the agreement in 806, Harun led another army north and once again forced the

Byzantines to capitulate.

Harun became ill and died in 808 while on his way to deal with a revolt in

Iran. He was succeeded by his son, al-Amin. His passing marked the beginning

of the slow decline of the Arabian Empire, after his death pieces of it were

carved away by external enemies and internal revolt. Although the Empire

would continue to exist for some centuries, it would never again reach the

brilliant heights it had under Harun al-Rashid.

Although there were wars and internal trouble, most of Rashid's reign was

peaceful and prosperous. The Caliphate enjoyed economic and industrial

growth, plus an explosion in trade. Harun was a lover of music and poetry,

and he gave lavish gifts to artists in his court. Although not necessarily a

great leader, Rashid did rule the Arabian Empire competently at the very

height of its power and wealth."

Harun is an interesting enemy to face. With this guide, along with a nice

history about them, for those who can't be bothered using the Civilopedia,

which is a lot more confronting to use, I will give you their actual

approaches to the game, as how they will, as the AI, will fight you in the

game. As a future note, if you don't want to read the history, just skip

past the second chunk of history for the Leader, and you'll get to the

analysis of the AI Leader.

All scales are out of 10, the closer to 10 they are, the more likely they

are going to use that type of approach to whatever the scale is on.

Leader Scales

Victory Competitiveness - 4/10

Wonder Competitiveness - 7/10

City State Competitiveness - 4/10

Boldness - 3/10

Harun is very competitive in terms of building wonders, he is one of the

mostly likely leaders to compete in terms of building Wonders, so if you

want those Hanging Gardens in your city, you will really want to build them

quick, Harun will also want them, the race is on. He is interesting in the

city states, as well as aiming for victory conditions, but not as much as

some other leaders. And he isn't the type to go demanding what he wants or

tries to get his way.

Diplomacy Scales

War - 3/10

Hostile - 5/10

Deceptive - 7/10

Guarded - 7/10

Afraid - 5/10

Friendly - 6/10

Neutral - 5/10

Harun is more likely to use deception and be guarded, he is likely to play

all nice, and offer you some trade agreements, such as a research pact to

remove your gold reserves, or be guarded, not giving anything away. He is

friendly somewhat, if the price is right. He is least likely to go to war

to get what he wants, which is nice. No one likes war, unless you start to

piss me off.

City State Scales

Ignore Others - 3/10

Friendly - 6/10

Protective - 7/10

Conquest - 4/10

Harun will be more willing to build up a strong alliance with the city

states, and offer to protect them, so that if you were to declare war on the

city state, they will declare war on you, and then there will be some real

issues. He will, on occasion, take their lands for his own personal gain

though.

Ground Military Scales

Offensive - 4/10

Defensive - 6/10

City Defence - 6/10

Military Training - 5/10

Reconnaissance - 5/10

Ranged - 7/10

Mounted - 6/10

When you are going to face his army, Harun will be playing the defensive

side. He is more likely to used ranged units, such as archers and his camel

archers, which will be harder to counter with melee units, and will be using

a fair amount of mounted units. He will scout out your area though, and he

will be training his troops through buildings such as barracks. When you

decide to advance, make sure you bring enough to smash his defences.

Naval Scales

Naval - 4/10

Naval Reconnaissance - 4/10

Naval Growth - 4/10

Naval Tile Improvement - 4/10

Harun isn't a powerful naval user, he is more likely to just use the seas to

transport his forces, not to use them to bombard your cities, which is nice

if you have a fair amount of coastal cities.

Air Scale

Air Power - 3/10

When it comes for the time for air power to dominate, Harun won't be using

his air units to his advantage. He won't be sending helicopter gunships to

rain on your parade, or bombers to blow up your city. Something nice to know

at least.

Growth Scales

Expansion - 5/10

Growth - 5/10

Tile Improvement - 6/10

Infrastructure - 5/10

Production - 5/10

Gold - 8/10

Science - 7/10

Culture - 6/10

Harun will concentrate mainly on gold production, apt given that his special

power is to do with gold, but he will focus on science and culture as well,

which makes him fast to research new technology as well as adopting new social

policy. In terms of improvements, he will build them, but he will build them

to improve gold first, and gold foremost.

Civilisation Scales

Happiness - 7/10

Great People - 6/10

Wonder - 6/10

Diplomacy - 5/10

Spaceship - 8/10

Despite his inability to use air power well, he will nearly always go for the

spaceship victory, building and completing the Apollo project, which is very

handy when you are facing him, he will be less likely to kill you than to

build up his little spaceship, which drains his production from units to kill

you with.

*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*

[3.02] Aztecs

Leader - Montezuma

Unique Unit 1 - Jaguar Warrior, replaces Warrior


Unique Building - Floating Gardens, replaces Watermill

Civilization Power

SACRIFICIAL CAPTIVES

- Gain Culture for each enemy unit killed

~ History

"The Aztecs were a Native American civilization that occupied central Mexico

for roughly one hundred years in the 15th and 16th centuries. The Aztecs

ruled a mighty empire and possessed a rich culture, producing some of the

most impressive pre-Colombian architecture in North America. Today the Aztecs

are best remembered for the bloodiness of their religious practices and

rapidity with which they collapsed in the face of external assault.

The Aztec Empire was located in the "Mesa Central" or central plateau in the

heart of modern Mexico (Mexico City is built atop the ruins of the Aztec

capital city of Tenochitlan.) The Valley of Mexico is dominated by a number

of conjoined lakes: Zumpango, Xaltocan, Texcoco, Xochimilco, and Chalco. The

area features abundant rainfall and a temperate climate, and the land is

incredibly fertile.

The origin of the Aztec people is uncertain, but their origin stories suggest

they were a tribe of hunter-gatherers on the northern Mexican plateau before

they migrated down to Meso-America in the 12th century. The word "Aztec"

comes from "Aztlan" ("White Land"), an allusion to northern Mexico. The

Aztecs reached central Mexico sometime around 1250; what happened to them

before that period is mostly speculation and myth.

At the time of the Aztecs' arrival, the population of central Mexico was

divided between hundreds of small tribes or city-states, the most important

of which were the Azcapotzalco and the Culhuacan. During the early period the

Aztecs were vassals of the Azcapotzalco, who in 1325 gave them permission to

settle on a small island in Lake Texcoco, where they founded their capital

city, Tenochtitlan. The Aztecs remained subject to the Azcapotzalcos for

around 100 years.

By the fifteenth century, the Azcapotzalcos had become a strong regional

power. In 1427 the Azcapotzalco leader, Maxtla, had the Aztec leader

Chimalpopca assassinated and laid siege to the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan.

To defeat the Azcapotzalcos, Chimalpopca's successor Itzcoatl allied with two

other powerful city-states, Texcoco and Tlacopan. The allies successfully

raised the siege of Tenochtitlan and shortly thereafter conquered the

Azcapotzalcos themselves.

Over the next century the "Triple Alliance" would come to control all of

central Mexico, eventually extending its power across the entirety of the

country, from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Tenochtitlan would become the

dominant member in the alliance, making the Aztecs de facto rulers of a vast

continental empire.

In 1440, Montezuma I succeeded his uncle Itzcoatl to become ruler of the

Aztecs. During his reign Montezuma solidified the Triple Alliance. He

extended the Alliance's control to the Gulf coast, subjugating the Totonac

and the Huastic people. He also led successful campaigns against other

neighbors, including the Mixtecs, Cotaxtla, and Orizaba. (It's important not

to confuse Montezuma I with his unfortunate and incompetent namesake,

Montezuma II, about whom see below). Montezuma I died in 1469. For more

details on Montezuma I, see his Civilopedia entry.

While Montezuma I held the throne, his half-brother Tlacaelel was engaged in

reforming the Aztec state. He literally rewrote the Aztec religion, according

to some sources ordering the burning of hundreds of texts because of

historical inaccuracies. Under Tlacaelel, the Aztec religion stated that the

Aztecs were chosen people, destined to be above all others. Tlacaelel also

emphasized the importance of militarism and ritual sacrifice in the Aztec

religion, a change which would have far-reaching and devastating effects upon

the Aztecs and the region as a whole. Tlacaelel oversaw the creation of many

temples and religious buildings, including the Templo Mayor in Tenochtitlan,

dedicated to the Aztec god of war Huitzilopochtli.

Politically, Tlacaelel was one of the architects of the Triple Alliance. He

is said to have ordered the burning of conquered people's histories to ensure

that his people's worldview was dominant. He also strengthened the Aztec

nobility and priesthood at the expense of the peasants.

Tlacaelel died in 1487, probably much to the relief of Central American

historians everywhere.

At the height of its power, the Aztec Empire dominated an area of nearly

200,000 square miles (slightly under a third the size of modern Mexico), with

some five to six million subjects. Somewhat like the Mongols, the Aztecs left

the subject tribes to their own devices as long as the requisite tribute was

paid. The Aztecs were great traders, and Aztec merchants happily did business

with allies and enemies alike. Lacking a monetary system, trade was based

upon the barter system.

Possessing no draft animals or wheeled vehicles, the Aztecs constructed a

vast road network designed for foot travel. In addition to merchants, these

roads were in constant use by soldiers and military couriers, making them

safe enough for women to travel on alone.

The Aztec religion as revised by Tlacaelel believed that a steady stream of

sacrifice was required to keep the universe operating properly. Sacrifice

was required to keep the rain falling, the crops growing, the sun rising, and

so forth. Sins were expiated by sacrifice. The Aztecs sacrificed animals,

wealth, food, their own blood - and human beings. The Aztecs claimed that

they sacrificed over 80,000 prisoners to reconsecrate the Great Pyramid of

Tenochtitlan in 1487, though many historians believe this to be a massive

exaggeration, with 5,000 or fewer being the most that would be logistically

possible given the size of the sacrificial table. Even if the smaller number

is closer to the truth, that's still quite a lot of blood and beating hearts

to deal with.

The Aztec religion placed a premium upon the sacrifice of enemy warriors

captured in battle, which became something of a problem once the Empire had

conquered pretty much everybody within reach. This led to a form of

ritualized combat known as the "Flower Wars," under which two sides would

meet at a prescribed time and place for the specific purpose of battling to

acquire prisoners. Once the battle was over, each side would take their

prisoners back to their cities for religious sacrifice.

In 1502 the ninth emperor Montezuma II (1502-1520) succeeded his uncle

Ahuitzotl as the ruler of an empire that had reached its greatest extent,

stretching from what is now northern Mexico to Honduras and Nicaragua. The

Aztec empire was still expanding, and its society still evolving, when its

progress was halted in 1519 by the appearance of Spanish adventurers on the

Gulf Coast.

In February of 1519, Hernan Cortes led an expedition into Central America,

leading a force of 500 men, 13 horses and a small number of cannon. In

mid-August he marched on Tenochtitlan after burning his ships to discourage

retreat. Along the way he gathered many Native American allies eager to

assist in the downfall of the hated Aztecs.

According to Spanish records, Cortes was greatly assisted in his conquest by

Aztec religious traditions that said that the God Quetzalcoatl would return

as a white man from across the water. The Aztecs were not certain if Cortes

was Quetzalcoatl, which made them reluctant to fight him. Cortes' godhood was

further confirmed by his command of horses, dogs, firearms and cannon which

the Aztecs had never seen, and which at first naturally terrified them.

By the time Cortes reached Tenochtitlan, he had a huge following of native

allies. Montezuma II welcomed the Spaniards into the city peacefully,

whereupon Cortes made him prisoner. Through Montezuma Cortes ordered the

Aztecs to provide the Spanish with huge amounts of treasure. Eventually, the

Aztecs stoned Montezuma to death and drove the Spanish out of their capital,

but Cortes got reinforcements and returned, laying siege to the city. In 1521

the city fell and was razed, and in August the last ruler of the Aztecs was

captured.

The Empire was vanquished, destroyed by ambitious foreigners with advanced

weapons who took advantage of the native majority's hatred for their Aztec

overlords. Unfortunately for the natives, the Spanish were not especially

nicer to their subject people and it would be some time before they would

once again be free from oppression and once again have some control over

their own destinies."

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ITXPfHltRg

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XnRrTEFZs60

2 Videos that any self-respecting Civ Fan must watch, who hasn't had one-more-

turn-itis? No one, that who. Anyway, the Aztecs are a funny bunch, they are

especially strong in terms of war, given their special power. They have the

best in terms of early starts, they will get the Jaguar Warriot, which is

superior to the normal warrior, and they will get the Floating Gardens,

which gives 15% more food and 2 extra food for each worked lake tile as long

as the city is located next to a river or lake.

Montezuma

~ History

"A mighty warrior and leader, Montezuma I helped propel the Aztec nation to

greatness and glory. He should not be confused with his unfortunate grandson

Montezuma II, who watched helplessly as his empire was dismantled by Spanish

Conquistadors.

Montezuma (whose name means "he frowns like a lord") came from a royal

family. His father Huitzilihuitl was the second Aztec "tlatoani" or emperor,

and his mother, Miahuaxihuitl, was the daughter of the ruler of the city of

Cuauhnahuac. Following his father's death, Montezuma's uncle Itzcoatl was

elected. Montezuma's older brother Tlacaelel was one of Itzcoatl's closest

advisors, while Montezuma served as a general in the Aztec army.

Following Itzcoatl's death in 1440, Montezuma was elected emperor. Tlacaelel

did not seem at all unhappy about being bypassed (perhaps he thought he'd

live longer if he didn't get the crown), and by all accounts he served his

brother faithfully. Montezuma's coronation was a huge ceremony involving the

sacrifice of many prisoners.

Despite the opulence of his political title, it appears that Montezuma

himself lived modestly, in a simple palace with "just a few wives." When not

engaged in religious duties or matters of state, he spent much of his time in

consultation with his friends and advisors.

During his reign Montezuma and his brother Tlacaelel worked to improve the

Aztec city Tenochtitlan. Among other improvements they constructed an

aqueduct system which brought a good deal of fresh water into the city. Of

course as Tenochtitlan grew, in addition to fresh water it required ever

greater amounts of food to sustain its hungry population. Since Central

America lacked draft animals, every single morsel of food had to be

transported to the city on somebody's back. Montezuma's government employed

state inspectors to ensure that every piece of arable land within walking

distance was planted and maintained. He also ordered the construction of a

dike system to alleviate flooding and to provide more farmland.

Montezuma and his brother also constructed many temples in and around the

city, including a new temple to Huitzilopochtli, the god of battle. The

temple of Huitzilopochtli was consecrated in 1455 with the sacrifice of a

large number of Huaxtec prisoners of war.

Probably at the urging of his brother, Tlacaelel, Montezuma instituted

Sumptuary Laws which codified and reinforced the already-stratified Aztec

class system. A person's station in life determined what he or she could

wear and how he or she could speak. The poor were not allowed to wear cotton

cloth, sandals or any clothing that extended below the knee. Only the

nobility could live in homes of greater than one story. Crimes were punished

by slavery, the lowest of all classes, or by being sacrificed.

During Montezuma's rule, his brother Tlacaelel worked on reforming the Aztec

religion. He rewrote the Aztec religious texts, ordering the destruction of

many others which did not agree with his interpretations of the Aztec history

and religion. Under Tlacaelel the Aztec religion became more militaristic,

demanding ever more sacrifices of captured enemy soldiers. The need for

prisoners for sacrifice would over time become one of the driving forces

behind Aztec foreign policy.

As ruler Montezuma sought to strengthen the "Triple Alliance" between the

Central Mexican city-states of Tenochtitlan, Texcoco and Tlacopan. He also

expanded the Aztec empire by conquering Panuco, the Totonacs, Coatzocoalcos

and the Chalca. Some theorize that he conquered the tribes for their tribute,

hoping to ensure a continuous food supply for Tenochtitlan, which despite his

best efforts continued to suffer from periodic famine. Another theory is that

he did so to feed the Aztec religion's every-chronic need for prisoners of

war to sacrifice. Yet another theory is that he did it because that's what

Aztec Emperors did - conquer stuff. The answer is likely to be something of

a combination of all three theories.

Montezuma died in 1469. He was succeeded by his 19-year-old cousin,

Axayacatl, who would be the father of Montezuma I's namesake, the unfortunate

Montezuma II who would lose everything to Spain.

Generally, Montezuma was a successful ruler. He expanded his empire,

personally led his armies to victory, and worked hard to improve the lot of

his people. He certainly was a bloody man, personally sacrificing thousands

of prisoners to his thirsty gods. But his religion said such barbarity was

necessary - blood was required to ensure that the sun would rise, the crops

would grow, and the Aztec nation would continue to prosper.

Could he have cut back on the ritualized murder? Possibly. But the thought

might never have occurred to him - or anybody else in the area at the time.

It's useful to remember that the more "enlightened" people of Europe were

busily burning heretics alive at roughly the same time. And while that

doesn't in any way make Montezuma's actions any better, at least it puts them

in some kind of context."

Montezuma is very aggressive, and when you watch that video, you will figure

that he expands and conquers all those who get in his path. So if you are

near him in terms of civilization, you might want to build up some defences and

have units around him 24/7, just to make sure he doesn't pull off anything

sneaky on you.

Leader Scales




Boldness - 8/10

Montezuma isn't going to compete with you on Wonders, but he will compete for

the favours from the City States, but what really does set him out is his

boldness. He will demand what he wants, if he doesn't get it, he will get very

pissed, and will be, as you will see later, declare war on you.

Diplomacy Scales

War - 7/10

Hostile - 6/10

Deceptive - 7/10

Guarded - 5/10

Afraid - 7/10

Friendly - 4/10

Neutral - 5/10

Montezuma is one that deals with strength. When he meets you, he is more

likely to declare war on you, and be willing to deceive you and then declare

war, rather than to be friends with you and be involved in a group hug.

However, build up an army strong enough to match him stride for stride, or

declare war on him with a superior force, and he will back down. It is

either put up or shut up with Montezuma.

City State Scales


Friendly - 5/10

Protective - 3/10

Conquest - 7/10

Montezuma isn't there to be friendly towards the city states, he is there to

conquer them. He is one of the most likely leaders to attack the city states

and take them over. He will ignore what others are doing towards the city

states, which will tend to get him into more wars than necessary, but that is

his culture, no to respect others. Beside, he only sees the city state as a

small city with a few military units, not looking at the protector with a

few hundred riflemen on their borders.


Offensive - 8/10

Defensive - 3/10

City Defence - 4/10



Ranged - 5/10

Mounted - 5/10

Montezuma will focus on his ground units a lot. He will focus on the offensive

units, anything that can be used to attack, he will use it. He will scout out

your lands, and then send in units, including siege units, to march on your

lands. However, the lack of defence will help you significantly, you will be

able to easily take over his lands once you defeat his standing army.

Naval Scales

Naval - 3/10


Naval Growth - 4/10


Montezuma will, by large, neglect his naval units significantly. He will be

more likely to use them as a support role at most, but more likely, the extent

of his naval prowess will be to ship units across the sea to set your cities

on fire.

Air Scale

Air Power - 4/10

Air power isn't something that is on Montezuma's mind, he isn't there to use

air units as an offensive strategy, rather, as best, support. And that's a

good thing, bombers aren't the best thing you want to face when they decide

to rain death on your cities.

Growth Scales

Expansion - 8/10

Growth - 5/10



Production - 5/10

Gold - 5/10

Science - 4/10

Culture - 5/10

The only thing that stands out, above average, is that Montezuma expands and

he will expand aggressively. This is why he is one of the most hated enemy

leaders to face, he will expand and declare war to gain land, and he does

not build an economy to match that expansion. It is nice to note that he

isn't that tech inclined though, so whilst you will be using riflemen, he

will still be stuck using Jaguar Warriors.

Civilisation Scales

Happiness - 6/10

Great People - 5/10

Wonder - 6/10

Diplomacy - 5/10

Spaceship - 7/10

For someone who doesn't like to tech up, he will go for the spaceship

victory, more often than not, although it will take him a fairly long time

to get there. This is quite good, although his armies marchingn into your

land isn't that good.

*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*

[3.03] China

Leader - Wu Zetian

Unique Unit 1 - Chu-Ko-Nu, replaces Crossbowman


Unique Building - Paper Maker, replaces Library

Civilization Power

ART OF WAR

- Great General effective and spawn rate increased

~ History

"Summarizing the rich history of China in several paragraphs is a daunting

task indeed. China is a civilization spanning some six thousand years and

comprising a large fraction of humanity. There is evidence of man's

prehistoric ancestors living in China some two million years ago, and modern

man has lived in the area for at least 18,000 years, possibly much longer.

Geographically, China can be divided into three main areas: the mountainous

highlands of the west, the rugged south, and the eastern lowlands bordering

the Yellow and East China Seas. Bisected by a number of major rivers, the

incredibly fertile lowlands have been the center of power in China, and

whoever controls that area controls Western Asia.

The Xia Dynasty is the earliest known centralized political entity in China.

While the specific dates of the dynasty remain open to debate, many reputable

scholars agree that the Xia existed from around 2000 BC to 1600 BC. The Xia

did not control all of China; their power was largely centered in northern

China, the area which would eventually become known as Manchuria. The Xia

were eventually overtaken by the Shang, who lasted from around the 18th to

the 12th century BC. The Shang were in turn ousted by the Zhou, who held

power until around the 9th century BC. From the 9th century to the 2nd China

suffered through the unending agony of near-constant civil war during the

so-called Spring and Autumn period, which in turn was followed by the Warring

States period. Eventually, in the second century BC, the Qin Dynasty

conquered its rivals and established the first truly unified Chinese state.

Their successors, the Han, introduced the office of the Emperor, the single

leader who would rule all of China.

Over the succeeding centuries China would be ruled by the Tang and the Song

dynasties. In 1271 AD the country would be conquered by the Mongol leader

Kublai Khan, who would begin his own dynasty, known as the Yuan. A century

later, the Yuan would be overthrown and the Ming dynasty would gain power,

lasting until the 16th century AD. The Qing replaced the Ming, ruling until

1912 AD, when the Republic of China was established. The Republic lasted

some fifty years, until it was overtaken by the People's Republic of China

in 1949. As of this writing, the People's Republic remains China's current

ruler.

A creative and innovative people, China has given the world some of the most

important inventions in history, including paper, gunpowder, the compass, and

movable type. (This section is mandatory whenever Chinese history is

discussed, in case you were wondering. It's a law.)

Throughout much of its history China has remained an insular and isolated

civilization, largely ignoring - and ignored by - the rest of the world. This

was not difficult, as for many centuries China long held a distinct

technological and military edge over any and all external foes. And any

threats it could not defeat militarily (such as the Mongols, who conquered

China in 1271), it simply absorbed into its own dominant culture.

This changed during the 18th and 19th centuries. By this period, the European

powers and Japan had achieved a significant technological advantage over the

Chinese. This edge, combined with vastly superior naval forces, better

armaments, superior communications and advanced military tactics, allowed the

foreign powers to dominate much of the rich Chinese coastal cities, where

they could engage in extremely profitable business (including the infamous

opium trade). The weak and corrupt Chinese central government was unable to

oust the hated foreigners, who remained until most were driven out by the

Japanese during and following World War II.

Emerging triumphant over the Nationalists shortly after World War II, the

Communist government spent the subsequent fifty years consolidating power,

modernizing infrastructure, and improving the lives and education of its vast

population, a process which included a number of massive missteps, including

the idiotic "Cultural Revolution" which did its best to destroy China's

intellectuals. In the past 40 years China has emerged as a major world power,

an economic behemoth which will soon dwarf all other economies including the

once unstoppable United States.

China is not without its difficulties, however. Much of its energy is

expended simply supporting its huge and growing population base. Pollution

is becoming a major problem as more and more factories are built, and more

and more automobiles are clogging the bigger cities. Tibet - which depending

upon your point of view is either a captive nation or an integral part of

China - remains an open wound and major political distraction for China. None

of these are insurmountable, though, and China stands poised to dominate the

21st century."

The Middle Kingdom, China is a powerful nation to play. With the Paper Maker,

you will get a nice boost to your gold reserves, since it does give you some

gold per turn as well. The Chu-Ku-No is a very nice unit, it has the ability

to attack TWICE and as a ranged unit, it will be effective in removing the

biggest threat, the Longswordsmen, at a distance before they have a chance

to strike. The Art of War will allow you to get Great General quicker, and

this is useful for 2 reasons, the ability to build Citadels, and more

importantly, the source of a new Golden Age.

Wu Zetian

~ History

"Like most civilizations, China has been male-dominated throughout much of its

history. Until very recently, women were afforded few rights, and direct

power was all but totally denied to them. For a woman to attain the rank of

Emperor, to become the most powerful person in China, was almost unheard of.

Only one person in the entirety of Chinese history was able to do so. That

person was Wu Zetian, one of the most remarkable rulers - female or male -

the world has ever seen.

A shockingly beautiful child, at the age of 13 (in approx. 639 AD) Wu became

a concubine of Emperor Taizong. She did not have any children with the

Emperor, and at his death in 649 she left the palace to become a Buddhist

nun, as was common for childless concubines at the time. That should have

been the end of her story. However, Fate was to give her another chance at

glory.

Like much of Chinese politics of the day, this gets extremely complicated.

Empress Wang, the wife of the current Emperor Gaozong (son of the late

Emperor Taizon), was afraid that Gaozong was becoming too infatuated with

Consort Xiao. This was indeed a matter of some concern, as consorts had in

the past been known to supplant empresses, who were often killed as a result.

To divert her husband's attentions from Consort Xiao, the Empress had Wu -

who was still young and beautiful - returned to the palace and reinstated as

Consort.

This tactic was a complete success - too complete, in fact, for in a few

years she had supplanted both Consort Xiao and Empress Wang in Emperor

Gaozong's affections. Both ladies were killed, and she attained the rank of

Empress. Some historians believe that she killed her own infant daughter and

framed the Empress for the murder. While this is not proven, subsequent

events have suggested that such an act was well within her scope.

As Empress Consort, Wu moved quickly to consolidate her power. Forging

alliances with certain powerful officials, she had those who opposed her

demoted, exiled, or killed. She was an able advisor to the Emperor, and he

delegated more authority to her as time passed. By 660 AD, the Emperor began

to suffer from a debilitating illness (which some said was caused from slow

poisoning by Wu), and he passed much of the day-to-day management of the

Empire to Wu, who was then about thirty-five years old. Wu showed herself to

be an able administrator, with sharp wit and extensive knowledge of history

and literature. She also showed a remarkable ability to seek out and destroy

those who plotted against her as well as those who might someday pose a

threat. When Emperor Gaozong died in 683, she was inarguably the most

powerful person in China.

Following Gaozong's death, Wu's son Zhongzong became Emperor. He immediately

began displaying troubling signs of independence, including appointing

officials to important posts without consulting with his mother. This

threatened to undermine Wu's power base, and she took decisive action.

Zhongzong was deposed and exiled, and Wu's youngest son, Ruizong, became

Emperor. Taking no chances this time, however, Wu kept the new Emperor in

virtual isolation. Having no doubt learned from the unhappy example of his

older brother, the titular Emperor kept very quiet and did nothing to offend

the Dowager Empress.

In 690 AD, Wu took the throne herself, her son Ruizong reduced in title to

Crown Prince. This caused a certain amount of displeasure among

traditionalists, which Wu handled in her usually efficient and brutal manner.

She expanded the powers of the secret police, who answered directly to her,

and hundreds were exiled, imprisoned or murdered. She held this post for some

15 years, until, at the age of 80 and seriously ill, she was deposed. She

died later the same year.

As a leader, Wu was considered to be an able administrator and shrewd judge

of character. She promoted and supported able men, and in return she received

their firm loyalty. Generals appointed by her conquered Korea, adding that

wealthy land to the Empire. She was quick to destroy any she saw as a threat,

and the early years of her reign as Emperor were bloody and repressive, even

by Chinese standards. As she grew more secure in her throne, however, she

reined in the secret police, and even her enemies grudgingly praised her for

her competence and decisiveness.

In short, her rule was benevolent to those who were no challenge to her, and

lethal to those who were. All in all, Wu Zetian remains one of the most

fascinating rulers in history, and well worth further study."

Leader Scales




Boldness - 7/10

The Dowager Empress isn't there to win ultimately, she is there to make your

life as miserable as possible. She will strongly compete to take and corrupt

the City States, as well as making relatively bold moves. She is someone you

want as an ally, not as an enemy, because she isn't a big threat as an enemy.

Diplomacy Scales

War - 4/10

Hostile - 6/10

Deceptive - 7/10

Guarded - 7/10

Afraid - 5/10

Friendly - 7/10

Neutral - 5/10

Wu Zetian is about as likely to hate you as she is to love you. She is either

friendly towards you in the game, or she is going to threaten you with her

armies. She is willing to use deception to get her way, such as decoy

agreements to drain your gold and resources, and is willing to defend her

lands.

City State Scales


Friendly - 6/10

Protective - 7/10

Conquest - 5/10

Wu Zetian is quite protective of the City States, she will be friends with

them and then protect them, so declaring war on them will lead to you

declaring war on her. However, that doesn't exclude her from conquering

the city states, she just prefers to make them her pawns, rather than to

send her troops needlessly against them.


Offensive - 5/10

Defensive - 7/10

City Defence - 5/10



Ranged - 7/10

Mounted - 5/10

Given that the unique unit is a ranged unit, you can gather that Ranged Units

are going to be a big hit with Empress Wu. She is more than willing to use

ranged units, so you are going to have to quickly take them out with your

mounted cavalry units or attain first strike. She is also quite likely to

play real defensive, so don't be surprised to see walls all around her cities

with garrison within them.

Naval Scales

Naval - 5/10


Naval Growth - 5/10


Empress Wu isn't afraid to use naval units, which isn't a bad sign, but you

don't have to worry about her to use a navy as a real threat, to her, a navy

under her control will be there to support naval invasions or bombardments,

but it isn't her main strike weapon.

Air Scale

Air Power - 3/10

Empress Wu won't really use air units as much as other nations would, she is

more likely to use a ground force to blow something up, rather than a nice

shiny stealth bomber.

Growth Scales

Expansion - 4/10

Growth - 8/10



Production - 5/10

Gold - 5/10

Science - 8/10

Culture - 6/10

The Chinese are really big on growing nice big cities, so you can expect them

to concentrate most of their effects around resource tiles related to food

production. They are likely to have big cities, and that means big production

and gold production. Also, they are very quick to tech up, given their unique

building, and will adopt social policies quickly as well, so you might want

to keep an eye out for them.

Civilisation Scales

Happiness - 6/10

Great People - 6/10

Wonder - 6/10

Diplomacy - 3/10

Spaceship - 8/10

As you can see, Wu Zetian isn't really interested in a diplomatic victory, the

UN? Screw the United Nations, more like Useless Notion! Anyway, they are most

likely to develop a space program and shoot of into the stars, and given their

quick growth and tech growth, that is a pretty credible threat, so if a space

victory is an option, you might want to keep an eye on them, and declare war

if you want to stop them from winning.

*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*

[3.04] Egypt

Leader - Ramesses the Great

Unique Unit 1 - War Chariot, replaces Chariot Archer


Unique Building - Burial Tomb, replaces Temple

Civilization Power

MONUMENT BUILDERS

- Wonders are constructed 20% Faster

~ History

"Few civilizations have left such an indelible mark on history as that of

Egypt. Living astride the mighty Nile River for some 5,000 years, Egypt is

one of the oldest surviving civilizations on the planet. Among many other

firsts, Egypt is credited with the invention of writing around 3000 BC. Using

sophisticated mathematics, Egyptian scholars plotted the movement of the

planets with great precision. And of course, the Egyptians were the ancient

world's greatest architects, creating monuments and temples that still awe

and inspire us today.

Egypt is a riparian (river-based) civilization lying alongside the Nile,

which, at some 4000 miles in length, is the longest river on the planet.

Egypt occupies the northern section of this river in a narrow but extremely

fertile corridor running through otherwise harsh desert terrain of the North

African Sahara desert. While the physical area of Egypt extended a great

distance to the east and west, the vast majority of that terrain is empty

useless desert, and through its history almost all Egyptians have lived

within walking distance of the river.

Until the implementation of damming projects in the 20th century, the Nile

flooded its banks in the summer of every year. Egyptian farmers relied on

these floods to bring water and fresh nutrients to their fields, and a dry

year could easily spell famine and disaster to the population. The Nile also

provided a good deal of protein to the Egyptians, who were adept fishermen

and who early on mastered the construction and handling of small watercraft.

The Mediterranean Sea lies to the north of Egypt. A mild and generous sea,

the Mediterranean encourages exploration and trade between all civilizations

who live on its borders.

The first settlers of the Nile valley are thought to have arrived around 7000

BC, driven to the river as climate change turned the surrounding once-fertile

lands to desert. By 5000 BC crops were being raised in local settlements

along the river, and as agriculture improved the settlements grew in size and

power. Luxury items such as mortuary pottery, copper ornaments, beads, and

cosmetics begin to be seen in burial sites from that period, suggesting a

significant growth in wealth and leisure in the culture.

Increased wealth also allowed for the creation and maintenance of military

forces which could be used to conquer other nearby cultures. By approximately

3000 BC much of Egypt was unified. The first king mentioned in the historical

records is Menes, who founded the capital Memphis, is credited with many

irrigation works. His "First Dynasty" would last for some two centuries.

The First and Second and Dynasties are known collectively as the "Early

Dynastic Period" and last from approximately 3100 BC to 2600 BC. During this

period Egypt extended its control south along the Nile and east and west

along the coast of the Mediterranean.

This period spans the years from approximately 2600 BC to 2100 BC. The Old

Kingdom period is best known for the large number of pyramids constructed as

tombs for pharaohs. Egyptian vessels traveled the Mediterranean and Red Seas,

trading for items such as food, spices and Lebanese cedar, as well as

luxuries like myrrh (a type of incense), ebony, and gold. The Old Kingdom

ended when a severe drought caused the collapse of the central government,

already weakened by corruption and civil war.

The Old Kingdom Period is followed by the First Intermediate Period, then the

Middle Kingdom Period, the Second Intermediate Period, the New Kingdom

Period, the Third Intermediate Period, then the Late Period. During these

periods (lasting from 2100 BC to perhaps 600 BC) the Egyptian government

would rise and fall several times, and periods of strife and internal

conflict would be followed by periods of great peace and prosperity. External

foes would invade when Egypt was weakened, and the pharaohs would extend

their empire when Egypt was strong.

In 525 BC Egypt was captured by Persia, who would control the country until

it was taken by Alexander the Great in 332 BC as he systematically dismantled

the Persian Empire. After Alexander's death the Greeks established the

Ptolmeic Dynasty.

The able Ptolemies ruled in an unbroken line until the death of Cleopatra VII

in 30 BC. Her suicide marked the end of Pharaonic rule and the beginning of

Egypt's centuries as a Roman and Byzantine province. Although swept by the

Islamic tide in 642 AD, Egypt was to remain under foreign occupation -

Arabic, Ottoman, French, and British - until after World War I, when she

finally gained her independence from a British administration weary of

overseas conflict. From 1922 through 1952, Egypt appeared to be one of the

world's most successful constitutional monarchies. But it was ripe for

revolution; the military coup of July 1952 led by Gamal Nasser, ironically,

finally made Egypt an island of stability in a turbulent Middle East.

Egypt's mastery of monumental architecture is virtually unmatched in history.

The Egyptians were also great sculptors, creating many quite beautiful

statues of their pharaohs and gods. They also made beautiful and delicate

works of gold, jewels and other precious metals, many of which have been

discovered in tombs and vaults. Actually, much of Egyptian culture and arts

seems to have been dedicated to death, entombment and the afterlife (or

perhaps art on those subjects was most likely to have been entombed and thus

has survived better than non-death-related artwork).

Religion was extremely important to Egyptian society. The religion has an

incredibly rich pantheon of gods, and a detailed and complex creation mythos.

The pharaoh was both a man and a god, and he was responsible for interceding

with the gods on his subjects' behalf. The priests also served as the

society's civil servants. (If the Egyptians ever heard of the concept of

separation of church and state, they wanted nothing to do with it.) The

Egyptians believed in an afterlife for those judged worthy, and they believed

in sorcery and magic. Many historians believe that the Egyptians saw the

pyramids as pathways to the realm of the gods for those buried inside.

Clearly, it is impossible to do justice to a 5000-year-old civilization in

the space of these short paragraphs. At her height Egypt was a mighty,

continent-spanning empire, whose scientific and cultural advancements brought

incalculable benefits to humanity. And its greatest works, the pyramids, can

still astonish the modern viewer, much as they did to those who saw them

4,000 years ago."

Egypt is very useful to play if you are to build Wonders. 20% off the actual

production cost of wonders is useful, and couple that with the effects of

marble and one of the social policies, and you will be building the wonders

like they were normal buildings. The War Chariot is nice, it doesn't require

you to have access to horses to build, and there is improved movement. But

the best is the Burial Tomb, besides improving culture like a normal temple,

it will give 2 Happiness as well, and trust me, that gets VERY USEFUL later

in the game. But this comes at the cost of double pillage gold for the enemy

when they capture the city.

Ramesses the Great

~ History

"Ramesses II is considered to be Egypt's greatest and most powerful pharaoh.

Taking the throne in his twenties, Ramesses ruled Egypt for more than 60

years. Ramesses is remembered as a great military leader as well as for the

extensive construction programs he instituted. He is also remembered for

building a new capital city, Pi-Ramesses. Some historians believe that

Ramesses is the pharaoh in the biblical story of Moses.

Egypt having recently emerged from a period of declining power and prestige,

Ramesses' father, Seti I, spent a good deal of time subduing rebellious

provinces in Asia. The Hittites, based in Asia Minor, were extending their

power southward, and the two great civilizations were engaged in a protracted

struggle for control of Syria and Palestine. The young Ramesses accompanied

his father on some of these campaigns; by the age of 10 he was given the rank

of captain - though this was almost certainly ceremonial, it does suggest

that his military training began at an extremely young age. Ramesses assumed

the throne in his early twenties, following his father's death.

Four years after becoming pharaoh, Ramesses led an army north to retake the

rebellious provinces that his father had been unable to conquer. The campaign

was apparently successful, and the army advanced as far as Beirut.

In the following year Ramesses attacked the Hittite stronghold at Kadesh. The

Battle of Kadesh is one of the few battles from that period of which we have

records. Believing the citadel to be abandoned, Ramesses approached

incautiously and was ambushed by a large Hittite chariot force hiding beyond

the fort. Although Ramesses achieved a marginal victory in that battle, his

army was so weakened that he had to retreat to Egypt, leaving the fort in

Hittite hands. Ramesses continued to battle the Hittites for some twelve more

years, attaining tactical victories, but unable to hold the contested land

for any time.

In addition to his wars with the Hittites, Ramesses campaigned in Nubia and

Libya, extending his rule to the west and south. However these were of much

less importance as these enemies posed little threat to the survival of

Egypt.

Eventually realizing that further combat was pointless, in the twenty-first

year of his reign, Ramesses agreed to a peace treaty with the Hittites. This

is the earliest known peace treaty in recorded history. Interestingly, the

treaty was written in two versions: the Egyptian version states that the

Hittites sued for peace while the Hittite version states that it was the

Egyptians who requested an end to hostilities.

This treaty appears to have stabilized the borders between the two great

powers, and no further combat between Egypt and the Hittites occurred during

Ramesses' reign.

Early in his reign Ramesses moved his capital from Thebes north to a city in

the Nile Delta, which he renamed "Pi-Ramesses ." The new location was near to

his ancestral home, but more importantly it was far closer to the troublesome

Northern provinces and the dangerous Hittite border. In a few short years the

once-sleepy village was transformed into a major governmental center as well

as an arms manufactory. The city was graced with a beautiful palace and many

temples, as well as numerous statues and other ornaments.

Pi-Ramesses was abandoned long after Ramesses' reign. For many centuries the

site was lost, but archeologists have recently discovered ruins that they

believe belong to the ancient city.

During his reign Ramesses constructed many public works across Egypt. Many of

these were temples and monuments, but he also constructed storehouses,

government buildings, water works, and so forth. Evidently a tireless

self-promoter, Ramesses covered Egypt with statues and carvings of himself,

often recarving those of previous pharaohs with his name and image. (Ramesses

ordered his masons to deeply engrave his image in the stone so that future

pharaohs would have trouble doing the same to him.)

Many historians believe that Pi-Ramesses is the city "Raamses" mentioned in

the Old Testament of the Bible, one of the "Treasure Cities" constructed by

the Israelites during their Egyptian Captivity. Some believe that Ramesses is

in fact the pharaoh of the Biblical story of the Exodus, the ruler who Moses

forced to free his people. However, this is open to debate (particularly

since Ramesses II lived a very long life and emphatically did not drown in

the Red Sea).

Ramesses died at the age of 90. He was buried in a tomb in the Valley of the

Kings, but he was later moved to a secret location. His body was discovered

in the late 19th century and is now on display in the Cairo Museum. It is

difficult to guess whether the pharaoh would be outraged by the desecration

or if he would enjoy the publicity.

Ramesses II ruled Egypt as pharaoh for approximately 66 years, the second

longest reign in Egyptian history. He stabilized his empire's borders and

concluded a highly successful peace treaty with its most important rival, the

Hittites. He clearly cared for his people's welfare and spent much treasure

on massive public works. He is regarded by later Egyptians as the greatest

pharaoh in history, a conclusion it is difficult to dispute."

Leader Scales




Boldness - 5/10

As you can gather from Ramesses' power, you can tell he will be a VERY STRONG

competitor to build Wonders. If you want to build wonders, you will want to

build them quickly, otherwise, Ramesses will be there to build them before you

even get a chance to do so. He is an average player in terms of city states

and being bold, but again, build Wonders quickly, they contribute to score,

and although Ramesses will not want to win that much, if it comes down to

score, you might be in some sort of trouble.

Diplomacy Scales

War - 3/10

Hostile - 7/10

Deceptive - 6/10

Guarded - 7/10

Afraid - 6/10

Friendly - 5/10

Neutral - 5/10

Ramesses will not really want to declare war, but he will get to the point

where his sabre-rattling will really piss you off. When I was playing as

China, his constant threats that I was a puny empire annoyed me so much that

his was suing for peace after I took his capital city and had riflemen look

at his spearmen. He will be hostile to you, and he will be defensive, and he

will also be very scared of you, move troops to the border and he will take

notice of you. And it won't be pretty.

City State Scales


Friendly - 5/10

Protective - 7/10

Conquest - 5/10

Ramesses isn't there to take over city states, he is quite opportunitistic, if

it is in his way, he probably would take the city, but he is more likely to

protect City States, and as such, entering war with a City State will probably

drag him along as well.


Offensive - 4/10

Defensive - 6/10

City Defence - 6/10



Ranged - 6/10

Mounted - 6/10

Ramesses is likely to use all sorts of units, so expect a good mix of ranged,

melee and mounted units attacking your lands. However, the good news is that

his army will be lacking in training, he will lack promotions on his units,

and this will be interesting, battlefield-tested veterans against green

recruits is murder in any situation.

Naval Scales

Naval - 5/10


Naval Growth - 5/10


Another leader who doesn't use their navy as they should, it is really there

to support and sometimes as an offensive armed force, but what is interesting

is that Ramesses will not really use naval units to scout, but will use them

to attack you, which is interesting.

Air Scale

Air Power - 4/10

Really, Ramesses may use aerial units, but won't really use them exclusively

as their only military force, realistically, his army will be quite balanced,

a nice even mix between ground, naval and aviation units.

Growth Scales

Expansion - 5/10

Growth - 6/10



Production - 7/10

Gold - 6/10

Science - 5/10

Culture - 7/10

As you will expect from a man who likes to build Wonders, he will concentrate

heavily on production, and you can expect him to build mines and lumber mills

where he can. This will also lead to a lot of tile improvement, so get your

pillage axes ready. And as a byproduct of his Wonder production, you can

expect big growth in culture from Ramesses.

Civilisation Scales

Happiness - 6/10

Great People - 6/10

Wonder - 8/10

Diplomacy - 5/10

Spaceship - 8/10

Ramesses is quite interested in building wonders to advance his score to

victory. This makes him quite dangerous if you cannot win outright, in

particular, on huge maps where you can't possible conquer the entire

planet quickly.

*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*

[3.05] England

Leader - Queen Elizabeth I

Unique Unit 1 - Longbowman, replaces Crossbowman

Unique Unit 2 - Ship of the Line, replaces Frigate

Unique Building - None

Civilization Power

SUN NEVER SETS

- All Naval units capable of Ocean travel get 2 extra Movement Points

~ History

"England is located on Great Britain, a "green and pleasant" island off of the

western coast of Europe. It is the largest member of the political entity

known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

Historically a seafaring people, for much of the past 500 years the English

have used their incomparable navy to project their power into Europe and

across the globe.

England occupies the greater part of the island of Great Britain (along with

the Welsh to the west and the Scots to the north). At some 80,000 square

miles in size, Great Britain is slightly larger than the state of Kansas in

the USA. Until approximately 6000 BC a land bridge connected Great Britain to

Europe; since that time the two have been separated by the English Channel,

which is some 20 miles wide at its narrowest point.

England is endowed with rolling hills and plentiful natural resources,

including coal and (at one time) extensive forests. Benefitting from warm

water brought to its shores by Atlantic Ocean currents, England enjoys

plentiful rainfall and relatively mild winters.

The first detailed written description of England comes from the Romans, who

under Julius Caesar invaded Great Britain in 55 BC. Caesar found an island of

perhaps one million Celtic people divided into various warring tribes and

possessing an Iron Age level of technology. Caesar led two expeditions to the

island in total, and though he fought several successful battles, unrest in

Gaul drew him off the island before he could solidify his conquests.

The Romans returned to Great Britain 90 years later - and this time they came

in force. In 43 AD four legions (some 20,000 soldiers) under Aulus Plautius

landed somewhere on the southern or south-eastern coast (the exact location

is unknown) and made their way inland. After a number of stiff battles they

crushed the local opposition, establishing a provincial capital at

Camulodunum (Colchester). Over the next fifty years the Romans extended their

borders west, conquering Wales despite fierce resistance, and north as far as

the river Tyne. In 122 AD construction was begun on Hadrian's Wall, a

fortification designed to protect Roman Britain from the fierce Picts

(proto-Scots) in the northern highlands.

The Romans remained in power in Great Britain for another three centuries,

until approximately 410 AD. They had a profound effect upon the natives

during their occupation, introducing important advances in agriculture,

technology, architecture, and letters.

As the Roman military presence retreated from Britain and Western Europe -

under pressure from invading Germanic tribes such as the Vandals - local

warlords appeared to fill the power vacuum. But none were strong enough to

hold off the ever-increasing attacks on the island by the Picts, the Irish,

and other barbarian invaders. According to legend, King Vortigern invited the

Germanic Saxons into Britain to fight the Picts, but in 442 AD the Saxons

turned on their hosts and conquered much of the lowlands. The Saxons remained

in power for roughly fifty years until they were driven out largely thanks to

the skilful use of cavalry by the surviving British.

In the mid sixth century a fresh wave of Germanic invaders, the Anglo-Saxons,

reappeared, and they all but annihilated the original inhabitants, driving

the remnants of the population west into Cornwall and Wales. The Anglo-Saxons

would remain in power for several centuries, a period which saw the

conversion of the population to Christianity, and a great increase in

scholarship on the island, largely centered on the new Christian monasteries.

It is during this period that the inhabitants of south-east Great Britain

began to consider themselves "English."

By the ninth century England (and Scotland and Ireland, not to mention much

of Europe) was under continuous assault from Scandinavian raiders known as

the Vikings. The Vikings captured cities and towns along the North Sea, and

by the middle of the century they controlled almost half of Great Britain,

including London. In 877 Alfred the Great, King of Wessex, was able to stop

their advance into Southern England, and over the next 50 years he and his

heirs fought relentlessly to retake all of the Danish conquests. Athelstan,

Alfred's grandson, was the first man to rule all of England in 927.

However, the Danes were not finished with England, and another wave of raids

began in 980. Worn down by 20 years of continuous fighting, in 1013 the

English surrendered and accepted Sweyn of Denmark as their king. Sweyn was

succeeded by Canute, who ruled until 1035. The Danes and the English

coexisted fairly peacefully for the next 30 years until 1066, when England

was once again subject to invasion.

On September 27, 1066, William, Duke of Normandy, launched a major invasion

against England, leading 6000 knights and foot soldiers across the English

Channel. After defeating the English army and killing the English King Harold

at the Battle of Hastings, William marched on London. By December of 1066

most of the English nobility had sworn allegiance to William, and he was

crowned at Westminster Abbey on Christmas. Under Norman rule the country's

historical ties with Scandinavia were largely severed and England came into

much closer contact with Europe.

Lots of history occurred in England over the next 400 years. There were

bitter power struggles, revolts, civil wars, as well as wars in Europe,

Scotland and elsewhere. There were several Crusades, a number of plagues and

famines, and there were many kings named Richard and Henry, some of whom

appeared to be quite mad. Unfortunately, space and time constraints require

us to move rapidly to the 16th century, and the rise of Elizabeth.

Queen Elizabeth I was one of the most remarkable rulers in English history.

The daughter of King Henry VIII, Elizabeth took the throne in a period of

great social and religious upheaval in England (and across Europe).

Intelligent, beautiful, and with a great deal of courage, Elizabeth

inherited a country that was virtually bankrupt, on the brink of religious

civil war, and under threat of conquest by its much stronger neighbor, Spain.

During her reign Elizabeth I united the country, confounded Spain's attempts

at conquest, and ushered in one of the great golden ages of arts and

literature in human history. She also oversaw a major expansion of the

English navy, which would dominate the world's seas for centuries.

Elizabeth I died childless, and the English throne passed to James, the

Stuart King of Scotland, who became James I of England. Charles I, James's

successor, was overthrown by Parliament after the English Civil War

(1641-1645). The crown was reinstated in 1660, but much weaker, serving "at

the will of Parliament."

In 1707, the "Acts of Union" united the kingdoms of Scotland with that of

England and Wales. The English and Scottish Parliaments were merged, and

England ceased to exist as a political entity. However, England was the

largest, wealthiest and most powerful part of the United Kingdom, so much

so that many still use the terms England and the United Kingdom

interchangeably, much to the annoyance of the Welsh and Scots (and later,

the Northern Irish).

In 1800 the United Kingdom attempted to unite with Ireland, becoming the

"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland." Many of the largely Roman

Catholic Irish were bitterly opposed to the union, leading to a terrible

insurgency that lasted for over a century. In 1922 the southern portion of

Ireland was granted its independence, and the UK was once again renamed,

this time becoming "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern

Ireland."

Queen Elizabeth's reign saw the first British colony established on the New

World, while the powerful British navy protected the growing British

interests across the world. England's earliest colonial interests lay in the

Caribbean and North America, but over time they expanded into Asia and the

South Pacific as well. As British power grew in India, all European

competition was driven out, and the English East India Company came to rule

the subcontinent in everything but name.

In the late 18th century Britain lost control of much of North America to the

Thirteen Colonies (later, the United States of America) in a long and

difficult revolution. While this was a great blow to British prestige, the

Empire continued to expand unabated, and by the early 20th century the

British Empire was the largest and most powerful in history, encompassing one

quarter of the Earth's landmass and human population.

For much of its history, the UK has sought to keep anyone from becoming a

dominant power in Europe, and to keep anyone from developing a navy to rival

that of the UK's. During Elizabeth's reign Spain was the biggest threat, and

the UK sought to bankrupt Spain by intercepting the Spanish treasure fleets

from the New World and to support insurgencies taking place in Spanish

possessions. In the 17th century the UK fought a series of wars against the

Netherlands when Dutch ships threatened British naval primacy.

In the 19th century the UK faced off against the mighty French Empire under

Napoleon Bonaparte. The French had an incomparable army and perhaps the

greatest general in human history, while the UK had its navy and the wealth

from its worldwide empire. The titanic struggle lasted some 12 years, but

eventually Napoleon was defeated and the UK emerged victorious.

The 20th century of course saw the UK pitted against Germany (and allies) in

two terrible conflagrations, World Wars I and II. These wars would test the

British to the limits of human endurance, and though the UK would be on the

victorious side, the cost in wealth and human lives would leave the nation

exhausted and virtually bankrupt, bereft of much of its once-great empire."

As you can gather, England is best on maps with a significant amount of water

on them. Maps such as archipelago are best for them because of the significant

advantage 2 movement points has. On maps with large swathes of land, such as

Terra or Continents, then it is really to use the navy as a support role,

whereas you should be using it as a mighty force in it's own right. The first

of the nations with 2 units, the Longbowman is an improvement over the

Crossbowman in that it gets +1 to it's range, making it attack from 3 tiles,

which is also outside the city's bombardment range. The Ship of the Line is

an advancement on the Frigate as it gets extra vision and extra attack

power.

Queen Elizabeth I

~ History

"Elizabeth I was a remarkable woman living in a remarkable age. Beautiful,

brilliant, and as tough as nails, she survived and indeed thrived, ruling in

an era when most women were little more than chattel.

Born to King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, who her father had executed for

failing to give him a male heir, Elizabeth's early life was filled with

danger. Growing up an unwanted daughter of a insane father who was destroying

England's ties to the Catholic Church and engaging in civil war so that he

could legally marry another woman (several other women, as it turned out),

Elizabeth had to use all of her wits to survive. Elizabeth received an

excellent education at the hands of various tutors, including the great

scholars of the day. She was an outstanding student, and could speak five

languages fluently.

When King Henry VIII died, the throne passed to his young son, Edward. At

fifteen Elizabeth was implicated in a plot to overthrow him. She came close

to being executed, surviving only because she was able to convince her

skeptical interrogators that she knew nothing of the plot.

When King Edward died in 1553, Elizabeth's older sister Mary assumed the

throne. An ardent Catholic, Mary was quite unpopular with a number of

Protestant noblemen, who attempted unsuccessfully to overthrow her in 1554.

Once again Elizabeth was implicated, but once again she talked her way out of

execution. Queen Mary died in 1558, and at last Elizabeth became Queen.

Elizabeth was an extraordinary ruler. She established the Protestant Church

as the official Church of England. However, she attempted to stem the

persecution of Catholics in the country - at least as much as was possible

when the Catholic nobility were actively plotting her demise. She also

restored the debased currency of England, a step crucially necessary to

restore the nation's flagging finances.

Elizabeth used all of the tools available to her to achieve her goals. She

carefully crafted an image for herself as the "Virgin Queen," greatly

increasing her popular support. She received countless offers of marriage

from nobility and indeed from kings across Europe. But she accepted none of

them, instead using her unmarried state to control her friends and foes

alike; if one faction got too strong, she could drive them back into line by

suggesting that she was considering marrying someone from an opposing

faction.

Elizabeth was a great patron of the arts, particularly music and literature.

She made England a center of culture, where great artists like William

Shakespeare flourished. During her reign the first English playhouse was

built, followed shortly by others including Shakespeare's Globe. And in 1574

weekday performances were made legal. An admirer of poetry, Elizabeth wrote a

number of noteworthy poems herself.

Militarily, Catholic Spain was England's greatest threat. Spain was the great

continental power of the day, and its leader, King Philip, had upon more than

one occasion expressed the intent of invading England. In 1588 he tried,

building a huge armada to conquer the upstart nation. Elizabeth quickly

organized the country's navy to fend off the fleet, and by a combination of

superior tactics, ship design, and some foul weather at just the right

moment, they defeated the Spanish foe. England was not to be seriously

threatened with invasion for about 400 years.

During Elizabeth's reign England, France, Spain and the Dutch all set up

colonies in the New World. Elizabeth employed a large number of privateers to

attack foreign ships and colonies, as did most other nations. Spain and its

New World wealth remained the privateers' favorite targets.

Overall, with the exception of her lucky triumph over the Spanish Armada,

Elizabeth was not a successful war leader. She oversaw various half-baked

military incursions into Ireland, France and the Netherlands, none of which

redounded to her credit.

Elizabeth died in 1603, having ruled 45 years. Although in her later years

military and economic reversals had dimmed her luster to the point that many

in England were relieved that she finally passed on, history acknowledges

that she left her country in a much better state than when she came to power.

Her great skills were an unerring survival instinct and flair for

self-promotion, personal charisma, and toughness matching that of the

strongest rulers in history. No better words can serve to describe her than

her own: "I know I have the body of a weak and feeble woman, but I have the

heart and stomach of a king."

Leader Scales




Boldness - 4/10

Queen Liz is extremely competitive, she is evenly matched to go for gold as

well as construct nice big wonders, but she is most competitive to go for the

City States, she will want them under her control, one way or another. The

good thing is, she isn't really big on threats, which is nice if you are

scared by her.

Diplomacy Scales

War - 5/10

Hostile - 7/10

Deceptive - 6/10

Guarded - 7/10

Afraid - 5/10

Friendly - 4/10

Neutral - 5/10

She isn't going to be one of the friendly leaders, she is more likely to go

to war with you than to be friends. Given the historical context, it is quite

understandable, her foreign policy was to be defensive, and not really attack.

The reason for such a high hostility score is simple, back in her era, pretty

much the whole of Europe was against her, given that Catholicism was strong in

nations such as France and Spain.

City State Scales


Friendly - 5/10

Protective - 7/10

Conquest - 6/10

Liz is about as likely to be protective of the city states as she is going to

conquer them. That does leave you in a bit of a bind, to protect them, you

need to defend against her, whilst if you want to attack them, you need to

attack her. And given how competitive she is to gain the furvor of the the

city states, this is a credible threat.


Offensive - 3/10

Defensive - 6/10

City Defence - 6/10



Ranged - 8/10

Mounted - 3/10

Given that one of their unique units is a ranged unit, it is understandable

that Liz will want units to blow you up from range, including archers and

later on, artillery units. She is far more likely to use her units to bolster

her defences, rather than attack, something that the history makes rather

clear when your read it.

Naval Scales

Naval - 8/10


Naval Growth - 7/10


This scale makes her the first real standout from the other leaders already

talked about. Whereas other leaders will use their navy as a support/escort

role, Good Queen Bess will be using her navy a lot, she will use them to

attack your coastal cities, blockade them, and set you up for a ground

invasion. In this sense, her Navy is her Army, whereas many leaders will

use their Army to do the talking, she will use the Navy to do the talking.

Air Scale

Air Power - 5/10

Nothing really stands out here, Elizabeth isn't really likely to use air

power to it's fullest, such as stealth bombers dropping payloads out of the

sky, but she is willing to use them in conjunction with her powerful navy, and

given the deadly mix of Carriers and Aircraft, along with her powerful

units to scoff out Submarines, she is quite deadly if you let her develop

some naval force.

Growth Scales

Expansion - 6/10

Growth - 4/10



Production - 6/10

Gold - 8/10

Science - 6/10

Culture - 6/10

If you want to take out a leader with a large stash of Gold, Elizabeth is one

of the prime targets, she is likely to have a ton of cash on her. However,

given her good defensive capabilities, she isn't going to let you have the

gold without a fight, and hope that her cities aren't all around the coast

where her Navy will give you a powerful run for your money.

Civilisation Scales

Happiness - 5/10

Great People - 6/10

Wonder - 5/10

Diplomacy - 6/10

Spaceship - 6/10

Her civilization overall won't be too unbalanced, she will go for any

victory really, she doesn't stand out here, but she is willing to use

military force to get her way, something that is reflected above, but not

here.

*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*

[3.06] France

Leader - Napoleon Bonaparte

Unique Unit 1 - French Foreign Legion, replaces Infantry

Unique Unit 2 - Musketeer, replaces Musketman


Civilization Power

ANCIENT REGIME

- All Citys get 2 Culture Points per turn until Steam Power

~ History

"Located in Western Europe, bordering six (or seven, depending upon how you

count them) European countries and with coasts on the Atlantic Ocean, the

English Channel, and the Mediterranean, France has long been one of the great

political, military and cultural powers of the Western world.

France is a country of plains and green forests with ancient mountain ranges

on its south-east and west borders. A beautiful, fertile land, France is

blessed with some of the best wine-growing climate and terrain in the world.

Located in a temperate zone and bordered on the south by the warm

Mediterranean, the French climate is generally kindly and conducive to

agriculture.

The gentle waters of the Mediterranean facilitated exploration and settlement

of the coast of southern France. Greece founded the colony of Massilia

(modern Marseille) as early as 600 BC, but the earliest written records of

exploration of the country's interior comes hundreds of years later from the

Romans, who began campaigning in "Transalpine Gaul" (Gaul across the Alps) in

the first century BC. There the Romans encountered mostly Celtic people, plus

a few surviving pre-Celtic Iberians and Ligurians. They also met many

Germanic people emigrating into Gaul from points north and east.

Roman control over Gaul was gradual but inexorable. In 121 BC Rome sent

armies into Gaul to assist Massilia against encroaching Celts, and also to

defend its overland route into Spain (where it had important possessions).

This led Rome to claim a chunk of southern Gaul as a province, which survives

today as the "Provence" region of France. In 58 BC Caesar launched a major

campaign against the interior of Gaul. The war lasted some eight years, at

the end of which Gaul was more or less securely a Roman possession.

With the exception of a few notable but easily-crushed rebellions, Gaul

remained fairly content as a Roman province for several centuries. The

country thrived under Roman rule, and remnants of wealthy Roman-style villas

can be found across the French countryside. As it was pacified Gaul became a

springboard for further Roman expansion, both northwest across the Channel

into Great Britain, and northeast into the barbarian Germanic lands.

During the third and fourth centuries AD, as Roman power began to wane across

Western Europe, Gaul came under increasing pressure from invaders from the

north and east. Rome concentrated its power upon holding the Danube River and

stopping barbarians from crossing into Italy, leaving Gaul under-defended. In

the mid-third century Gaul suffered major incursions by the Germanic Alemanni

and Franks, and the territory wasn't retaken by Rome until 274. As the

countryside grew hostile and dangerous, the cities and towns fortified, a

process which would continue through the Middle Ages.

Christianity, which was introduced to Gaul around 250 AD, had taken root

across the country by the end of the fourth century.

In 395 AD, Rome was divided into an eastern and western half, and Western

Rome all but abandoned Gaul as it tried desperately to protect Rome itself

from barbarian invasion out of Austria and Germany. As a result, in 405-406 a

large number of Germanic tribes crossed the Rhine into Gaul, carving out

permanent homes for groups such as the Franks and Burgundians. The Visigoths

drove far south, occupying land in Aquitaine. By 476 the Romans had been

totally driven from power in Gaul by Germanic invaders.

During the Middle Ages (400-1200 AD), France was divided into a number of

smaller kingdoms ruled by the heirs of the various Germanic invaders. In the

late 5th century King Clovis of the northern Franks unified most of the

country (with the exception of some stubborn Visigoth holdouts in the south).

Clovis was the first of the "Merovingian" kings to rule the unified country.

He moved his capital to Paris, and he gained a degree of recognition from the

Roman Emperor, which gave his rule legitimacy.

When Clovis died in 511, the kingdom was divided between his four sons, who

spent the next five decades fighting each other for the country. As a brother

died, his land was apportioned among the surviving brothers. This continued

until 558 when there was only one brother standing. The Merovingian kingdom

remained united a whopping nine years, until that king died and the kingdom

was once again apportioned between his sons. This cycle of conquest and

division would continue for centuries, costing the lives of thousands every

generation.

As the eighth century opened, another strong Frankish family arose to

challenge the Merovingians. Based in northern Austrasia, the Carolingians

defeated their local neighbors and came to dominate northern France/Germany.

At first they threw their support behind the Merovingians, but when King

Theodoric IV died in 737, the Carolingian King Charles Martel was strong

enough to assume direct power, leaving the throne empty. During his reign

Charles was able to stop the Muslims' incursions into France and extend his

power into Germany as well.

Charles was followed by Pippin the Short, who, with the blessing of the Pope

in Rome openly assumed the throne. Upon his death the kingdom was divided

between his two sons, Carloman, who didn't last long, and Charlemagne, who

did.

Charlemagne's father died in 768, and his brother in 771, leaving him sole

king of France. He pursued a policy of expansion into Germany and Muslim-held

Spain, having more success against the Germans than he did against the emirs

in Spain. He intervened in Italy on the side of the Pope, whose territories

were under threat from the Lombards to the north. He conquered the Lombards

and had himself crowned their king, and he created the Papal States, earning

a good deal of gratitude from the Church.

By the end of the eighth century Charlemagne was the undisputed power in

Western Europe, ruling much of the territory which would become modern

France, western Germany, the Benelux countries and northern Italy. In 800 AD

Pope Leo III crowned him emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, making him the

legal successor to the Caesars of the western Roman Empire.

Following Charlemagne's death in 813, his son Louis the Pious inherited the

throne. When he died Charlemagne's grandsons once again began fighting over

the kingdom, and in 843, at the Treaty of Verdun, the Holy Roman Empire was

divided into three sections along north-south lines. These were Francia

Orientalis, the eastern territories, Francia Occidentalis, the western

territories, and Francia Media, perilously wedged between them. Although

smaller, Francia Occidentalis approximated the borders of modern France, and

some scholars date the creation of the modern country to the Treaty of

Verdun.

The new kingdoms weren't especially stable, and the people of France endured

another 300 years of incessant warfare and familial backbiting as the various

kings and nobility struggled for dominance. Life wasn't made any easier by

the arrival of the Vikings, who raided as far inland as Paris, often

demanding a huge ransom before they would go away. They remained active

through the ninth and tenth centuries, some settling permanently in Normandy.

The rulers also had to deal with English monarchs who claimed territories in

the west, including portions of Aquitaine, Brittany, and Lombardy. It took

several centuries to push the Brits entirely off of the continent.

As the new millennium approached, the Capetian family gained the French

crown. They too spent much time fighting each other as well as the various

nobility who challenged their reign.

King Philip II, who reigned from 1180-1223, did much to strengthen the

monarchy. When not off fighting at the Crusades with his friend Richard the

Lionheart, Philip reorganized the government, modernized the French economy,

and defeated the English, Flemish and Germans singly and in groups. King

Louis IX (reigned 1226-1270), further consolidated the country.

As the fourteenth century opened, France was the most powerful country on the

continent. In 1328, Philip VI assumed the throne. Edward III, King of

England, owned Aquitaine and also had a slender claim to the French throne,

which he hadn't pressed at the time of Philip VI's succession. However, in

1337 Philip VI confiscated Aquitaine, and in response Edward III reinstated

his claim, bringing France and England to war.

The English pursued the war on the seas and by fomenting rebellion among

France's Flemish subjects. In 1346 an English army won a famous battle at

Crecy but were unable to follow this up with any further success and were

forced to evacuate the continent more or less empty-handed. In 1347 the Black

Death struck, killing huge numbers of people and delaying the war. Hard

fighting broke out anew in the 1350's, during which the French king managed

to get himself captured by the English, who demanded a huge ransom for his

release. The French refused to pay, and the king died in captivity in London.

The war continued to drag on until 1420, when the Treaty of Troyes declared

the unification of the French and English crowns on the infant head of Henry

VI, king of England and France.

This did not sit well with everyone. The French nobleman Charles VIII had a

fairly strong claim to the throne, and many French patriots preferred him to

any English ruler. This included a strange young peasant woman named Joan of

Arc. Within a few years Joan had led the French on to victory, driving the

English back on all fronts. Charles was anointed king in 1429, and Joan was

burned at the stake a year later.

By the 16th century, there was a good deal of resentment against the Catholic

Church across Europe, which was seen to be greedy and corrupt. In 1517 Martin

Luther nailed up his "Ninty-Five Theses," condemning the excesses of the

Church. Martin Luther's movement gained many followers in France, and by 1534

the king issued the first of a series of anti-Huguenot (Protestant) edicts.

This did little to stop the spread of the movement. By 1562 the two sides

were in open warfare, which continued on and off for decades. It ended in

1598, when the Edict of Nantes granted tolerance to the Huguenots.

In the seventeenth century the power of the crown was enhanced, largely

through the work of one man, Armand-Jean du Plessis, Cardinal and Duke of

Richelieu. Richelieu was an extremely able minister and one of the most

colorful characters in history. Brilliant, calculating, and ruthless, he

worked ceaselessly to expand the king's power and prestige and to destroy his

enemies. He also moved against the Huguenots, who retained their religious

freedom but lost their military power.

In 1643, the remarkable Louis XIV took the throne. Known as the "Sun King,"

Louis seduced and tamed the French monarchy, establishing the Palace of

Versailles as the most opulent court the world had ever seen. Underneath the

foppish trappings Louis was an ambitious ruler. During his reign he fought in

three major wars and several minor conflicts. Louis would reign for an

astonishing 72 years, dying in 1715. He still holds the record for the

longest reign of a European monarch.

The eighteenth century saw an increase in power and wealth of the nobility,

the emergence of a French middle class, and the further destitution of the

peasantry. Philosophically, the Enlightenment tended to undermine the belief

in the traditional institutions such as the Church and the monarchy. In 1776

the American Revolution broke out, and the French saw a free people throw off

an oppressive monarchy in favor of democracy and self-rule. This would

further stoke unrest already building throughout the country.

In 1789, close on the heels of the American Revolution, the French peasants

and middle class revolted against the nobility and the king. The Revolution

was a brutal, bloody affair, with the king and perhaps 50,000 other French

citizens being executed by the newly-invented guillotine (a triumph of

Enlightenment science).

In the early phases of the Revolution the people marched on the Bastille,

abolished the nobility, and forced the king to accept a constitutional

monarchy. But the new Assembly degenerated into warring factions struggling

for primacy and was unable to govern. Without government sanction the Paris

Commune murdered some 1350 prisoners. In September 1792 a Constitutional

Convention met and abolished the monarchy, declaring a republic. Austria and

Prussia demanded the restitution of the king, threatening retaliation against

the French population if they resisted. The revolutionary government saw this

as evidence that the king was conspiring with the enemy; he was condemned to

death and executed in January of 1793.

Later in 1793 the "Committee for Public Safety" unleashed the "Reign of

Terror," ensuring public safety by guillotining some 15,000-40,000 of the

public, many without trial. Several local revolts broke out, primarily caused

by peasant outrage at the treatment of the Catholic Church at the hands of

the Revolutionaries, but these were crushed with great ferocity.

In 1795 the new French constitution established an entirely new form for the

French government. Executive power was held by "The Directory," a panel of

five directors elected annually by the new bi-cameral legislature. However,

the new form of government proved unmanageable, and in 1799 a man named

Napoleon Bonaparte seized power.

This extraordinary man was born in French-owned Corsica and trained in

artillery in the French army. In 1799 he staged a coup d'etat, installing

himself as First Consul, a position he pretty much invented. Within five

years he crowned himself Emperor. For sixteen years he ruled France, taking a

bankrupt, revolution-torn country and making it into the most powerful force

in Europe. Time and again he fought and defeated every other country within

reach, singly and in alliances against him, save one, England. Unable to

create a navy that could stand up to the unmatched British Navy, he could not

reach and destroy his most implacable foe.

For fifteen years Napoleon marched and counter-marched triumphantly across

Europe, until finally defeated by yet another coalition at Leipzig, and then

a year later at Waterloo.

After Napoleon's final defeat, the victorious countries instituted a

constitutional monarchy in France, which lasted for some 40 years, until

Napoleon's nephew, Louis Napoleon was elected president by popular vote in

1848, declaring himself king in 1852. He remained in power until 1870, when,

goaded by Prussian Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck, he made an unfortunate

decision to go to war against Prussia. The war was a humiliating disaster.

The Prussians made brilliant use of their rail network to concentrate before

the French were ready to fight, and on September 2, 1870, Napoleon and his

entire army were captured.

The war resulted in the overthrow of the monarchy once more, replaced by the

Third Republic, the humiliating loss of Alsace-Lorraine to Prussia/Germany,

and a burning desire for revenge which would serve France badly in the coming

years.

The First World War was caused by a huge failure of European diplomatic

common sense and imagination, as countries formed a bewildering web of

alliances and treaties, binding their fates together in ways that they barely

comprehended. The war was initiated by a blatant land-grab of Serbia by

Austria-Hungary, using as casus belli ("our excuse for shooting at the

neighbor") the murder of an Arch Duke by a Serbian terrorist. The Arch Duke

was killed on June 28, 1914, and by August Europeans were killing each other

on three different continents.

There were two sides in the conflict, the Central Powers, consisting of

Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria, facing off

against the Triple Entente, of the United Kingdom, France, and Russia. On the

Eastern Front the Germans struck quickly, destroying a completely outclassed

Russian army and nearly driving them out of the war. On the Western Front,

they drove deep into French territory before being stopped east of Paris by

desperate defensive operations from France and the UK.

For the next four years France was divided by a hellish 5000 foot-long line

of trenches across the countryside, with men fighting and dying in the tens

of thousands, and success being measured in advancing inches. The land was

poisoned by thousands of corpses, exploded and unexploded ordnance, and

chemical warfare. In 1917 the United States entered the war, and German

morale began to collapse. By 1918 the German government fell and the new

government signed an armistice.

France had been bled white by the war, with two million dead (four percent

of their entire population) and over four million wounded. The territory that

had been at the front or behind enemy lines was a wasteland of festering

corpses and cities and villages in ruin. Their fury at Germany resulted in a

demand for huge reparations, both to help France rebuild and to punish the

enemy. While this policy might have had short-term benefits, it had two major

negative results: it embittered the German people, making them thirst for

revenge, and it disgusted the Americans, making them less inclined to become

involved in European messes in the future.

The Second World War was a painful and humiliating disaster for France. As

the Germans rebuilt their war machine after World War I, the French, who were

desperately short of manpower following the Great War, constructed the

Maginot Line, a rather magnificent line of fortresses, underground bunkers

and trenches on the border facing Germany. If the German army had tried to

punch through that line, it would have certainly suffered great losses of

manpower, and more importantly, taken precious time.

Unfortunately, for political reasons the French had not extended the Line to

the sea, as it would have placed Belgium outside of the defenses, and for

their part the Belgians refused to fortify their border with Germany for fear

it would anger the Germans. Thus when the Germans decided to invade France

they simply bypassed the Line and drove through Belgium. The French and

British were never able to establish a stable defensive line against the

crushing German blitzkrieg, and France was overrun in weeks, surrendering on

June 22, 1940.

On June 6, 1944, British, American and Free French troops landed at Normandy

and began liberating France from German occupation. The German army retreated

slowly, putting up a stubborn defense, but with Soviet troops closing in on

German soil from the east, catastrophic troop losses on all fronts, the total

loss of air superiority and an unending rain of Allied bombs on German

factories and cities, defeat was inevitable. Paris was liberated on August

25, 1944, and Germany surrendered on May 7-8, 1945.

The years following World War II saw France grudgingly divesting itself from

its overseas possessions, fighting painful and ultimately futile wars in

Vietnam and Algeria. At the same time it was rebuilding at home, creating a

new and modern country out of the ashes of the Great Wars. It possesses a

large immigrant population, including many Muslims, and it too is suffering

through the difficulties caused by the current painful clash of cultures

between Islam and the West.

French arts are flourishing as never before, and Paris - the "City of Lights"

- is once again the cultural center of the world. France has become a leading

member of the European Union, alongside its former enemy Germany. In

historical terms this is an astonishing triumph of common sense and suggests

a bright future for France, Europe, and the world."

France has probably the longest of histories, but rightfully deserved, besides

being surrender monkeys, thank you popular culture. Anyway, France is pretty

powerful in terms of culture, an extra 2 culture per turn might not sound

like a lot for a city until you have a large empire, and 2 culture a turn

for 40 cities sounds like a fair amount. Enough to discount the 15% increase

in policy costs after creating a city.

France has 2 decent infantry units, the Musketeer, which replaces the

Musketman, does more damage than the Musketman, and indeed makes it a viable

alternative to a person using Longswordsmen, which will be outdated with

the advent of rifling. Also, there is the French Foreign Legion, which

will replace Infantry, which share identical firepower and combat

effectiveness on the field, but the French Foreign Legion get a 20% boost to

combat strength when they fight outside friendly territory.

Napoleon Bonaparte

~ History

"It is virtually impossible to overstate the military genius of Napoleon

Bonaparte.

Napoleon Bonaparte was born on the island of Corsica, where he entered a

military academy at the age of ten. In school he displayed a great aptitude

for mathematics, history, and geography, as well as a total indifference to

literature and the humanities. At fourteen he was commissioned as a

sub-lieutenant in an artillery regiment. When the French revolution broke

out, Napoleon sided with the Revolutionaries and was appointed

lieutenant-colonel of artillery, where he quickly made a name for himself as

a successful commander.

Early on Napoleon displayed both his military brilliance and his ability to

navigate the perilous political landscape of Revolutionary France, where one

false step could cost you your head - literally. By 1794 he was a

brigadier-general, and by 1795 he was appointed command of the French Army of

the Interior. He was 25 years of age. Over the next few years Napoleon led

French armies to major victories over various continental foes, including the

extremely powerful Austrians.

Capitalizing on his success and his growing popularity with the citizens and

the army, in 1800 he overthrew the government and appointed himself "First

Consul." Five years later he would crown himself "Emperor and Consul for

Life," displaying his fine contempt for the democratic roots of the

Revolution that brought him to power.

An exceptional administrator, Napoleon rapidly reorganized the government,

repealed the more radical and violent laws of the Revolution, and reopened

the churches, cementing his popularity with the people of France. However,

France was still at war with most of Europe, and Napoleon once again took to

the battlefields, where he won stunning victories against Austria, causing

that country and England to make peace.

England remained nervous of France's imperial intentions, and war resumed in

1803. Napoleon found himself facing a daunting alliance that included

England, Austria, Russia and Sweden. Acting with amazing speed and cunning,

Napoleon used his "interior lines" to concentrate his forces against the

dispersed enemy. He rapidly marched across Europe, capturing the capital of

Austria and then crushing the Russian forces at the battle of Austerlitz.

Austria sued for peace once again. For several years Napoleon would defeat

every foe that came against him. He crushed the Prussians, the Spanish, and

the Austrians yet again. However, Russia and England remained undefeated.

Eventually Napoleon decided that he would never be safe in Europe as long as

Russia, aided by the perfidious English, was on his flank. With England

secure behind the Channel and its superb navy, he had little choice but to

attack Russia, the only foe in the alliance his armies could reach. In 1812

he led half a million men to attack Moscow. The Russian forces retreated

before his advance, taking or burning anything that might be of use to the

invaders, while in the rear Cossack raiders destroyed Napoleon's supply

lines. Bonaparte did reach and capture Moscow, but once again the Russians

had removed or burnt anything there that might feed his men, and he was

forced to retreat, fighting the Russian troops and the even more deadly

Russian winter mile after bitter mile. By the end of the campaign Napoleon

had lost 96% of his army.

Upon returning to Paris, Napoleon immediately recruited another army of

350,000, but his image of invulnerability was gone, and all Europe rose

against him. Prussia, Russia and Austria allied against him, and England

threw more troops into contested Spain. Though Napoleon was to again win

famous victories, his enemies continued their relentless attacks. Eventually

the allies drove their way into Paris, and Napoleon abdicated. For his

trouble he was given rulership of the island of Elba, along with an income of

six million francs, to be paid by France.

Later he would return to France and try to regain power one last time, but he

was finally and irrevocably defeated by an English and Prussian army at

Waterloo in Belgium. This time he was confined for life at the island of

Sainte-Helene, a thousand miles from the coast of Africa. He died there in

1821.

Napoleon was one of the most brilliant generals of all time. He moved his

troops with astounding rapidity, and he always knew exactly where to strike

in order to cause the most damage. Domestically he turned out to be a decent,

imaginative ruler and France flourished under his control (until his endless

wars sapped her strength and will to fight). An Army general to his core, he

never was able to create a navy able to seriously challenge England's

dominance over the oceans.

In the end, he just couldn't beat everybody."

Leader Scales




Boldness - 8/10

Napoleon is a hard foe to face, simply because he is just very competitive,

and is often overlooked by people and their blind hatred of Montezuma. He

is willing to do whatever it takes to win, and that means competing in all

arenas, and that is what makes him hard to face. He will build Wonders to

dazzle the world, he will influence the City States, he will make threats

against you should you annoy him.

Diplomacy Scales

War - 7/10

Hostile - 3/10

Deceptive - 7/10

Guarded - 6/10

Afraid - 2/10

Friendly - 6/10

Neutral - 5/10

Funnily enough, Napoleon is quite willing to work with you, when he first

meets you, but he is most likely to declare war on you with the French forces

behind him. He won't be afraid by your show of force, so you will just have

to crush him utterly and burn his empire to the ground to show him who's

boss.

City State Scales


Friendly - 6/10

Protective - 7/10

Conquest - 7/10

Napoleon is as likely as to protect a City State as he is to conquer it, he

will not hesitate to use ones near you as buffer states between you and him,

and he isn't worried about people crying when he captures a city state being

protected by someone else.


Offensive - 7/10

Defensive - 3/10

City Defence - 5/10



Ranged - 6/10

Mounted - 5/10

Napoleon isn't that big a fan of Artillery as you would think, however, he

is willing to go full out and be extremely aggressive. You can expect him to

deploy a lot of frontline infantry, the melee type, such as spearmen early

on in the game to riflemen and the French Foreign Legion later in the game

if you let him live that long. His forces are going to be hard to defeat in

battle less you have a technological advantage, and the only downside to his

military abilities is that of defence and defending.

Naval Scales

Naval - 5/10


Naval Growth - 5/10


As you would expect, Napoleon isn't that interested in a Navy, at best, it

will be used as a support role, or a self-defence force, he really isn't

interested in using them to the fullest. This is expected though, he was

outclassed by England during the Napoleonic Wars, and clearly, going to

sea against the foes at the time was quite a foolish move.

Air Scale

Air Power - 5/10

Again, Napoleon is another leader that really doesn't use Air Power to the

fullest capacity, he will use them at best, in support roles, such as

bombarding your cities or just taking out close units, he won't be using them

exclusively, he has men on the ground to wipe you out for that purpose.

Growth Scales

Expansion - 8/10

Growth - 5/10



Production - 5/10

Gold - 4/10

Science - 7/10

Culture - 8/10

Surprisingly, Napoleon is a man of Science and Culture, not a surprise given

his actual administration of France. He is willing to expand quickly, so if

you have the units, you can easily take a few settlers and workers off him. He

is quick to move up the technology tree, and very quick to adopt social

policy, in my Marathon game, I have reduced Napoleon to 3 cities, and he has

already fully completed 2 policy trees, the best anyone has gotten to.

Civilisation Scales

Happiness - 4/10

Great People - 5/10

Wonder - 4/10

Diplomacy - 4/10

Spaceship - 7/10

It seems that the AI loves to have a spaceship victory, probably because

that is the easiest way to do it without bloodshed. It isn't that interested

in keeping his people that happy, well, that's a given, seeing that most

people were in the Army when he was in charge, so there were no one to be

unhappy at all.

*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*

[3.07] Germany

Leader - Otto von Bismarck

Unique Unit 1 - Landsknecht, replaces Pikeman

Unique Unit 2 - Panzer, replaces Tank


Civilization Power

FUROR TEUTONICUS

- When destroying a Barbarian Encampment, 50% chance to gain 25 Gold and a

Barbarian Unit.

~ History

"While various "Germanic" peoples have occupied northern-central Europe for

thousands of years, the modern political entity known as "Germany" is

extremely young, created almost singlehandedly by the brilliant Prussian

politician Otto von Bismarck some 140 years ago. During its brief existence

Germany has had a profound effect - for good and for bad - on human history.

Germany encompasses a variety of terrains, from snow-covered mountains in the

south to rolling hills in the west to the flatlands of the east. It is

crossed by several major rivers which provide water for crops and transport

for goods. Its hills and mountains are rich with natural resources and its

plains are fertile. Germany has a temperate climate and abundant rainfall,

ideal for European-style agriculture.

For centuries northern-central Europe has been occupied by Germanic people,

roughly defined as people who speak Germanic languages (rather than say the

Romantic languages of Italy, France and Spain). Evidence suggests that

Germanic tribes lived in northern Germany as far back as the Bronze Age. It

appears that during this period Southern Germany was originally populated by

peoples of Celtic origin; they were however eventually "Germanized" as the

Germanic tribes' influence spread south.

The first historical information on the Germanic tribes comes to us from

about 50 BC, when the Roman general Julius Caesar encountered and fought

various tribes while conquering the province of Gaul (an area roughly

encompassing modern France). Caesar established the eastern border of Gaul at

the Rhine River, beyond which most of the "barbaric" German tribes lived.

The Romans and Germanic people maintained an uneasy peace (punctuated by

various raids and border skirmishes) for some forty years until approximately

10 BC, when the Roman armies invaded Germanic territory from two directions,

crossing the Rhine to the west and the Danube to the east. This proved to be

a catastrophic miscalculation: the barbarians were astonishingly tough

opponents and a number of Roman legions were destroyed. The humiliated Romans

retreated to the previous borders of the Danube and the Rhine, no further

incursions were attempted for several centuries, and the two sides coexisted

more or less peacefully until 350 AD.

During that period there was a good deal of commerce between the Romans and

the Germans, with the Germans trading raw material in exchange for Roman

manufactured and luxury goods. Over time the Germans learned pottery and

advanced agricultural techniques from the Romans, and they even began using

Roman money.

As the fourth century progressed, the Germanic tribes began to come under

increased pressure from "Hunnish" tribes migrating into Germanic territory

from further east. This pushed the Germanic people into Roman territory. Over

the next fifty-odd years parts of Rome were overrun by the Visigoths, Suebi

and Vandals. The city of Rome itself was sacked several times, and several

Roman emperors died fighting the invaders. The Romans eventually came to

terms with some of the invaders, granting them territory and some measure of

protection from the advancing Huns.

With the death of Attila in 435 the Hun Empire collapsed, and the Germanic

tribes no longer needed Rome's protection. A number of tribes declared their

independence from Rome, and within a short period a Visigoth kingdom was

established in southwest Gaul, a Burgundian kingdom was declared in southeast

Gaul, a Frankish kingdom was established in the north, and the Lombard

kingdom was created on the Danube - and the Western Roman Empire ceased to

exist.

Once established in north-western Gaul, the "Franks" (the Germanic peoples in

Roman Gaul) began to expand eastward across the Rhine and back into

non-Romanized Germanic territory, where the non-Romanized Germanic tribes

remained as stubbornly independent as ever. The subjugation of the tribes

spanned three centuries of war, conquest, rebellion, treachery, punishment,

and more war. Religion was one of the great impediments to peace: the Franks

had become Christian and they sought to spread the gospel into the barbarian

lands. The Germanic tribes were pagans and did not want to abandon their

religion. Christianity would emerge victorious, eventually, but it was a long

and difficult (and often bloody) process.

The Franks themselves were not a unified monolithic entity: they spent as

much time fighting themselves as they did battling external foes. The

earliest line of rulers, the Merovingians, remained in power until the middle

of the seventh century, when they were overthrown by the Carolingians, a

rival faction from the north. The Carolingians were blessed with a series of

extremely able kings who, allied with the Catholic Church, extended Frankish

power across much of central Europe.

The greatest of the Carolingians, Charlemagne (742-814) was a brilliant

military leader and a canny politician. He continued his father's and

grandfather's subjugation of the Germanic tribes, and he extended his empire

into southern France and then Italy. In exchange for protecting Rome from the

Saracens and the Byzantines, the Pope crowned him Emperor of the Holy Roman

Empire. Today Charlemagne is considered to be one of the founders of France

and of Germany, not to mention the first man to unite Western Europe since

the Romans.

Upon Charlemagne's death, his only son Louis I (Louis the Pious) assumed the

throne. Louis had more than one son, and when he died the Empire was divided

between them. Many years would pass before any single person would again rule

so large a portion of Europe.

Louis the Pious' son, Louis the German, inherited the eastern portion of the

Holy Roman Empire, which included the Kingdom of Bavaria and other

territories in what would become Medieval Germany. Much of his reign was

spent fighting the Slavs, the Vikings and his brothers, inheritors of the

middle and western portions of Charlemagne's empire (the areas which would

later become France and the Benelux countries). Louis the German ruled for

some 50 years (ca. 825-876), providing political stability to his war-torn

kingdom. When not engaged in battle with his neighbors, Louis was an early

patron of German letters who promoted the creation of monasteries in his

kingdom.

In the two centuries following Louis' reign, external pressure from Danes,

Saracens and Magyars, weakened the central government, and as it proved

incompetent to protect its citizens from attack, power devolved to local

authorities, resulting in a patchwork of smaller mostly independent duchies

who became independent political units in everything but name. Following the

death of the last Carolingian German king, the German dukes elected first a

Frankish duke to be king, but when he proved incompetent the title went to a

Saxon duke.

The Saxons remained in power for some centuries. They successfully held off

the attacks of the eastern barbarians (though an attempt to expand German

power east proved disastrous). By the late 10th century Otto I had invaded

and conquered much of Italy. Pope John XII crowned him Emperor, beginning a

powerful alliance between the German state and the Church that lasted over a

century.

This alliance was not permanent, however. Eventually, the popes grew to

resent the German kings' increasing power over the Church's property and

personnel. Reformers within the Church decried the corruption of bishops and

abbots who purchased their positions from kings and duchies (the sin of

"simony"), claiming that only the pope should make such appointments. Matters

reached a peak in 1075, when King Henry IV demanded that Pope Gregory VII

abdicate; Gregory responded by excommunicating Henry. Facing a civil war,

Henry was forced to beg the pope for forgiveness. The pope gave it, but Henry

was badly weakened and was unable to quash the rebellion, which dragged on

for some 20 years. Although Henry IV survived, the German monarchy was

permanently weakened by the struggle.

During this period German power continued to grow in Central Europe, as

German kings and duchies conquered and colonized non-German territory to the

east and west. King Frederick I (Frederick Barbarossa), who reigned from

1152-1190, campaigned to reconquer Lombardy and Italy. Although unsuccessful

against the Lombards, he (and his heirs) did make substantial gains in Italy.

Frederick died in 1190, while leading the ill-fated Third Crusade towards the

Holy Land. According to legend he drowned while bathing.

Frederick's heirs were unable to unify the increasingly fragmented Germany,

and when Frederick II, Barbarossa's grandson, died in 1250, the crown was

left vacant for some time. Although others would eventually claim the crown,

none would again wield true monarchical power.

By the late 14th century the dissolution of Germany was all but complete.

Germany would remain divided for some five long centuries. By the 18th

century Austria (under the Habsburgs) and the kingdom of Prussia were the two

dominant powers; at the beginning of the 19th both were engaged in the

desperate struggles of the Napoleonic wars that convulsed Europe. In the

Congress of Vienna in 1814 which followed Napoleon's defeat, many of the

states which comprised the old German empire were joined together in the

German Confederation. Austria and Prussia both sought to dominate the

Confederation; their incessant squabbling and jockeying for position left the

new state weak and divided.

In 1861 King William I of Prussia appointed Otto von Bismarck Prime Minister

of Prussia. Three short years later Bismarck led his country into war with

Denmark, adding that country to the growing Prussian empire. In 1866 Prussia

went to war against Austria, after Bismarck's cunning machinations left the

Habsburg Empire isolated and vulnerable. Prussia easily defeated its once

mighty competitor, driving Austria from the Confederation.

In 1870 Prussia went to war with France, utilizing its incomparable railroad

network to launch a lightning assault that the French were totally unprepared

for. The French were crushed and the Prussians claimed the disputed

territories of Alsace-Lorraine. Having decisively beaten the only two land

powers who might have stopped them, Bismarck and the Prussians announced the

formation of the German Empire, the direct ancestor of modern Germany.

Germany would dominate central Europe for the next 50 years.

The story of World War I is well known. At heart, that war was a horrible

failure of diplomacy as lesser men tried to emulate Bismarck's tactics. In

the years leading up to that cataclysmic event, the Great Powers of Europe

found themselves almost helplessly falling into two armed camps, each side

linked together by a labyrinthine of diplomatic agreements which left little

room for actual diplomacy. Country A was treaty-bound to Country B, who had

promised to come to Country C's aid if it went to war with Country D, who was

similarly allied to Countries E, F, and G.

In 1914 the entire house of cards came tumbling down following a blatant

attempt to engulf Serbia by Austria-Hungary. Using the assassination of an

Austro-Hungarian nobleman by a Serbian anarchist as an excuse,

Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Russia honored its treaty with Serbia

and declared war on Austria-Hungary, and Austria-Hungary's ally Germany

mobilized its forces to attack Russia, which caused France (still smarting

from the loss of Alsace-Lorraine 40 years earlier) to mobilize against

Germany. England, France and Russia's ally, had little choice but to also

declare war on Germany and Austria-Hungary.

Although it enjoyed great initial success early in the war, crippling Russia

and overrunning half of France, Germany and its allies were unable to deliver

the final killing blow to its enemies, and the war degenerated into a hideous

stalemate which lasted for four horrible years of trench warfare. Britain's

command of the seas and the United States' entry into the war finally broke

Germany's will to resist. Sick of war, under pressure on all fronts and

seeing no chance of victory, the German people revolted. The Kaiser fled to

the Netherlands; the Germans declared a Republic, and on November 11 1918

they signed an Armistice agreement. By war's end some 15 million people had

been killed and much of Europe was a stinking wasteland of mud, corpses and

unexploded ordnance.

The victors were not overly kind to Germany following the war. France took

back the disputed territories of Alsace-Lorraine, and the allies imposed huge

war reparations on the already-destitute country, which was forbidden to

maintain a significant military. (Austria-Hungary fared no better: the empire

was dismembered on ethnic lines into Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and

Yugoslavia, and the Ottoman Empire was similarly hacked into pieces.)

Germany was prostrate, bankrupt, and under threat of occupation if it did not

pay huge sums of money to its neighbors (who it should be noted in fairness

were not in much better shape themselves and who desperately needed the money

to rebuild). Many wondered if Germany would ever be able to recover from the

catastrophe of World War I.

Again, the events leading up to World War II are well-known. Trading upon the

anger and humiliation felt by the German people, Adolf Hitler and his fascist

Nazi (National-Socialist) party gained control of the German government. The

Germans rebuilt their country, economy and military with astonishing

rapidity, while Jews, homosexuals, Gypsies and other minorities were

persecuted with increasing ferocity.

While Germany's former enemies watched supinely, Hitler united Germany with

Austria, then gobbled up Czechoslovakia. Isolated by France, England and the

US, Stalin's Communist Russia helped Germany dismember helpless Poland. This

caused France and England to declare war against Germany, but neither country

had the military power to launch an offensive war against Hitler's growing

army.

In 1940 Germany invaded France via the Netherlands, Belgium and the Low

Countries. France's defenses were outflanked, and the German tanks made short

work of the inferior French and British armaments. In a little over a month

France had surrendered and the British had been driven off of the continent.

In 1941 Germany turned its attention to the East. The mighty German war

machine carved a bloody swath into the belly of the Soviet Union, destroying

entire Soviet armies hurled into its path to stem the assault. By late 1941

Germany seemed on the verge of destroying Soviet Russia and achieving

undisputed mastery of continental Europe.

Despite its early astonishing successes, Germany was unable to destroy the

Soviet Union. Crippled by Stalin's purge of the officer's corps some years

before and ill-equipped and ill-trained, the Soviet army fought heroically to

stem the German advance. Though it cost them huge, terrible casualties to do

so, the Red Army halted the Germans before they could capture Leningrad or

Moscow, buying Stalin time to train and equip a huge military force with

which to launch his counter-offensive.

In the Western Front, things were looking no better for Germany The United

States had entered the war (following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor),

and American and British forces began to undermine German power first in

Africa and then Italy. As the Russian forces ground their way west against

extraordinary German resistance, the Americans and British invaded France,

opening up another front against Hitler's forces. Bled white and unable to

defend fronts, the German army finally collapsed. Hitler committed suicide,

and in May 7-8 1945 Germany surrendered.

Germany paid heavily for its transgressions. Millions of Germans died in the

war, including a staggering number of German Jews who were murdered by their

Germany countrymen. The Soviet Union (which itself suffered tens of millions

of casualties) expanded its borders westward into Polish territory and Poland

was in turn awarded German eastern territory, including all of Prussia, where

fifteen million Germans were driven from their homes into what remained of

Germany. Germany herself was divided and occupied by the Allies, Russia

occupying Eastern Germany while France, the United Kingdom and the United

States occupied Western Germany and half of Berlin.

In the years after World War II Germany has made yet another remarkable

comeback. Following the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet

Union, East and West Germany have reunited, becoming once again an economic

powerhouse unrivaled in Europe. Germany has become an enthusiastic member of

the European Union, and perhaps most astonishingly, a close friend and ally

of France. The German people seem to accept responsibility for their nation's

horrible crimes in World War II and seem determined to make sure that they

never reoccur. In short, Germany has become a powerful force for world peace

and unity in the twenty-first century."

It is surprising, that one of the most dangerous and powerful nations in the

20th Century has now become one of peace, rather than power. That said, at

least one of the iconic military units will be noticed in Germany. The

Landsknecht is only different to the Pikemen in terms of production cost, for

the cost of 1 Pikemen, you get 2 Landsknecht, despite similar attack values.

The Panzer, the iconic image of Germany during World War 2, replaces the

Tank, and benefits from 20% more strength than the Tank as well as an extra

movement point compared to the Tank.

Their unique power is quite useful early in the game. Given the spawn rate

of barbarian encampments, and how military strategies are different this

time round with attacking cities, it is possible to rush early game by getting

many units from encampments, and then attacking cities with them. Later in

the game however, this ability is next to redundant.

Otto von Bismarck

~ History

"Otto von Bismarck, also known as the "Iron Chancellor," is perhaps the most

significant figure in German history. During his long political career

Bismarck unified Germany and founded the German Empire; Germany was

transformed from a weak and loose confederation of states into a powerful

united country that would come to dominate continental Europe.

Descended of a noble Prussian family, Bismarck certainly inherited the

arrogance of the Prussian Junker class. He was a poor student who excelled at

dueling and was quite a historian and linguist. However, he spent much of his

time drinking with the other aristocrats in their exclusive fraternity.

Unable to accept the discipline required for military service, Bismarck

instead entered the Prussian diplomatic corps, where his skill quickly

brought him to the attention of the Prussian Kaiser. Appointed to the German

Federal Diet (congress), Bismarck worked to increase Prussian status and

power within Germany. Eventually he would rise to the rank of Prussian Prime

Minister, where after years of long struggle, he succeeded in unifying

Germany under Prussian rule. Bismarck would accomplish this through crafty

diplomacy, aided by a series of successful wars.

Once Germany was unified, Bismarck's main foreign policy aim was to keep the

peace in Europe, mostly by isolating France, Germany's historic enemy. In

this he was largely successful. He engineered a war with France in 1870 in

order to draw several German states (Bavaria, Baden, and others) into the

German empire. In the war, France was quickly defeated.

Having achieved his objective of acquiring the German states, Bismarck argued

for fairly lenient terms, but the German people and military wanted more, and

he was forced to annex the French provinces of Alsace and Loraine. Bismarck

knew that this would be trouble in the long run - before the war he had told

a colleague, "Supposing we did win Alsace, we would have to maintain our

conquest and to keep Strasbourg perpetually garrisoned. This would be an

impossible position, for in the end the French would find new allies - and we

might have a bad time." This, of course, is exactly what happened in World

War I, where Germany had a very bad time indeed.

Although an ardent conservative and monarchist, Bismarck was the first

European leader to promote a system of social security for workers. He

rebuilt the German monetary system, introducing for the first time a single

currency. He also helped fabricate the new country's code of civil and

commercial law. His benevolence was not universal, however; while

emancipating the Jews, Bismarck also enacted laws aimed at restraining

Germany's Catholics.

As a diplomat, Bismarck's greatest weakness was his single-minded desire to

weaken France. He was largely successful during his lifetime, but in doing so

he made France into an implacable enemy, which would have dire consequences

in the next century. Domestically, Bismarck's great flaw was his indifference

to the lives of the German people. As Germany grew in power and stature, the

people's lives improved but little. His social security system did some good,

but he enacted that mainly to avoid having to make greater concessions to the

German Socialists.

Bismarck was a great leader, perhaps the greatest European leader of the 19th

Century. His triumphs outweighed his defeats, and he almost single-handedly

turned a group of bickering kingdoms into a mighty state. Although his

policies did contribute to the disasters in Germany's future, those were more

so a result of his successors' inability to adjust to the changing

geopolitical climate in Europe."

Leader Scales




Boldness - 4/10

Like most leaders, Bismarck is quite competitive, and loves to build his

Wonders alongside taking City States, but he is quite lacking in boldness, he

isn't the type to come along and start trash-talking you, but that doesn't

mean he won't do it.

Diplomacy Scales

War - 7/10

Hostile - 4/10

Deceptive - 7/10

Guarded - 7/10

Afraid - 4/10

Friendly - 7/10

Neutral - 4/10

Bismarck is quite difficult to follow. He loves war as much as he loves

trying to be your ally. He isn't afraid of you, but the problem is that he

either is allies with you, or is at war with you. And for some reason, if he

manages to build up his forces, it will be war. Of course, when he decided to

attack my outnumbered forces with his Landsknecht, he forgot that pikemen have

a massive disadvantage when they attack Riflemen.

City State Scales


Friendly - 5/10

Protective - 7/10

Conquest - 7/10

Like Napoleon, he is either going to protect the city states or attack and

conquer their lands. This is another thing that is really up to the AI, they

will more likely protect city states close to you, because declaring war on

you will lead to city states sending units against you, whilst conquest is for

areas that you won't get to.


Offensive - 5/10

Defensive - 6/10

City Defence - 6/10



Ranged - 5/10

Mounted - 7/10

Bismarck is a big fan of using strong military units for the time. What unit

he uses depends on his tech, and to a lesser extent, how much money he has to

play with. He will have an extensive army of scouts early in the game, mainly

to ensure that he knows what he is up against, and will use a lot of mounted/

armoured units, because they are fast and powerful, so be prepared to counter

that with AT guns and Pikemen when he sends such units.

Naval Scales

Naval - 3/10


Naval Growth - 4/10


As one would expect, Bismarck doesn't concentrate on a navy, at best, it is

used to protect his crossing forces, but he doesn't use them like Elizabeth

does in terms of bombarding your cities with them. As such, you can pretty

much be sure to gain the element of surprise when you send in a fleet around

the back of his empire, and some firepower to take a few cities, and that

should really rile him up.

Air Scale

Air Power - 6/10

Bismarck is willing to use air in a more strategic and tactical role than

other leaders, who tend to use it as support at best. He will drop bombs on

your cities, and counter your own efforts with interceptors, so at least he

is will to fight an air war, rather than just give you air supremacy right

from the get go.

Growth Scales

Expansion - 6/10

Growth - 5/10



Production - 8/10

Gold - 5/10

Science - 7/10

Culture - 5/10

Bismarck is concentrated heavily on production, which is apt given that

he does tend to produce a hell of a lot of military units. Even when his

frontline may be worn out from heavy fighting, you will see a lot of units

just being fed from his cities to your killing fields. He is also pretty

quick to tech up as well, which requires you to keep up with him, or you will

face some highly developed units at your doorstep.

Civilisation Scales

Happiness - 5/10

Great People - 5/10

Wonder - 4/10

Diplomacy - 5/10

Spaceship - 8/10

Another person going for the Spaceship victory route, it seems that most AIs

like to go to this route to win, rather than relying on Diplomacy, which is

rather disappointing for someone like Bismarck, who was a very good statesmen,

managing to isolate France well, so I would have expected him to have done

better here.

*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*

[3.08] Greece

Leader - Alexander the Great

Unique Unit 1 - Companion Cavalry, replaces Horseman

Unique Unit 2 - Hoplite, replaces Spearmen


Civilization Power

HELLENIC LEAGUE

- City-State influence is decreased at half its usual rate, and recovers

at double the speed of normal civilizations.

~ History

"It is difficult to overstate the impact that Greece has had upon Western

culture and history. Classical Greece has given birth to some of the greatest

artists, philosophers, scientists, historians, dramatists and warriors the

world has known. Greek warriors and colonists spread their culture throughout

the Mediterranean and into the Near and Far East. The heirs to Greece, the

Romans, further promulgated Greek thought throughout Europe, and from there

it spread across the oceans and into the New World.

Greece and her people are credited with an astonishing number of inventions

and discoveries, including the first theatrical performance, work of history,

and philosophic treatise. The Greeks provided the West's first recorded

sporting event, poem, and building dedicated to theatre. In politics, the

Greeks created the world's first known democracy and republic. Greek

influence is still all around us: today's doctors still take the Hippocratic

Oath, and modern architects still look to classical Greek forms for

inspiration. To a large degree, Western civilization is Classical Greek

civilization.

Greece occupies a large, wide peninsula which juts south from the Balkans

into the Eastern Mediterranean, between the Ionian Sea and the Aegean. The

peninsula is almost bisected by the Gulf of Corinth, which opens into the

Ionian Sea and runs east almost all the way across the landmass, leaving only

a narrow isthmus connecting north and south. Greece is quite mountainous,

with narrow fertile valleys separated by imposing hills and peaks. Summers

are warm and winters are mild in the coastal lowlands, but snowfall is not

uncommon in the mountains.

Historically the Aegean Sea has been a Grecian lake. Classical Greece

dominated the hundreds of islands of the Aegean as well as the rocky coast of

Anatolia (Turkey) to the east.

Little is known about the earliest inhabitants of Greece. They were all but

destroyed during the Bronze Age, circa 1900 BC, when a large wave of

Mycenaean tribes migrated into Greece from the Balkans. The new inhabitants

were largely dominated by the Minoan civilization of Crete for some 500 years

until approximately 1400 BC, when the Mycenaeans threw off Minoan control.

Homer's Iliad and Odyssey date from the Mycenaean period. Although altered by

time, they nonetheless provide at least a glimpse into Mycenaean warfare,

politics, religion, and daily life.

Mycenaean civilization collapsed in 1100 BC, for reasons that are still under

debate, but which might be linked to the influx of a yet another new group of

immigrants from the north, the Dorians. For approximately 300 years following

the Mycenaean collapse, Greece entered a period known as the "Greek Dark

Ages," from which little written record survives.

The so-called "Archaic Period" begins in the mid-seventh century BC, at the

end of the Greek Dark Ages. During this period the Greeks begin once again

keeping records; however, the Mycenaean written language had been lost in the

Dark Ages, so the Greeks borrowed from the Phoenicians, modifying their

letters to create the Greek alphabet.

The first recorded date in Greek history is 778 BC, the year of the first

Olympic Games. This earliest Olympics apparently consisted of one event, a

foot race of some 200 yards in length, and it was won by Coroebus of Elis,

a cook. The Games were held every four years. Over the next decades the

Greeks added other events, including a 400 yard race, a marathon, wrestling,

the javelin and discus, and eventually boxing and chariot racing.

The Archaic Period is marked by a great Greek colonization movement, in which

a large number of communities sent out groups of citizens to colonize the

islands and coastline of the Eastern Mediterranean. Exactly why the Greek

citizens left their homes to form colonies is open to speculation; some think

the settlers were motivated by greed, believing that they could more easily

make their fortunes elsewhere, while other historians believe that population

pressure was at least partly responsible. Over the next several centuries

Greek colonies were formed on the coast of North Africa, Sicily, Mainland

Italy, Anatolia, Egypt and the Middle East. The colonies tended to be

independent, but they generally maintained close ties to the colonizing

polis.

The term "polis" is used to denote the ancient Greek city-state.

Traditionally the term denotes the classic Athenian-style political unit - a

large central city dominating much smaller nearby towns and villages, but the

term also describes a group of allied smaller towns with no totally dominant

central city (this is closer to the organization of Sparta). Both forms began

to appear in the eighth century BC. Some historians believe that the major

cities grew up around religious temples, while others believe that the Greeks

copied the organization from the Phoenicians, who had been building similar

political organizations for years.

Each polis was a sovereign political organization, answerable only to its own

citizens. Although the citizens of the city-states shared a common language,

history and nationality (Greek, of course), that did not stop them from

bickering among themselves constantly and going to war with one-another as

the mood took them. The polis might band together to face a common enemy, but

such alliances were quickly abandoned when the immediate crisis was over.

There were four dominant Greek city-states - Corinth, Thebes, Sparta and

Athens. Of those four, Sparta and Athens were the most powerful. Eventually

the battle for supremacy between the two would shake the Greek world to its

foundations.

The Spartan polis was located in a relatively poor and forbidding area in

central southern Greece. In the 8th Century BC Sparta went to war with nearby

Messenia. Sparta was victorious, conquering Messenia and enslaving its

people, who came to be known as the "Helots." The Helots bitterly resented

their enslavement and attempted several revolutions. In order to keep their

slaves in place Spartan society became highly militarized, with every Spartan

male required to leave home and enter military service at an extremely young

age. The Spartan soldiers were highly disciplined and virtually fearless, and

were generally acclaimed as the best foot soldiers in Greece.

Athens was located in south-eastern Greece, in a wealthy and fertile region

known as Attica. In stark contrast to Sparta, the Athenians were a mighty sea

power. They celebrated arts and culture and learning rather than the austere

military life of the Spartans. (However, lest one become overly-fond of

Athens and overly-censorious of Sparta, it should be noted that the Athenians

too had slaves and were not adverse to conquering rival cities for plunder.)

In the late 6th century BC Athens was ruled by the tyrant Peisistratos,

followed by his sons. An Athenian aristocrat asked the Spartan king Cleomenes

I to help overthrow the tyrants; after doing so the Spartan king appointed

his own puppet ruler in their place. In response the Athenians kicked out the

Spartan puppet and formed a new government in which all citizens (excluding

women and slaves, of course) shared power equally, thus creating the world's

first democracy. The Spartans attacked Athens, seeking to restore their

puppet, but the Athenians defended their city with great tenacity, and the

Spartans were forced to withdraw. This began a rivalry between the two powers

that would last for centuries.

The period known as "Classical Greece" begins when the Athenians overthrow

their last tyrant and continues until the death of Alexander the Great. The

Classical period sees an explosion of art, architecture, literature, science

and political thought, a glorious Renaissance of human culture and knowledge.

Consider how many Greeks from this period that we are familiar with -

Leonidas I, king of Sparta, Pericles, the leader of Athens, the historians

Herodotus and Xenopohon, the philosophers Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, the

playwrights Euripides, Sophocles, and Aristophanes, Hippocrates the physician

- these men lived 2500 years ago, and we still remember them. Is there any

other period in history that can claim so many great men appearing at one

time, in one tiny corner of the map?

While this was an extraordinary era, this period also contained a whole lot

of really bloody, nasty warfare, and many of the great men of the time

devoted much energy and effort to killing one-another. It is interesting to

speculate whether this was a golden age in spite of the incessant warfare, or

because of it.

At the start of the fifth century BC, the Greek cities on the coast of

Anatolia (Ionia) were under the control of the Persians, a vast and powerful

empire to the south-east. In 499 BC the Greek cities revolted. Although

several mainland Greek cities came to their aid, they were unable to stand up

to the strong Persian response, and all were retaken.

Seven years later (492 BC), the Persians launched a massive assault on Greece

in retaliation. The Persian invasion came in two wings - a huge army

accompanied by a powerful naval force which covered its flank. The army

advanced through Thrace and Macedonia, but the force's general was wounded,

and the army retreated back to Asia Minor.

In 490 BC the Persian fleet landed a huge force (somewhere between 20,000 to

100,000 soldiers) in Attica. They were met by a much smaller force of perhaps

9,000 Athenians and 1,000 Plateans, who defeated the Persian army in detail.

This bought the Greeks some 10 years of peace.

In 480 BC, the Persian king Xerxes I launched another massive attack on

Greece, this time leading some 300,000 troops onto the peninsula. The huge

force rapidly overwhelmed the central Greek cities and marched inexorably

towards Athens. The invaders were met by a far smaller group of Spartan and

other troops at Thermopylae; the defenders fought tenaciously and to the last

man, buying enough time for the Athenians to evacuate their city. Although

homeless, the Athenians still had their powerful navy, which they used to

destroy the Persian ships and cut off supplies to the Persian army in Athens.

Within a year the Spartans gathered a great army and attacked the occupiers,

who were defeated and largely destroyed.

By 478 BC the Athenians had returned to their largely ruined city and began

reconstruction. They formed an alliance (the "Delian League") with various

island cities, and permanently expelled the Persian navy from the Aegean Sea.

Following the defeat of Persia, the Athenians demanded large amounts of money

from the other members of the Delian League, which they planned to use to

rebuild the destroyed city. As the Athenians had by far the biggest navy, the

island cities were forced to comply. The Athenians grew richer and more

powerful than they had ever been in history, and the Delian League became in

fact, if not in name, the Athenian Empire.

Alarmed at Athens' growing power, Sparta formed the Peloponnesian League, an

alliance with other concerned Greek land powers including Corinth and Elis.

By 458 BC war broke out between the Delian League and the Peloponnesian

League. The war ground on inconclusively for several years, until a peace

treaty was signed in 445 BC. The uneasy peace lasted until 431 BC, when the

two sides once again came to blows.

The war continued for decades. The Spartan forces invaded Attica and besieged

Athens, and the city fell victim to a massive and deadly plague which killed

thousands, including the great leader Pericles. But Athens survived, and the

Spartans were driven back. The Athenian navy harassed the enemy coastlines

and overseas allies, draining the Peloponnesian League's larders and

treasuries. Neither side was able to gain an advantage, and in 421 BC they

signed another peace treaty.

The "Peace of Nicias," lasted six years. It ended in 415 BC when Athens

launched a massive invasion of Sicily, which contained a number of cities

allied with Sparta. The Athenian attack was a long, costly catastrophic

failure which resulted in the annihilation of the invading army and the

almost total destruction of the Athenian navy. Athens was badly crippled,

both at land and at sea.

In 405 BC the Spartan navy (with the help of the Persians) defeated the

Athenian navy and imposed an impenetrable blockade on Athens. Starving and

with no hope of external aid, Athens capitulated. The victorious Spartans

imposed heavy penalties on Athens, divested it of its overseas possessions

and forbid it from building a navy.

With the city-states of southern Greece badly weakened by decades of brutal

warfare, the balance of power moved north, to Macedon. In 338 BC Philip II

led an army south, accompanied by his 16 year-old son, Alexander, who had

already proven himself in battle, having led a small Macedonian army to crush

a Thracian revolt. After dispatching several smaller forces, Philip and

Alexander thoroughly defeated a combined Theban and Athenian army at the

Battle of Chaeronea. He then moved to Corinth, which capitulated without a

fight.

Philip made preparations to launch a major invasion of Persia, at the head of

a large army of Macedonian and other Greek warriors. However, he was

assassinated in 336 BC and at the age of 20, Alexander was proclaimed King of

Macedonia.

Upon news of Philip's death, the southern Greek city-states attempted to

revolt, but Alexander moved south at the head of 3000 Macedonian cavalry, and

the terrified city-states quickly surrendered. He then headed north into the

Balkans, where, in a lightning campaign he defeated several armies much

larger than his force.

While Alexander was securing his northern borders, a number of southern

city-states including Thebes and Athens rebelled once more. In response

Alexander burned Thebes to the ground, selling most of its citizens into

slavery. Athens immediately capitulated and pleaded for mercy. Having made

his point, Alexander had no further trouble with the southern Greek

city-states.

In 334 BC Alexander led an army of 40,000 Greeks across the Hellespont into

Persian territory. For here suffice it to say that in 10 short years

Alexander conquered all of Asia Minor, Persia, Egypt, and parts of Western

India. He died at the age of 32 in 323 BC with no heir, leaving his

fragmented empire in the hands of his generals and their children.

Greece did not remain unified after Alexander's death. As the polis returned

to their squabbling, they fell piecemeal under the control of Rome, the

growing power to the west. By 146 BC Macedon was a Roman province, and over

the next century the rest of the country was taken.

In 330 AD, the Byzantine Empire supplanted the Roman rule in Greece. The

Byzantines remained in power for some 1,000 years, until they were supplanted

by the Ottomans. The Ottomans ruled Greece from the mid-fifteenth century

until the early nineteenth, when Greece regained its independence in 1829,

almost one thousand, eight hundred and fifty years after the Roman conquest."

Greece was quite a powerful nation back in its day, and no more 300 Jokes or

THIS IS SPARTA! jokes. Anyway, The Greeks are very good with city states, so

your influence and gold spent there will last much longer compared to that

of normal city states. Even if you piss them off, they will be happy once

again, in a while. However, their greatest flaw will lie longer in the game

where their units and power isn't as useful.

Their Hoplite is more powerful than the Spearman in terms of raw strength,

whilst their Companion Cavalry is more useful as it has more power, better

movement, and has the unique ability to produce a Great General after going

into battle, which isn't a bad thing at all. Everyone loves a nice Citadel

to plop down next to their aggressive neighbour.

Alexander the Great

~ History

"Alexander the Macedonian is unquestionably one of the great warlords of all

time. In 17 short years he marched his army to victory after victory across

Europe, Asia, Africa and the Middle East, conquering every civilization he

could reach.

Alexander was the son of King Phillip II, an extremely successful king and

warlord who had restored his kingdom from the verge of extinction and then

led his people to triumph by conquering Athens, Illyria, and Thrace - the

three powers who, a few short years before, had been on the verge of

conquering Macedonia. As the son of the most powerful monarch in the

"civilized" world, Alexander got the best of everything, including education

- the scholar Aristotle, the great thinker of Western Civilization, was his

tutor.

Taught by his mother Olympias that he was descended from Hercules and

Achilles, Alexander did not lack for self-confidence, even at a very young

age. At the age of 14 Phillip left him in charge of Macedonia while he was

away attacking Byzantium; Alexander crushed a Thracian rebellion during his

father's absence. Two years later he commanded the left wing of his father's

army during the battle in which Phillip's forces defeated the allied Greek

states and conquered all of Greece.

The next year Alexander's good fortune deserted him, for a while, at least.

King Phillip divorced Alexander's mother for a woman named "Cleopatra

Eurydice", and mother and son fled Macedonia. Alexander and his father were

reconciled some time thereafter, but Alexander's position as Phillip's heir

would have been in grave jeopardy had Phillip not conveniently died before

producing another son.

Following the conquest of Greece and the Balkans, King Phillip had been

working on building an army to invade and conquer Persia. In 336 Phillip was

assassinated by the captain of his bodyguard, Pausanias, while attending his

daughter's wedding. (Some believe that Alexander's mother, Olympias - or

indeed Alexander himself - was behind the assassination, but as Pausanias

conveniently died during the murder there was no actual proof.) At the age of

twenty Alexander was proclaimed king by the Macedonian army and nobility. He

celebrated his victory by murdering all potential rivals to the throne, then

resumed planning his father's interrupted invasion of Persia.

Alexander's force consisted of 30,000 foot soldiers and 5,000 cavalrymen, a

huge army for the day, and was accompanied by engineers, surveyors,

scientists, and even historians.

In battle Alexander had amazing success against the Persians. He repeatedly

beat their best soldiers, routinely fighting against odds of 10-to-1. His

success can be attributed to his military genius, his force's superb training

and equipment, and their magnificent esprit de corps, largely engendered by

their faith in Alexander's invincibility.

Alexander appeared to be without fear. He commonly led the elite Macedonian

Companion Cavalry into the thick of battle personally, and he received a

number of dangerous wounds during his military career, none of which dampened

his military ardor.

Having secured Persia's surrender, Alexander then moved south, conquering

Syria, Palestine, much of modern Iraq, and eventually Egypt herself. He

returned to Persia, destroyed the last of the Persian forces and took over

the entire country. He continued east, eventually coming into contact with

the great Indian King Porus, who fought him to a standstill. Alexander

eventually won the conflict, but at such a heavy cost that his men begged him

to end the campaign and let them return to their families. Alexander himself

returned to rule his empire from the captured city of Babylon.

In eight short years of fighting, Alexander had conquered more territory than

any other living being. He successfully led his forces into battle against

all of the great nations of the day, but none could stand against him. He was

the absolute ruler of the largest empire the world had ever seen.

Apparently he found this boring.

Once in Babylon, Alexander began an inexorable decline. He began drinking

heavily and engaging in all kinds of available debauchery (and there was much

debauchery to be found in Babylon). He became subject to fits of anger and

bouts of paranoid delusion. One night, in a state of blind rage and under the

influence of alcohol, Alexander murdered Clitus, his closest associate. This

barbaric act was to haunt Alexander for the rest of his life - which wasn't

very long.

In June of 332 BC, his body weakened by his excesses, Alexander died of

malaria. He was 32 years old.

"When Alexander saw the breadth of his domain, he wept for there were no

more worlds to conquer."

This extraordinary man (and his father before him) conquered Greece, the

Balkans, Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, Persia, and Asia as far east as

Afghanistan. His empire did not long survive Alexander's death - it was

simply too large for any mere mortal to hold - and it was divided between a

number of Alexander's generals. But Alexander's conquests allowed Hellenic

culture to spread across most of the known world, and Greek would become the

language of culture, art and science for centuries to come.

With the exception perhaps of one or two religious leaders, no single man has

had such a great effect upon western civilization as did Alexander the

Great."

Leader Scales




Boldness - 8/10

Alexander is bold indeed, he pretty much will do what he pleases, and that

mainly is to exterminate you. He is very competitive and one of the main

contenders to get into fights and defeat you. He is also very competitive to

build wonders for his nation, but if you are chasing city states, then don't

worry too much, Alexander doesn't really have much interest in them.

Diplomacy Scales

War - 7/10

Hostile - 7/10

Deceptive - 4/10

Guarded - 5/10

Afraid - 3/10

Friendly - 5/10

Neutral - 4/10

Well, Alexander is one who is pretty much without any allies in the game,

simply because he is pretty damn hostile to everyone and is quite willing to

go to war with them. So if you are defending against him, sure, it is bad

news that you are at war with him, but the good news is that he is probably

stuck at war with a lot of other nations, and that will be his downfall, his

troops will be spread thin across multiple fronts.

City State Scales


Friendly - 5/10

Protective - 3/10

Conquest - 8/10

Alexander really doesn't care about he city states, but like the city states

in Greece, he will conquer those who get in his path. So if you are the

protector of one of these cities, then you might need to watch out for

Alexander because his attack on a city you are protecting will drag you into a

war with him, something that he is clearly not afraid of.


Offensive - 8/10

Defensive - 5/10

City Defence - 5/10



Ranged - 3/10

Mounted - 8/10

Alexander will really concentrate on two types of units, the cavalry units,

which later turn into armoured units, and the melee units, such as your

standard warrior, hoplites, pikemen, and the like. That does make him hard to

defeat, but knowing the counters to melee infantry are good ranged units that

can pick them off and anti-cavalry units to take out his mounted units, it

does make him predictable in terms of attack.

Naval Scales

Naval - 5/10


Naval Growth - 6/10


Alexander really won't look to the seas, again, the navy for him is more of a

supporting act, rather than the main player, and that is another good thing

for your empire, especially on water-heavy maps, where naval combat is key.

You can quickly take out his ground units as they travel across the water

with powerful naval units, and he won't do a thing to stop you.

Air Scale

Air Power - 3/10

Alexander will really ignore the air when you have the ability to use air

units, but although he won't challenge you in the skies, he will challenge you

with Anti-Air units on the ground to shoot your guys out of the sky, and that

could make life that much harder on you.

Growth Scales

Expansion - 8/10

Growth - 4/10



Production - 5/10

Gold - 3/10

Science - 6/10

Culture - 7/10

Another cultural leader, he will focus heavily on expansion of his empire, and

that means a lot of settlers that you can intercept and capture for your own

nation. He will focus on science a fair bit, so he will get stronger units

along the way, and will adopt policy rather quickly as well. He is clearly not

one to be underestimated.

Civilisation Scales

Happiness - 5/10

Great People - 6/10

Wonder - 7/10

Diplomacy - 7/10

Spaceship - 8/10

Alexander, like most leaders, will focus heavily on the Spaceship victory

method, and will tend to use diplomacy when it suits him, but that is at odds

with his military abilities, who is going to vote for you when you have

already conquered everyone? Like mentioned above, he will tend to build

Wonders as well, so you will want to beat him to the race.

*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*

[3.09] India

Leader - Gandhi

Unique Unit 1 - War Elephant, replaces Chariot Archer


Unique Building - Mughal Fort, replaces Castle

Civilization Power

POPULATION GROWTH

- Unhappiness from Cities is doubled, but Unhappiness from population is

halved.

~ History

"The Republic of India is the second most populous country in the world and

the largest democracy. A land of contrasts, India contains great wealth and

grinding poverty. It possesses high-tech cities and primitive villages. In it

one can find beauty and squalor, hope and despair. It is one of the oldest

civilizations on the planet, yet India is considered an "emerging" market.

In short, India is one of the most fascinating civilizations on the planet.

India is a diamond-shaped country. It borders the Himalayan Mountains to the

north, while to the south a relatively flat plane juts out into the Indian

Ocean between the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. The plains are bisected

by a regular series of west-to-east running rivers, many of which are prone

to flooding in the Monsoon season.

India is some 1,270,000 square miles in area, roughly one-third the size of

the United States of America. Its climate tends to be tropical/sub-tropical,

with a more mountainous climate to the far north.

Archaeologists have discovered evidence of agricultural cultivation in India

dating as far back as the 7th millennium BC, with the first signs of urban

communities appearing around 2500 BC. The so-called Indus civilization

flourished for eight centuries. Some experts believe that the Indus had an

empire of some 500,000 square miles in size, with a (more or less) uniform

language and currency and which supported an extensive trading network.

For reasons that remain unclear, the Indus civilization collapsed some time

around 1800 BC. The major cities all but disappeared, as did all traces of

central authority. Some scholars believe that this was the result of

environmental degradation resulting in widespread starvation, making larger

urban populations unsustainable, while others suspect that large migration

into the area by foreign invaders are responsible for the collapse. Whatever

the cause, this post urban period lasted for almost one thousand years.

The "Early Vedic Period" is dated from approximately 1500 to 800 BC. It is

named after the "Vedas," which are the earliest surviving Indian written

material, composed some time during this period. Four major Vedic texts have

thus far been discovered - the Rigveda, the Samaveda, the Yajurveda, and the

Atharvaveda. These texts describe religious/mystical practices of the

so-called "Aryan" people of India, a group which probably migrated from

Europe into India some time around 2000 BC. The Hindu religion traces its

origin back to this period.

At the beginning of the Vedic period many people had returned to a nomadic

way of life, and the clan was the major political unit. Over time the

population returned to a more stationary existence, and the clan chief

evolved into a king with political and religious - as well as military -

authority. As taxation evolved, the state grew in wealth and power.

This period also saw the widespread use of iron and the return to urban life,

especially in the Ganges valley. Indian civilization was once again on the

rise.

The Rigveda, the earliest of the Vedic texts, describes the mythological

basis for the Indian "caste" system, which apparently developed during this

period. Caste is hereditary: a person is born into his or her station, and no

advancement is possible.

There appear to have been four major castes in Indian culture during this

period: the Brahmans, the priestly caste, the Kshatiriyas, the military and

land-owning caste, the Vaishyas, the merchants and skilled workers, and the

Sudras, the unskilled workers.

The caste system has proven remarkably persistent throughout Indian history.

Vestiges can still be found in modern times, despite the Indian government's

rigorous attempts to stamp it out.

By around 500 BC more than a dozen major states could be found in India. Some

of these states were monarchical, while others had a more oligarchic system

of government. They fought with each other regularly, seeking to expand their

influence and power.

In addition to their internal conflicts, the Indian states were under

pressure from forces outside of India. In 326 BC Alexander the Great invaded

northwest India, conquering the province of Punjab before turning back. In

the early 2nd century BC Demetrius, the Greek king of Bactria, conquered a

large portion of northwest India, and his heirs ruled the area for some time.

In the meantime, the eastern portions of India were invaded by Central Asian

nomadic tribes, driven out of China by the Han emperors. Over time the

invaders were driven out or assimilated, leaving behind a powerful influence

on Indian history and culture.

Chandragupta Maurya (340 - 290 BC) was the founder of the Maurya Empire. A

great military and political leader, he unified much of the Indian

subcontinent under his rule. The empire was further expanded by his son

Ashoka the Great (304 - 232 BC). Ashoka continued his father's conquests for

some years, but later in his life he embraced Buddhism and non-violence,

constructing many Buddhist temples across India and doing much to further

that religion in Southern Asia. The Maurya Empire went into decline after

Ashoka's death, and in 185 BC the Brahmin general Sunga assassinated the

Maurya king and seized power, establishing the Sunga dynasty.

Religion has always been a powerful force in India. Three major world

religions were established in the sub-continent, and other external religions

have found significant favor among the populous.

Hinduism is the predominant religion of India. The roots of Hinduism date

back to the Vedic period, making it the oldest surviving religious tradition.

Approximately one billion people practice Hinduism, 90% of whom reside in

India. Hinduism is less a specific creed and mythology than a collection of

religious traditions and tenets. A remarkably open belief system, Hinduism

embraces monotheism, polytheism, pantheism and several other "isms" as well.

Dharma, ethics, Samsara, the cycle of life, death and rebirth, Karma, cause

and effect, and Yoga, the paths to enlightenment, are important concepts in

the Hindu religion.

Buddhism is a set of beliefs based upon the teaching of Siddhartha Gautama

(563 BC - 483 BC), the Buddha. Buddhism teaches its followers how to achieve

nirvana and escape the endless cycle of suffering and rebirth through ethical

conduct, meditation, exercise, and study. Buddhism spread slowly throughout

India until it was embraced by Ashoka the Great, who constructed many

Buddhist temples throughout India and actively exported the religion to other

countries. Over time Buddhism was supplanted in India by Hinduism (and later

Islam), until it was virtually extinct by the twelfth century AD. It has

enjoyed a slight resurgence in India in modern times.

Jainism is a religion that teaches its practitioners how to achieve the

highest state of consciousness through study and self-discipline; it is a

non-violent religion. It originated in the 9th century BC and survives today

with perhaps 4 million followers in India and 100,000 more worldwide.

The Gupta Dynasty ruled Northern and Central India from AD 320 to AD 540.

Some scholars have called this period the "Golden Age" of India, a period in

which Indian literature, art, architecture, and philosophy flourished.

However, by the mid-fifth century much of the Gupta Empire had been overrun

by Central Asian invaders known as the "Hunas." (It's unknown whether this

group had any relation to the Huns who invaded Eastern Europe.) This period

brought further Central Asian influence into India.

Following the collapse of the Guptas, India saw the rise and fall of a series

of smaller kingdoms, none of whom rose to the size or power of the Guptas.

The Muslims began raiding the Indian coast in the seventh century AD.

However, the first significant military incursion into northern India

occurred in the late 12th century by Muslim Turks under Sultan Mahmud of

Ghazna, who conquered the Punjab and led many successful raids into northern

and central India. Delhi was conquered in 1193, and the Delhi Sultanate was

established. The Mamluk dynasty ruled the sultanate until 1290, when they

were supplanted by the Khalji dynasty. The Khalji were in turn overthrown by

the Tughlaq, and so forth. The fun continued until 1526, when Babur of Kabul

defeated whoever happened to be in charge at that time and established the

Mughal Dynasty, which would survive some three centuries.

While the Muslims would never quite manage to conquer all of India, they did

rule a large majority of the country. Much of the population remained Hindu,

despite several Muslim rulers' vigorous attempts to convert them to Islam.

Over time the Mughal Empire gradually declined, coming under increasing

attacks from the Afghans, Sikhs, and Hindus. It received its death blow at

the hands of the British.

The first European known to sail from Europe to India was Vasco da Gama,

the Portuguese explorer who reached Calicut, India on May 20, 1498, after a

voyage of some nine months. Upon leaving India, da Gama left behind several

men to start a trading post, the first of many such European posts upon the

long coast of India. The Portuguese quickly followed up da Gama's success

with both trading and military vessels, setting up strategic bases in India

and East Africa, seeking to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean. The sturdy

Portuguese ships were easily able to defeat any Arab and Indian vessels that

might dispute their mastery. (It was the Indian weakness at sea which

ultimately made them so vulnerable to European conquest.)

The Portuguese maintained their trading posts through the 16th century, until

they were annexed by Spain in 1580. The Spanish concentrated their naval

power to protect their vast interests in the New World, allowing the Dutch

and English to challenge their dominance of India.

In the 1600s the Dutch began setting up their trading empire in the Pacific

and Indian Oceans. They had no interest in conquest or in spreading their

religion: they just wanted the spices. The majority of their trade was with

the East Indies (Indonesia), although they did establish a few posts in

southern India (for pepper and cardamom). The Dutch successfully dominated

Indian trade for years, defeating other European countries' attempts to cut

into their monopoly.

In the early 17th century the English sought to challenge Dutch dominance

over the East Indies, hoping for a piece of the spice trade. They were

decisively rebuffed by the Dutch navy. Looking for somewhat easier prey, they

attacked the Portuguese forces in India. After defeating the Portuguese in

1612, they received a favorable trading treaty with the Mughals, who had

resented the Portuguese dominance of the sea. The English traded peacefully

with the Mughals for 70 years, until they unsuccessfully attacked the Mughals

in 1686. Having learned a lesson, the English returned to peaceful relations

with the Mughals for the next 50 years.

The French too sought to establish trading relations with India in the 16th

century. They enjoyed success for some years, but events in Europe left them

open to attack from other European powers. Their fortunes rose and fell in

inverse proportion to those of the British and the Dutch.

In 1757, the British East India Company's army fought the forces of the Nawab

of Bengal, who was angry at the company's refusal to pay taxes. The Company's

army was victorious, and the victors occupied Bengal, the first of many

cities and provinces it would conquer in the name of "free trade." Over the

next century the Company expanded its rule, taking advantage of the fractured

Indian landscape of small, weak kingdoms and princely states. The British

used bribery, threats and military means to expand their power, and by 1850

they controlled most of the sub-continent.

In 1857 the Indians rebelled against the British. This rebellion is variously

called "The Indian Mutiny" or the "First War of Independence." While the

rebellion enjoyed initial success the British Army sent in large numbers of

troops to reinforce the Company's beleaguered forces; these professional

soldiers quickly defeated the rebellious Indians. Following the rebellion the

British Crown took over governance of India from the British East India

Company. India would remain the "Jewel" of the British Crown for the next

ninety years.

While the British Empire profited greatly from its domination of India,

British rule was not entirely without benefit to the Indian people. The Brits

educated the Indians, bringing them into contact with more advanced European

science and technology. They constructed a solid network of telegraph lines,

roads and railroads across the country. They also united the Indian people

against them, giving everyone an equally-detested common enemy. It is this

last effect that made an Indian independence movement possible.

At the turn of the 20th century, the Indian Independence movement was fueled

by growing frustration of Indian intellectuals who were barred from

participating in their own government. The British constructed institutions

of higher learning in India, giving the Indians the general understanding

that they could take over control of the instruments of government once they

had received the proper education and served the necessary apprenticeships.

It soon became apparent that these were hollow promises, as the British kept

the higher offices for themselves and froze out the most promising native

candidates, no matter how brilliantly they did in university. This was a

disastrous policy for the British, for it created a class of highly-educated,

highly-dissatisfied Indians.

The first Indian National Congress convened in December, 1885 with 73

representatives, most of whom were lawyers, businessmen, and landowners.

Among other things, it demanded parity between Indian and British candidates

for governmental positions, a reduction in the amount of money that India

paid to its British government, and an end to the Anglo-Burmese War (largely

fought with Indian soldiers under British officers). By the turn of the

twentieth century, the Indian National Congress was calling for self rule.

In the meantime, Muslim Indians feared that their interests would not be

served by the majority Hindu Indian National Congress, and they created a

parallel organization, the Muslim League, to fight for Muslim independence.

The Muslim League and the Indian National Congress worked together only with

great difficulty, and eventually differences between the two organizations

would have catastrophic results for the country.

When World War I broke out, the Indian National Congress enthusiastically

backed the British war effort. In fact, Gandhi himself toured Indian villages

urging men to join the British army. The support was given on the assumption

that Britain would repay Indian loyalty with political concessions, if not

dominion status or even independence. In the event the British did not move

quickly enough to satisfy the Indian expectations, and Indian resentment

grew.

In 1921, Mahatma Gandhi (1869 - 1948) assumed leadership of the Indian

National Congress. He implemented a policy of "satyagraha," resistance

through non-violent civil disobedience. He led mass rallies, marches and

protests, including the famous "Salt March" in 1930, in which he and

thousands of followers marched to the sea to make salt in protest of the

British tax on that vital mineral. He was imprisoned on a number of

occasions, including a two-year stint in 1942 during which his wife died and

he contracted malaria. He was eventually released because the British feared

he would die in prison.

Despite his enormous popularity in India and around the world, Gandhi was

unable to bridge the growing differences between Indian Hindus and Muslims.

Even as he was bringing independence to his country, religious strife was

tearing it apart.

Weakened by two World Wars and unable to find an answer to Gandhi's

satyagraha tactics, in 1947 the British Parliament passed the Indian

Independence Act. The Act recognized two countries: Hindu India and Muslim

Pakistan. Pakistan was divided into two sections, one on the east and the

other on the west, separated by 1000 miles by the much larger India between

them. Something like 15 million people were displaced during the

disintegration of India: Hindus fled from the newly-created Pakistan into

Hindu India, and Muslims fled India into Muslim Pakistan. Perhaps one million

people died during the upheaval.

The new nations were openly hostile to each other, and over the years have

fought a number of wars. Much of the tension has been related to border

disputes. In 1971 India intervened in a civil war in East Pakistan, which

gained its independence from West Pakistan and became the nation of

Bangladesh.

The three nations that once comprised historical India have taken very

different paths in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Bangladesh is a

parliamentary democracy, a highly-dense country much subject to floods,

cyclones and famine, though life for its population has steadily improved

since its independence in the '70s.

Pakistan is the sixth largest country in the world and the second largest

Muslim country. While its economy has done well in the past 25 years, it

remains locationally-challenged. To the east is India, its old enemy, with

whom it has an ongoing border dispute, and both sides have recently acquired

nuclear weapons. To the west is Afghanistan, which is loaded with Taliban

terrorists who use Pakistan as a refuge, and really angry American soldiers

equipped with the finest and most powerful weapons the world has ever seen.

If Pakistan can achieve some kind of stable peace with India and figure out

a way to keep the Taliban and Americans from tearing it apart from within, it

might have a glorious future.

India is the world's second most populous country and a thriving democracy.

It is loud, boisterous, and has a growing and vibrant economy. It has a

technological base second to none, and an education system that rivals that

of the United States. It also has a large army and an arsenal of nuclear

weapons, both mostly pointed at Pakistan. If it can figure out how to step

down hostilities with Pakistan, it stands poised to be one of the great

powers of the next century."

India is a powerful nation with one of the best powers in the game, the

ability to double the unhappiness from cities, from 2 to 4, to halving the

unhappiness from cities due to population, which is especially useful later

on in the game, where population spirals beyond 10. This is quite a useful

perk, but it has really bad effects early on in the game, so it is hard to

balance it out.

The War Elephant is a nice mounted unit, that does not require horses in

order to produce, which is evidence since I see an elephant and not a horse

underneath the rider, but is significantly stronger than the unit it

will replace. The Mughal Fort provides additional culture on top of the

defensive bonuses for the city, as well as gold after you have learn the

Flight technology, which is a nice touch as well, to counter the maintenance

cost.

Gandhi

~ History

"Mohandas Gandhi was an Indian patriot who led India's nonviolent independence

movement against British Imperial rule in the early to mid-twentieth century.

He pioneered "satyagraha," or resistance to tyranny through mass civil

disobedience, a ploy used to great effect against the British Raj.

Mohandas Gandhi was born in an India under British rule. The son of the Prime

Minister of the small state of Porbandar, in his youth Gandhi displayed none

of the brilliance that would mark him as an adult; in fact the young man was

a mediocre student and quite shy. He entered into an arranged marriage at the

age of 13, the usual custom of the period. Apparently he did not enjoy the

experience, later calling the practice "the cruel custom of child marriage."

Upon graduating from high school, Gandhi decided to follow his father into

state service. To this end he decided he would go to England to study. His

father having just died, Gandhi's mother did not want him to go, allowing him

only after he had promised to abstain from wine, women, and meat. His caste

looked upon traveling over the ocean as unclean; when he persisted they

declared him an "outcast." He learned much about England and the English

during his time in that country, knowledge which was to prove invaluable

later in his career. In 1891 Gandhi passed the bar and set sail for India. He

attempted to set up practice in Bombay, but was unsuccessful and shortly

relocated to South Africa.

Gandhi enjoyed more professional success in South Africa, but he was appalled

by the racial bigotry and intolerance he found there. He spent the next

twenty years of his life in South Africa looking after the interests of all

under-classes, not just the Indians. It was here that Gandhi began to refine

and teach his philosophy of passive resistance. He was jailed several times

for opposition to the so-called "Black Acts," by which all non-whites were

required to submit their fingerprints to the government. When the government

ruled that only Christian marriages were legal in South Africa, Gandhi

organized and led a massive non-violent protest, which eventually caused the

government to back down. It was here that Gandhi acquired the title of

"Mahatma," which means a person venerated for great knowledge and love of

humanity.

In 1915, Gandhi returned to India. He shocked the world when he expressed his

humiliation that he had to speak English in his native land, and he shocked

the Indian nobility when he chided them for their ostentatiousness, telling

them that they should hold their jewels and wealth in trust for their

countrymen.

Thus Gandhi began his long campaign to free his country from English rule.

He followed two paths - he shamed the oppressors and he demanded sacrifice

from his people. For the next thirty years Gandhi was to tirelessly exhort

his people to passive resistance, leading strike after strike, march after

march, fasting himself to the point of incapacity, enduring innumerable

beatings, and months and even years in prison. At one point he made a

historic trip to England, where he won over much of the English working and

middle classes, to the great irritation of the government. Despite

innumerable setbacks and years of endless toil, he persisted. In 1946,

exhausted and virtually bankrupt by World War II, the English agreed to

vacate India, but in doing so divided the country between Hindu and Muslims,

which Gandhi abhorred.

The partition sparked an outbreak of religious violence, in which Muslims

were massacred wholesale in India, and the same fate awaited Hindus in

Pakistan. The countries were in chaos. In response, Gandhi went on a fast,

refusing to eat again until the violence ceased. Astonishingly, his fast

worked: the peoples of India and Pakistan were unwilling to see their great

hero die, and they sent him letters and representatives promising to stop the

killings and begging him to end the fast. He did so, to the relief of

millions. Twelve days later, Gandhi was assassinated.

Today Gandhi is considered to be one of the great figures in human history.

He is recognized as a courageous and tireless champion for justice and moral

behavior, in South Africa fighting just as hard for the rights of other

downtrodden people as he did for fellow Indians. He is also acknowledged as a

brilliant political leader who organized a successful independence campaign

against one of the most powerful empires the world has ever seen. Of him,

Martin Luther King said, "Christ gave us the goals and Mahatma Gandhi the

tactics."

Leader Scales




Boldness - 2/10

Gandhi is a peaceful leader, so he really won't be threatening you or will

he be attacking you, or competing for wonders, which is relatively odd. So,

he isn't a big threat, what is he then?

Diplomacy Scales

War - 3/10

Hostile - 4/10

Deceptive - 3/10

Guarded - 7/10

Afraid - 3/10

Friendly - 7/10

Neutral - 5/10

As you could guess, Gandhi is a peaceful soul, so his military reponse is

mainly to guard his empire, and he is quite friendly, so that he will more

than willing ally with you, which is good. This also makes him a nice target

to take over, when no real army to speak of.

City State Scales


Friendly - 7/10

Protective - 7/10

Conquest - 3/10

As you can guess, Gandhi will be there to protect the city-states, but not

there to conquer them. So if you are going to declare war on some city

states, you might want to make sure you can handle Gandhi and his many

defensive units that he will be using.


Offensive - 4/10

Defensive - 5/10

City Defence - 7/10



Ranged - 7/10

Mounted - 7/10

Gandhi is there really to defend, and ranged units will do this well. He will

concentrate heavily on city defence, so you will pretty much need to bring

in siege units to attack his cities. Also, the amount of mounted and armoured

units he will use will be quite high, so make sure that if you are facing him,

you will need to bring in appropriate counters.

Naval Scales

Naval - 3/10


Naval Growth - 3/10


Gandhi will really not focus on a navy at all, he is more likely to focus on

city defence. If anything, a navy will be used as a defensive mechanism, there

to guard the city against naval invaders, but that would be the extent of his

naval power.

Air Scale

Air Power - 3/10

Again, Gandhi is not there to use military force, it doesn't fit him or his

historical character. He will use air power sparingly, he will have them

around his cities, but he won't be there dropping bombs from the cargo bay

as you would expect.

Growth Scales

Expansion - 3/10

Growth - 8/10



Production - 5/10

Gold - 4/10

Science - 6/10

Culture - 8/10

Gandhi will focus on several big cities, rather than a sprawl of many cities

in a big empire. He will focus heavily on culture, which will have him

building up his social policies rather quickly, which will be a problem if

you are aiming for a culture victory.

Civilisation Scales

Happiness - 8/10

Great People - 6/10

Wonder - 6/10

Diplomacy - 8/10

Spaceship - 7/10

As you can see, besides the standard spaceship victory, Gandhi will focus on

the diplomatic victory, and that means controlling the votes via the UN.

He will focus a lot of his resources on keeping his people happy, since that

does have good effects on growth. Basically, Gandhi will be there to fill

the void, rather than attack, like other leaders.

*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*

[3.10] Iroquois

Leader - Hiawatha

Unique Unit 1 - Mohawk Warrior, replaces Swordsman


Unique Building - Longhouse, replaces Workshop

Civilization Power

THE GREAT WARPATH

- In friendly territory, units move through forest and jungle with the

movement cost as if it were a road.

~ History

"According to tradition the Iroquois Confederation came into being around AD

1570. The Confederation was a union of five (later six) Native American

tribes. The Iroquois are an amazing people: with a population that probably

never exceeded 20,000, lacking a written language and possessing no

manufacturing base at all, for two centuries the Iroquois managed to hold

their own against the French, English, Dutch, and later Colonial Americans.

The Iroquois occupied a large section of upper New York State bordering Lake

Ontario and the St. Lawrence River. The land is hilly and forested, and in

the 17th century teemed with abundant game including deer and beaver. The

Iroquois had access to many waterways, including Lake Ontario, the St.

Lawrence, the Finger Lakes and dozens of rivers, which provided excellent

fishing, as well as rapid movement by canoe.

Winters in Upstate New York can be long and bitterly cold - particularly when

Arctic air is blowing southeast across the Great Lakes - and heavy snowfall

is not uncommon. Summers are cool and pleasant.

Members of the Iroquois Nation call themselves "Haudenosaunee," which

translates roughly as "People Building a Long House." The term "Iroquois" was

used by non-Iroquois. Its original meaning is unclear, but it may be a

bastardization of a Huron word meaning "snake." (The Hurons and the Iroquois

did not much like each other.) Alternatively, it might be a corruption of a

Basque (Spanish/French ethnic group) term meaning, "killer people." (The

French didn't much like the Confederacy either.)

With apologies to the Haudenosaunee we will use the more common term,

"Iroquois," because few non-natives would recognize Haudenosaunee - and

because Haudenosaunee is too long to fit on the game screen. For similar

reasons we have chosen to use the name "Hiawatha" for the Iroquois leader

rather than "Ayonwentah" (see below).

According to legend, the Confederacy began when a Chief named Dekanawidah or

"the Great Peacemaker" convinced a warrior named Ayonwentah to give up

violence and cannibalism and advance "peace, civil authority, righteousness,

and the great law." (Ayonwentah is believed to be the basis for the poet

Longfellow's character "Hiawatha.") Together the two great men unified five

tribes who formed the league: the Seneca, Onondaga, Mohawks, Cayuga, and

Oneida. A sixth tribe, the Tuscarora, joined the Confederacy many years

later, in 1722.

The Iroquois had a remarkably advanced government, particularly for people

with no writing. The Confederacy was governed according to a constitution

known as the Gayanashagowa, or "Great Law of Peace." Each tribe governed its

own internal affairs; the Great Council dealt only with issues which faced

the entire nation - treaties, border disputes, war and peace, and so forth.

The Great Council was comprised of 50 sachems (roughly, "chiefs"). Each tribe

provided between 8 and 14 sachems (depending upon the tribe's population and

status) to the Council. The sachems were elected by councils of clan mothers.

The Tadadaho was the symbolic leader of the Grand Council but had no real

political power; the Council worked on consensus and required majority

agreement before any action could be taken.

Once united, the Iroquois rapidly became the most powerful native group in

northeastern America. In 1609 the Confederacy went to war with the French and

their Canadian Indian allies. The fight was over control of the fur trade,

particularly the skin of the beaver.

In the early 17th century, Europe craved beaver pelts, which they made into

hats. Having hunted the European beaver nearly to extinction, European

traders turned to the New World, where there were still plenty of beavers

left. When native Americans discovered that Europeans would give them metal

tools and even guns for the pelts, competition for the lovable toothy rodent

became quite fierce.

In 1610 the Iroquois made contact with Dutch traders at Fort Orange, New

Netherland (present-day Albany, New York) who supplied them with large

numbers of firearms in return for pelts. This increase in firepower allowed

the Iroquois to beat back the French and their allies and expand their empire

west to Lake Michigan and south to the Tennessee River. Access to guns also

accelerated the extinction of the beaver in Iroquois territory, which in turn

caused the Iroquois to attack north, seeking land where the beavers were

still plentiful.

For several decades the bloody war persisted. By the middle of the 1600s the

Iroquois had defeated the Huron, Erie, Neutral and Susquehannock tribes,

assimilating thousands and driving the remainder out of their territory.

By 1660 the Iroquois had secured their southern and western flanks and were

launching regular raids against New France. The French Canadians were unable

to stop the attacks and appealed to the motherland for support. France

responded by sending a regiment of French troops, the first professional

European soldiers seen in Canada. The French troops went on the offensive and

invaded Iroquois territory several times, with mixed results.

In the meantime the English captured the Dutch colony of New Netherland,

cutting the Iroquois off from their major European trading partner. Under

mounting pressure from the reinforced French forces and unable to resupply

themselves with weapons, the Iroquois made peace with the French. However

they continued their westward and southern expansion, finding easier prey

among the native tribes with little or no access to modern European weapons.

After taking over the Dutch territories, the English made contact with the

Iroquois. As always the English were happy to stick a thumb in the eye of the

French, and they cheerfully resumed trading weapons to the Iroquois, urging

them to use them against the northern foe. By the 1680s war had resumed

between the French and Iroquois.

In 1687 the French launched another invasion of Iroquois territory, this time

with a massive army of some 3000 soldiers and militia. The French employed

"scorched earth" tactics, burning Iroquois villages and crops, and many

Iroquois died of starvation in the subsequent winter. The Confederacy

responded with a number of reprisal raids, killing colonists and burning

French supplies as far east as Montreal.

In 1688 England went to war with France over some European issue that seemed

extremely important at the time (the conflict variously named, "King

William's War" and the "War of the English Succession"), and each side's

colonies dutifully began to do their best to destroy each other. The Iroquois

allied with the English colonies, the Canadian Indians with the French, and

both combatants engaged in brutal raid and counter-raid, resulting in

indiscriminate slaughter of those unable to run away very quickly (e.g.,

women, children, and the aged). Eventually everybody pretty much ran out of

money and decided to call the whole thing off, and fighting ceased in Europe

and the New World.

By the beginning of the 18th century, the Iroquois' attitudes toward the two

European powers began to change. As English power on the continent grew,

English settlers began to encroach on Iroquois territory. In the meantime,

the French too were feeling pressure from England, and they sought allies

against the southern menace. The Iroquois played one power against the other,

buying time for their tribes to recover from decades of fighting.

In the French and Indian War (1754-1763), the Iroquois sided with the British

against the French. The British were victorious, pushing the French right out

of North America. This greatly increased British power over the native

populations, including the Iroquois, who were totally dependent upon the

British for weapons.

The American Revolution began in the 1770s. At first the Grand Council

remained neutral, but by 1777 they decided to join the war on the side of the

British. Like the previous wars against the French, the Iroquois and Colonial

forces engaged in bloody hit and run raids, burning villages and crops,

killing the weak and unlucky on either side.

The American Revolution ended in 1783. The treaty between the United States

and Great Britain ceded all Iroquois territory to the United States, ignoring

the unfortunate fact that a sovereign nation happened to already be living on

that land.

The Iroquois Confederacy basically ended with the end of the American

Revolution. A group of Iroquois moved north into Canada, onto land given to

them by Britain in gratitude for their help in the American Revolution.

Others chose to stay in upstate New York, trying to maintain their tribal

existence in the face of American colonial and cultural imperialism. Many

still survive today despite some two centuries of terrible hardship, a

testament to the amazing spirit of the Haudenosaunee people."

The Iroquois are a funny bunch, their powers are not what you would expect

at all. Their power is quite useful on heavy forest maps, the ability to

move quickly allows them to respond against threats to their empire real

quick, compared to the slow movement that units will have to face when they

normally enter forest tiles.

I don't get the point of their unique buildings and units though. From both

stats and manual, the Mohawk Warrior is identical to the Swordsman in every

aspect, there is no superiority there, which is very odd. The Longhouse will

increase production by 1 for each forest tile that is worked, but that is

up to you.

Hiawatha

~ History

"Hiawatha (or "Ayonwentah") is the legendary chief of the Onondaga Indians

who, with the equally-legendary Chief Dekanawidah, formed the Iroquois

Confederacy. Little is known about Hiawatha the man; according to Iroquois

tradition he taught the people agriculture, navigation, medicine, and the

arts, using his great magic to conquer all of man's supernatural and natural

enemies. Hiawatha is also believed to have been a skilled orator who through

his honeyed words persuaded the five tribes - Cayugas, Onondagas, Oneidas,

Senecas, and Mohawks - to form the Five Nations of the Iroquois.

What little the West knows about Hiawatha is usually seen through the prism

of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's remarkable epic poem, Song of Hiawatha.

No verdict is possible on such a legendary figure. The only thing that can be

said is that however it occurred, the alliance of the Five Nations proved to

be long and remarkably sturdy, even in the face of ever-increasing pressure

from the advancing Europeans to the east. Whoever built that alliance

certainly did an outstanding job."

Leader Scales




Boldness - 2/10

Hiawatha is an odd leader, he really doesn't concentrate that much on trying

to compete with you as a leader, or does he decide to make any threats with

you, so like Gandhi, he does appear to be a peaceful leader, rather than one

who is willing to rain ICBMs on you.

Diplomacy Scales

War - 4/10

Hostile - 3/10

Deceptive - 7/10

Guarded - 4/10

Afraid - 5/10

Friendly - 7/10

Neutral - 5/10

Hiawatha is going to be a friendly leader to play with, he is more likely to

be friendly than he is to be declaring war on you, yet again, it doesn't mean

that he won't declare war, just less inclined to do so. He is quite deceptive

that he will trick you before leading into war, but hey, people do that all

the time, nothing new.

City State Scales


Friendly - 7/10

Protective - 6/10

Conquest - 3/10

Another leader who won't go for the jugular when it comes to City States, he

will do the noble thing and try to protect them from harms way. He will be

more than willing to protect them, and often be on good terms, so watch out

when attacking city states that are near him. They will often be protected by

him.


Offensive - 3/10

Defensive - 7/10

City Defence - 7/10



Ranged - 6/10

Mounted - 4/10

As you can see, Hiawatha plays real defensive, he doesn't attack, just defends

really well, and once you get past his units, often it will be a very tough

fortress of a city that you will be facing as the last battle. He will have a

fair amount of scouts everywhere, and don't be surprised that he has ranged

archers hiding in the trees somewhere, that's just what he does.

Naval Scales

Naval - 3/10


Naval Growth - 4/10


Again, another leader who really doesn't pay much attention when it comes to

the high seas, and delegates it to the role of support rather than a force of

it's own, which, later in the game, it will be, with aircraft carriers and

submarines making havoc for anyone crossing waters without an escort.

Air Scale

Air Power - 4/10

And again, another leader who doesn't really look at the strengths of air

power as it should be viewed as. However, given the defensive nature of

Hiawatha, he will be pretty willing to use lots of anti-air defences

against you to stop you from using air power to its fullest, so be

careful.

Growth Scales

Expansion - 6/10

Growth - 6/10



Production - 5/10

Gold - 6/10

Science - 5/10

Culture - 7/10

Hiawatha is going to focus on his cities evenly as far as production, science,

culture and gold is concerned, but the thing is, don't expect him to go and

build improvements that will take down forests, this guy is more than

likely to end up with a lot of forest tiles on his lands, and that does make

things harder for your forces when they invade.

Civilisation Scales

Happiness - 7/10

Great People - 6/10

Wonder - 6/10

Diplomacy - 5/10

Spaceship - 8/10

And again, the AI will tend to go for a spaceship victory here, which is

nice, more competitors for the spaceship. He will tend to have a pretty

happy empire, which is really good for growth on his part, so when you sack

his cities, you will be getting quite a bit of gold.

*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*

[3.11] Japan

Leader - Oda Nobunaga

Unique Unit 1 - Sumurai, replaces Longswordsman

Unique Unit 2 - Zero, replaces Fighter


Civilization Power

BUSHIDO

- A units combat strength and defensive strength remains unchanged even when

damaged in combat.

~ History

"The islands of Japan are born of the unimaginable violence of plate

tectonics, arising as the Pacific Plate is ground beneath the Eurasian Plate.

The result is a mountainous land of great beauty and peril, where the people

live and thrive in a narrow corridor between volcano and sea.

Japan is a small country, with a total landmass approximately equal to the

size of the American state of Montana. Mountain ranges cover 80% of the

country. Japan is made up of four main islands, Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku,

and Kyushu, plus dozens of smaller islands. The land is young in geologic

terms, meaning the mountains are high and rugged and the rivers are narrow

and torrential. There are many volcanoes in Japan, some quite active.

Earthquakes are not uncommon (nor are attacks by giant radioactive monsters).

Japan possesses a monsoonal climate - its climate is governed by wet and dry

seasonal winds. In the winter the western side of the country faces cold, wet

air from Siberia and the Sea of Japan, resulting in steady rain or snow. In

the summer the eastern portion of the country gets steady wet air from the

Pacific.

It is generally believed that settlers moved into Japan some 20,000 years ago

(give or take 10,000 years) during the Paleolithic Period, the stage of human

development characterized by the use of primitive stone tools. The migrants

probably crossed the Sea of Japan via several land-bridges which for a time

connected the islands with Korea and Asia.

While little is known about the pre-historic Japanese, it is clear that at

some early point they gained enough sea-craft to travel safely and easily

between islands, as Japanese culture and language is remarkably homogeneous

throughout the chain. (This would not be the case if the island populations

were isolated from each other for an extended period of time.)

The "Pre-Ceramic" culture was followed by the Jomon, which occurred from

7500 - 250 BC. (The term "Jomon" refers to a style of pottery in which cords

are pressed into the clay to make artistic patterns.) In addition to the

invention of pottery, this period saw the important progression from chipped

to polished tools. The Jomon people were largely hunter-gatherers and

fishermen.

The Jomon culture was followed by the Yayoi, which ran from roughly 250 BC

- AD 250. This culture originated in Kyushu and featured advances in pottery,

basic agriculture, plus utilization of iron and bronze implements. The Jomon

also adopted ceremonial burial practices, irrigation, and textile weaving.

Some of their technological and cultural advances were likely

self-discovered, while others were probably gained from contact with China

and Korea. With these advantages, the Yayoi culture quickly spread across

Japan, overwhelming the more primitive Jomon culture.

The earliest surviving written accounts of Japan are found in China, dating

from the Han period of that culture. It stated that in approximately AD 50

the "state of Nu in Wo" sent emissaries to the Later Han court. "Nu" was one

of more than 100 states that made up "Wo" (Japan). Chinese court later states

that some time after AD 250 a "Queen Himiko" ruled over a confederation of

more than 30 states, with a capital at Yamatai. No one is certain where

Yamatai was located, and no written Japanese records survive from that

period.

Because of the scarcity of Japanese records, there is a lot of controversy on

exactly when and how Japan unified. It is known that some time during the 4th

century Yamatai disappeared and the Yamato kingdom arose. By the mid-4th

century Japan had sent a large army on a mission of conquest to the Korean

peninsula; to do so would require a great deal of central control fairly

early in that century.

During the Yamatos' reign, farmers began using iron tools for cultivation,

and the land saw more advanced creation and flooding of the fields used to

grow rice, a tasty and highly-nutritious grain that would quickly become the

cornerstone of Japanese cuisine. These advances meant that fewer farmers

could grow greater amounts of food, allowing the Yamatos to dedicate surplus

manpower to conquest and to the construction of large tombs for themselves.

At this time the Japanese imported a number of technological advances from

its neighbors, the most important of which may be writing from China; along

with Chinese script came Confucianism.

The 5th century saw the Yamatos change to a more militant posture. The

reasons for this are under debate. Some believe it is the result of an

invasion and conquest of the kingdom by external warriors, while other

historians believe that the Yamatos simply began more aggressively utilizing

their advanced military and agriculture technology without any particular

foreign influence. Whatever the cause, the Yamatos made use of their military

to attack southern Korea, evidently in order to seize control of iron

resources found in the area. The need for access to resources unavailable on

the home islands would be a primary driver of Japanese foreign policy in the

coming centuries.

This period also saw the genesis of the "uji-kabane" system in Japan. The

term "uji" can be translated as "clan," while kabane refers to a hereditary

title of nobility. Under this system people living in an agricultural

community became members of a single clan, each member of which had a

specific place within the communal hierarchy. It was believed that a

bountiful harvest could be assured by paying proper respect to one's

ancestors and clan gods, and thus ancestor-worship became an important

component of the uji-kabane system.

The 6th century saw the decline of Yamato status and influence as the

military suffered reverses at home and abroad. As the Yamatos lost power,

local clan leaders gained it. The loss of central authority naturally

resulted in greater internal conflict, as warlords sought to fill the growing

power vacuum.

The 6th century also saw the introduction of Buddhism in Japan, probably from

Korea. Prince Shotoku was a proponent of Buddhism. Ruling at the turn of the

century, he took the principles of peace and salvation as the ideal for his

court. Interestingly, Chinese Confucianism was also gaining ground among the

Japanese nobility; Shotoku apparently looked to Confucianism for guidance as

well. Shotoku was in power from 592 - 628 BC; the Yamato clan saw a temporary

revival of its power and influence during his realm.

The Japanese court fell into chaos following Shotoku's death. The powerful

Shoga family seized power and killed Shotoku's heirs. They in turn were

overthrown in 645 by Prince Nakano Oe and Nakatomi Kamatari, who killed all

of the Shoga and anyone else who opposed the imperial family. After

destroying their foes they instituted political reforms which increased the

strength of the central government and weakened the more powerful clans.

At about the same time that the Japanese codified their administrative laws,

they instituted criminal and civil laws as well. In doing so they borrowed

heavily from the T'ang Chinese codes, altering them as necessary to fit

Japan's specific needs. Under the Japanese system the people were divided

into free men and slaves. Less than 10% of the entire population of Japan

were slaves; the majority of people were freemen engaged in farming.

The political system survived reasonably intact for several centuries, but by

the 10th century flaws in the structure began to undermine the government.

Several great clans gained control of important government positions, using

their power to funnel huge amounts of wealth into their coffers. Taxes were

increasingly high, and power and wealth continued to accrue to the central

aristocracy, at the expense of the provincial clans and the farmers

everywhere. Partly as a result of growing dissatisfaction with central

government, a new class of warrior aristocrats known as "Samurai" began to

emerge.

The tenth and eleventh centuries saw the rise of the Samurai as a major new

power in Japan. Outside of court Samurai warlords conquered entire provinces;

inside the court they became bodyguards and generals for the aristocracy.

Towards the end of the 11th century the Samurai general Taira Kiyomori gained

so much power and influence that he became the prime minister and virtually

ran the Imperial court. In fact, his son Antoku ascended to the Imperial

throne in 1180. Taira rule did not last long, however; in 1185 they were

destroyed by the Minamoto clan in a sea battle which culminated a five-year

bloody struggle for primacy known as the "Gempei War."

After the victory, Minamoto leader Joritomo established a military

government, or "shogunate," in which the shogun (short for seii taishogun, or

"barbarian-quelling generalissimo") would rule Japan in the name of the

Emperor. This form of government proved remarkably persistent, surviving

almost 700 years before it was abolished in 1868.

Over the next several centuries power passed to the Hojo family, who in the

early 12th century beat back an attempt by Emperor Go-Toba to regain actual

power. At the end of the 12th century they defeated several Mongol attempts

to invade Japan, helped by two fortuitous typhoons which destroyed large

numbers of attackers at crucial points in the battles. The Japanese called

these storms kamikaze, or "divine winds" sent by Heaven to protect them from

the barbarians.

The Hojo clan remained in power until 1333, when Emperor Go-Daigo launched

a coup to return actual power to the imperial family. He was assisted in the

battle by a large group of aristocrats, plus several Samurai clans and some

militant Buddhist monks. A number of important allies of Go-Daigo were

unhappy with their cut of the spoils, however, and in 1336 they revolted,

driving the emperor north into the Yoshino Mountains. For the next 60 years

there were two imperial courts, the Northern and Southern, with control of

Japan split between them. The Southern emperor remained a figurehead, with

real power in the hands of the Southern shogunate. In 1391 the imperial

courts were reunited, with power held by the great shogun Ashikaga Takauji.

The 14th century saw growth in the power of the farming families and

communities, and concomitant increase in resistance to the warlords. Large

uprisings broke out in 1428, 1429 and 1441, and almost yearly afterwards.

In 1467 civil war broke out over who should succeed the shogun Ashikaga;

this war would drag on for some 10 years and see the destruction of many

large temples and the displacement of great numbers of civilians. Although

the war ended in 1477, central authority was badly eroded, and the era saw

numerous local rebellions and the rise of a new class of local warlords

known as "daimyo."

The years 1338-1573 are known as the "Warring States period." This period saw

near-incessant warfare, as the shogunate and the imperial family were both

nearly powerless, and battles for primacy among the daimyos raged across the

countryside. Many castles were constructed during these years, and Japanese

warriors grew quite adept at siege warfare, especially after European traders

taught them how to manufacture muskets.

In 1549 the father of a young nobleman named Oda Nobunaga died, leaving his

son some land, some money, and a group of Samurai retainers. Within eleven

years he had defeated all opposition and taken control of Owari province. A

brilliant visionary and military leader, Oda quickly adopted the new musket

firearms, using them with deadly efficiency against those who stood against

him. In 1562 he allied with Tokugawa Ieyasu, a neighboring feudal lord who

would turn out to be one of the great leaders of all time.

In the 1560s Nobunaga marched on and captured Kyoto, the historical center of

power of Japan. In 1573 he deposed the Shogun, consolidating his actual and

ceremonial power. By the time of his death by assassination in 1582 Oda had

unified nearly half of Japan. See Oda's Civilopedia entry for more details on

this remarkable leader's life.

Oda was succeeded by Toyotomi Hideyoshi, the son of a peasant who rose to

prominence as a warrior and later commander in Oda's service. By 1590

Hideyoshi had unified all of Japan. As part of his policy to strengthen the

central government, he disarmed the peasantry and instituted tax reform. He

also instituted a feudal system, forcing farmers to stay in their villages

and artisans and merchants to remain in the cities. Hideyoshi died in 1598,

and Tokugawa Ieyasu took his place. In 1603 he assumed the title of shogun.

Having happily utilized western weapons and personnel to achieve the

unification of Japan, Tokugawa quickly came to see them as potential threats

to his rule. He (and his heirs) all but obliterated Christianity in Japan,

ousted virtually all westerners from the islands, and forbid the use of

muskets to any but his warriors. For the next several centuries Japan

remained stubbornly isolated from the west, a state that probably saved it

from the humiliating European occupation and colonization suffered by so

many of its Asian neighbors.

In the 19th century the Netherlands were the only European power trading with

Japan, and their contact was quite limited. By mid-century several attempts

had been made by various European powers to establish diplomatic relations

with Japan, but with no success. Seeking ports to fuel its merchant and

fishing fleet, the United States decided to press the issue, sending a

modern fleet under the command of Commodore Matthew C. Perry into Uraga Bay

in 1853. The shock of foreign military power displayed right at Japan's

hitherto inviolate shores destroyed the ancient Tokugawa shogunate, and power

at long last reverted back to the Emperor.

The young Meiji emperor, who succeeded to the throne in 1867, began a policy

of radical reform in Japan, seeking to make it militarily and economically

equal to the western powers whose modern warships ruled the seas around it.

The so-called "Meiji Restoration" was an extraordinary effort in which in a

period of less than a century Japan abolished feudalism, almost entirely

disbanded the Samurai class, and returned ownership of land to the farmers

who worked it. The government initiated a program of industrialization, which

proved remarkably successful in a very short period of time. In the late 19th

century Japan adopted a constitution roughly based upon European models.

By the early twentieth century, Japan had emerged as a major power - the

great power in the Pacific, save for the United States - though other

countries were slow to recognize it, much to their misfortune.

In 1894, China went to war with Japan over who would control Korea. Japan won

easily, gaining nominal independence for Korea from China, plus Formosa, the

Liaotung Peninsula, the Pescadores Islands, and several other pieces of

territory for itself. Japan also extorted unfair trade agreements from China.

The western powers insisted that Japan return the Liaotung Peninsula to

China, who then leased it and its important naval base to Russia. This

infuriated Japan.

In the Boxer Rebellion (1900), Chinese citizens rose up against all of the

foreigners busily selling them opium and robbing their country blind. The

western powers and Japan responded by sending in troops who slaughtered the

Chinese citizens and occupied yet more Chinese terrain. Russia occupied

Manchuria, which Japan saw as a threat to its Korean and Chinese possessions.

In 1904 the Japanese attacked the Russian fleet without warning (a strategy

which they would reemploy later against other inattentive westerners with

great effect). The Japanese were spectacularly successful against the

Russians, proving to an astonished world that they could take on a major

western power and lick it.

In the peace treaty with Russia, Japan received primacy in Korea, plus it

acquired Russia's possessions in China. President Roosevelt received the

Nobel Peace Prize for brokering the treaty. (There were not many Chinese or

Koreans on the Nobel committee at that time.)

Bolstered by its success against China and the west, Japan seized the

opportunity to increase its power in East Asia. It tightened its grip on

Korea and its portion of China, and in World War I it seized Germany's

possessions in Asia and the Pacific. In the post-war period a series of

military treaties between European powers, the United States and Japan

sought to limit Japanese expansion while assuring Japan of its independence.

In the 1930s the militarists came to power in Japan, in part as a response to

the hardships the country faced during the Great Depression. Western and

Chinese tariffs (and anti-Japanese racism) limited Japan's ability to earn

money through exports, money it needed to purchase food for its growing

population. The militarists argued that the only way to open foreign markets

was through force. That, plus fear of communists and growing anger with the

government caused the Japanese military to seek to expand its power

structure. In the late 1920s the military increased operations in Manchuria

without government approval, and the government was too weak to stop them.

In May of 1932 naval officers murdered the prime minister, and in 1936

several important politicians were assassinated as rebellious military units

took over central Tokyo. Though the rebellion was quickly put down, it was

clear that the government survived only at the military's pleasure. The new

young Emperor Hirohito was believed to be a progressive, but he remained

silent over fears that the throne itself would be imperiled if he spoke out.

It was clear that the Japanese military was in charge of the country, in

fact if not in name.

By the 1930s Japan's relations with the USSR, England and the United States

were bad, and getting worse. The USSR resented its defeat by Japan in the

last century, and it also hoped that the Japanese government would be

overthrown and the country would become a workers' paradise just like Russia.

England and the US were opposed to Japan's brutal policies in China and

Korea, and feared that Japan's growing naval might would threaten their own

considerable interests in Asia and across the Pacific. Attempting to counter

the English/American pressure, in 1936 Japan signed a mutual defense pact

with Germany and Italy, and another in 1940. Facing a growing German threat

on the west, the USSR sought to shore up its eastern borders by signing a

non-aggression pack with Japan in 1940.

After the Nazis attacked Russia in 1941, Japan occupied northern Indochina,

seeking to block British supply routes into China, where it supported the

Nationalist Chinese forces against Japan. In response the United States froze

Japanese assets and, worst of all, implemented an oil embargo against Japan.

Japan had two choices: agree to US terms and retreat from Indochina and

possibly China itself, or seize the rich oil fields of the Dutch East Indies.

Negotiations between the US and Japan went nowhere, and the Japanese

government decided upon war.

World War II started out remarkably, shockingly well for Japan, with hugely

successful surprise attacks on the US bases at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, and in

the Philippines. The Japanese Navy nearly drove the battered US forces right

out of the Pacific Ocean, but they were never quite able to deliver the final

killing blow. Over the next few years the United States industry built ships,

planes, guns, and submarines, more than replacing their early losses. The US

Navy and Army learned quickly and soon began the grindingly, heartbreakingly

difficult task of driving the tenacious Japanese back across the Pacific.

In August of 1945 the United States dropped two atomic bombs on Japan,

largely destroying the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and Japanese

surrender followed quickly.

After the war Japan lost all of its overseas possessions. In addition, it was

subject to United States occupation, and the USSR occupied some northern

islands (the ownership of which still remains under dispute).

American occupation was relatively benign, as these things are judged. The

Americans imposed a democratic constitution on Japan and barred Japan from

possessing a military. The US also helped (forced) Japan to dismantle the

remnants of its feudal system and institute a vast program of land reform. It

also helped Japan to rapidly rebuild its infrastructure and monetary system.

The US hoped that Japan would become a vital, thriving democracy and

capitalist nation, a counter-balance to the growing Communist power in Asia.

In this it has succeeded far beyond its wildest dreams.

Benefitting from the terms imposed upon it by the victors of World War II,

Japan has used the money other nations have had to spend on militaries on

more beneficial and profitable endeavors. Japan today is indeed a thriving

democracy and an economic powerhouse. Although it has suffered from

government/business cronyism which led to a collapse of the Japanese banking

system in the '90s, overall Japan has enjoyed a meteoric rise in economic

power since the war. Its people are highly educated and motivated and quite

technologically advanced.

As the United States' position in the Pacific has weakened and other powers

have grown, Japan has cautiously begun to rebuild its military. It still

relies on the US for the bulk of its defenses, but for how long it can

continue to do so remains unknown.

Assuming that Japan can maintain cordial relations with its neighbors,

Russia, China and South Korea - and assuming that North Korea doesn't

implode - Japan's future is bright."

Japan is a nice country to play as. They have a nice power, the Bushido,

which is very useful in combat. A riflemen that has been weakened to 3 health

points left will still be as effective as one that is on full health, and

that is a major benefit, allowing them to inflict heavy damage on their

last breath or defend like crazy before sending them back to healing.

Their units are nice as well. The Samurai is 20% more powerful when it is

fighting in open terrain, on top of all the other bonuses that may be on

them, and they during battle, they are more likely to create a Great

General from an epic battle. The Zero is the same as a normal fighter, but

it receives a bonus when it engages other fighters as well, which is a nice

powerful boost.

Oda Nobunaga

~ History

"Oda Nobunaga was a 16th century Japanese warlord. Both a brilliant general

and a cunning politician - as well as an early adopter of new technology -

Nobunaga fought and backstabbed his way to domination over nearly half of

feudal Japan. His two lieutenants, Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu,

would complete the job after his death, reunifying Japan for the first time

in over a century.

Oda Nobunaga was born in 1534 AD, well into the "Sengoku" or Warring States

period in Japanese history. During this period feudal Japan was divided into

provinces run by powerful "daimyos" (territorial lords), while a weak shogun

ruled in the name of a still-weaker Emperor. The Sengoku period saw an almost

complete overthrow of the established order, with local lords overthrowing

their daimyos, retainers overthrowing their lords, and inferior family

branches fighting each other for dominance. It was a remarkably brutal period

in Japanese history, and the nobility had to be smart, powerful and lucky to

survive.

Nobunaga was born the son of a wealthy government official in the small and

unimportant Owari province. Following his father's death in 1551 he inherited

his father's title, wealth and military vassals. He was all of 17 at the

time, and by all accounts was a wild and unruly child. According to legend

Nobunaga acted so badly at his father's funeral that one of his friends and

retainers committed seppuku (ritual suicide) in humiliation. Shocked and

sobered by his retainer's death, Nobunaga began to take his position and

obligations seriously.

Over the next ten years, Nobunaga rose to dominate Owari province,

systematically co-opting or destroying anyone who stood in his way. The

series of alliances, battles, betrayals and murders Nobunaga engaged in to

achieve victory is bafflingly complex, rivaling the most intricate plot of a

South American "telenovela" (soap opera). Here's how it went:

At the time of his father's death, the Oda clan was divided into many

factions. Some favored Nobunaga as the legitimate heir, while others favored

his younger (and less wild) brother, Nobuyuki. Meanwhile, his late father's

brother, Nobutomo, used his position as deputy to the powerless Owari

province's "shugo," (military governor) Shiba Yoshimune, to advance his claim

to leadership of the Oda clan. But when he learned that the shugo secretly

favored Nobunaga's claim, Nobutomo had Shiba Yoshimune murdered.

Meanwhile, Nobunaga convinced another of his father's brothers, Oda

Nobumitsu, to turn on Nobutomo (who, we must remember, had just murdered

Owari shugo Shiba). Nabunaga and his Uncle Nobumitsu attacked and killed

Uncle Nobutomo in Kiyosu Castle. By destroying his uncle, Nobunaga gained

control over Owari province's new shugo, Shiba Yoshikane (Shiba Yoshimune's

heir). He used Shiba Yoshimune to gain alliances with the Imagawa and Kira

clans, who also owed allegiance to Shiba.

Nobunaga then fielded an army to Mino Province to aid Saito Dosan against his

rebellious son, Saito Yoshitatsu, but he was unsuccessful and Dosan fell.

In 1556 Nobunaga's brother, Nobuyuki (remember him?) rebelled with the aid of

Shibata Katsuie and Hayashi Hidesada. Nobunaga defeated the conspirators at

the Battle of Ino. Showing unusual mercy, he pardoned his brother and his

allies. His brother repaid him by immediately planning another revolt, but he

was betrayed by his onetime ally Shibata Katsuie, who informed Nobunaga of

his plans. Nobunaga then murdered his brother.

And so on. By 1559 Nobunaga had destroyed all of his rivals and was

undisputed master of Owari Province, though he kept Shiba Yoshikane in place

as a puppet shugo (at least until he discovered that Yoshikane was secretly

plotting against him with the Kira and Imagawa clans, at which point Nobunaga

removed him from his position).

Having secured Owari province, Nobunaga began to expand his power across

Japan. In 1560 he led a laughably small army against a far superior force

which was on its way to Kyoto to overthrow the weak Ashikaga Shogun,

achieving a shocking victory against brutally long odds.

One key to Nobunaga's military success was his early adoption of the new

weapons which were beginning to appear in Japan at the time, brought in by

European traders. He was one of the first daimyos to organize entire musket

units, giving him a great advantage against his more backwards foes. He was

also a gifted manager, making full use of the agricultural and mercantile

wealth of Owari to support his war efforts.

In 1568 Nobunaga marched on Kyoto, putting up his ally Ashikaga Yoshiaki as

his puppet Shogun. By 1573 the two men had fallen out, and Nobunaga deposed

Ashikaga, at last ending the long Ashikaga Shogunate.

Nabunaga consolidated his hold on Japan by attacking various politically

powerful Buddhist sects. The monks put up incredibly stubborn resistance,

some holding out for more than a decade. Nobunaga distributed the captured

religious property to various samurai and nobility, further earning their

loyalty. Nobunaga was friendly with the European Jesuit missionaries who

appeared in Japan in ever larger numbers (probably because they had no

political power with which to threaten him). He did not convert to

Christianity, however.

By 1582 Nobunaga had established firm control over central Japan and had

begun attempting to expand his power westward. However, during a military

campaign he was betrayed by a subordinate at Honno-ji temple and was forced

to commit seppuku. His murderer survived him by just eleven days before

being defeated by Nobunaga's loyal lieutenants, who would go on to complete

the unification of Japan he so ably started.

Oda Nobunaga is generally agreed to be one of the three greatest leaders in

Japanese history. His two lieutenants, Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa

Ieyasu, are the other two. By 1590 Hideyoshi had completed the conquest of

Japan, and following his death Tokugawa Ieyasu would come into power,

creating the Tokugawa Shogunate which would rule Japan for centuries to come.

Together these three men created the modern state of Japan.

Nobunaga was a brutal man in a brutal time. But by helping to unify Japan he

brought an end to the brutal wars that had been ravishing his country for

more than a century.

Leader Scales




Boldness - 8/10

Oda is an aggressive leader, he will charge you down if you appear weak in

front of him, and he plays to win, he doesn't play to lose, like other leaders

who are more than content just to hold your hand and bide your time. That does

make him dangerous and very hard to fight.

Diplomacy Scales

War - 7/10

Hostile - 5/10

Deceptive - 7/10

Guarded - 7/10

Afraid - 2/10

Friendly - 4/10

Neutral - 5/10

Yes, when he meets you, he isn't likely to make friends with you, he is more

than likely to attack you and set your cities on fire. He isn't afraid if you

either, so in a time of peace, don't expect a few powerful units on the border

deter him from not attacking you, he will attack you regardless. He is a

dangerous foe, a brutal man, but his was a brutal time.

City State Scales


Friendly - 4/10

Protective - 7/10

Conquest - 7/10

Oda is either going to protect or destroy the City States and it is more of a

coin toss, rather than an equation as to what he would do. Again, he is more

likely to protect the ones that are next to his enemies, since the armies of

the City State can be used as well.


Offensive - 8/10

Defensive - 5/10

City Defence - 5/10



Ranged - 5/10

Mounted - 4/10

Oda is going to march you down with a good old physical beatdown. Oda is more

likely to use melee units, but they will be trained, so expect him to

establish barracks to train his troops up from the ground, so you aren't going

to be facing green recruits, but some battle-seasoned veterans. He is still

powerful on the defensive as well, so just because you have defeated the

incursion, doesn't mean you will defeat the defences of his empire.

Naval Scales

Naval - 7/10


Naval Growth - 6/10


Oda will use naval units on you, and not in a supporting role, rather, as a

force of its own. This will be different, you will actually have to face

attacking naval units, and given that they normally attack from a range, you

will need to develop some nice tactics to get the upper hand. Submarines are

useful here.

Air Scale

Air Power - 6/10

Given that one of the unique units for the Japanese is the famed Zero fighter

from World War 2, it isn't surprising that Oda will use air power a fair bit

during his battles against his enemies. If you annoy him enough, he will bomb

your cities using bombers, and that is something you want to protect yourself

against. He isn't that willing to hand air supremacy over to you.

Growth Scales

Expansion - 8/10

Growth - 5/10



Production - 5/10

Gold - 6/10

Science - 4/10

Culture - 6/10

Oda will tend to expand quickly, but that is about it, he really doesn't have

too much of a preference on how he runs his cities, or where he will settle,

but he will settle quickly, so have units around in order to capture a free

settler or worker off him, and save you the trouble of getting one yourself.

Civilisation Scales

Happiness - 5/10

Great People - 6/10

Wonder - 5/10

Diplomacy - 7/10

Spaceship - 7/10

Again, with the spaceship victory, but it is odd considering the diplomatic

victory there, however, given the protective nature of City-States Oda has,

it isn't all that surprising. Otherwise, there isn't really that much of a

surprise in how Oda will approach his neighbours. With a samurai sword and a

nice swing.

*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*

[3.12] Ottoman

Leader - Suleiman the Magnificant

Unique Unit 1 - Janissary, replaces Musketman

Unique Unit 2 - Sipahi, replaces Lancer


Civilization Power

BARBARY CORSAIRS

- When destroying a Barbarian naval unit, there is a 50% chance of

converting it to your cause and earning 25 Gold.

~ History

">The Ottoman Empire was born in Anatolia (in modern Turkey) at the start of

the 13th century. It expanded into three continents and thrived for some six

centuries. Many Americans know very little about the Ottoman Empire (it

occupies the blind spot Americans have for pretty much everything between

Greece and China). This is a great pity, for the Ottoman Empire was vast,

powerful, and extremely interesting.

At its peak, the Empire stretched from Hungary in the north to Basra in the

east to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south to Morocco in the west.

With enormous holdings of land on three continents, it's impossible to

generalize about the Ottoman terrain or weather. They ruled over mountains,

hills, plains, swamps and desserts. Temperatures in Egypt in the summer can

rise to as high as 110 degrees Fahrenheit, and in Hungary they can fall to

well below freezing during the winter.

The Ottoman Empire is named for Osman I (1259-1326). Osman was a prince of

Bithynia, a small province in Anatolia (Turkey), strategically located

bordering the Black Sea, the Bosporus, and the Sea of Marmara. Bithynia had

until recently been a part of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum, a Muslim empire

that had ruled much of Anatolia for over two centuries. As the Sultanate

declined in power (following crippling invasions by Mongols), the neighboring

power of Byzantium sought to expand into Anatolia. It was unable to fully

pacify the region, and Osman I took advantage of Byzantine weakness to push

west toward Byzantium.

In the 14th century, Byzantium power was fading rapidly. The eastern heir to

the Roman Empire, Byzantium once possessed enormous holdings in Italy,

Eastern Europe, Anatolia, the Middle East and North Africa, but by 1300 its

domain was reduced to portions of Greece, the Balkans, and western Anatolia.

Over the next century the Ottoman Empire would steadily grind away at the

fading empire, first in Anatolia, then in the Balkans. When the Ottomans

captured the Bulgarian capital of Nicopolis, located on the strategic Danube

river, the Bulgarian king appealed to Christian Europe for assistance against

the growing Muslim menace. In 1396 an army of Knights from Hungary, Burgundy,

Venice, the Knights Hospitaller and Bulgaria set forth to defeat the

Ottomans.

The Battle of Nicopolis is often called the "Crusade of Nicopolis." The

numbers of combatants involved is unknown, with estimates ranging from around

10,000 knights, footmen and archers on either side to 200,000 on either side.

(The latter numbers are generally agreed by modern historians to be absurdly

high.) According to early historians, one side in the battle was outnumbered

by at least two to one, though they tend to disagree vehemently on which side

that was. In any event, the invading Crusaders marched south from Hungary and

laid siege to Nicopolis.

From all accounts the Crusaders suffered from divided command and gross

overconfidence, a not uncommon problem among mixed armies of the day. The

siege was sloppy and the Crusaders posted no sentries. However, one

Burgundian leader, the experienced veteran Enguerrand VII, Lord of Coucy,

disobeyed orders and sent out a reconnaissance in force that encountered the

approaching Ottomans, saving the Crusaders from an extremely rude surprise.

On the morning of the battle, the Ottoman forces, under the command of Sultan

Bayezid I, were arrayed on a hillside overlooking the city of Nicopolis. The

Crusaders were lined up opposite the Muslims in front of Nicopolis, their

backs to the Danube.

One of the Crusader leaders noted that the first line of Ottoman troops were

militia, untrained and ill-equipped, designed to blunt the force of an

attacker before it met the main Ottoman infantry. He recommended that the

infantry lead the assault against these troops, and that the Crusader knights

be stationed on the flanks, supporting the infantry and engaging the

dangerous Ottoman sipahis (cavalry). The French knight Philippe d'Eu

denounced this plan, claiming that it was dishonorable and demanded that the

knights have the honor of leading the charge against the enemy. This plan was

adapted.

The Ottomans had placed a wall of sharpened stakes in their front lines,

designed to kill advancing horses and stop a determined cavalry charge.

Although the Crusader knights crushed the Ottoman militia, many were unhorsed

in the charge, and the attack became quite disorganized. The Ottoman infantry

retreated and the Christian knights followed triumphantly without reforming,

believing they had crushed the cowardly enemy.

However, the Ottomans had kept a force of sipahis in reserve, and Bayezid

committed them at this point - a large force of fresh cavalry facing the

exhausted and unhorsed knights. At the same time other Ottoman troops began

to flank the exposed Crusader positions. Badly outgeneraled at every point,

the Crusader force collapsed and surrendered. Many of the European noblemen

were ransomed for a good deal of treasure, while a lot of the common soldiers

were massacred in retaliation for similar European behavior earlier in the

campaign.

The capture of Nicopolis secured the Ottoman holdings in the Balkans for some

time. Now all that remained of the once mighty Byzantine Empire was the city

of Constantinople.

In 1399 the Mughal leader Tamerlane (Timur) declared war on the Ottoman

Empire, disrupting Bayezid I's European campaign. Tamerlane was a descendant

of Mongol conquerors who led his troops triumphantly through Persia, India,

central Asia and Anatolia. In 1402 Bayezid's troops met Tamerlane's army at

the battle of Ankara.

Once again it's almost impossible to determine the number of forces involved

in the battle, with numbers ranging from 1,000,000 on each side to as few as

140,000 for Tamerlane and 80,000 for Bayezid. Whatever the number, it is

generally agreed that Tamerlane's army significantly outnumbered Bayezid's.

The battle opened with a large attack by the Ottomans which was broken up by

accurate arrow-fire from the enemy horse archers which inflicted significant

damage to the attackers. As the battle progressed a significant portion of

Bayezid's troops deserted and joined Tamerlane's army. Now badly outnumbered

and exhausted, Bayezid's army was defeated and he was captured shortly

thereafter, dying in captivity. Having secured his flank against the

Ottomans, Tamerlane left Anatolia and returned to India to continue his own

empire's expansion.

After Bayezid's death civil war broke out in the Empire as his four sons

fought over the crown. The so-called "Ottoman Interregnum" lasted for some 11

years until 1413, when Mehmed Celebi, the last surviving brother, assumed the

title of sultan.

Sultan Mehmed I and his son Murad II spent a number of years restoring

central power within the Empire, repairing the damage done during the

Interregnum.

Having secured his control of the Ottoman Empire, in 1423 Murad II besieged

Constantinople, leaving only after he had extorted an exorbitant sum from the

Byzantines. Murad then went to war with Venice, an extended affair that ended

with an Ottoman victory but on terms that kept Venice as a major mercantile

power in the Eastern Mediterranean. He also began a long-running war with

Hungary over control of Walachia.

As the Ottoman Empire grew, so too did the power of the Turkish nobility, who

Murad II saw as an increasing threat to his rule. To counter the Turks, Murad

created the Janissaries, a military force of Christian slaves. He gave the

Janissaries lands from his latest conquests, the income and status from which

made them an effective balance to the old-moneyed Turks in the Empire. Murad

continued to attempt to expand further into Europe until 1444, when he made

peace with all of his enemies and retired, passing the throne to his son

Mehmed II.

Sultan Mehmed II reigned for some thirty years, 1451-1481. One of his early

acts was to once again lay siege to Constantinople. His vizier and other

Turkish nobles bitterly opposed the attack, which they rightly saw as a

prelude to still further Ottoman expansion and diminution of their power

within the Empire.

The siege lasted less than two months. Mehmed had a force of 100,000 at his

command, and Constantinople was defended by perhaps 7,000 soldiers. The

defenders fought stubbornly, beating off waves of Ottoman assaults

accompanied by heavy cannon fire. Eventually the Ottomans broke in and

flooded the city, overwhelming the defenders through sheer weight of numbers.

Although the Ottomans enthusiastically sacked the city, Mehmed treated its

citizens with mercy, sparing their lives and leaving them their houses and

possessions (or at least those that hadn't already been looted). He treated

the non-Muslims with respect, and many Jews emigrated to the Ottoman Empire,

seeking protection from European persecution.

Mehmed II made Constantinople the capital of his Empire, giving him a

strategic foothold at the edge of Europe.

Over the next century the Ottoman Empire continued to expand into Europe, as

well as into the Middle East and Africa. In addition to its superb land

forces, the Empire had developed a powerful navy. The Ottoman navy dominated

the Eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea, and it had a significant force in

the Red Sea and Indian Ocean, where it competed with growing European naval

powers such as Portugal.

Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566) continued the Ottoman expansion into

Europe, primarily targeting Hungary. His chief European rivals were the

Habsburg family, who at the time ruled Hungary (along with much of the rest

of Europe); however, he had a powerful ally in the King of France who feared

the Habsburgs' designs on his kingdom and was happy to aid any power that

could weaken them. In 1521 Suleiman took Belgrade, and by 1526 the Ottomans

had conquered perhaps half of Hungary. The war continued for several years,

and by 1529 Suleiman had advanced to Vienna, the most powerful European city

in the area. Although unable to capture the city and ultimately forced to

abandon the siege, Suleiman put the Europeans on the defensive and secured

Hungary for more than 10 years.

At sea, Suleiman responded to European pressure by creating a powerful navy

under the command of Barbarossa, an ex-pirate turned admiral of the Ottoman

navy. Barbarossa captured Algiers in 1529, and Suleiman assigned the entire

province to Barbarossa to support his fleet. In the 1530s Barbarossa fought

several naval battles against a variety of European forces, emerging

victorious from all of them.

Meanwhile, the Ottoman Empire had expanded to about the limit possible given

the weapons and supply systems of the day. Suleiman invaded Iran repeatedly,

but ran out of supplies before he was able to bring the Iranian army to

battle. Once he left, the Iranians simply moved back in and reconquered

everything he had taken. In 1555 he agreed to permanent eastern borders,

keeping Iraq and Eastern Anatolia but renouncing claims to Azerbaijan and

the Caucasus.

At its peak during this period, the Ottoman Empire was both a military and

an economic powerhouse. The Empire's treasury was filled by tributary

payments from its possessions in Egypt, North Africa and Eastern Europe,

and it sat athwart the trade routes between Europe and the Far East, giving

it a slice of the profits from the growing spice trade. This is largely

responsible for the European Age of Exploration, as they looked for ways to

avoid Ottoman territory and trade directly with India, China, and other

providers of spice.

Over the next few centuries the Ottoman Empire endured a slow, steady

decline. Although it remained a powerful and vital state for many years, it

never again reached the height of power it had attained under Suleiman. By

the mid to late 16th century the Janissaries had gained almost total

ascension in Istanbul (the new name for Constantinople), and with greater

power came greater corruption. The position of grand vizier became more

powerful as the sultans grew more decadent. Eventually the viziers

overstepped their bounds and were overthrown, with power first going to the

harem (the "Sultanate of the Women") from 1570 - 1578, and then to the

military from 1578 - 1625.

The basic problem facing whoever was in charge was that the empire was simply

too large to rule effectively, and over time more and more of it began to

slip into something approaching anarchy. Because of increasing corruption as

well as external trade pressure the economy of the Empire all but collapsed,

with rampant inflation occurring during the 16th and 17th centuries.

Despite its internal weakness the Empire remained a potent international

power, greatly feared by Europe. Although it suffered the occasional defeat,

it was still far more powerful than any external enemy. It continued to

expand over the years, gaining Tunis, Fez and Crete in the Mediterranean, as

well as Azerbaijan and a portion of the Caucasus.

However, at the end of the 17th century the Ottomans pushed their luck just a

bit too far. In 1683 Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasa once again besieged

Vienna. The defenders, led by Polish King Jan Sobieski, held out easily

against the Ottoman assault.

Emboldened by the weakness the Ottomans displayed, Sobieski was able to

assemble a massive coalition of European forces against the common enemy. The

Hapsburgs sought their lost territory in the Balkans, the Venetians wanted

their lost Adriatic bases back, while the new power of Russia sought (as

always) a warm-water port in the Mediterranean.

This was an uneasy alliance at best, and the allies would periodically break

off the assault to fight each other. In addition, the Ottomans were supported

by France (still seeking to weaken the Habsburgs) as well as Britain and the

Netherlands, who feared that whoever took over the Ottoman Empire would

dominate Europe and threaten their growing naval ascendency.

Still, the allies were victorious, and they gobbled up much of the Ottomans'

European possessions over the next century. By 1792 the Ottomans had been

driven back to the Danube, losing possessions they had held for nearly two

centuries. Soon thereafter they lost the northern coast of the Black Sea, the

Caucasus, southern Ukraine and the Crimea.

In the mid-19th century, several sultans began earnest efforts to modernize

the Ottoman state, attempting to enact huge reforms to the army, government,

and education system. These reforms occurred slowly, not only because of

resistance from those whose power was threatened by the new ideas, but also

because the state was nearly bankrupt and under increasing pressure from the

external forces who sensed its weakness and who wanted to be in on the kill.

Still, by the 20th century thousands of primary schools were in existence, as

were a growing number of secondary schools and universities. Advanced

military colleges were created on the European model. The government even

experimented with a parliamentary system, but this was abandoned after less

than a year.

In 1909, a group of reformers known as the "Young Turks" led a revolt to

restore the parliament that had been abolished 30 years earlier; this in turn

led to a wider mutiny which overthrew the existing government. A new sultan

was put in place; he was compelled to reinstate parliament, but real power

resided in the military that had put him in power.

In 1914 the Ottoman Empire entered World War I on the side of the Central

Powers (Germany, Austria and Bulgaria). During the war they held off a

spirited but ill-planned assault on the Dardanelles by forces of the British

Empire, stopping the British fleet from linking up with Russia. They fought

against the Allies in Europe, Egypt, the Balkans, and the Middle East. They

also perpetrated a ghastly massacre against Armenian nationals living in Asia

Minor, killing perhaps half a million men, women and children.

By late 1918 it was clear that the Central Powers were going to be defeated;

the Ottomans agreed to an Armistice on October 30. The victorious Allies

dismantled what was left of the Empire, with Britain, France and Italy

dividing up North Africa, Egypt and the Middle East as well as portions of

Asia Minor. Other sections that no European power especially wanted were

carved off and made into new independent countries. The Ottomans were left

with just Istanbul and a portion of Thrace.

Much of the Allies' plans came to naught, however, because by 1923 a

brilliant Ottoman general named Mustafa Kemal, later called "Ataturk" or

"Father of Turks", had reunited much of Asia Minor in a new country called

"Turkey." By doing so he finally brought to an end the political entity known

as the Ottoman Empire, 600 years after it was born.

To summarize: the Ottoman Empire lasted six centuries. It took on all of

Europe and beat it. It conquered Persia, Egypt, and North Africa, not to

mention a goodly chunk of the Balkans. It destroyed the Byzantine Empire.

The Ottoman Empire was cool."

The Ottomans have one of the worst powers in the game in my opinion, simply

because the barbarian pirates are just too little in the game and they appear

early on. Furthmore, the barbarian pirates are too hard to counter effectively

early in the game as well, they will really only move close to land to

bombard your ground units, but other than that, it is hard to get them.

The Janissary is a powerful unit however, if it manages to destroy the enemy

unit that it is attacking, it will be completely healed of all battle woulds.

They will also get a 25% attacking bonus when they attack first, which makes

them even more deadly on the battlefield. The Sipahi has better movement than

the lancer, they will also not use up movement points when pillaging a tile

and they will have better sight as well.

Suleiman the Magnificant

~ History

"Suleiman I, known as "The Magnificent," "The Legislator" and "The Grand

Turk," was the caliph of Islam and the sultan of the Ottoman Empire, taking

the reins of the Turkish kingdom in 1520 and ruling until his death in 1566.

During his rule Suleiman greatly expanded the Empire's territory, earning the

fear (and grudging admiration) of leaders across Europe, Africa, Asia and the

Middle East.

Suleiman was the son and grandson of sultans. At an early age he studied

science, literature, theology, and the military arts in Istanbul. At 17 he

was appointed governor of Kaffa by his grandfather, and he was made governor

of Manisa during the reign of his father, Sultan Selim I. His father died in

1520 when Suleiman was 26, and he ascended to the throne. Although still

quite a young man, Suleiman had nearly ten years of leadership experience

when he came to power.

According to some historians, Suleiman deeply admired Alexander the Great and

hoped to emulate him and create an empire that encompassed Europe, Asia

Minor, Africa, and the Middle East. Upon achieving power, Suleiman began

planning a campaign against Europe and the Balkans.

In 1521, just a year after achieving power, Suleiman captured Belgrade. In the

following year he took the Island of Rhodes from the Knights of St. John. In

1526 he defeated the Hungarians at the Battle of Mohacs, killing the Hungarian

king Louis II in combat.

Following Louis II's death, the Hungarian throne was taken by Ferdinand I,

the Habsburg archduke of Austria. Seeking to weaken Habsburg power in Eastern

Europe, Suleiman supported the claim of John Zapolya, lord of Transylvania.

In 1529 he laid siege to Vienna. The siege was unsuccessful, however, but it

did serve to keep Hungarian power concentrated on Vienna, effectively ceding

control of most of Hungary to Suleiman's puppet, John. When John died in 1540

the Austrians moved back into central Hungary. The two forces would continue

to battle inconclusively for the next twenty years, until a peace treaty was

signed in 1562, four years before Suleiman's death.

To support his land campaigns Suleiman also created a great navy on the

Mediterranean, the first such in Ottoman history. He put his forces under the

command of admiral Khayr al-Din (known in the west as "Barbarossa"), a

sometime pirate with a natural genius for naval warfare who defeated the

combined Spanish-Venetian fleets in 1538, effectively giving the Ottomans

dominance in the Eastern Mediterranean for the next forty years.

Suleiman waged three major campaigns in Persia during his reign. The first

campaign (1534 - 1535) won the Ottomans control over a portion of eastern

Asia Minor as well as most of Iraq. The second campaign some ten years later

(1548 - 1549) won some additional terrain around the strategically important

Lake Van on the border of Persia and Asia Minor. The third campaign was

inconclusive, as the Ottomans were unable to sustain an offensive deep in

Persian territory and thus were unable to hold onto their gains.

As sultan, Suleiman surrounded himself with competent, often brilliant,

statesmen and administrators. He built mosques, bridges, roads and

fortresses across his territory, and the period is seen as a golden age of

Ottoman architecture. He also worked to reform and codify the empire's

legal system. "The Lawgiver's" legal system would survive almost unchanged

for three centuries. He paid attention especially to the plight of his

Christian subjects, who until then had been little more than serfs. Jews

also were protected, to such an extent that many emigrated to the Ottoman

Empire from Europe, where they were much more harshly treated.

While his territorial accomplishments were impressive, the Sultan did not

ignore the culture of his homeland, Suleiman himself a skilled poet and

fervent Muslim. During his rule hundreds of artistic societies flourished

across the country. Suleiman commissioned numerous new mosques of a

previously unseen grandeur, many designed by master architect Sinan.

Suleiman died in 1566 while (once more) campaigning in Hungary. At the time

of his death he was famous across the known world. In Europe he was envied

for his unbelievable wealth, his magnificent treasury containing more riches

than any other leader had possessed in history. He was admired for his

military prowess and respected for his fair treatment of non-Muslim subjects.

Muslims respected the Sultan for his belief in the rule of law. The Sultan

adopted Islamic sacred law to compliment the traditional law already in

place from his predecessors, providing a model for Eastern powers for

centuries to come.

Almost everyone - Christian and Muslim alike - agreed that he was fully

worthy of the title "The Magnificent."

Leader Scales




Boldness - 8/10

Suleiman is quite bold, as you can gather, he is will more than likely tread

on your nerves somewhat, which is interesting. Other than that, he isn't

more likely than any other of the leaders to compete for the city states or

build wonders in his civilization before you.

Diplomacy Scales

War - 6/10

Hostile - 6/10

Deceptive - 7/10

Guarded - 4/10

Afraid - 5/10

Friendly - 7/10

Neutral - 5/10

Suleiman wil be friendly, but if he does not get his way, he will turn ugly

and he will declare war on you, which is clearly not a good thing, for either

him or you, depending on who has the upper hand. Other than that, it is nice

to note that as long as you stack enough powerful unders on the border, he

will back off.

City State Scales


Friendly - 5/10

Protective - 7/10

Conquest - 6/10

Another leader that is about as protective as he is bloodthirsty, Suleiman

will either protect or conquer, it is that simple.


Offensive - 7/10

Defensive - 4/10

City Defence - 4/10



Ranged - 5/10

Mounted - 6/10

Suleiman doesn't concentrate as much on his defence than he does on his

offence, and that means you will be facing a fair amount of melee units,

in conjunction with other units when he decides to come aknockin when he

signs a declaration of war against you. Make sure that you have the counter

to armoured and cavalry units, Suleiman won't hesitate to use them against

you if he needs to.

Naval Scales

Naval - 8/10


Naval Growth - 6/10


Suleiman is a big user of the Naval power that is available to him, and

that makes him that much harder to counter, because if you can't match him

on the land, the odds are against you that you can match him in the sea.

He will scout out your lands and the coastal areas around it pretty quickly

and it is only a matter of time before his warships sit outside your city

firing cannon broadside after broadside into what was your city.

Air Scale

Air Power - 6/10

Suleiman is a user of air power, and given that he is also a big fan of

naval power, it is a big worry when he has the ability to develop carriers

and the aircraft to launch off them. However, that is not to say he won't

use bombers to pulverise your cities into a nice ground pulp.

Growth Scales

Expansion - 8/10

Growth - 4/10



Production - 5/10

Gold - 5/10

Science - 6/10

Culture - 6/10

Suleiman, as you can gather from his warmongering ways, is a little bit

trigger-happy when it comes to expansion. He will use his army and navy to

expand aggressively, and he will destroy all that stands in his path. On

the bright side, you will have a ready source of workers and settlers when

you decide it is time to rain on his parade.

Civilisation Scales

Happiness - 4/10

Great People - 5/10

Wonder - 5/10

Diplomacy - 5/10

Spaceship - 8/10

No real surprises that there is another spaceship victory here, but other

than that, Suleiman is kind of average in terms of what type of victory he

would like to seek. There isn't much for him to choose from really.

*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*

[3.13] Persia

Leader - Darius I

Unique Unit 1 - Immortal, replaces Spearman


Unique Building - Satrap's Court, replaces Bank

Civilization Power

ACHAEMENID LEGACY

- Golden Ages will last 50% longer, and all units receive a movement bonus

and +10% attack power during a Golden Age.

~ History

"The term "Persia" derives from a region in southern Iran formerly known as

"Persis;" it is commonly used to describe areas where the Persian language

and customs predominated. There have been a series of "Persian Empires"

throughout history; in this article we are specifically examining the

Achaemenid dynasty, which began in 559 BC and ended some two centuries later

under the onslaught of the Greek military genius Alexander the Great.

The Iranian Peninsula, which formed the heart of the Persian Empire, is a

high plateau surrounded on the east and west by mountains. To the south lie

the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, to the north the Caspian Sea and more

mountains. At its height the Persian Empire also encompassed Egypt, the

Middle East and much of Asia Minor (modern Turkey). It's useless to

generalize about the terrain and weather of such a huge and varied region

spanning two continents.

Before the Persians, the Medians were the ascendant power in the area.

According to the ancient historian Herodotus, the first Median king was

Deioces, who ruled from 728 to 675 BC. Deioces' son Phraortes subjugated the

Persians; he later died in battle against the Assyrians. At some point in the

sixth century Medes came under Scythian domination, but they withdrew or were

assimilated by the end of the sixth century, and the kingdom was once again

under Median control.

By all accounts king Cyaxares (625 - 585 BC) was a brilliant ruler who

reorganized the Median army and took it successfully into battle against the

powerful Assyrians, capturing several important Assyrian cities. Cyaxares

allied with the Babylonians, and the two powers destroyed Assyria. In the

division of spoils Babylon received all of the Assyrian territory in the

Fertile Crescent (the area between and adjacent to the Tigris and Euphrates

rivers), while the Medes took possession of the Assyrian holdings in the

highlands to the east and north of Babylon, including territory in Asia

Minor.

Cyaxares' son, Astyages, was evidently not as politically or militarily

astute as his father; he would be the last king of the Medes.

According to legend, King Cyaxares gave Persia to his vassal Cambyses I.

Cambyses I passed the crown to his son, Cyrus II, who solidified his

political position by marrying Medes King Astyages' daughter. Despite his

royal connection Cyrus was not satisfied with his subordinate position, and

after allying with nearby Babylon, he rebelled against the Medes. By 550 BC

the Persians had emerged victorious and the Medes were no more.

Cyrus II was the first of the "Achaemenian" kings of Persia. After conquering

Medean territory, Cyrus expanded Persia into Asia Minor. First he

diplomatically isolated and then conquered Lydia (whose king was the famously

wealthy Croesus), and then he systematically besieged and took all of the

Greek city-states on the west coast of Asia Minor. With his northern flank

secured, Cyrus II then turned south against his previous ally Babylon.

While a great power, Babylon was internally divided, had an unpopular king,

and by allowing Cyrus to destroy Lydia, was fresh out of potential allies.

In the event, it fell almost without Persia striking a blow. In 539 Cyrus

marched triumphantly into the city, now ruling an empire that stretched all

the way to the borders of Egypt.

Cyrus did not get to enjoy his triumphs for very long. He died in battle in

Central Asia in 529 BC.

Cyrus II was succeeded by his son, Cambyses II. After allegedly securing his

thrown by murdering his brother Bardiya, in 525 BC Cambyses led a campaign

against Egypt, which fell after battles at Pelusium and Memphis. Cambyses

then attempted to further extend Persian power west, but attacks against

Carthage, Nubia and Amon were all unsuccessful. In 522 Cambyses learned of a

revolt in Iran led by an imposter claiming to be his brother, Bardiya. He

died while hurrying home to regain control of the rebellious region. It was

said that he committed suicide, but some historians believe that was just

propaganda spread by his successor.

Upon Cambyses II's death, one of his generals, a man named "Darius," led his

troops back to Iran to crush the rebellion, which was apparently well

advanced by the time Darius arrived. A member of the Achaemenian house and a

distant relative of Cambyses II, Darius had himself declared Cambyses's

rightful heir. It took a year of hard fighting to break the back of the

revolt and to secure his claim to the throne, but by 521 Darius I was in firm

control of the Persian Empire.

Darius I was by all accounts a superlative leader. After squelching the

rebellion through a combination of harsh punishment of rebel leaders combined

with clemency of local populations, he then worked to reorganize the empire

and to codify its laws. He further expanded Persian power into northern India

and he established a bridgehead across the Hellespont, giving Persia a

permanent toehold in Europe. He successfully suppressed a revolt of the Greek

city-states, earning Greek citizens' goodwill by removing local tyrants and

returning democracy to the people.

In 492 Darius's forces had retaken Thrace and Macedonia in the Balkans,

setting the stage for an invasion of Greece. At first Darius underestimated

the difficulties of a Greek campaign, and in 490 the allied Greeks beat him

decisively at the Battle of Marathon. Darius was forced to retreat and

regroup. He began preparing for another campaign, but on a far larger and

more powerful scale.

Darius I died in 486 BC, and he was succeeded by his son, Xerxes I. Xerxes

immediately had to deal with a serious revolt in Egypt, which he did in one

quick campaign in 484. Unlike his predecessors, Xerxes dealt harshly with the

rebellious province, removing the local leaders and imposing direct Persian

control on the citizens. He did the same to the Babylonians when they

revolted in 482 BC.

In 480 Xerxes led a huge army into northern Greece, supported by a powerful

Persian navy. Northern Greece fell to the invaders fairly easily, and despite

the heroic stand of the Spartans and the Boeotians at Thermopylae, the Greeks

were unable to stop Xerxes' army from marching to Athens and sacking the most

powerful city-state in Greece. However, the Athenians had evacuated their

city before the Persians arrived, and their navy very much remained a potent

force.

At the battle of Salamis (480 BC) a Greek fleet of some 370 triremes soundly

defeated 800 Persian galleys, destroying perhaps 300 Persian vessels at a

cost of 40 Greek ships. This defeat delayed the planned Persian offensive

further into Greece for a year, giving the Greeks time to strengthen their

defenses against the invaders. Xerxes was forced to return to Persia, leaving

his general Mardonius in command, and the Greeks promptly won several

important naval and land battles against the new leader. With Mardonius's

death in the battle of Plataea, the campaign was over and the surviving

Persians withdrew from Greece in disorder.

Xerxes never mounted another invasion of Greece. In 465 BC he was

assassinated.

Ruling from 465-404 BC, the three Persian kings who followed Xerxes I -

Artaxerxes I, Xerxes II, and Darius II - were weak and uninspiring. At the

end of the 4th century the Persians regained some power in the Aegean,

successfully playing the Greeks off against one-another during the long

Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta; however in 405 BC Egypt revolted

and Persia was unable to regain control of the wayward province for more than

50 years.

Darius II was succeeded by Artaxerxes II, who ruled for 45 years (404 -

359 BC). During his reign Artaxerxes II fought a war against Sparta, once

again over the Greek colonies in Asia Minor. Persia allied with the Athenians

(who were recovering from their disastrous defeat in the Peloponnesian War)

and Sparta was forced to come to terms.

Despite these occasional successes, as the third century BC progressed

Persian weakness and disorganization grew. In 373 BC a group of the Empire's

satraps (provincial governors) revolted. They were put down, but other

revolts followed, and with growing frequency. The position of king was

increasingly unstable; Artaxerxes III came to the throne as a result of

treachery in 359 BC; in an attempt to secure his position he promptly

murdered as many of his relatives as he could find. In 338 Artaxerxes III was

poisoned at the orders of the eunuch Bagoas, who placed Artaxerxes' youngest

son Arses in power. Arses promptly tried to poison Bagoas, but his effort

failed and he himself was killed. Bagoas then elevated Darius III to the

throne. Darius III was a former satrap of Armenia; although he was but

distantly related to the late king, pretty much everybody else with a better

claim was already dead.

Darius II may or may not have been an especially effective leader, it is

difficult to tell. When he assumed the throne the Persian Empire had been in

decline for well over a century, its many component parts in near-constant

revolt against the increasingly inept central government. Palace intrigue

further crippled the monarchy, and leaders who wished to survive spent as

much time watching their backs as they did looking out for the interests of

the Empire. Any leader who took power under those circumstances would be in

trouble. However bad things at home were, they paled into insignificance when

compared with the troubles headed Darius III's way from across the

Hellespont.

In 359 BC, King Philip ascended to the throne of Macedon, a country

straddling the line between Greece and the Balkans. Within 20 short years

Philip had conquered all of Greece and then began preparations to invade

Persia. Following Philip's assassination in 336 BC a young man named

Alexander took the Macedonian crown. After securing his throne and

suppressing a Greek rebellion, Alexander resumed Philip's invasion into

Persia.

Alexander was a military genius and a man of great courage and even greater

ambition. At the head of a highly-disciplined Greek army equipped with

superior weaponry and tactics, he drove through Persia like a hot knife

through butter. Darius repeatedly met him in battle, often with far superior

numbers, and Alexander simply destroyed his armies one after another. The

Persian capital Persepolis fell to Alexander's armies in 330 BC, and Darius

was murdered the same year. The last Achaemenian ruler had fallen to the

invaders.

The Achaemenian Persian Empire survived and thrived in a dangerous

neighborhood for some 200 years. At its height it dominated land from India

to Egypt, from Iran to the Balkans. It was an awkward and ungainly empire,

spanning three continents with citizens speaking dozens of different

languages. At their best, the Achaemenian kings were lawgivers who treated

their subject populations with clemency and fairness, interfering as little

as possible with provincial internal policies as long as the subjects behaved

themselves. At worst, the Achaemenian kings were incompetent bullying

backstabbers.

Whatever else they were, the Achaemenian kings were survivors. Two hundred

years is a long time for a single family to remain in power. If they hadn't

lived next to Alexander and Philip they might have remained in power another

100 years. Alexander the Great himself was a brilliant leader and warlord,

but his own empire barely survived his death by a year."

The Persians are best during a Golden Age, without a Golden Age, they really

are useless, simply because their power has no real use. Therefore, in order

to use the power, you either need to have a very happy empire, or you will

need to have a lot of Great People in your empire to satisfy the need for

the Golden Age.

The Immortals, despite being so famous thanks to 300, are just marginly

more powerful over the Spearmen, however, they do heal at double the normal

rate, which does make them somewhat more useful to you. Satrap's Court will

be replacing the bank, and whilst providing the normal gold bonus, will also

provide 2 extra happiness as well.

Darius I

~ History

"The son of a satrap (governor) of Parthia, Darius I forcibly took the throne

of Persia upon the death of Cambyses II in 522 BC. An administrative genius,

during his reign Darius reorganized the sprawling Persian empire, greatly

increasing its wealth and power. He also implemented many great construction

works across Persia.

Much of our knowledge of Darius I comes from the early Greek historian

Herodotus, as well as from Persian inscriptions commissioned by Darius

himself. According to Herodotus, as a youth Darius was suspected by Persian

king Cyrus the Great of plotting against him. Darius survived this suspicion,

later becoming a general and bodyguard of Cyrus' son and heir, Cambyses II,

after Cambyses assumed the throne. Cambyses died in 522 BC while in Egypt.

Upon his death Darius returned to Media and killed Cambyses' brother,

Bardiya, who Darius claimed was an imposter who had usurped the throne.

After killing Bardiya (or the imposter, depending upon whose story you

believe) Darius claimed the Persian throne. This did not go over well in the

provinces, and Darius faced serious revolts in Babylon, Susiana, Media,

Sagartia, and Margiana. Babylon revolted twice, in fact, and Susiana three

times. The insurrections were uncoordinated, however, and Darius was able to

suppress each separately. According to one of his inscriptions, Darius

defeated nine rebel leaders in 19 battles. By 518 or so his throne was

secure.

After establishing his position, Darius initiated a series of wars to expand

and secure Persia's borders. In 519 he attacked the Scythians east of the

Caspian Sea, and shortly after he conquered the Indus Valley. He later

attacked northwest from Asia Minor, conquering Thrace and then Macedonia. He

tried to expand his European bridgehead north across the Danube, but he was

forced to withdraw by stubborn resistance of the Scythian nomads. Finally, he

secured the Aegean islands of Lemnos and Imbros.

Persia now held the Greek colonies in Asia Minor, the straits of Bosporus

(which gave them control over the Black Sea), Macedonia, which bordered

Greece to the north, as well as a number of strategic islands in the Aegean.

This inevitably led to conflict with the powerful but divided Greek

city-states watching Persian expansion with jealousy and alarm.

When not battling one of his empire's neighbors, Darius took a series of

actions to unify the empire and to improve its administration. He completed

the organization of the empire into satrapies (provinces) and set the annual

tribute due from each. He improved the Persian road network and standardized

coinage, weights and measures, greatly expanding the opportunities for trade

throughout the empire. He funded exploration expeditions from India to Egypt,

and he completed a canal in Egypt leading from the Nile River to the Red Sea.

Darius was the greatest builder in the Achaemenid Persian history. He

constructed fortifications, a palace, and administrative buildings at Susa,

his administrative capital. In his native Persepolis, Darius began

construction of a new palace, as well as a council hall, treasury, and more

fortifications (though these would not be completed until after his death).

While firmly putting down any attempts at insurrection within Persia, Darius

showed a good deal of tolerance to his subject peoples' religious beliefs. He

constructed a number of temples in Egypt honoring the Egyptian gods, and he

ordered his Egyptian satrap to codify the Egyptian laws in consultation with

the Egyptian priestly class. In 519 he allowed the Jews to begin

reconstruction of the Temple at Jerusalem. Darius himself is thought to have

been a follower of Zoroastrianism, which was eventually made the state

religion of Persia.

In 499 BC the Greek city-states of Athens and Eretria supported a revolt of

some Greek colonies in Asia Minor against Persia. Darius crushed the

rebellion and began plotting a campaign against the meddling Greeks.

In 492 BC Darius' son-in-law Mardonius was put in charge of an expedition

against Greece, but his fleet was destroyed in a storm off of Mount Athos and

he was unable to advance. In 490 another Persian force successfully invaded

Greece, destroying Eretria and enslaving its inhabitants before being

defeated by Athenian warriors at Marathon. Darius was in the middle of

planning yet a third expedition when he died in 486 BC.

History's view of Darius is generally quite favorable (if you put aside his

questionable ascension to power, which was pretty much standard operating

procedure throughout much of history). He constructed roads, reorganized the

Persian provinces and government, secured the empire's borders, and generally

treated his subjects about as well as or better than anyone in that time.

Although not primarily known as a warlord, he fought a number of successful

campaigns against both internal and external foes. It is quite possible that

he could have successfully subjugated Greece if death had not intervened. His

son, Xerxes I, certainly wasn't up to the task. All in all, Darius left his

empire in better condition than he found it, which is a pretty good epitaph

for any leader in any time period."

Leader Scales




Boldness - 3/10

Darius isn't that bold, so you don't have to worry too much about him going

to threaten you and pissing you off. However, Darius will be there to play

to win, so you will want to make sure that you will keep him in check, just

to not let him win.

Diplomacy Scales

War - 4/10

Hostile - 3/10

Deceptive - 5/10

Guarded - 6/10

Afraid - 6/10

Friendly - 7/10

Neutral - 5/10

Darius, as you can see, isn't the war mongering type, he is there to be

friends, and if you start stacking units on the border, he will be rightfully

concerned. He will be willing to defend his land though, so don't expect him

to be a pushover.

City State Scales


Friendly - 5/10

Protective - 4/10

Conquest - 5/10

Darius is really must opportunistic to the city states, if they are in the

way, he will take them over, if they serve as a buffer between him and his

external enemies, he will protect them, but really, he isn't a threat to

the city states.


Offensive - 3/10

Defensive - 7/10

City Defence - 6/10



Ranged - 5/10

Mounted - 5/10

Darius is again, one of the defensive leaders who rather defend his land,

rather than aggressively take it from his enemies, or soon to be enemies.

Darius will concentrate on units that can defend, and he will use a mix

of all units, rather than focus one type over another. He will have units on

the border, and in the city, so you will need a lot of siege power in order

to get your way.

Naval Scales

Naval - 4/10


Naval Growth - 5/10


Darius doesn't concentrate heavily on his navy, something that is lacking

given his defensive stance. He might have a few ships here and there to have

a look around, but that is about it. Which is a shame, I always want to sink a

few thousand triremes with cannon fire.

Air Scale

Air Power - 5/10

An average user of air power, he really won't concentrate on bombing your

lands with air units, just enough to defend his airspace, to make sure that

your bombers don't have an easy time when they decide to take a stroll over

his lands.

Growth Scales

Expansion - 5/10

Growth - 6/10



Production - 6/10

Gold - 7/10

Science - 5/10

Culture - 5/10

In terms of empire building, Darius will concentrate a lot on tile

improvement, which is useful if you decide to rake and pillage all his

lands. He will also concentrate heavily on gold production, which will make

him a nice rich target. And with all the infrastructure that he builds, he

will be quick to conquer, all roads load this his Capital.

Civilisation Scales

Happiness - 8/10

Great People - 5/10

Wonder - 6/10

Diplomacy - 5/10

Spaceship - 8/10

Aside from the usual spaceship victory, you would expect Darius to concentrate

on a happy population, since that is the main way his power will be drawn

from, the Golden Age. As such, Darius will have pretty high growth as a

result, so his cities are going to be nice to capture.

*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*

[3.14] Rome

Leader - Augustus Caesar

Unique Unit 1 - Ballista, replaces Catapult

Unique Unit 2 - Legion, replaces Swordsman


Civilization Power

THE GLORY OF ROME

- +25% production bonus for buildings constructed outside the Capital that

has already been built in the Capital.

~ History

"The Roman Empire is the most remarkable and long-lived political entity in

the history of Western Civilization. It was founded around the 8th century

BC, and portions of it survived until the 14th century AD. The Romans were

great innovators in some areas, and they were not shy about appropriating

good ideas they found in other cultures. They greatly shaped Western culture,

law, art, architecture, religion, language, and warfare.

The city of Rome stands near the Tibur River in central Italy. A series of

hills and mountains run along the spine of boot-shaped Italy; the coastal

regions are flatter and make better farmland. The central highlands can be

cold and snowy in winter, while the coastal lowlands enjoy milder,

stereotypical Mediterranean climate.

At its height the Empire controlled much of Western and Central Europe along

with a great chunk of the Middle East and most of the northern coast of

Africa, and naturally the Empire's terrain and climate varied greatly from

province to province.

According to legend, Rome was founded by twin brothers named "Romulus" and

"Remus," the sons of the god Mars and a king's daughter. The children were

abandoned at birth, but they were rescued by a she-wolf who suckled and

raised them. Upon reaching maturity the boys founded a new city, then

quarreled over who would rule. Romulus won: he killed his brother and became

the first king of Rome.

Archaeologists date the first major settlement in the area from the eighth

century BC (though there is some evidence suggesting that there were

settlements in the area as far back as the 10th century BC). The city was

founded by the Latin tribe atop the Palatine Hill, which overlooks a crossing

of the Tibur River. The city's strategic location made it a natural trading

post between the Etruscan civilization to the north and the Greek settlements

to the south. Thus Rome benefitted from technological and cultural advances

of both groups. Its location also made it greatly prized by its neighbors,

and for two centuries the Latins fought off attacks by the Etruscans and the

Sabines, another local tribe.

Roman tradition states that the last Roman king was a brutal tyrant. The

villainous king, Tarquinius Superbus, was overthrown after his son raped a

virtuous noblewoman. Modern historians believe that the truth is far more

prosaic. According to one current theory Rome was captured by the Etruscans,

who ejected the Roman king, but external events forced them to vacate the

city before they could install their own monarch. Finding that they preferred

being kingless, the Romans did not recall Tarquinius to power but instead

implemented a Republic loosely based upon the Greek model. It is believed

that the last Roman king fell at the end of the fifth century BC.

The Roman political system evolved over time, but the early structure was

something like this: Rome was ruled by two consuls. The consuls acted as the

city's chief magistrates as well as the military commanders. The two consuls

possessed equal power. The consuls were elected annually by the "centuriate

assembly" - the Roman army. To ensure unity of command in times of great

danger a "dictator" could be appointed. The dictator had supreme military

command. However, the dictator's term lasted only for six months, at which

time power reverted to the consuls and senate.

The second power bloc in Roman government was the Senate. The Senate was

composed of approximately 300 men drawn from the leading Roman families.

According to theory the Senate was strictly an advisory body, advising both

the Consuls and the assemblies (see below), but in fact it held enormous

political power, and its "advice" was almost always followed by the

assemblies (see below).

Two assemblies met periodically in Rome, and they (theoretically) held all

political power. The centuriate assembly met outside the city's borders in

the Field of Mars. As stated before this assembly was composed of Roman

soldiers; they elected consuls and magistrates and voted on peace and war.

The "tribal" assembly met inside the city; it was comprised of all male

Roman citizens. This assembly enacted laws and sat as a court for public

offenses involving money.

During much of its history, the Roman Republic was at war with one or more of

its neighbors. It was constantly expanding its territory at the expense of

other Italian tribes. It fought and conquered the nearby town of Fidenae in

426 BC after an eleven-year struggle, and this was followed soon thereafter

by a painful ten-year fight to conquer the Etruscan city of Veii. Much of

these gains were swept away in 390 BC, when a Gaulish tribe defeated the

Roman armies and sacked the city. It took almost half a century for Rome to

recover from this devastating defeat.

By the middle of the third century, however, Rome was master of most of

central Italy, with Latin colonies extending far to the north and south.

Further, work was progressing on the incomparable Roman road network linking

the growing empire, and Rome was in the process of constructing its first

navy.

As Rome's power grew, it began to come into conflict with other regional

powers. One such power was Carthage, a one-time Phoenician colony based on

the North African coast in Tunisia. At the time Carthage had a mighty

trading empire which covered most of North Africa west of Egypt, coastal

Spain and France, and much of Sicily. Rome and Carthage fought three "Punic

Wars" (264 - 146 BC) to decide who would control the Western Mediterranean.

While Roman historians placed the blame for the wars on Carthage, modern

historians believe that the Romans actually provoked the conflict by

attempting to muscle in on Carthaginian territory in Sicily.

The First Punic War (264 - 241 BC) found the Carthaginian mercenary army no

match for the Roman legions, who inflicted upon them a massive defeat at the

Battle of Agrigentum in 261 BC. The elite Carthaginian navy had much better

initial success against the untried Roman navy, but over time this advantage

faded as the Romans constructed new vessels and gained combat experience.

Eventually the Carthaginians admitted they were overmatched and ceded Sicily

to Rome. Shortly thereafter the Romans took advantage of unrest in the

Carthaginian army to take the Carthaginian islands of Corsica and Sardinia,

as well.

With Rome restricting Carthaginian operations in the Central Mediterranean,

Carthage sought to recoup its losses by expanding into Spain. Rome responded

by allying with the Spanish city of Saguntum, making it clear that they were

going to oppose Carthage's interests pretty much anywhere on the

Mediterranean. In 219 BC the Carthaginian general Hannibal laid siege to

Saguntum and Rome declared war once again. The Second Punic War (219 - 201

BC) had begun.

A brilliant general, Hannibal realized that Carthage could not defeat Rome as

long as Rome had unrestricted access to all of the resources of Italy. To

win, he had to disrupt Roman cooperation with the other Italian cities. To do

so, he had to get his army into Italy. As a Roman navy now commanded the

seas, he had to take the long, arduous land route. This remarkable six-month

journey included a perilous trip across the Italian alps. By 218 BC Hannibal

arrived in Italy with 20,000 foot soldiers and some 5,000 cavalry.

In 217 BC Hannibal defeated and largely destroyed a Roman army of some 15,000

soldiers. He moved south, hoping to stir up unrest in the Italian subject

cities, but few joined the Carthaginian cause. His forces roamed about the

countryside to no great effect.

By 216 BC the Romans had regrouped and fielded another, even stronger army of

some 50,000-80,000 soldiers against Hannibal. The two forces met at Cannae.

Hannibal let his center fall back in the face of the Roman attack, but he

then wheeled his cavalry in behind the Roman army, who had neglected to

adequately protect their flank. The Roman force was hemmed in and attacked

from all sides, and Hannibal had destroyed yet another Roman army, this one

much bigger than the last. This triumph totally demoralized the Romans. More

importantly, it at last convinced the southern Italian people that Hannibal

could win, and a large number of them deserted Rome and rallied to Carthage's

support.

While Hannibal's forces had greatly expanded, he now had numerous allied

cities he had to protect. While Rome had lost a great army and much of its

southern possessions it still had northern Italy, not to mention naval

control of the Mediterranean. The war degenerated into stalemate.

In 207 BC Hasdrubal, Hannibal's brother, duplicated Hannibal's storied march

and brought yet another army across the Alps and into northern Italy. He

sought to move south upon the east coast of Italy (the side away from Rome),

join up with his brother, and launch a final assault on Rome. Rome managed to

scrape up yet one more army and the two forces met at the Metaurus River.

Stealing a page from Hannibal's book, the Roman general Gaius Claudius Nero

outflanked Hasdrubal, cutting off his army's retreat. Most of the

Carthaginian army was destroyed, and Hasdrubal himself was killed. His head

was cut off and thrown into Hannibal's camp. That broke the back of the

invasion. Although Hannibal remained in the area for some years, he was

unable to again challenge Rome in Italy.

In the meanwhile, the great Roman general Scipio had captured most of Spain

from Carthage. Despite Hannibal's presence in southern Italy, he convinced

the Roman senate to back an invasion of Africa itself. In 204 he sailed

across the Mediterranean. He destroyed the opposing Carthaginian force and

another in 203 BC. In 202 BC he faced Hannibal, who had been recalled from

Italy in the face of the crisis. Although Hannibal fielded a slightly larger

army, Scipio's troops were veterans and they had a superior cavalry wing.

Hannibal's army was outflanked and largely destroyed. Prostrate and

defenseless, Carthage sued for peace. Rome stripped them of all of their

remaining Spanish and island possessions and hit them with a huge indemnity

of 10,000 talents (a fantastically large amount of gold).

The Third Punic War (149 - 146 BC) occurred some fifty years after the

Second. It is generally agreed that this war was little more than a Roman

mugging of the nearly helpless Carthage. While Carthage no longer had any

significant military power to threaten Rome, the Empire greatly envied the

wealth of the African city and its growing commercial empire. The Romans

imposed a series of intolerable demands on the city, including that the

citizens abandon Carthage and move inland so that they could no longer

engage in commerce by sea. The Carthaginians refused, and the Romans

besieged the city, which put up a stubborn resistance. In 146 BC Carthage

fell. The city was destroyed, its fields sown with salt, and the few

surviving citizens were sold into slavery. Rome was undisputed master of

the Mediterranean.

Although Rome continued to expand, fighting wars across the Mediterranean,

the first century BC saw tens of thousands of demobilized soldiers return

from foreign lands. There was not enough work for the ex-soldiers,

especially since Rome was being flooded with slaves from overseas

possessions. These men were angry, and they had the vote. Several men

attempted to enact land reforms, taking property away from the extremely

wealthy and distributing it to the soldiers, but the senate (which was

largely comprised of wealthy men) stymied these reforms. To be elected

consul, Roman politicians had to appease the ex-soldiers, and Roman

politics turned increasingly populist, and political infighting became

increasingly bitter.

In 88 BC Sulla, an elected consul, marched his army into Rome to force the

assembly to enact laws that would permanently weaken the opposing party.

After his army left, the opposition retook the city and negated Sulla's laws.

In 83 BC Sulla returned again with his army and slaughtered most of the

members of the opposing party. He then passed a series of constitutional

reforms and retired.

It was now clear that control of Rome would fall to whoever commanded the

loyalty of the army. In 62 BC three men agreed to share power between them.

This "First Triumvirate" consisted of the generals Gnaeus Pompey the Great

and Marcus Lucinius Crassus, and a soldier and sharp politician from a very

wealthy family named Julius Caesar.

These men had the same ability to cooperate and desire to share power as one

might expect to find in your average killer shark, and following Crassus's

death in battle, Caesar and Pompey were at each other's throats. Caesar was

in the field at the time, and the Pompey and the senate sought to remove him

from his army. He refused the orders and advanced on Rome. The army defending

Rome was untrained and Pompey did not believe it would stand against Caesar's

highly-motivated veterans, so he and the senate fled the city, and in 49 BC

Caesar marched into Rome unopposed.

The events surrounding Julius Caesar's last years are well known. While

maintaining the façade that Rome was a republic, he became a de facto

dictator. He gave himself the power to appoint all senators, and he altered

the constitution so that the assemblies would vote only on candidates and

bills he submitted. In 44 BC he was assassinated by members of the senate.

Following Caesar's death, his lieutenant Mark Antony allied with Marcus

Lepidus and Caesar's adopted son Gaius Octavian to defeat Caesar's assassins.

Shortly thereafter members of the "Second Triumvirate" quarreled, and

Octavian - now known as "Augustus" - became undisputed Emperor of Rome.

While the Roman Republic was dead, the Roman Empire had just begun, and the

world would tremble at its power and glory.

The mighty Roman Empire is an endlessly fascinating and complex entity.

Although long dead, the Empire's shadow still falls across the world, and

events in Rome 2000 years ago still affect our daily lives. One wonders if

the same will be said about any of today's civilizations."

If you have a powerful capital city with quick production, the Glory of Rome

will be an exceptional power, it will really hope your newer cities as you

build them from the ground up. With some wonders under your belt that also

improves building speed and other buildings, you can quickly turn a small

settling city into a flourishing metropolis.

The Ballista is simply more powerful than the Catapult, but really, it isn't

much, until you get to the Cannon, I love that toy. The Legion is probably

one of the best unique units in the game, simply because of they can build

roads as well as having a power bonus over your enemies. Since building a

nice road network does use up your worker's time a fair bit, you can use

Legions on the borders, simply because they can build and defend.

Augustus Caesar

~ History

"Born Gaius Octavius, Augustus would become the first (and possibly greatest)

Roman Emperor. He ended a century of civil wars and initiated two hundred

years of the Pax Romana (Roman Peace) while overseeing a golden age of Roman

literature and culture.

Octavius was born in 63 BC. His father (also named Gaius Octavius) was a

respectable but undistinguished member of the equestrian order. His mother,

however, was a niece of Julius Caesar. Octavius' father died when he was only

four years old, and he was brought up in the house of his stepfather Lucius

Marcus Phillippus.

At the age of fifteen, Octavius put on the toga virilis ("manly robes"), the

symbol that he had reached adulthood, and was elected to the College of

Pontiffs. In 46 BC he joined Julius Caesar during Caesar's last campaign in

Spain. In Spain he made such a fine impression on the great general that

Julius Caesar changed his will to make Octavius his heir.

When Caesar was murdered on the Ides of March in 44 BC, all the wealth that

Caesar had spent a lifetime accumulating passed into the hands of the 18-year

old Octavius. At the time of Caesar's assassination, Octavius was with some

of his soldiers in modern-day Albania. Upon hearing the news he went to Italy

and recruited an army from among Caesar's veterans, gaining their loyalty by

stressing that he was Caesar's heir. Once in Rome, Octavius allied with Marc

Antony and Marcus Lepidus to form what is known as the "Second Triumvirate,"

directed against Caesar's killers Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius. Octavius'

and Antony's armies tracked down Brutus and Cassius in Greece, where they

defeated the assassins' army at Philippi (42 BC). Brutus and Cassius both

committed suicide after their defeat.

Antony married Octavius' sister Octavia to cement their alliance, and the two

leaders divided Rome's territory between them. Octavius took the west, while

Antony went to the east, where he entered into a torrid affair with

Cleopatra, the ruler of Egypt. Octavius saw Antony's actions as an insult to

his sister and to his family, and relations between the co-rulers soon

soured. While Antony enjoyed the pleasures of Egypt, back in Rome Octavius

strengthened his political position and his armies. The two eventually went

to war, and in 31 BC Octavius defeated the forces of Antony and Cleopatra at

the naval battle of Actium. The lovers were pursued to Egypt, where they

both committed suicide.

Octavius was now the undisputed master of Rome. He surrendered his

extraordinary powers to the Senate, which was filled with his allies; in

return the Senate named him "Augustus" (one who is marked by dignity and

greatness) and showered him with honors. More importantly, they also gave him

the powers of a Roman consul, tribune, and censor, which had never before

been combined into one office. All permanent legal power within Rome

officially remained within the Senate - but since Octavius controlled the

Senate, this was mostly a legal fiction. Although he had all of the power of

an Emperor, Augustus preferred to style himself "Princeps," or "first

citizen" (probably to avoid further antagonizing the few remaining

republicans in Rome).

During his reign Augustus presided over four decades of peace and prosperity,

a welcome relief to Rome after almost a century of civil strife. He carried

out a great building program in the ancient city, constructing a new Senate

house as well as great temples to Apollo and "Divine Julius" (his deceased

great-uncle). Later, Augustus would boast - with justification - that he had

found Rome a city of brick and left it marble. Under his patronage many of

the most famous Roman authors and poets created their great works: Virgil,

Ovid, Horace, and Livy all flourished during his reign.

Augustus' generals also enjoyed great success and were quite relieved to be

once again turning their military strength against external enemies instead

of one another. Rome's borders were extended to the Danube, northern Spain

was finally conquered, and Armenia was pacified in the east.

Augustus did suffer two significant military defeats during his rule. In 15

BC Gaul's Roman governor, Marcus Lollius was defeated by an alliance of the

Sicambri, Tencteri and Usipetes tribes who had crossed the Rhine into Gaul;

little permanent damage was done to the Roman position in Gaul, and Suetonius

calls this defeat "more humiliating than serious."

The second defeat, however, was of an entirely different magnitude. In 9 AD

Publius Quintilius Varus, Governor of Germania, led three legions across the

Danube and deep into barbarian territory where they were surprised by German

Cherusci tribesmen and, after a three-day battle, captured or killed to the

last man. Varus himself committed suicide and the victors sent his head as a

present to King Marbod of the Marcomanni in Bohemia.

Hearing of the catastrophe, Augustus sent troops into the city to watch for

uprisings. He also prolonged the terms of the governors of the provinces to

ensure that experienced men would be in charge if the subject people

revolted. In addition he dedicated great games to Jupiter if he would improve

the Empire's lot. It is clear that Augustus was badly shaken by the defeat.

Suetonius says that "for several months in succession he cut neither his

beard nor his hair, and sometimes he would dash his head against a door,

crying, 'Quintilius Varus, give me back my legions!'"

Fortunately, the natives did not revolt and the Empire survived the

catastrophe without long-lasting consequences.

By Augustus' death in 14 AD, a return to the old system of the Republic was

unthinkable, and he was peacefully succeeded by the Emperor Tiberius.

During Augustus' long rule Rome flourished and the Empire came to dominate the

Mediterranean basin. The policies he put in place kept the Empire running

smoothly, so much so that Rome would continue to rule the entire known world

for almost two centuries without any major wars or other significant threats

to its survival. Few if any leaders in world history could make the same

claim."

Leader Scales




Boldness - 6/10

Augustus is very competitive as a leader, he will go for the victory

conditions, and if you are getting close, he will come down on you like a ton

of bricks. He will take on the City States pretty damn aggressive as well, so

if you want to woo the city states over, you might want to take note.

Diplomacy Scales

War - 5/10

Hostile - 5/10

Deceptive - 7/10

Guarded - 6/10

Afraid - 5/10

Friendly - 4/10

Neutral - 5/10

Augustus is more likely to play dirty, he will form pacts of secrecy and

cooperation with your enemies, research agreements to drain your gold, all

this to ensure that you are nice and alone when he decides to declare war. No

one is safe, especially his allies, who he is prone to backstab at the last

minute. Out of all the leaders, it is probably Augustus that has given me the

most research pacts.

City State Scales


Friendly - 7/10

Protective - 6/10

Conquest - 6/10

Again, Augustus is one of those who is about as likely to protect a city state

as to conquer it. Like other leaders, those tend to act as a buffer between

him and enemies he will protect, whilst those who are away from the action

will see their cities burnt down to the ground.


Offensive - 5/10

Defensive - 6/10

City Defence - 6/10



Ranged - 6/10

Mounted - 4/10

What is interesting with Augustus is that he will rarely send out scouts, and

that is quite an problem for him, a good thing for you, as long as he doesn't

know where you are, he can't attack you. He will focus a lot on training, so

he will be spending his time building Barracks and Stables, which will make

his troops slightly harder to crush. And when he does attack, you can expect

a fair few archers to rain arrows on your land as well.

Naval Scales

Naval - 5/10


Naval Growth - 4/10


Surprisingly, Augustus doesn't seem to worry about building a naval power

base that much, given that one of his most famous conquests was the Battle

of Actium, although to be fair, he wasn't one of the generals in that, it was

really up to Agrippa during that battle. Still, it doesn't mean he won't have

naval units around, just don't expect them in force.

Air Scale

Air Power - 4/10

Augustus isn't a fan of air power, which is a shame, I love my air units a

lot, however, what you must be wary of is that although the AI might not like

air units, it doesn't mean it won't build appropriate counters to shoot your

planes out of the sky.

Growth Scales

Expansion - 8/10

Growth - 5/10



Production - 6/10

Gold - 6/10

Science - 5/10

Culture - 5/10

Augustus is really heavy on expansion, which is expected given that he does

tend to pursue the path of war more often than not. Also note that

infrastrucutre is high up there, mainly because his Legion units can build

roads, and well, roads is pretty much infrastructure until you get access to

railroads. Also high on the list is tile improvements, so make sure your

pillage axes are ready, you will want to make some money when you attack.

Civilisation Scales

Happiness - 8/10

Great People - 5/10

Wonder - 6/10

Diplomacy - 5/10

Spaceship - 8/10

Augustus is clearly a leader that will want to keep his people rather

happy, and that means he will expand for luxury resources quickly, and that

means you will either settle at them before he can, or just blow up his cities

with some cannon fire. Augustus is a strong leader, he won't be easy to beat,

but he isn't impossible either.

*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*

[3.15] Russia

Leader - Catherine the Great

Unique Unit 1 - Cossack, replaces Cavalry


Unique Building - Krepost, replaces Barracks

Civilization Power

MOTHER RUSSIA

- All resources will provide +1 production values, and all Horse, Iron and

Uranium deposits will be doubled.

~ History

"As Winston Churchill once said, Russia is a riddle, wrapped in a mystery,

inside an enigma. It is a part of Europe and a part of Asia, yet separate

from both. It is rich with natural resources, yet its people have

historically been grindingly poor. It has been invaded and overrun by Goths,

Huns, Mongols, French and Germans, yet remained uniquely Russian. It has been

a superpower and a nearly failed state, a monarchy, communist dictatorship

and democracy - all within a span of 100 years. Indeed, Russia is one of the

most fascinating civilizations in all of human history.

Russia is a huge country. At 6,500,000 square miles in area, it's nearly

twice the size of the United States of America, but with only half its

population. It's a country of great mountains, enormous steppes, and raging

rivers. On the east, Russia borders the Pacific Ocean, and on the west the

Baltic Sea. The southernmost portions of Russia can be broiling hot in the

summer and Russian winters are famously brutal - long, cold and dark.

Archaeological evidence states that portions of Russia have been occupied

for some four thousand years, but not much is known about the earliest

settlers in this vast land. Greeks and Persians settled in the Ukraine at

some early date, and they seem to have hunted and harvested resources from

the vast Russian forests to the north. Various nomadic tribes crossed the

country between the fourth and 10th century AD before settling further west

in Europe; these included the Huns, Goths, and Magyars. During the same

period the East Slavs began migrating east into the area, followed by

Germanic commercial explorers looking for trade goods as well as new routes

to the east. They encountered Finnic tribes moving south.

The eighth century saw the first written record of "Kievan Rus." The Rus are

believed to have been Scandinavian Vikings who migrated south from the Baltic

coast (although this is disputed by some Russian scholars, who believe that

the original founders of Kievan Rus were Slavs). By 860 the Rus were sending

raiding parties as far south as Constantinople, and by 1000 AD Kievan Rus

controlled a trade route from the Baltic to the Black Sea; this would form

the economic backbone of the growing regional power.

By the 12th century, the Kiev Empire covered much of what would become

eastern Russia, extending from Poland in the west to the Volga in the east,

and from Finland in the north to the Ukraine in the south. It was a vast

territory to manage from one centralized location, especially as component

parts of the Empire began developing individual identities and national

aspirations. Economically, the Empire also became divided, with northern

provinces aligning themselves with the Baltic powers while the western areas

were drawn to Poland and Hungary, and the southern regions to Asia Minor and

the Mediterranean. By the closing of the 12th century Rus Kiev was dissolved

in all but name, replaced by a number of smaller quasi-feudal states.

The first Mongol incursion into Kievan territory occurred in 1223, when a

Mongol reconnaissance unit met the combined warriors of several Rus states

under the command of the wonderfully-named "Mstislav the Bold" and "Mstislav

Romanovich the Old" at the Battle of the Kalka River. The Rus forces enjoyed

early success, but they became disorganized in the pursuit of the retreating

foe. The Mongol horsemen rallied and defeated the pursuers in detail before

they could reorganize. A large portion of the Rus forces surrendered to the

Mongols on the condition that they would be spared; the Mongols accepted the

conditions then slaughtered them anyway. The Mongols then left Rus for

several years before returning in much greater force.

In 1237 a vast Mongol army of some 30,000 or more horse archers once again

crossed the Volga River. In a few short years the Mongols captured, looted

and destroyed dozens of Russian cities and towns, including Ryazan, Kolomna,

Moscow, Rostov, Kashin, Dmitrov, Kozelsk, Halych and Kiev. They soundly

thrashed every force raised to oppose them. By 1240 most of Rus was a smoking

ruin, firmly under the control of the Mongols, who then turned their sight

further west, towards Hungary and Poland.

The Western Mongol Empire, which included much of Russia, was called (though

probably not by the Mongols themselves) the "Golden Horde." Its capital was

at "Sari," a new city they constructed on the Volga River. Although the

Mongols (also known as "Tatars") were ruthless invaders and conquerors, they

were relatively benign rulers. Generally they had little direct dealings with

the subject people, much preferring to keep the existing power structure

intact, ruling through the current rulers. Originally Shamanists, the Mongols

were late converts to Islam, and they were extremely tolerant towards other

religions. Generally, as long as they got their tribute, they left the people

alone.

The Golden Horde survived until the end of the 13th century, when it fell

prey to attacks from Timur (Tamerlane) from the south. Seeking to capture

their commercial trade, Timur overran and destroyed the Mongol cities of

Sarai, Azov, and Kaffa, fatally weakening the Mongol rulers. Local Rus

leaders, particularly those ruling the Principality of Muscovy, were quick to

fill the growing power vacuum.

Under the rule of Ivan III (1462 - 1505), Muscovy began the process of

"gathering of the Russian lands", in which Moscovy sought to annex all East

Slavic lands, including the traditional Russian territories as well as the

Belarusian and Ukrainian principalities, neither of which had any traditional

link with Muscovy. In 1478 Novogorod was annexed, and in 1485 Tver was

similarly absorbed. This work was nearly undone in 1497, however, by a deadly

struggle among Ivan's relatives over the succession to the throne. Ivan had

originally picked his grandson from his first marriage, but he was eventually

forced to name as heir his second wife's son, Vasily.

Ivan's reign also saw Muscovy's first entry into the maelstrom of European

diplomacy. Ivan sought to engage more closely with Byzantium in order to put

pressure on the growing Polish-Lithuanian state to Muscovy's west (the powers

were competing to gobble up the smaller principalities left after the

collapse of the Golden Horde).

After Ivan's death his son, Vasily III, strengthened the monarchy and further

expanded Muscovy's territory. However Vasily failed to produce an heir until

late in his reign and he was forced to create a regency to rule after his

death until his son Ivan was able to take the throne. As Ivan was three and

sickly at the time of his father's death (1533), the regency was prolonged

and subject to a great deal of political intrigue, and the kingdom suffered

accordingly. Once Ivan achieved maturity, things went from bad to

exceptionally bad - one might even say "terrible."

At the age of 16, Ivan the Terrible (1530 - 1584) was crowned "tsar" of

Muscovy, the first to bear that title. (The word is related to the Roman

title "Caesar.") Very little is actually known of Ivan the man, except that

he was sickly and he married six times. Many believe that in his early reign

he was a figurehead - a puppet ruler fronting for one of the factions

striving for dominance in that unsettled land. During that period he enacted

a series of reforms rebuilding the military and the legal system, and laws to

severely limit the power of hereditary landowners (i.e., the nobility). These

reforms appear designed to improve the Russian military in preparation for

major campaigns to expand Russian territory. These adventures were less than

totally successful.

In his mid-twenties, Ivan began a program to dramatically increase his power

at the expense of virtually anybody else in the vicinity. The Imperial Court

was swept of independent-minded nobility and stocked with sycophantic

bullies. The upper echelons of the military were similarly purged. Ivan

declared millions of acres of the best land to be "oprichnina" - or crowned

land - subject to his direct control only.

Ivan was about as good a military leader as he was a humanitarian: he

virtually destroyed the army and bankrupted the country in the disastrous

Livonian War, which dragged on for some twenty-five years (1558 - 1583). He

died in 1584, and not a moment too soon.

Things improved for a time after Ivan's death, when one of his cronies named

Boris Godunov assumed the throne, but when Boris died in 1605, everything

once again went straight to hell, so much so that this period (1606 - 1613)

is known as the "Time of Troubles." Central authority was gone; foreign and

domestic armies marched and fought their way across the countryside, as one

pretender after another took the crown only to be overthrown by the next in

line. Eventually the merchants of northern Russia financed an insurgent army

(largely staffed with Swedish troops) who swept the foreigners out of Moscovy

and brought the Cossacks back in line. In control of the government apparatus

(what was left of it), the insurgents called for the election of another

tsar.

Michael Fyodorovich was just 16 when he was elected Tsar. He faced

innumerable problems. Decades of insurrection and neglect had left much of

the country in ruins, its citizens fled and its croplands fallow. Portions of

the country were occupied by foreign troops, and those that weren't often had

their own local military forces which were not answerable to any central

authority. It took the first Romanov Tsar nearly twenty years to regain

control of the country.

The Tsars following Michael continued the expansion of Russia, fighting or

allying variously with Sweden, Poland, and/or the Ottoman Empire, depending

upon where the territory they were trying at that moment to nab lay.

Territory under contention included the eastern Ukraine, the Baltic

territories, and Belarus.

Peter (1672 - 1725) jointly ruled Russia with his half brother Ivan V for the

period 1682 - 1696, and he ruled singly following Ivan's death from 1696 -

1725. During the early part of his reign Peter was all but exiled to the

village of Preobrazhenskoye while his half-sister Sophia ruled as regent. He

thus missed much of a young Tsar's standard education, concentrating instead

on sports, mathematics, and military training.

While a growing land power, at the start of Peter's reign, Russia lacked

direct access to the Black Sea, the Caspian, or to the Baltic Sea. Peter

believed that Russia could never be a great state unless it possessed a navy.

Much of his foreign policy was turned to that end. In 1695 Peter attacked

southward, capturing Azov from the Crimean Tatars and moving that much closer

to the Black Sea.

In 1697 Peter formed the "Grand Embassy," a group of some 250 people who were

to travel across western Europe to gather information on European culture and

economy. Peter traveled with the group incognito. For four months Peter

worked as a ship's carpenter in the Dutch East India Company's shipyards, and

this was followed by a similar period in the British Royal Navy's dockyard.

As he progressed around Europe Peter hired hundreds of European workers to

help improve the Russian cities, economy and infrastructure.

Peter was looking for allies to assist him in his campaign against Turkey,

but was unsuccessful. Believing that Russia could not move alone on that

front, the pragmatic Tsar signed a peace treaty with Turkey and turned his

attention to the Baltic.

At the end of the 16th century the Swedes occupied the Baltic coast including

Karelia, Ingria, Estonia and Livonia. Peter formed an alliance with Saxony

and Denmark-Norway, and in 1700 the alliance attacked. The "Northern War"

dragged on for some 21 years. Peter took an extremely active role in

prosecuting the war, and he could often be found on the front lines, under

enemy fire.

Meanwhile, in 1703 Peter began construction of the city of St. Petersburg in

the far north of Russia, near the Gulf of Finland. By 1712 it was named the

new capital of Russia. By 1721 Russia had driven Sweden from the eastern and

southern Baltic. In 1724 Peter helped rescue some sailors whose ship was

aground in the frigid waters of the Gulf of Finland. He caught a chill during

the adventure and died shortly thereafter.

Peter died without declaring a successor, and the forty years following his

death saw a series of more or less weak regencies and short-lived rulers, the

best of whom was probably his daughter, Elizabeth, who ruled from 1741 to

1760. Under her reign the Moscow State University was founded in 1755 and

Russia extended its control over western Ukraine.

Elizabeth was followed by her nephew, the hugely unpopular Peter III. Peter's

reign lasted only two years - when he was overthrown and (eventually

murdered) by his wife, the remarkable Catherine II.

Catherine was the daughter of a German prince. She came to Russia at the age

of 15 to marry Peter III, the heir to the Russian throne. She educated

herself by reading European literature. Beautiful, intelligent, and witty,

she captured the hearts of the Russian nobility, who greatly preferred her to

her husband, who was said to be feebleminded. She received their enthusiastic

support when she engineered a palace coupe and assumed power at the age of

33.

Catherine reigned for thirty years. During that time she expanded the Russian

Empire's borders, gaining important territory along the Black Sea and the

Caspian Sea, as well as expansion east, beyond the Ural mountains. Catherine

also added large chunks of Poland to the Empire when that country was

partitioned between Austria, Prussia and Russia in 1772, though these would

in the long run be far more of a liability than a benefit.

During her reign Catherine also implemented many important reforms in Russia,

attempting to improve the organization of and battle corruption in local

governments. Despite her liberal reputation she was no especial friend to the

Russian peasantry, however; in fact the odious practice of serfdom (slave

labor) increased significantly during her reign, and the lot of the average

peasant grew even harder.

Catherine died in 1796.

The first two decades of the 19th century saw the rise and fall of one of

Europe's greatest military figures, Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of France.

Following the French Revolution, Bonaparte took a divided and weakened France

and turned it into the most powerful nation in Europe. Russia and its allies

were defeated at Austerlitz in 1805; the Russians and French fought again in

1806 and 1807. There were five years of peace, followed by Napoleon's

catastrophic invasion of Russia in 1812. Russian armies fought the French for

two more years and were greatly responsible for Napoleon's final defeat and

expulsion from Europe. Russia emerged from the wars as the preeminent

military power on the continent.

Russian military prestige suffered a major blow mid-century, when it was

unable to defeat a small, incompetently-led French-English force during the

Crimean War (1853-1856). This led the new Tsar, Alexander II, to attempt

sweeping modernizations in the Empire, including the abolishment of serfdom

in 1861. However the emancipation terms were highly onerous, requiring that

the peasants pay annual "redemption payments" to buy their own freedom, and

in many cases the newly-freed men were worse off than they had been as

slaves. At this time Russia also instituted a series of legal reforms based

upon European models, but although these were an improvement over the older

system, the new laws still treated the peasantry as less than full citizens.

The 1870s saw an increase in revolutionary activity, especially among

university students. In 1873 students attempted to rouse the peasantry to

revolution, but the peasants were mostly unimpressed, and many students were

imprisoned or sent off to Siberia. The surviving revolutionaries then turned

to covert action, including assassination attempts against high officials. In

1881 a terrorist group successfully assassinated Alexander II. The main

leaders of the group were captured and hanged.

Alexander III, the new Tsar, implemented a series of repressive laws that

restricted education and further restricted the citizens' already-limited

freedoms.

In 1894 Alexander III died and his ill-fated son, Nicholas II, took the

throne.

The Russo-Japanese War (1904 - 1905) saw a series of crushing Russian defeats

at the hands of the Japanese. This significantly weakened the central

government's prestige, and Russia underwent a series of damaging strikes and

protests as various groups demanded a variety of reforms. In 1905 a group of

St. Petersburg workers marched on the Winter Palace to give the Tsar a list

of demands; they were met by troops who opened fire, killing 130. News of

"Bloody Sunday" spread quickly throughout Russia, and riots broke out across

the country. Later in the year the Tsar reluctantly agreed to implement an

elected assembly. This did not satisfy the revolutionaries however, and

unrest continued for two hard years.

The creation of a new assembly, the "Duma," did succeed in splitting the

opposition, as some chose to attempt reform from within the assembly, while

the more radicalized opposition remained outside the system, throwing bombs.

The country limped along, bleeding, until the cataclysmic Great War brought

the entire system to the ground.

World War I was an epic failure of diplomacy and rational thinking. In the

pre-war years the nations of Europe had allied themselves to or against

one-another in a series of defensive/offensive pacts that virtually

guaranteed that any small conflict would drag the entire continent into a

giant conflagration. In the event, in 1914 an Austro-Hungarian land-grab of

Serbia brought Russia into the war on Serbia's side, Germany into the war on

Austria's side, and France and Great Britain in on Russia's side, and so

forth.

Tsar Nicholas II mobilized his forces as rapidly as possible, then marched

them west to meet the German foe, who promptly encircled and captured most of

the Russian armies. Then in 1915 a German/Austrian offensive marched

virtually unopposed into Poland and from there into Russia's western

provinces. This, plus the entry of Russia's traditional enemy Turkey into

the war on the side of Germany placed incredible strain on the tottering

Russian government.

Tsar Nicholas II did not acquit himself well in the crisis. He moved his

court to Belarusia, to be in "personal command of the army," which left

day-to-day governing of the Empire to his wife and her hated advisor,

Rasputin. In 1916 Rasputin was murdered by a conspiracy that included many of

the Royal Family's most loyal allies.

In 1916 the military situation improved, but the situation at home grew even

worse. Food was short everywhere, as more peasants were called into the army

and imports were cut off by the enemy. That plus rampant inflation led to

increasing worker unrest. In 1917 the March Revolution called for the

abolishment of the aristocracy. The government summoned Cossacks to disburse

the crowd, but the Cossacks mutinied and went over to the insurgents. Soon

thereafter the Duma joined the insurgency and on March 15, the Tsar was

forced to abdicate. Later he and his family were executed.

Imperial Russia was dead. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics had

arrived.

The USSR survived for fifty years. Its greatest triumph was its victory over

Nazi Germany in the Great Patriotic War (World War II). It also served as a

counterbalance to the United States, which in post WWII had nearly unlimited

power. (Whether that was a good or a bad thing depends upon one's point of

view.) Its greatest failure was its inability to improve its citizens'

standard of living to match the other countries of Europe and the West. The

Soviet Union ended in 1991, brought down to some extent by external pressure

from the United States and its allies, but mainly by massive internal

economic problems.

The New Russian Federation is still a riddle, wrapped in a mystery, inside an

enigma. It has abandoned communism for what might be called oligarchic

capitalism. It has created many multi-millionaires but many of its citizens

are still poor. It has freed many of its client states - East Germany, the

Ukraine, the Baltic States - but it still casts a heavy shadow on its

neighbors (witness its recent invasion of ex-Soviet state Georgia). It's a

democracy, but power seems more and more concentrated in one man. It's

uncertain what will become of this long-lived country in the 21st century,

but it surely will remain one of the most powerful and important nations on

Earth."

Russia has one of the best powers in the game, hands down. Resources will

give an extra 1 production value, which is invaluable early on in the game,

and when it comes down to it, extra horses, iron and uranium will lead to more

units that you can field on the battlefield, which is important, when it is

later in the game, and technology advantages will be nullified somewhat.

The Cossack is will get a powerful bonus when attacking, which is nice when

you are on the attack, and they are probably the mainstay of your forces

during the Medieval Era. The Krepost is an early building, which replaces the

barracks, it will reduce the culture cost of acquiring new tiles by 50%, which

is very useful early on in the game.

Catherine the Great

~ History

"Catherine the Great ruled Russia during the latter half of the 18th century.

She oversaw a great expansion of the Russian empire, adding tens of thousands

of square miles of territory through conquest and shrewd diplomacy. A

beautiful and intelligent woman, she beguiled and seduced the best minds of

Europe, making her court one of the centers of Enlightenment thinking on the

Continent. Although born in Germany, Catherine is one of the greatest rulers

in Russian history.

Sophie Friederike Auguste Von Anhalt-Zerbst was born in Szczecin in 1729, a

princess of Pomerania, a small kingdom in Prussia. At 16 she was married to

Carl Peter Ulrich, the heir to the Russian throne, becoming Grand Duchess

Catherine Alekseyevna. Catherine quickly learned Russian and joined the

Russian Orthodox Church. Largely self-educated, Catherine immersed herself

in the literature of the time. Endowed with both beauty and intelligence, she

became strong friends (if not more) with the great thinkers of the day,

including the brilliant French philosophers Rousseau and Diderot.

Catherine's marriage was extremely unhappy. Her husband, the Tsar Peter III,

was by all accounts a shabby and neurotic person. He was described as mean,

cruel, hideous (from smallpox scars) and a drunkard. He was said to detest

Russians and loved Prussians, which didn't endear him to the Russian court.

Although born a foreigner, Catherine was far more popular with the nobility

and, most importantly, with the Russian military.

At the age of 33, with the support of the Imperial guard, she overthrew her

husband, who was soon killed "in a hunting accident," leaving Catherine the

sole ruler of Russia.

As Empress, Catherine pursued an expansionist policy backed by military

muscle. The "First Russo-Turkish War" (1768-1774) - declared by Sultan

Mustafa III after a border incident in which a Cossack entered Ottoman

territory and allegedly slaughtered the residents of Balta - was a resounding

Russian success, gaining for Catherine the Southern Ukraine, Northern

Caucasus and the Crimea, expanding Russian access to the Black Sea.

The Ottomans tried to take their territory back in the Second

Russo-Turkish war, but they failed miserably.

In the years following the French Revolution, Catherine became afraid that

Enlightenment movements throughout Europe would threaten the monarchies of

Europe. Toward the end of the century Poland, a Russian puppet, began to show

disturbing signs of edging toward democracy. In 1792 Russian forces defeated

Polish loyalists in the Polish "War in Defense of the Constitution,"

following which Poland was partitioned between Russia, Austria and Prussia.

Throughout her reign Catherine maintained cordial relations with the great

powers of Europe, Prussia, France and Austria, who in return did not stand in

the way of Russian expansion.

During her reign Catherine undertook a wide range of political reforms,

attempting to shape up the notoriously corrupt and incompetent Russian

bureaucracy. She tried to model her government and court on Versailles,

France. She paid for her reforms by seizing property from the clergy, who

owned almost one-third of the land and serfs in Russia. She curried favor

with the aristocracy, expanding their already-great power over the Russian

peasants.

In 1773 a plague broke out in Russia, which was already suffering from

ill-effects of the long war with Turkey. Taking advantage of growing public

disaffection, Pugachov, a Cossack officer, pretended to be Catherine's dead

husband, Tsar Peter III, and attempted to raise a peasant army to overthrow

the Empress while the Russian military was locked in battle with the Turks.

Fortunately for Catherine, the First Russo-Turkish War ended at just the

right time, and a Russian army was able to return from the Front and crush

the rebellion before it could reach Moscow. This made Catherine suspicious of

the Russian peasants and she implemented even more repressive laws against

them.

A patron of the arts, Catherine commissioned many statues and paintings.

Under her rule St. Petersburg was transformed from a primitive and forbidding

city into one of the most beautiful and impressive European capitals. Her

private art collection formed the basis of the famous Hermitage Museum, one

of the world's great art museums.

Despite her many public successes, Catherine is best known for her private

excesses. Her affairs are legendary; it has been suggested that she slept

with a fairly large fraction of the Russian officers corps, not to mention

her many well-publicized dalliances with a horde of well-known European

politicians and artists. It is said that once she tired of a lover Catherine

would "pension him off," giving him a large gift of cash, peasants, and land

somewhere far away from Moscow.

Catherine's reign was notable for imperial expansion. Most important were the

securing of the northern shore of the Black Sea, the annexation of the

Crimea, and the expansion into the steppes beyond the Urals. This permitted

the protection of Russian agricultural settlements in the south and the

establishment of trade routes through the Black Sea. Catherine's partitioning

of Poland also helped bring Russia closer to the rest of Europe, at least

geographically.

Catherine implemented many public work projects throughout Russia and its

possessions. She also increased internal and foreign trade. On the other

hand, she did little to improve the lot of the Russian peasant; in fact,

their lives grew distinctly harder during her reign.

Catherine died at the age of 67, having lived longer than any other Romanov

monarch. Like Queen Elizabeth I of England, she proved that a woman could be

smart enough and tough enough to lead a great country."

Leader Scales




Boldness - 3/10

After playing Catherine, seeing she was the most powerful neighbour I had, I

can say that although she is very competitive in all aspects, she is one of

the least likely to piss me off with annoying messages saying how puny and

weak I was, mainly because I had a few riflemen on the border. She is hard

to fight though.

Diplomacy Scales

War - 4/10

Hostile - 6/10

Deceptive - 7/10

Guarded - 5/10

Afraid - 5/10

Friendly - 7/10

Neutral - 5/10

Yes, Catherine is more likely to be friendly rather than warlike, however,

she is rather hostile if you get on her bad side, such as denying her a

treaty that she wants, or parking a few units near her border. Given the low

war bias, it doesn't mean she won't declare war, she will, after making sure

that you are all alone.

City State Scales


Friendly - 6/10

Protective - 6/10

Conquest - 7/10

Catherine is more likely to take over city states, but just. She is also quite

likely to protect them, which is annoying if you don't want to go to war with

her, but hey, nothing much you can do about it, if you want Belgrade, you will

get it.


Offensive - 6/10

Defensive - 6/10

City Defence - 6/10



Ranged - 5/10

Mounted - 6/10

Catherine is quite average in terms of what units she will use, it is normally

a balanced mixed. From being her neighbour on a massive map, invariably, she

will use more infantry, simply because it is cheaper to build, but she will

use mounted units. However, these scales are just bias towards one over the

other, it isn't the same throughout.

Naval Scales

Naval - 3/10


Naval Growth - 3/10


Another leader that doesn't really care about the Navy, given that Russia,

during Catherine's reign, wasn't about the sea, it is will deserved. At

most, I've seen her use the sea to transport her land units, so as long as you

can intercept them, that's about all you need to counter her in the sea.

Air Scale

Air Power - 3/10

Again, what tends to happen is that if you don't care about the sea, you

won't care about their air war either. She doesn't use air power, hardly if

ever, but again, that doesn't mean that your air units will get free reign,

most likely, lack of air power means a lot more AA units on the ground.

Growth Scales

Expansion - 8/10

Growth - 3/10



Production - 6/10

Gold - 5/10

Science - 8/10

Culture - 6/10

Catherine will expand very quickly. She will have tons of cities, by the time

I had 16 cities, she had about 30, which was odd. If you are close to her at

the start, you might as well declare war on her and sit outside her borders to

capture her settlers. She will tech up relatively quickly, which isn't good as

her aggressive expansion will lead to a larger military response, so you will

want to take her cities quickly if you want to wear her out.

Civilisation Scales

Happiness - 3/10

Great People - 6/10

Wonder - 5/10

Diplomacy - 6/10

Spaceship - 9/10

Besides the massive bias to go for the spaceship victory, Catherine will,

interestingly enough, not care about happiness. This is very strange, with a

unhappy empire, she will have very little growth, and that will drop her

science research abilities.

*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*

[3.16] Siam

Leader - Ramkhamhaeng

Unique Unit 1 - Naresuan's Elephant, replaces Knight


Unique Building - Wat, replaces University

Civilization Power

FATHER GOVERNS CHILDREN

- The food and culture gifts from City-States are increased by 50%, the

amount depends on your relationship.

~ History

"Located in Southeast Asia between Burma (a.k.a. Myanmar), Laos, Cambodia and

Malaysia, Siam - now Thailand - has a long and storied history. A beautiful

and mysterious land of dark forests and ancient mountains, Siam has seen

occupation and revolution, flood and famine, and the rise and fall of

empires.

Siam is a semi-tropical country located in a monsoon zone. From May to

October warm northwestern winds bring huge amounts of rainfall to the

country, the west coast receiving an astonishing 160 inches of rain annually

(the hilly north much less so). The wind reverses course from November to

February, bringing cooler, drier weather to the country. The countryside is

covered with forests, swamps and wetlands. The Siamese people have

traditionally used water buffalo, horses, and even elephants as draft animals

(though the late 20th century has seen the introduction of farm machinery

across much of the country).

The earliest known settlers of Siam spoke Mon-Khmer languages. There were

several different groups on the southeast Asia peninsula. One, the Mon, were

known to have accepted Buddhism as far back as the sixth century AD. Another

group, the Khmer, were primarily located in Cambodia, their capital at Angkor

(home of Angkor Wat); in the 12th century they possessed an empire stretching

over half of modern Thailand. The Khmer tended to follow Hinduism rather than

Buddhism.

Around 1,000 AD the area saw an influx of Tai-speaking people called the

"Tai." Modern historians generally believe that the Tai originated in

northern Vietnam. In a few centuries the Tai had spread across much of

Southeast Asia, as far west as northeastern India and as far south as the

Malay Peninsula. By the 13th century the Tai were numerous enough to threaten

the Mon and Khmer primacy in Siam.

In the mid-thirteenth century a Tai ruler successfully revolted against the

Khmer Empire, founding the Sukhothai kingdom. It remained a small,

unimportant power until the ascension of its third ruler, Ramkhamhaeng, in

1279. In twenty short years this extraordinary leader would transform the

small kingdom of Sukhothai into a major regional power.

During his reign Ramkhamhaeng expanded his kingdom's dominance west into

Burma, east into Laos, and south down the Malay Peninsula. The king was a

shrewd diplomat as well as a warlord; many territories joined his

confederation voluntarily. Towards the end of his rule Ramkhamhaeng had a

stone inscribed detailing his triumphs. It portrays a wealthy, contented

kingdom ruled by a loving and benevolent monarch. Ramkhamhaeng died in 1298.

For more on Ramkhamhaeng, see his Civilopedia entry.

Sukhothai would last a century past its greatest leader's death before being

consumed by Ayutthaya, a new Tai power rising in the south.

The kingdom of Ayutthaya was founded by Ramathibodi I in 1351 on the Chao

Phraya River Basin, a fertile plain just north of modern Bangkok. The kingdom

was formed on the remains of an earlier kingdom, Lavo. In 1352 King

Ramathibodi attacked the Khmer, driving them east out of Siam. By 1387

Ayutthaya was strong enough to attack north, conquering Sukhothai. And in

1431 the kingdom attacked the Khmer once more, this time capturing and

sacking the capital city of Angkor after a seven-month siege.

By all accounts the city of Ayutthaya was beautiful and wealthy. It was

traversed by a series of north-south canals which brought water to all

sections of the city. The remains of magnificent palaces and temples can be

seen in the city today. The Tai of Ayutthaya were the first people in the

area to be called "Siamese," and this of course eventually became the name of

the entire country.

From the Khmer, the Ayutthayans adopted the belief in the divinity of the

king. The king was above all people. None could gaze upon his face, except

for members of the royal family. In addition to the king's increased

religious/ceremonial power, King Trailok (1448-1488) reorganized the state to

concentrate political power in the hands of the monarchy as well.

Socially, the Ayutthayans lived under a rigid caste system that assigned a

numerical value to each person according to his or her rank. A slave was

worth five units (called "sakdi na"), a freeman 25 or so, and the heir to the

throne perhaps 100,000 units. (The king himself was probably worth a

gazillion - or even more!) Both Buddhism and Hinduism were followed in the

country.

Having dealt with Sukhothai to the north and Khmer to the southeast, the

greatest threat to Ayutthaya lay in Burma, to the west. In 1569 Ayutthaya was

overrun and conquered by Burma. It regained its independence at the end of

the 15th century. Burmese troops once again sacked the city in 1767. This

time they deported the royal family, burned the city to the ground, and

destroyed all of the Ayutthayan works of art and historical records. The

Kingdom never recovered from this attack. However a new Siamese kingdom would

rapidly rise to power in Ayutthaya's ashes.

In 1767 (the same year that saw the final destruction of Ayutthaya), a Tai

leader named "Taksin" founded a new capital city at Thon Buri, some forty

miles downstream from Ayutthaya (near present-day Bangkok). Built on the

eastern side of the Chao Phraya River, the city was easier to defend from

Burmese forces; located closer to the open sea, the city was ideally suited

to accommodate international trade as well. In fact Taksin encouraged Chinese

merchants to establish businesses in Thon Buri, and tax revenue from this

trade was used to rebuild the Siamese economy, devastated from the recent

Burmese attack.

Taking advantage of his country's wealth, Taksin constructed a powerful army

and began expanding its territory. After retaking the territory that had

belonged to Sukhothai and Ayutthaya, Taksin's troops conquered additional

territory in Laos, and pushed the Burmese forces out of traditional Tai lands

to the north. In 1782 Taksin began showing signs of serious mental illness

and was overthrown and killed. He was succeeded by a general named "Chao

Phraya Chakri" (he later changed his name to Rama I). The Chakri dynasty has

remained in power in Thailand until today.

Shortly after assuming the throne, the new king moved his capital to Bangkok,

a small village across the Chao Phraya River. Bangkok quickly grew into a

bustling trading city, largely due to the many Chinese who immigrated to the

metropolis.

King Rama I and his successors continued to expand Siamese power into Laos

and south down the Malay Peninsula. They also continued to clash with Burma,

who remained a perennial menace until that country in turn was menaced by

Great Britain (approaching from India).

King Rama I was also a great patron of Siamese culture, religion and the law.

He rebuilt Siamese temples and palaces, and he greatly updated the Siamese

legal system. His successor, Rama III (ruled 1809-24) was a patron of the

arts, and no mean poet himself.

Perhaps the greatest triumph of Siamese diplomacy was that it avoided

occupation by Western powers, unlike every other country in Southeast Asia.

In 1826 Siam signed a treaty with Great Britain, and in 1855 this was

expanded to allow the British unrestricted - and untaxed! - trade in Siamese

ports. The British also secured the right to set up separate law courts to

try cases involving British subjects. This was a humiliating loss of

sovereignty and income for Siam, but it kept Britain from invading and

occupying the country, and Siam soon signed similar treaties with other

European powers and the United States.

King Rama IV (ruled 1851 - 1868) was a keen student of the West. He

appointed to his court several Western advisors. He also hired the

Englishwoman Anna Harriette Leonowens to tutor his children. Mrs. Leonowens

later wrote a book about her adventures, and that book became the basis for

the musical "The King and I." Both the book and the musical are highly

entertaining and (according to historians) highly inaccurate.

In some ways King Rama IV was rather enlightened for that place and time. A

former Buddhist monk before assuming the throne, he sought to reform Buddhism

in the country, which he believed had become corrupt and filled with

superstition. He also began to remake the Siamese monarchy, removing from it

the more onerous trappings of godhood. Although he remained largely an

absolute ruler, at least his subjects were allowed to look directly at him.

King Rama IV's son, Rama V, reigned from 1868 to 1910. He continued his

father's practice of granting concessions to the West to maintain Siam's

independence, losing large chunks of Laotian and Cambodian territory to the

French and various bits of Malaysia to the British. He further reformed the

monarchy and the government in general, including abolishing slavery,

introducing a modern school system, constructing railways and telegraph

systems, and establishing a new law court and judiciary.

King Rama V's two successors, the aptly-named Rama VI (ruled 1910-1925) and

Rama VII (ruled 1925-1935), continued the modernization of Siam. In 1917 Rama

VI opened the first university in Thailand. In that year he also entered

World War I on the side of the Allies. He was able after the war to convince

the victors to give up their special concessions in Siam, regaining for the

first time in seventy-five years full independence for his country. However,

Rama VI's reforms and wars were extremely expensive and necessitated

reductions in government spending which caused deep resentment from the

people. The discontent continued into his successor's reign, and it was

exacerbated by the Great Depression.

In 1932 a group of students under a lawyer named "Pridi Phanomyong" and

supported by the Siamese military staged a bloodless coup, compelling the

king to agree to rule under a constitution and to accept the formation of a

National Assembly. In 1933 members of the royal family attempted

unsuccessfully to stage a counter-coup, and King Rama VII was forced to

leave the country, abdicating in 1935. A regency council was appointed to act

until the very young Prince Ananda Mahidol came of age.

In truth, however, the military was now running the country. In 1938 a field

marshal (and one of the co-conspirators of the '32 coup that toppled Rama

VII) became military dictator. Dictator Phibun Songkhram changed the name of

the country to Thailand, encouraged Thai nationalism as well as anti-Chinese

and pro-Japanese sentiment. In 1940, following the conquest of France by

Germany, he invaded and captured French territory in Laos and Cambodia.

Late in 1941, following the attack on Pearl Harbor, Japanese troops marched

into Thailand and requested right of passage through the country to

facilitate their attack on Singapore, which was held by Great Britain. The

Thai forces put up minimal symbolic resistance and then were ordered to lay

down their arms. In 1942 Thailand signed an Alliance with Japan and declared

war on Britain and the US. Resistance groups formed in the country and

overseas, attacking the Japanese and the collaborating Thai government. In

July 1944 Phibun was forced to resign, and the dictatorship collapsed

following Japan's surrender in 1945.

Thailand got off relatively lightly following World War II. It had to return

the territories it had snarfed up from the French, but generally it suffered

no other penalties. It did suffer from a great deal of internal strife,

however. In 1946 the king was found dead of a gunshot wound. The current

leader of the government was blamed for the king's death and forced into

exile, the proto-fascist Dictator Phibun Songkhram returning to power.

In the Cold War years the United States funneled huge sums of money into

Thailand, most of which was taken by the military and the dictatorship. A

majority of the country's industry was owned by the dictator and his cronies,

and in 1957 the military staged another coup, placing yet another field

marshal, Sarit Thanarat, in charge.

Thanarat ruled for five years. While maintaining total control over the

government and military, he implemented economic reforms that spread the

wealth among the growing Thai middle class, earning a good deal of popular

support for doing so. The US gave him even more money, which he used to

support the military, but also to improve the Thai infrastructure. Thanarat

also gave support to the monarchy, which by then had no political power, but

which once again became a powerful symbol of Thai nationalism. A popular

leader during his life, after his death Thanarat's popularity waned a good

deal when it was discovered how much of Thailand's money he had stolen and

hidden away.

Thanarat's successors continued to receive huge amounts of American money,

and in return they supported the American adventure in Vietnam. By the end of

the 1960s more than 10,000 Thai troops were serving in Vietnam, and thousands

of American soldiers were stationed in Thailand, which provided an important

base for the US Air Force. Popular discontent for the war and the government

grew, and in 1973 a student-led revolt drove the current leaders into exile.

Thailand enjoyed a brief period of parliamentary democracy, but in 1976 the

military staged yet another coup, this time with the support of the monarchy.

This in turn drove many disaffected Thais into the jungles, swelling the

ranks of the insurgent Communist Party of Thailand. In 1980 the military

ousted the right-wing government they had just installed and replaced it with

a dictator with more democratic leanings. For the next eight years the

military shared power with parliament, mediated by the king, and in 1988 an

elected Prime Minister was put in power...for three years, when he was

toppled by the military.

In 1992 the military "junta" held elections, which one of its own members

won, much to nobody's surprise. The public were dissatisfied with this

outcome, staging massive protests, which were put down with bloody force.

Eventually the king intervened, the current dictator resigned and a more

democratic government was put into place. This lasted for eight glorious

years, until in 2006 increasing public dissatisfaction and government

excesses led to... another military coup.

With the elderly king's backing, another caretaker government was formed

with a retired general put in charge. Another new constitution was drafted

and ratified by popular vote in August of 2007. In September 2008 another

prime minister was found guilty of a conflict of interest by the

Constitutional Court. In October his replacement was unable to enter his

office, which was occupied by protestors, so he was forced out of office.

The latest prime minister (as of this writing) took office in December of

2008.

Who can tell? Thailand is a great country with a great history, beset by a

seemingly never-ending series of political troubles. Things are especially

uncertain because the current King, Bhumibol Adulyadej, arguably the only

man capable of holding the country together, is over 80 years old. It is

greatly to be hoped that the country can survive his passing without

further chaos. Given the battered country's recent history, the odds do not

seem to be in its favor."

The power of Siam is pretty weak, City States generally don't give too much

of a benefit overall, well, I don't tend to use their powers much at all, I

capture them, they often are in good strategic positions. This is why Siam

is harder to play, simply because the Civilization power is so critical in

the game, and with such a weak one like this compared to ones like Russia,

it is a shame.

Now, Naresuan's Elephant is useful as it doesn't require Horses as a

strategic resource to build, but it is slower than your average Knight that

it replaces. However, it does have a 50% bonus against enemy mounted units,

so you probably won't be needing Pikemen to do that job. The Wat replaces

the university, and removes the science bonus from working Jungle tiles, and

replaces that with an extra 3 culture points per turn.

Ramkhamhaeng

~ History

"In 1278, a prince named "Ramkhamhaeng" inherited the small and unimportant

kingdom of Sukhothai. In twenty years, employing a brilliant combination of

military genius and shrewd diplomacy, he expanded his country's borders and

influence to cover much of Southeast Asia.

Not much is known about Ramkhamhaeng's early life. His parents were King Sri

Indraditya and Queen Sueang. He had two sisters and two older brothers, one

of whom died early and the other, Ban Mueang, became king on their father's

death. Ramkhamhaeng was said to have studied under the poet wise-man

Sukathanta.

At 19 he served under his father during the latter's attack on the city of

Sukhothai, which was held by the Khmer. The success of this attack greatly

expanded the king's power, essentially establishing Sukhothai as an

independent kingdom. Because of his heroic actions during the battle the

prince was given the title "Phra Ram Khamhaeng," or Rama the Bold.

Upon the death of his father in 1257, his brother, the new king Ban Mueang,

put Ramkhamhaeng in charge of the city of Si Sat Chanalai. Ban Mueang died

twenty years later, and Ramkhamhaeng ascended to the throne.

During his reign Ramkhamhaeng expanded his kingdom's dominance west into

Burma, east into Laos, and south down the Malay Peninsula. The king was a

shrewd diplomat as well as a warlord; many territories joined his

confederation voluntarily. Ramkhamhaeng did not seek to dominate Southeast

Asia, rather he promoted trade and diplomatic alliances with surrounding

kingdoms.

Most of what we know of Ramkhamhaeng's rule comes from a stone inscription

he created in 1292 towards the end of his rule. This is the earliest

surviving example of Thai language, and it portrays him as a wise and

benevolent leader.

Ramkhamhaeng was an ardent patron of Buddhism. He also supported the arts

and Thai artistic expression achieved an especially high level during his

reign, especially in bronze sculpture and ceramics.

Ramkhamhaeng died in 1298. His extended empire, held together by his

personal magnetism and brilliant international diplomacy, did not long

survive his death, and the furthest provinces soon broke away. Sukhothai

itself survived another century before it fell.

Ramkhamhaeng is viewed today as a great leader and the first to rule over a

united Siam (later Thailand). It should be remembered however that almost all

that we know about him comes from the stone inscription that he himself

created. If he did have any major flaws, would he have carved them into the

living rock for all of history to see? (Would any of today's world leaders

do so?)

Still, there is plenty of independent evidence to show that he successfully

created a great empire and his people prospered during his reign. And that's

a record that any leader could be proud of."

Leader Scales




Boldness - 5/10

Ramkhamhaeng is a relatively tame leader. In all my matches that I have seen

him, he doesn't last very long, he gets conquered pretty quickly. In this

game, if you aren't aggressive half the time, you will lose quicksmart. He is

relatively benign, just don't take him for a total pushover though, you might

be surprised.

Diplomacy Scales

War - 6/10

Hostile - 3/10

Deceptive - 7/10

Guarded - 7/10

Afraid - 5/10

Friendly - 7/10

Neutral - 5/10

Again, he is a friendly leader, he isn't there to blow you up completely.

However, if he does hate you, he will declare war, really, up to what the AI

perceives of you and your current situation that will decide between war and

peace. He will be rather deceptive, everyone loves those pacts, and he will

be very defensive, so as long as you can crush the defence, no dramas.

City State Scales


Friendly - 7/10

Protective - 7/10

Conquest - 5/10

Again, his peacefulness will extend to the city states, he won't conquer

them too much, he will most likely go ahead and protect them from any real

predators, such as you, and help them out. Given that his power does rely

heavily on city states, they are a good target if you want to soften him up

a little before the attack.


Offensive - 5/10

Defensive - 8/10

City Defence - 6/10



Ranged - 5/10

Mounted - 4/10

As you can guess, his peacefulness will impact how many offensive ground

units he will use on you, which means he won't be having warriors all over

your borders. He will defend his lands pretty well, and that means a lot of

garrisoned units as well as walls around his cities. He isn't that hard to

beat, just fire a few cannons into his cities and watch him turn around and

run away.

Naval Scales

Naval - 3/10


Naval Growth - 3/10


Ramkhamhaeng won't pay attention to the navy or to the seas as much as some

leaders would, like Elizabeth. He will pretty much only use the seas to

improve fish tiles or to send his units across, but other than that, you

don't have to worry about him sending frigates after you.

Air Scale

Air Power - 5/10

Ramkhamhaeng will use air power a fair bit, he isn't afraid to take to the

skies unlike other leaders, although he will use mainly interceptors to take

out enemy fighters and bombers over his lands, he isn't there to fly stealth

bombers on your cities or the like.

Growth Scales

Expansion - 6/10

Growth - 6/10



Production - 5/10

Gold - 5/10

Science - 5/10

Culture - 8/10

Ramkhamhaeng is mainly focussed on culture, and that's about it. All the

rest, he will do as a normal AI player would do, slowly expand, build up his

empire, and the like, but culture, he will go crazy over, so be careful when

you face him in a cultural victory battle, he might just win.

Civilisation Scales

Happiness - 6/10

Great People - 5/10

Wonder - 5/10

Diplomacy - 8/10

Spaceship - 8/10

Despite the usual spaceship bias, Ramkhamhaeng will try to win via the United

Nations as well. As a peaceful leader, he won't be using military force, just

pure diplomacy. Just take down a few of his protected city states to quash

that dream before it becomes a reality.

*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*

[3.17] Songhai

Leader - Askia

Unique Unit 1 - Mandekalu Cavalry, replaces Knight


Unique Building - Mud Pyramid Mosque, replaces Temple

Civilization Power

RIVER WARLORD

- Embarked ground units can defend themselves. All pillaged cities and

destroyed barbarian encampments will provide double gold.

~ History

"The Songhai Empire was a civilization that flourished in West Africa during

the 15th and 16th centuries. The Songhai first appeared near the city of Gao,

which was a vassal of the Malinese Empire. In the early 14th century the

Songhai gained independence from the Mali, and over the next two centuries

it expanded, eventually becoming the largest empire in African history.

The terrain of western Africa that was occupied by the Songhai is largely

flat and arid, dominated by two major river systems, the Niger and Senegal,

which provide cheap and rapid east-west transport as well as rich farmland

along their banks. The climate is hot and tropical with two main seasons,

dry and wet. From March until June a hot, dry wind blows out of the Sahara,

and daytime temperatures are often above 100 degrees Fahrenheit.

Before the rise of the Songhai, much of central Western Africa was controlled

by the Mali Empire. This empire is believed to have been founded sometime

before 1,000 AD. It was largely a trading empire and literally the crossroads

of Africa, controlling the important north-south Saharan commercial routes as

well as the east-west river routes. Under the great leader Mansa Musa (1307

- 1331?), the Malinese Empire conquered the wealthy cities of Timbuktu and

Gao and gained control of the valuable salt deposits to the north.

Mali was a Muslim empire, and under Musa the city of Timbuktu became an

important center of learning in the Muslim world. However, by the turn of the

14th century the empire had grown too large for sustainable centralized rule,

and major territories began to assert their independence and calve off. This

included Gao, the home of the Songhai.

The Songhai are believed to have first appeared in Gao around 800 AD. Little

is known about their early history, but it is known that in the 11th century,

King Kossoi converted to Islam, and he also made Gao the capital of the

growing Songhai kingdom. Under Songhai rule Gao grew wealthy and prosperous,

and in the early 13th century the Mali conquered the Songhai, making the

kingdom a vassal state. Songhai remained under Mali control for perhaps fifty

years, before regaining its independence under King Sulaiman-Mar.

Songhai maintained a precarious freedom for the next century, until a great

new leader, Sunni Ali Ber, propelled it into greatness.

>Sunni Ali Ber ruled the Songhai for thirty years (1464-1493). He was a

brilliant military leader and strategist. Taking advantage of Mali's growing

feebleness, Sunni led Songhai armies to conquer the wealthy city of Timbuktu,

driving out the marauding Taureg people who had taken over the city as

Malinese power declined. He expanded his empire further west, gobbling up all

Malinese land north of Jenne (a.k.a., Djenne). He was not unopposed in his

expansion. Over the course of his reign he repelled assaults from the Mossi,

Dogon, and Fulani.

In 1473 Ali Ber sought the greatest prize, the wealthy trading city of Jenne.

Jenne was still a part of the Malinese Empire, and its people put up a stout

defense. Unable to take the city by storm Ali Ber laid siege to it. The city

held out stubbornly for seven years before capitulating.

The records of the day generally regard Ali Ber as an unstable tyrant, who

was by turns generous and brutal, who ruled with an iron fist and who

slaughtered and oppressed those he captured. There may be some exaggeration,

as the Muslim scholars who recorded the histories disliked Ali Ber for the

unorthodox form of Islam he practiced, apparently a kind of fusion between

Islam and traditional Songhai religious observances.

Muhammad I Askia ruled Songhai from 1493 until 1528. The word "Askia" means

"usurper," which is how he came to power, overthrowing Ali Ber's son and heir

less than a year after Ber's death. That he chose "usurper" for his title and

dynastic name suggests that this extraordinary man had an extraordinary sense

of humor.

Although he fought a war to gain the crown of Songhai, Askia was more than a

warlord. He fought several battles during his reign, with mixed success, but

he is primarily known as a reformer, organizer, and man of god. During his

reign he created a bureaucracy to help rule the empire and to bring coherency

to its tax, military, and agricultural policies. He opened many religious

schools across Songhai, and in 1495 he made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca.

Askia ruled until 1528, when he was deposed by his son.

In the years following Askia's removal, no other leader was able to take and

hold power for any significant length of time. Askia's son, Musa reigned for

three years; he was followed by Muhammad II, who lasted for six years; and

the next two leaders lasted for two and ten years respectively. In 1549 Askia

Dawud came to power; he ruled for some thirty-three years, until 1582. This

relative stability was shattered when the Sultan of Morocco raided the

Songhai's valuable salt deposits at Taghaza.

The end came in 1591. Seeing that the Songhai were weak and divided, and most

of all, lacked modern weaponry, a Moroccan army armed with muskets launched a

major attack. The Songhai warriors were completely routed, the leaders driven

into the hills and the Moroccans captured the major cities of Timbuktu and

Gao. In one shocking campaign, an entire empire was virtually wiped from the

planet.

The fall of Songhai was brutal and rapid. In many ways it resembled the

conquest of the Aztec Empire some seventy years earlier in 1521. In their day

both of these empires were mighty, rich and powerful and thought themselves

invulnerable. Both were brought down by a small force armed with markedly

superior technology. It reminds us of the famous rule, "Never bring a knife

to a gunfight. Bring a gun. Preferably, bring at least two guns." This is as

true in empires as it is in gunfights."

The Songhai empire is best early on in the game, where barbarians roam freely

and you will have a lot of encampments to pillage. Later on in the game, you

will be able to pillage enemy cities, and this is a very rich source of gold

later in the game.

Mandekalu Cavalry is significantly more powerful than the knight, which is a

good advantage to have during the Medieval Era, and they will also have a good

bonus when they are attacking against enemy cities. The Mud Pyramid is the

same as the temple, but instead of providing 3 culture, it will provide 5

culture instead.

Leader Scales




Boldness - 7/10

Askia will compete heavily for Wonders, and that does make him annoying if

you are like me, wanting to build every single Wonder known to man in my

cities. He will also be quite in your face, and given how he is displayed in

the portrait, warlike and all, not a surprise.

Diplomacy Scales

War - 7/10

Hostile - 6/10

Deceptive - 4/10

Guarded - 6/10

Afraid - 3/10

Friendly - 6/10

Neutral - 5/10

Askia is more likely to declare war on you than anything else, which is rather

annoying, or useful if you are planning on annexing some of his fine cities

for your empire. He is also friendly at times, but this is normally when he

can't declare war on you, basically, when you outnumber the hell out of him

and he can't defeat you.

City State Scales


Friendly - 5/10

Protective - 4/10

Conquest - 8/10

Like Montezuma, this guy is more likely to see a city state as a weak empire,

and kill it quickly. There will be no talk, there will be no diplomacy, there

will just be pillaging. Well, on the bright side, when he kills off the city

state, you can take it back, and keep it under your control, as most City

States are placed in nice locations, close to resources.


Offensive - 8/10

Defensive - 4/10

City Defence - 5/10



Ranged - 5/10

Mounted - 7/10

Askia will pack a lot of offensive units, basically, a hell of lot of melee

units will be on your border. There will also be a hell of a lot of mounted

units, so you want to pack a few pikemen or counters to such units to ensure

that your infantry won't be decimated. Otherwise, once the offensive push is

crushed, Askia will be pretty easy to conquer.

Naval Scales

Naval - 6/10


Naval Growth - 6/10


Askia will often use a navy to his advantage, mainly to ensure that you don't

have an easy time on the seas. This isn't that bad, compared to other leaders

such as Elizabeth, his idea of a navy isn't that bad, just a few leaky boats

that you can sink.

Air Scale

Air Power - 4/10

Askia isn't that big on air power, he won't tend to use it as often as he

could, and this, combined with his ground assaults, is good for you. Since he

will be on the offensive, in your land as much as possible, your air units

will pretty much have an easy time to eliminate him since the ground units

won't be that well protected.

Growth Scales

Expansion - 5/10

Growth - 6/10



Production - 5/10

Gold - 8/10

Science - 4/10

Culture - 6/10

Askia is very slow to tech up, which is one of the best things, you can

easily defeat his big army with smaller amounts of highly advanced units.

He will tend to concentrate to settle and attack areas with lots of luxury

resources, things like gold and gem mines, silk and spice plantations. He

is pretty much average in other respects.

Civilisation Scales

Happiness - 4/10

Great People - 6/10

Wonder - 3/10

Diplomacy - 5/10

Spaceship - 8/10

Again, the spaceship bias, other than that, Askia won't concentrate much on

anything else. At least you don't have to worry about the issue of the

United Nations with Askia. He'll just kill everyone who doesn't vote for him,

that's all.

*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*

[3.18] United States

Leader - George Washington

Unique Unit 1 - B17, replaces Bomber

Unique Unit 2 - Minuteman, replaces Musketman


Civilization Power

MANIFEST DESTINY

- Sight increased for all land units and all tile costs are discounted.

~ History

"The United States of America is a world "super-power" (which more or less

means that it possesses weapons capable of destroying everything on the

planet). A relatively young civilization, the United States formed in the

18th century, nearly self-destructed in the 19th century, and became the most

powerful and dominant military, technological, cultural and economical

civilization in the 20th. One can hardly guess what will happen to it in the

21st.

The United States spans the continent of North America and includes Alaska in

the far north and several islands in the Pacific Ocean. Conditions vary

widely across the country, from near-Arctic in Alaska to near-tropic

conditions in Florida, to arid desert in Arizona. The continent is bisected

by two mountain ranges, the older and lower Appalachians in the east, and

the much younger and bigger Rockies in the west. The central plains between

the two ranges drain into the Gulf of Mexico via the Missouri/Mississippi

River system. The country borders on the Great Lakes, some of the largest

freshwater bodies of water on the planet.

Despite several centuries of enthusiastic harvesting, the United States

still has plentiful forests, coal supplies and other natural resources.

Some historians hypothesize that North America was originally settled by

Eurasian people who migrated onto the continent via the "Beringia"

land-bridge that once connected Alaska and Russia. This theory is under

debate, and even more so is the question of how many waves of settlers there

were and when the first settlers arrived. There appears to be some agreement

that the natives migrated between 9,000 and 50,000 years ago (which is quite

a spread). It's also quite possible that the natives arrived in a series of

waves over many years, with some groups migrating south along the western

coastline, while later groups moved inland, into the heart of Canada and the

United States.

Over time these groups spread across the continents, developing language,

hunting skills, arts and crafts, and so forth. They did not domesticate

horses, however (having consumed all of the horse's ancestors before figuring

out that they might be good for something else).

Estimates on how many natives lived in the portion of North America that

would eventually become the United States also vary, ranging from five to

twenty-five million. In any event, the first European visitors brought with

them a number of extremely unpleasant diseases (like measles and smallpox)

that the natives' immune systems were totally unaccustomed to, and 90 percent

or even more of the North American native population died from disease within

a century of the first white man's arrival.

Having lost 90% of their population, lacking guns or any significant

industrial technology, the natives were relatively helpless in the face of

massive European assault.

Four European groups set up colonies in North America, beginning in the 16th

century: the French in Canada, the British (with a small settlement of Dutch

right in the center), and the Spanish in Florida and points south. Over time

the English would conquer the French colonies to the north and the Dutch

colony at Manhattan, and with the exception of Florida, the entire eastern

seaboard would be English. As discussed above, the native population was

ravaged by disease and badly outgunned, unable to resist the European

incursion.

As the 18th century progressed, the British colonies in North America grew

and prospered. Immigrants from Great Britain and elsewhere arrived in the

country in great numbers, drawn by the promise of land, wealth, and often to

escape religious persecution in the mother country. The slave trade provided

plenty of cheap labor, and British North America began to establish

agriculture and light industry.

Tensions grew between the colonies and the British government as the century

progressed. The colonies were controlled by Crown-appointed governors and

they did not have direct representation in the British Parliament. Further,

the colonials chafed under what they considered to be unfair trade

restrictions from Great Britain. Meanwhile, the government thought that the

colonials were in large ungrateful rabble who had no idea how much money the

Crown was spending on their protection.

By the late 1770's the American colonies were in open revolt, and on July 4,

1776 the United States declared their independence. As the war opened the

Colonists were grossly outgunned and outmanned by the highly-trained British

Army, particularly since the British Navy had absolute control of the seas

and thus could move large numbers of troops up and down the coast with

impunity. The Continental Army, untrained and untested, was no match for the

"Redcoats."

The commander of the Continental Army was George Washington, a wealthy

Virginia landowner with some military experience (he was a colonel in the

British army in the French and Indian War). His first major battles were

nearly catastrophes - his overly-complex battle-plans collapsed in the face

of enemy action and his troops' inexperience. Washington had several

important qualities: his personal heroism and calm in the face of disaster

allowed him to extract his army from almost certain destruction, and he also

learned quickly from his mistakes.

The Redcoats having failed to crush the Continental Army when it had the

chance, the American Revolutionary War became a long, drawn-out, grinding war

of wills. The British Army couldn't pin down the American forces long enough

to defeat them, and as the years passed British war-weariness grew.

In 1778 the French entered the war on the side of the United States, and in

1779 so did Spain. While unable to match the British Navy ship for ship the

French were occasionally able to gain local superiority, and this proved

decisive. In 1781 the Continental Army besieged the British Army at Yorktown,

Virginia. With the French Navy off-shore the British were unable to escape,

and British General Cornwallis surrendered to Washington on October 19,

1781.

In 1787 the states convened a Constitutional Convention, and the new

Constitution was ratified the next year. In 1789 George Washington was

elected president.

In 1803 the United States purchased 828,800 square miles of North American

territory from France. This territory included most of the terrain in the

Mississippi Valley, from the Rocky Mountains in the west to Ohio in the east.

This deal, which doubled the size of the United States, cost around

$15,000,000, a shockingly good deal for the US. It was also a good deal for

France: France was at war with Great Britain (see below), and as the British

controlled the seas, the French had no way to profit from or to protect this

territory from the British. The French also saw it as a poke in Britain's

eye. French leader Napoleon Bonaparte said of the deal, "This accession of

territory affirms forever the power of the United States. I have given

England a maritime rival who will sooner or later humble her pride."

President Thomas Jefferson received a good deal of criticism for the purchase

at the time, but historians tend to agree that he got one hell of a bargain.

As the eighteenth century opened, France was convulsed in its own revolution.

Many Americans believed that France would become a democracy, but instead

Napoleon Bonaparte emerged as ruler and within a few years had himself

declared emperor. As Napoleon extended his power across continental Europe,

Great Britain countered with its unmatchable navy, imposing an embargo on

trade with France and at times most of the rest of Europe. This hurt American

commerce deeply. Further, British warships routinely stopped and searched

American vessels looking for deserted British sailors. This was considered

an intolerable breach of American sovereignty, and in 1812 the United States

declared war on Great Britain. (Some historians believe that the US declared

war primarily to justify a land-grab of British possession Canada.)

The primary American weapon in this war was the commerce raiding vessel.

Small to mid-sized American ships plied the oceans, snatching up British

merchant ships, strangling British trade. On land the Americans launched an

invasion of Canada, which the British and Canadian forces repelled without

great difficulty. The British navy, stretched thin by the decade-old conflict

with France, found it almost impossible to blockade the American coast or

track down its commerce raiders. It was far more successful on land, and in

fact a British army fought its way to Washington, DC, the American capital,

and burned much of it to the ground.

Despite this stinging blow to American pride, the British and American

governments both realized that neither had much of a chance of winning the

war, and that further conflict would merely expend valuable treasure and

lives to no purpose. In December of 1814 the two countries signed the "Treaty

of Ghent," which simply called for the cessation of hostilities: neither side

gained or lost territory, and none of the root causes of the war were

addressed. The war was a tie.

In 1835, Mexican President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna abolished the Mexican

constitution, replacing it with a new constitution that concentrated power in

the Mexican central government. Several Mexican states revolted at that time,

including the state of Coahuila y Tejas (which included the territory that

would become Texas). Despite early successes (including the capture of the

Alamo fort), eventually Santa Anna was defeated and captured. Bargaining from

this position of extreme weakness, Santa Anna grudgingly agreed to Texan

independence.

The Mexican government deposed Santa Anna while he was captive and disavowed

the treaty. Low-level fighting continued between the new "Republic of Texas"

and Mexico, while parties in Texas and the United States schemed for ways to

get Texas into the Union. In 1845 the American Congress passed a bill that

would allow the US to annex Texas, and then president John Tyler signed it

into law. At the same time, Mexico saw an influx of other American citizens

into its northern territories (including California), some of whom openly

avowed that they were going to take those into the US as well. Late in 1845

Texas was made into a state, and in 1846 American troops were occupying the

disputed territory. When Mexican cavalry clashed with an American patrol,

killing 11 soldiers, the US government used that as an excuse to declare war.

The war was short and decisive. After a few opening skirmishes in Texas and

northern Mexico, an American army of some 12,000 soldiers landed at Veracruz,

Mexico, and marched west. The Mexican army was defeated at every turn, and in

short order United States troops occupied Mexico City. Defeated, the Mexican

government signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, ceding to the United

States the land that would become the states of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona,

California, Nevada, and parts of Wyoming, Oklahoma and Colorado. In return

the US paid Mexico $18,250,000, or roughly half a billion in today's dollars.

In addition to stealing large chunks of valuable land from Mexico, the war

had one other benefit: it taught a number of American soldiers their craft.

These men would use these skills to great effect fifteen years later in the

American Civil War.

As the eighteenth century progressed, the United States was divided roughly

in half between slave states in the south and free states in the north. The

South, which had an agrarian economy, needed cheap labor to work the fields.

Slaves were far less useful in the North, which had a growing industrial base

and access to plenty of cheap labor from Europe. Further, slavery had woven

itself into the fiber of Southern life to the extent that many found the

concept of "abolition" abhorrent, inconceivable, and (by an extremely twisted

interpretation of the Bible) a grave sin. By the same token, a lot of people

in the North hated slavery, considering it totally evil - the country's

original sin. (It should be noted that many in the South saw the issue in

terms of "states rights" - the Federal government had no constitutional right

to meddle in internal conditions in states, but it was the slavery issue that

made this question so explosive.)

By the 1850s the situation had become intolerable. Tensions between the North

and South were at an extremely high point, and the 1860 election of the

moderately anti-slavery candidate Abraham Lincoln started a sequence of

events which led inexorably to Southern succession and civil war.

The war started very badly for the Union (the North). The Rebels (South) had

a stronger military tradition than the North, and most of the country's best

officers came from southern states and felt bound to protect their homes from

Northern invasion, no matter how they felt personally about the cause of the

war. Further, the South was entirely on the defensive, and it's far more

difficult for an untrained army to attack than it is to defend - and both

sides began the fight with untrained armies.

Many people believed that the war would be over after one big battle but they

were shockingly wrong. The first big battle (Bull Run) was a Union defeat,

but the Southern army was unable to follow up its victory. What ensured was

four years of grinding warfare across the length and breadth of the country.

Despite its victories the South was unable to break the North's morale

(especially that of President Abraham Lincoln), and as the war continued the

Northern generals became better at their craft, and the Northern advantage in

numbers and industry began to dominate the battlefield. In 1865 the Southern

capital fell, and shortly thereafter the remaining Southern armies laid down

their arms. President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated in April of 1865,

shortly after the capture of the Southern capital and the surrender of the

South's main army.

The war had a number of major effects on the United States, the most

important of which was the abolition of slavery across the country.

Unfortunately, many of the gains made by blacks were steadily whittled away

during the Reconstruction period following the war. As the 19th century

progressed blacks could in no way be considered equal to whites anywhere in

the country, but at least they were no longer subject to being bought and

sold like cattle.

The rest of the 19th century saw a steady migration of American citizens

west, filling in the vast plains of the mid-west and along the Pacific coast.

American engineers built train tracks across the steppes and through the

mountains, and cities and towns sprang up in their wake. The surviving

Native American populations were forced into smaller and smaller pockets of

the least desirable land, but showing a remarkably stubborn refusal to die

under the most extraordinarily desperate circumstances. Immigrants continued

to pour into the country from all corners of the world, all looking for their

piece of the American dream (and many finding it).

In the late 19th century the United States fought another unfortunate war for

territory, this time against the moribund Spanish "empire." Spurred on by the

jingoistic cries of so-called "yellow journalists" like William Randolph

Hearst, the US rapidly defeated the Spanish armed forces, gaining for its

trouble the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico. Spain further lost the island

of Cuba, which after a short period as a US protectorate, quickly gained its

independence.

While American industrial and economic power continued to grow, American

military power did not. The United States possessed a large enough army and

navy to beat up Spain (and to keep Canada and Mexico in line), but it was

hardly a world military power in any sense of the word. Primarily it relied

on the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, which were the domain of the

incomparable British Navy, for protection.

As Europe stumbled its way into World War I, most Americans wanted nothing to

do with the conflict. (In fact, many had immigrated to the United States

to avoid Europe's endless wars.) Americans came from all parts of Europe,

including Germany, Austria, France, Italy, Russia and the UK - so no matter

which side the US came in on, they'd be fighting somebody's cousin. Whatever

American politicians felt privately, the American government declared

neutrality.

In actuality American neutrality greatly favored the British and French,

since Britain's dominance of the sea meant that the US could only trade with

the UK and her allies. This was bad for the Germans, since they needed to cut

Great Britain's supply lines to achieve victory. In 1917 a German "U-boat"

(submarine) sank the ocean liner Lusitania, then Germany declared

unrestricted submarine warfare against neutral shipping. The American

declaration of war against Germany and her allies followed shortly

thereafter.

At the start of the war the United States had just a small professional army,

but by 1918 the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) had over 1,000,000 men in

Europe. This huge influx of fresh soldiers made a substantial difference on

the battlefield, and also on enemy morale. The war was over by year's end.

During its brief stint in France the AEF saw significant combat, suffering

some 50,000 deaths and 300,000 injuries.

After the war US President Woodrow Wilson attempted to mediate what he

considered a "just peace" and create a League of Nations, but the victorious

European nations were more interested in imposing heavy penalties on the

losers, understandable given the amount of damage they had suffered, but not

conductive to future comity between nations. As a result American public

opinion turned against Europe and especially against any further military

adventures there. This would have grave consequences some two decades later.

The aptly-named "Great Depression" is indeed depressing, and so will be

covered quickly. The Depression was triggered by the US stock market crash of

1929, and rapidly spread across the country and the world. Banks collapsed,

American unemployment rose to 25%, crop prices fell by some 60%. There were

bread lines in all major cities. The Depression dragged on for years. The US

economy began to revive in the mid-thirties, but did not fully recover until

World War II.

During the Great Depression the political doctrine of fascism gained

popularity around the world, particularly in Europe. Mussolini came to power

in Italy, Francisco Franco in Spain, and Adolf Hitler in Germany. Crippled

and exhausted by the twin blows of World War I and the Depression and

distracted by an excessive fear of Communism, the democracies watched as

Germany rebuilt its army, navy and air force and gobbled up the smaller

countries around it. It wasn't until Germany (and the Soviet Union) invaded

Poland in 1939 that France and the United Kingdom declared war on Germany.

Meanwhile, Japanese forces were carving up China and menacing European

interests in the Pacific.

Isolationist sentiment kept the United States officially "neutral" through

1940 and 1941, as France was conquered and German troops ground through the

Soviet Union. However, as in World War I, American neutrality heavily favored

the British, whose navy still controlled the Atlantic. At home President

Franklin Roosevelt built up the American armed forces as quickly as possible,

while trying to turn public sentiment towards active military intervention

and war with Germany. In the Pacific an American oil embargo on Japan was a

crushing military and economic burden and a deep insult to Japanese pride. In

response to the growing American pressure, the Empire of the Rising Sun made

one of the most catastrophic military and political blunders in modern

history.

On December 7, 1941, the Japanese bombed the American Pacific fleet in Pearl

Harbor, in the American territory of Hawaii. While many of the nation's

battleships were destroyed, its aircraft carriers were not in port at the

time of the attack. This would prove to be of decisive importance in the war

in the Pacific.

Shortly after Pearl Harbor, Germany also declared war on the United States.

This too was a colossal error, as it allowed the United States to intervene

heavily in Europe, which President Roosevelt might not have been able to do

in the face of "Japan First" sentiment in the US.

World War II was an astonishingly complex military, industrial and political

challenge for the United States. Although the US had been building up its

military forces for some years, it was still woefully underprepared in all

areas: manpower, arms, ships, planes, tanks and so forth. The government had

to balance the need for manpower with the need for workers to construct arms

and vehicles for itself and its increasingly desperate allies.

Further, it had to maintain an extremely difficult alliance with the United

Kingdom, its possessions and the Soviet Union, each of which had differing

political and military objectives. This was especially tough because before

the war the US and UK had been implacable enemies of Communism and the USSR.

And finally, its largely untested military had to face two superb opponents

in battle: the triumphant Japanese Navy and the deadly German Army.

As the US entered the war it found itself on the defensive in all theatres.

The Japanese Navy captured Allied bases across the Pacific, drawing ever

closer to Australia and New Zealand.

The German U-boats destroyed hundreds of thousands of tons of Allied shipping

in the Atlantic, nearly starving Great Britain right out of the war. But the

incomparable American industrial base roared into action, building warships,

planes, and tanks at an astonishing rate. As it fought the US military

learned from its early mistakes and with its allies stopped the enemies'

advances on all fronts. By 1942 the US was on the offensive in North Africa

and the Pacific.

By 1944 American and British troops were in France, and, caught between this

new peril and the Russian juggernaut grinding from the East, Germany

collapsed in May of 1945. Japan held on for several months longer, fighting

bitter rearguard actions on islands across the Pacific until the United

States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

The US had learned two important lessons from World Wars I and II: first,

that it ignored the world at its peril. It was clear that while the Atlantic

and Pacific Oceans provided enormous security for the American mainland,

American security was inexorably bound up in events across the world, if for

no other reason than that it needed foreign markets in which to sell its

goods. The second lesson it learned was that it was a bad idea to harshly

punish a defeated enemy. It was better to help rebuild the enemy so that it

would become an ally and buy your industrial output. Thus at the end of the

war the United States spent billions rebuilding Europe and Japan, former

allies and enemies alike (with one important exception, the USSR).

At the end of World War II the United States found itself the most powerful

country in the world. The US mainland had not been invaded or bombed during

the war, and its industrial base was bigger and better than ever. Its

military was battle-tested and equipped with the best weapons in the world,

and it had sole possession of the Atom bomb. On the other hand, the Soviet

Union's army was the strongest military force in Europe. In the US there was

little appetite for further conflict with the Soviet Union; people just

wanted the troops to come home.

As World War II ended, the latent hostilities between the US and UK and the

Soviet Union became a lot less latent. There were plenty of good reasons for

this. The US feared that International Communism backed by the Soviet Union

(and later, China) would if unchecked overrun Europe and the world. The

Soviet Union, on the other hand, wanted to make it absolutely clear to

everyone that it was sick and tired of being overrun by foreign troops every

twenty years or so, and it would be as tough and ruthless as necessary to

make sure it didn't happen again. (It also despised American-style capitalism

and wanted to spread International Communism across the world as well.)

Over the next fifty years the US and the Soviet Union and later China spent

huge amounts of energy and treasure building weapons, subverting foreign

governments, and engaging in proxy wars around the world. The US fought

International Communism in Korea (a tie), and later on in Vietnam (a loss).

The Soviet Union took over much of Eastern Europe (a win), and later on

invaded Afghanistan (a huge loss).

By the late 1980s its many internal flaws (corruption, greed, incompetence

and so forth) and excessive military expenditures had virtually bankrupted

the USSR. By the 1990s the Soviet Union was no more and the US was trading

freely with China. The Cold War was ended.

By any reasonable measurement the Cold War was a colossal, expensive blunder

for everyone concerned. If the US had convinced the USSR that it wasn't its

implacable foe, the USSR might have been able to relax its massive

overwhelming paranoia and perhaps stop oppressing and killing huge numbers

of its own people. The US might have been able to devote its wealth to

something other than building more and more dangerous and exotic weapons and

supporting foreign despots around the world.

On the other hand, the Cold War drove both sides into outer space for both

military reasons and for national prestige. This has led to many critical

technological innovations such as communications satellites and Tang™, as

well as a moon landing, perhaps the most important and coolest accomplishment

in all history.

The end of the Cold War brought a new era of peace and happiness to the

United States. For maybe a couple of years.

On September 11, 2001, a group of terrorists hijacked four jet planes and

drove them into the World Trade Towers in New York City and the Pentagon in

Washington, DC. A fourth attack was spoiled by the heroic actions of a group

of passengers aboard another jet plane. The attacks were traced to an

organization named "al-Qaeda," a Muslim extremist group based in Afghanistan

dedicated to driving foreigners out of the Middle East and to destroying the

United States, which they saw as the "Great Satan."

The United States responded by invading Afghanistan and driving its

fundamentalist leaders who supported al-Qaeda out of power. Then, in an

extremely controversial move, it invaded Iraq, home of its long-time enemy

Saddam Hussein.

At present the US is attempting to repair its international image, recruit

allies in its war against terrorism, and extricate itself from Iraq.

Afghanistan remains an incredibly difficult challenge, and it is by no means

certain that the US will emerge victorious in either of its current

conflicts.

The United States is no longer the sole superpower in the world. It shares

that dubious title with China, at least. Internally it's struggling to

recover from economic excesses of the late 20th century, as well as trying to

finally banish the ghost of slavery and racism that still haunts it. The US

is somewhat battered but is by no means broken. It still possesses the

resources, drive and human capitol to be a vital and important civilization

in the coming century."

The United States, probably the biggest influence any nation has on modern

society today, deserves the biggest history section. Anyway, the US have on

of the best powers, the Manifest Destiny allows them to increase sight, which

is invaluable early on for scouting new lands, and purchasing tiles at a

discount, reflective of the Louisana Purchase and annexing of lands belonging

to Mexico, is a nice boost as well, especially useful when fighting proxy wars

with other nations.

The B17 is the unit that replaces the bomber, talking only half the normal

amount of damage that is dished out by enemy interceptors and fighters, as

well as getting a nice boost against enemy cities. There is also the iconic

Minuteman, which replaces the Musketman, where all terrain types will only

cost 1 movement point, so no penalties moving up hills or through forest

tiles.

George Washington

~ History

"George Washington was one of a group of remarkable men who lived in the

American Colonies in the late eighteenth century. Although not as pugnacious

as John Adams, as imaginative as Benjamin Franklin or as brilliant as Thomas

Jefferson, Washington had the capacity to lead, in war and in peace. He led

the Continental Army to victory against extraordinary odds, and by so doing

he led his country to independence.

The descendent of English colonists who migrated to Virginia in 1657, George

Washington was born into a family of wealth and privilege - or as much wealth

and privilege as could be found in the Colonies in the early eighteenth

century. As a young man Washington studied mathematics, writing, geography,

and probably Latin, but he never attended college. Instead he concentrated

upon learning how to raise stock, farm, and manage his family's growing

estates. Washington was also trained as a surveyor and spent several years

scouting and mapping the lands in and around the colony of Virginia.

In 1754 war broke out between England (and her colonies) and the French and

their allies the Indians. Washington fought in several engagements during

this war, showing a great deal of courage and coolness under fire, but of no

especial strategic or tactical brilliance. Eventually the war ended with the

English victorious, and Washington resigned from the Colonial forces with the

honorary rank of Brigadier General.

After the war Washington married and devoted himself to his growing estates.

He apparently greatly enjoyed managing his farms and plantations and was not

above shedding his coat and helping with manual labor. He also sat in the

House of Burgesses in Williamsburg, the mostly-impotent local governing body

of Virginia (real power definitely resided with the Royal Governor of the

colony and with King and Parliament back in England).

Although a loyalist, Washington too chafed under the growing burden of

taxation placed on the Colonies by Parliament (largely imposed to help pay

off debts from the recent French and Indian War). As tensions grew and

England ratcheted up the pressure on the Colonies, Washington's position grew

more radical, and by 1768 he declared himself ready to take up arms against

England whenever his country called him. By 1774 Washington was a member of

the Continental Congress, the first truly national organization of the

nascent country. When actual fighting broke out in and around Boston in 1775,

Washington was named as commander of the military forces of all of the

Colonies, a post he maintained once actual independence was declared in 1776.

As military commander of the Revolutionary forces, Washington displayed the

same strengths and weaknesses he had years before when fighting for England

against France. He was personally courageous, almost to the point of

foolhardiness. Early in the war he tended to favor overly-complex military

actions beyond the capabilities of his volunteer soldiers, resulting in a

series of near-catastrophic defeats at the hands of the professional British

forces. But almost by force of will alone - through long, discouraging years

of privation and defeat - he kept his army alive and in the field, and by so

doing kept the revolution alive in the Colonies. Eventually, the sheer

tenacity and growing skill of the Colonial Army and its general would win it

the grudging admiration of even its fiercest enemies.

The entrance of France into the war on the side of the Colonies and

increasing Colonial power and success on the battlefield led to growing

anti-war sentiment of the British people. In 1781 Washington led his troops

on a daring forced march into Virginia, where he (with the aid of a large

contingent of French soldiers) besieged an entire British army on the

peninsula of Yorktown. The French naval maneuvers having given them

temporary command of the sea, the British general was unable to escape his

predicament and surrendered his command. Although sporadic fighting

continued for some months, the war was essentially over: America had won her

independence.

After the war, Washington presided over the Constitutional Convention, which

determined the form of the new nation's government, and later served as its

first President. As President, Washington sought to keep the country free

from foreign entanglements, resisting close alliances or wars with any. He

attempted (with little success) to keep the country free from political party

rivalry and strife. Washington served two four-year terms as President, and

then retired back to his home in Mount Vernon, Virginia, where he died two

years later in 1797.

George Washington is known for good reason as the "Father of the United

States of America." While not the greatest general in world history, nor the

greatest statesman, Washington had a great steadiness and courage in the face

of adversity, and he was able to get men to willingly die for him. Without

Washington, it's unlikely that the United States would have been born."

Leader Scales




Boldness - 7/10

Washington is a nice powerful leader, he won't be too in your way in terms

of competing with your directly, but he is rather daring when it comes to

attacking, and he will make threats when you are weak, so just make sure

your forces are ready.

Diplomacy Scales

War - 5/10

Hostile - 3/10

Deceptive - 7/10

Guarded - 6/10

Afraid - 4/10

Friendly - 7/10

Neutral - 5/10

Washington is a friendly chap, he won't straight out declare war, but if you

are weak, then that is something he won't hesitate doing. Like all leaders,

they always have their hidden agendas, so just make sure that you defend

yourself, less you want US forces inside your borders.

City State Scales


Friendly - 7/10

Protective - 5/10

Conquest - 4/10

Washington is there to protect his empire, and he will generally not be

busy talking to city states. He will be generally friendly to get the good

benefits, but he will ignore what others are doing. So if Siam is protecting

a city state, good old George won't care if they are in his way.


Offensive - 6/10

Defensive - 8/10

City Defence - 5/10



Ranged - 5/10

Mounted - 5/10

Washington will focus heavily on recon, sending out scouts to know exactly

what is going on. He will then focus on playing defensive, he won't normally

go on the attack, he will keep his forces to defend his land. And that does

make most pushes harder, you will be sending unit after unit against counter

after counter.

Naval Scales

Naval - 5/10


Naval Growth - 5/10


Washington won't concentrate on his navy too much, he may have a few ships

here and there, just to make sure no one will blockage him, but other than

that, he will not be that much of a threat on the seven seas. It could be

worse, he could have a flotilla of aircraft carriers outside your capital.

Air Scale

Air Power - 6/10

Washington will tend to use air units more often than not, given that one

of their best units is the B17, and that is a powerful force in the air.

So don't think that your helicopters will have an easy time, they will be

shot down.

Growth Scales

Expansion - 7/10

Growth - 3/10



Production - 5/10

Gold - 6/10

Science - 6/10

Culture - 6/10

Although Washington isn't warlike at all, but he will expand pretty damn

quickly. He will settle and probably end up with a lot of land, and a lot

of well defended land. That does make things easy for you though, most of

the time, his front will be large, and defences thin, so a breach somewhere

along the line, will pretty much seal his fate.

Civilisation Scales

Happiness - 7/10

Great People - 6/10

Wonder - 5/10

Diplomacy - 5/10

Spaceship - 8/10

Again, the bias for the space victory, however, Washington is all about

keeping his people happy, and that means relatively good growth in his

cities, which then leads to higher production, gold, etc. Just keep a little

eye on him, he is dangerous if he advances quickly.

*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*

[4.01] City States Intro

City States are just small civilizations out there, that will only have a

single city, unless they somehow go on a massive rampage, or ally with someone

who is at war, and it is possible that they will have more than one city.

Basically, they are there, and you really have 3 options towards them.

The first, you can either ignore them, which is really pointless. The second

is that you can become friends with them, and this, depending on the type of

city, will provide you with various benefits. The third is that you can just

conquer them, but this will have diplomatic consequences, although you get a

tad more land.

The relationship with a city-state is always measured by influence, the more

influence you have, the better the relationship. There are ways to gain

influence, donating gold and units. There are ways to piss them off, such as

trepassing on their lands. There are really 2 extreme states that you can be

with on a city state, allied or at permanent war.

Being allied with a city state will provide you with benefits. They will often

help you out in wars (which really aren't that helpful, their units will tend

to protect their city), and more importantly, they will give you luxury

resources that they have improved near their city. So if a city state has

access to pearls and you are allied with them, then you will get access to

those pearls.

You can also pledge to protect a city state as well once you are allied with

them. Basically, this means that any nation that declares war on the city

state that you have pledged to protect will automatically drag you into the

war as well on behalf of the city-state. This is a useful tool to dissuade

other nations from attacking allied city states, especially if you have a

strong army.

Another benefit for being allied with a city state is that they will often

vote for you in the United Nations, which is very important in the diplomatic

victory, given other civilizations vote for themselves. Therefore, by

protecting the city states from your enemies, you will get their vote in the

UN, and achieve a diplomatic victory.

Now, the state of permanent war is well, permanent. This is done by conquering

a few city states around you, and the rest of the city states, getting scared

and worried, band up against you and will permanent be at war with you. If you

are a big empire, that is really no big deal, but what can be a big deal are

the other players donating high-tech units to these city states and them

using it on your army. Permanent war is permanent, and you will not be able

to reason with them, so you are left with no choice but to conquer them.

Now, the friends route. This way is where you become friends with them. There

are really two main ways to become friends with them, either through the

donation of gold, or the donation of units. The donation of gold is done such

that the more you donate at once, the more influence you will get with them.

With units, you can just donate them, and they will be quite pleased. Or you

can help them out doing their various missions that they will require. As I

have said before, once you are allied, you will be able to get more benefits

than if you were just friends.

To get to the annoyed route, basically, it is quite easy to just walk up to a

city state and declare war on them. I do that half the time, although I

normally have a highly advanced military on their doorstep. You can also

gradually piss them off by having units on their lands without their

permission.

To make a final point, city state influence will be effected by various

things. Several social policies can influence the rate of decrease/increase in

influence, as well as some special powers, Wonders and such. However, over

time, a positive relationship will degrade back to nothing and a negative

relationship will repair itself to neutral over time, and you might want to

pay attention to this, although the game does inform you when you are losing a

friendship with a city-state.

As for the specific benefits, I will go to them in their own little section

below.

*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*

[4.02] Cultural City States

Cultural City States are states known for their well, culture. Basically,

a friendship with these city states will lead to more culture. They will

provide a set amount of culture towards a social policy per turn for your

empire, however, they will not influence the border growth rate in your

cities. Basically, they provide culture towards social policies, the stronger

the relationship, the more culture you get.

In my opinion, these are the least beneficial of the city states, because

later on in the game, culture is a lot easier to generate, and since I have

built all the wonders and cultural buildings in my cities, I have at least

1000 culture per turn. Which is a fair chunk when you think about it. I have

gotten the City of Lights Achievement as well, thanks to my Wonder building.

Each city state, when friends, will provide 3 culture per turn, and this will

increase to 6 once you are allied. This does not take into account the

various benefits from policies and civilization specific powers. Below are

the 10 cultural city states, as well as a little description of each.

- Brussels -

Founded - 979 AD

Location - North-Central Belgium

Population - 1,830,000

"Brussels was officially founded along the banks of the Senne River in 979 AD,

when Charles of Lorraine, a descendent of Charlemagne, constructed the first

permanent fortification around a small Catholic chapel and township. The

early city lay low along the river and was often at risk of floods, giving it

its Dutch name Broeksel, or, “home in the marsh”. City walls, constructed and

expanded during the 11th to 14th centuries, allowed for a period of growth,

expansion, and for a general peaceful existence, uncommon for the times.

The peace ended violently in 1695, when King Louis XIV of France sent troops

to Brussels and bombarded the city with artillery, destroying the Grand

Palace and nearly a third of the city in one attack, the most destructive

event in the entire history of the city. This invasion brought a

“Frenchification” to the region, in both culture and language. In 1830 the

southern French-speaking provinces of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands

seceded from the Dutch-speaking provinces in the Belgian Revolution, the

conflict taking place for the most part in Brussels. Following Belgian

independence, the new king Leopold I began the massive undertaking of

destroying the old city walls to make way for new construction and more

modern buildings. It also helped his cause that by this point the Senne, the

previous life-blood of the city, had become a serious health hazard and its

entire urban area was buried over and rebuilt.

Brussels escaped the World Wars with little damage (even though it was

invaded by Germany on both occasions) largely in part to its adamant policy

of remaining neutral. It is this neutrality which has made the city a

modern-day center for international politics and the de facto capital city of

the European Union (the EU) and the headquarters of the North Atlantic Treaty

Organization (NATO). The only major controversy in the otherwise peaceful

city revolves around the laws governing the language borders between the

French and Dutch speaking municipalities, a tension mirrored in the rest of

Belgium as a whole."

- Bucharest -

Founded - 1459 AD

Location - South-Eastern Romania


"Lying along the banks of the Dâmbovita River, Bucharest is the capital and

largest city of Romania. Archeological excavations have shown that people

have lived in the Bucharest area from as early as 9,000 BC, but the city of

Bucharest was not first mentioned until 1459 AD in a document signed by Vlad

III, the Impaler. Vlad III built the first fortress and his summer residence

at Bucharest at this time in an attempt to hold back the encroaching Ottoman

forces, but to little avail. In the early 17th century the city was burned

down by the Ottomans, who then captured and rebuilt it.

Bucharest developed rapidly under the Ottomans and became the main economic

center and capital of the seized Walachia region in 1659. For the next two

hundred years, Bucharest was almost destroyed by natural disasters many

times, (stubbornly rebuilt after every occurrence), ravaged by the Bubonic

plague, and was occupied repeatedly by both the Habsburg Monarchy and

Imperial Russia, ultimately residing under the Russians.

Walachia remained under Russian rule until a series of civic unrests in

Bucharest helped to unify the Walachia and Moldavia regions, forming the

state of Romania in 1859; Bucharest was named its capital in 1862. As the

capital of the new kingdom, the city's population increased dramatically and

large-scale architectural projects were begun. The extravagance shown by

Bucharest's residences at this time earned it the nickname "The Paris of the

East".

While escaping relatively unscathed during the First World War, Bucharest

suffered substantial damage during World War II, primarily from heavy Allied

bombings. After the wars, much of the old historic district of the city was

torn down to make way for high-rise apartment buildings commissioned by the

Communist government, and a massive earthquake in 1977 destroyed many of the

remaining historic neighborhoods.

The Romanian Revolution of 1989 ended Communist rule in Romania when many

disillusioned and dissatisfied protesters gathered in Bucharest. While at a

speech being delivered by President Nicolae Ceausescu, the protesters turned

to rioting and fighting, overrunning the ineffective and desperate attempt by

the police to contain them. Since the fall of communism, Bucharest has

enjoyed a newfound economic boom and period of modernization, as well as new

attempts by the local government to restore its nearly demolished historic

center."

- Florence -

Founded - 59 BC

Location - North-Central Italy

Population - 132,800

"Florence (in Italian, "Firenze") is one of the most interesting and beautiful

cities in Europe. It lies on the River Arno in northern Italy, in the heart

of the beautiful Tuscany region. Florence was founded in 59 BC by Julius

Caesar as a settlement for former Roman soldiers, at the strategic location

where the Via Cassia (the main route north from Rome) crosses the Arno. It

was laid out in a checkerboard pattern, in the style of a military

encampment. Its position allowed Florence to greatly prosper from the trade

between Rome and the north, and by 300 AD the city was made the capital of

the province of Tuscia (Tuscany). For the next several hundred years the city

was under attack from both Ostrogoths and Byzantines, and ownership changed

hands repeatedly until 774 AD, when Charlemagne took and held the city,

fending off further foreign attack.

Florence regained its wealth and prominence during the subsequent centuries,

growing to become one of the wealthiest and most powerful city-states

anywhere in Europe. In 1252 the Republic of Florence introduced its own

currency, the gold florin. Florins were accepted across much of the

Mediterranean and into Europe, and Florentine merchants and bankers rapidly

spread across the known world.

During the Renaissance Florence was controlled by several extremely wealthy

and ruthless families, including the Medici. When not engaged in deadly power

struggles with each other the Florentine nobility were great patrons of the

arts, Lorenzo de Medici alone commissioning works by Michelangelo,

Botticelli, and Leonardo da Vinci, to name just three of the brilliant men he

supported. By the mid fifteenth century the Medici's were made the hereditary

Grand Dukes of Tuscany, ruling the province and Florence for several

centuries. In 1737 Florence became part of the territories of Austria, in

1859 it was transferred to the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont, and in 1861 it

became part of the newly-united Kingdom of Italy.

Modern Florence is a thriving tourist center of some 500,000 citizens, a city

that relishes its Roman, Medieval and Renaissance histories. It remains one

of the most beautiful and evocative places in Europe, and indeed in the

entire world."

Side Note: Funny Florence should be mentioned, along with the Medici, cause

that is one of the plotlines of Assassin's Creed 2, another game

I have a guide for. I get used to calling Florence Firenze, after

Ezio Auditore de Firenze, the main character in AC2.

- Geneva -

Founded - 500 BC

Location - South-Western Switzerland


"The original site of the city lay upon a hill overlooking a lake, settled

sometime during the Paleolithic Period and later by a tribe of Ligurian and

pre-Celtic peoples. Around 500 BC Geneva became a fortified town inhabited by

the Celts before it was taken by the Romans in 121 BC. Ownership of the city

continued to flip between the warring neighboring states, before landing in

the hands of the German Emperor in 1033 AD. By this time Geneva had become an

important ecclesiastical seat, with the bishop of the city a direct vassal of

the Holy Roman Emperor as a territorially vested prince.

Power of Geneva was contested between the nearby Savoy dukes and the Catholic

bishop for the next five centuries. When the last ruling bishop fled the city

in 1533, the citizens of Geneva made a risky move in an attempt to rid

themselves of both the Catholic rule and the Savoyards - the city allied

itself with the Protestant state of Bern and declared themselves a Protestant

sovereignty in 1536. While this did give power back to the people of Geneva,

it also alienated the city from the surrounding Catholic Swiss population for

generations. The Protestant reformationist John Calvin came to reside in the

city shortly thereafter in 1536 and stayed for the next thirty years until

his death, becoming a new spiritual leader in the absence of the bishop. The

city remained a stronghold of the Protestant faith for many years to come,

although a large section of the historic section reverted back to Catholicism

by the early 17th century.

Geneva was briefly annexed by France during the French Revolution, but in

1814 it was admitted into the Swiss Confederation at the Congress of Vienna,

its jurisdiction expanded to cover the fifteen neighboring Savoyard parishes.

The Congress expressly provided that these Catholic Savoyard parishes would

be protected from religious persecution, and in return, guaranteed the city's

own neutrality. Tensions continued to run high between the Catholics and

Protestants until in 1907 Geneva passed a law mandating the official

separation of Church and State - no religious body has received aid from a

state or municipal power since.

After World War I Geneva became the seat of the League of Nations in 1919,

giving it the status of "the international city". Its new reputation

continued after World War II when the European headquarters of the United

Nations was seated in the city, bringing along with it numerous other

international bodies and organizations. Tourism and business have thrived in

the city since."

- Kuala Lumpur -

Founded - 1857

Location - West Malaysia


"Kuala Lumpur had its start as a tin mining town when the Malay Chief ordered

a new mine opened at its location in 1857. The original name, Pengkalan

Lumpur, literally translated to "bundle of mud", a testament to the site's

low laying position between two equally muddy rivers. Later the town's name

was changed to Kuala Lumpur or, "muddy confluence" - apparently the

environment still hadn't changed much for the better.

The small mining town eventually developed into a more lucrative trading

post, but it was constantly plagued by disease, fires, and floods, slowing

its progress some. The state's capital was moved to the city in 1880

regardless of this, taking advantage of the strategic rivers and mines.

However, a year later a fire engulfed the town, quickly followed by a massive

flood. The two natural disasters destroyed virtually every building in the

city, mostly because they were made of wood and thatch - both of which either

quickly burn or can easily be mildewed or swept away by raging waters.

Leaders of the city mandated that all new constructions be fashioned of brick

and tile. After the city rebuilt itself, Kuala Lumpur was chosen as the

capital of the newly formed Federated Malay States in 1896.

The 1900's brought more problems to Kuala Lumpur - it was occupied by the

Japanese during World War II, tin collapsed as a commodity, and it had to

deal with a guerrilla war fought between the British rulers and communist

nationals. However, in 1963 Malaysia gained its independence from Britain,

and made Kuala Lumpur its new capital.

The city is now the largest in Malaysia and has one of the most iconographic

modern skylines. At one point it also boasted the world's tallest

skyscrapers, the Petronas Twin Towers, before they were overtaken by Taipei

101 in 2004. Today the city is an economic and cultural hub of the country,

with a booming industrial and tourist sector."

- Lhasa -

Founded - 7th Century AD

Location - South-Central Tibet


"Lhasa is one of the highest cities in the world, located almost 12,000 ft

above sea level. Lhasa literally translates to "place of the gods", a name

change from Rasa in the early 7th century (which meant "goat's place"). The

recorded history of the city starts around this time when Songstan Gampo

became the leader of the Tibetan Empire and moved the capital to Lhasa in

637 AD. Gampo soon converted to Buddhism (which he learned of from his

wives), and began the construction of Buddhist statues and temples. While

the political power of the city slowly waned over the centuries (the

monarchy eventually dissolved in the 9th century), Lhasa continued to rise

in prominence as a religious center. During this time the first Dalai Lama,

the spiritual leader of the Tibetan Buddhists, rose to power in 1391.

In 1642 the fifth Dalai Lama, Lobsang Gyatso, began to wield real political

power, in addition to his spiritual authority, and unified the loosely

assembled Tibetan tribes into one country. Lhasa was named both the spiritual

and political capital of the new country. By the time the West began sending

explorers to the city in the early 20th century, nearly half of Lhasa's

population were practicing Buddhist monks.

In 1950 China invaded Tibet and many people fled the city, including the

14th Dalai Lama, and sought refuge in exile in India. The attack is

classified as a "peaceful liberation" by the Chinese, but the Tibetans, US

Congress, and other prominent military and political figures consider it an

unprovoked invasion. Many of the remaining monks and nuns in the city

revolted and held peaceful demonstrations against the Chinese oppressors,

which led to an imposed restriction upon the monasteries. Re-education

programs were instituted in an attempt to realign the Buddhists with

Communist views, while also requiring the protesters to denounce both the

Dalai Lama and Tibet's independence. Many monks and nuns refused to cooperate

and were sent to prison; those who escaped fled to India.

The question of Tibet independence is still a major source of controversy in

Lhasa and in the rest of the world, with many world leaders continuing to

condemn the Chinese' treatment of the Tibetan people. Talks between the

reigning Dalai Lama in exile and the Chinese government began in May 2008

discussing Tibet's independence and autonomous rule, but little has changed

as a result."

- Monaco -

Founded - 1228 AD

Location - South-Western Europe (South of France)

Population - 32,965

"The Principality of Monaco is the world's smallest monarchy and the second

smallest country, larger only than Vatican City. While being populated by

Ligurian people (Monoikos in Greek) from the 6th century AD, the city of

Monaco was founded in 1228 as a colony of Genoa. In 1297 Francesco Grimaldi

captured the fortress protecting the small city state, and his family has

ruled the country since.

French Revolutionary forces captured the principality in 1793, and it

remained under French control until 1814 when it was designated a

protectorate of the Kingdom of Sardinia by the Congress of Vienna. It

remained under Sardinia until Sardinia was also annexed to France, then

gaining its independence in 1861. France, however, was (and still is)

required to provide any military defenses for the small country. Not a bad

deal for a country less than a mile square in area. Monaco was briefly

occupied during World War II, but the attempt to set up a Fascist

administration and replace the Grimaldis failed, leaving the country

little changed.

Monaco's current claim to fame comes primarily from three sources - the late

Princess Grace, its status as a tax haven, and its world renowned casino. For

the first, Prince Rainier III married the American actress Grace Kelly in

1956, focusing the world's attention on the small country for the first time

in centuries. Besides the constant attention she brought to the country, she

also avidly worked to improve arts and education support in the US and Monaco.

For a second point of fame, or rather infamy, Monaco has never levied a

personal income tax on its inhabitants, thereby attracting numerous wealthy

residents from around the world. The country is currently being investigated

by the International Monetary Fund and the Council of Europe for possible

infringements and felonies involving money laundering. Finally, the Monte

Carlo Casino is one of the greatest tourist attractions in the country.

Opened since 1856, the casino is visited by many of the world's wealthiest

gamblers, but is forbidden to the country's own citizens. The casino serves

as a landmark in the annual Monaco Grand Prix and as a location for three

James Bond films. A class of computational algorithms and methods for

sampling random data also take their name from the casino."

- Seoul -

Founded - 18 BC

Location - North-Western South Korea


"Records show that while the area around Seoul has been settled from the

Paleolithic Age, the city wasn't officially founded until 18 BC when the

kingdom of Baekje built its capital city Wiryeseong at the site. In time,

Baekje developed from a small minor state into one of the major Three

Kingdoms of Korea, a group of countries which dominated the peninsula for

most of the first millennium. Over time, Seoul grew into a formidable city

and held great political significance.

Eventually the Three Kingdoms were consolidated under one rule, and in 1394

AD the capital of this new country was moved to Seoul. Large walls were built

around the city, as much to keep out thieves as well as tigers and other

unwanted large, scary animals. Each day the gates were opened at dawn and

closed at dusk, keeping the city isolated and protected. Eventually, Seoul

opened its gates to the influx of westerners arriving in the east during the

late 1800's, and the city began to modernize. In fact, Seoul was the first

eastern city to have electricity, running water, and the telephone.

Things continued well for Seoul until World War I when the Japanese occupied

Korea in 1910; the country remained under Japanese rule until 1945. After

Korea's liberation, the Republic of Korea was founded (modern day South

Korea), and Seoul was named as its capital. During the Korean War, starting

in 1950, Seoul changed hands between North and South Korea many times, it

being less than 100 miles from the border. The city endured heavy damage

during this time, with over two hundred thousand buildings in ruins.

After the war, the city was the focus of a huge reconstruction effort and an

attempt to improve the standard of living for the population, which had

swelled with millions of refugees. The city continued its population and

economic boom into the 21st century, becoming the third largest metropolitan

area in the world and housing a full quarter of South Korea's population.

Seoul has been voted the 2010 Design Capital of the World, boasts one of the

world's most technologically advanced infrastructures, and is home to some of

the world's largest electronic companies."

- Vienna -

Founded - 500 BC

Location - Eastern Austria


"Vienna is the capital and largest city in the Republic of Austria. Founded

sometime around 500 BC, Vienna was originally a Celtic settlement. In 15 BC

it became a Roman frontier town, fortified to guard the empire against raids

from the Germanic tribes to the north. The Romans remained in the city until

the 5th century AD, when they mysteriously abandoned the city, perhaps

vacating because of a catastrophic fire occurring at that time.

The city became the home of the Babenberg Dynasty during the early Middle

Ages, and in 1440 it also came to be the resident city of the Habsburg

Dynasties. During the next few centuries it grew into a center for the arts,

science, and fine cuisine, and eventually became the capital of the Holy

Roman Empire. The city remained a formidable fortress during its cultural

growth, and stopped the Ottoman armies twice at the Siege of Vienna in 1529

and in the Battle of Vienna in 1683.

After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire, Vienna continued its collection

of capital titles when it became the capital of the Austrian Empire in 1804.

The city continued to grow dramatically and many suburbs and surrounding

towns were incorporated into its boundaries.

The city played little part in World War I, but did become the capital of the

First Austrian Republic after the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It

was a bastion of socialism in Austria (earning it the nickname "Red Vienna")

until Adolf Hitler occupied the city in 1939. For the first time in

centuries, Vienna lost its capital status to Berlin, but quickly regained it

after the Second World War when it was once again named the capital of

Austria. During this period, Vienna became a hotbed for international

espionage between the West and the Soviets.

In the 1970s the Austrian Chancellor created a new area in the city to host

its growing international institutions, aptly named the Vienna International

Center. Vienna now hosts an office of the United Nations, the International

Atomic Energy Agency, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe

(much to the dismay of the spies), and many other international agencies.

While Vienna is famous for its elaborate balls, museums, and operatic

tradition, one of the most well known 'exports' of the city is the culinary

dish Wiener Schnitzel, a breaded and fried cutlet of veal. The canned product

"Vienna Sausages", however, is a purely North American invention."

- Warsaw -


Location - Central Poland


"Located along the banks of the Vistula River, the area covered by present

day Warsaw has been inhabited for roughly 14,000 years. The first fortified

settlement at the site was the town of Bródno, built in the 9th century AD,

followed by the town of Jazdów in the 12th century. Both of these towns were

raided and razed, allowing Prince Boleslaw II of Masovia to establish a small

fishing village by the name of Warszowa on the site in 1300. The early years

of the city were mostly quiet and calm, the majority of the population

working as small craftsman or dealing in local trade.

However the 16th and 17th centuries brought drastic changes to the little

city. Civil unrest began to develop in Warsaw, as the economic discrepancies

between the tradesman and nobility grew to even greater heights, and the

occasional peasant revolt broke out in the city. On a happier note, Warsaw

became the capital of the Polish Commonwealth in 1596 with the crowning of

the new King Sigismund III Vasa. The city grew to over 14,000 people and

expanded well past its old, fortified walls. A Swedish invasion ravaged the

city in 1655, but this only left more room for the wealthy and nobility to

rebuild, establishing new private districts in the wake of the old; many of

these magnificent Baroque residences survived until World War II.

In 1700 the city once again took a turn for the worse when the Great Northern

War broke out across the countryside. Two years into the war the city was

captured by Swedish forces and suffered heavily under their occupation. In

1705 Saxon-Russian troops laid siege to the city for two years, up through

the end of the war. Much of Warsaw's economy was destroyed as it was obliged

to pay heavy contributions to the war effort, and the city fell under the

shadow of the Russians.

Much of Warsaw began to change after this, as it developed into a

capitalistic and enlightened city. Museums, libraries, and factories were

built, and the middle class of merchants, industrialists, and financers

greatly expanded; by 1750 Warsaw had over 115,000 people living within its

borders. These large changes in the makeup of the population also brought

about new unrest. In 1794 the Warsaw Uprising broke out, an insurrection

supported by the local army to overthrow the Russian control of the city.

Russian soldiers reached the capital a few months later and completely

squashed the Polish forces in a matter of hours. The exact death toll of the

Uprising is unknown, but it is estimated that the Russian troops slaughtered

at least 20,000 civilians that day.

Warsaw remained under Russian control for the next 120 years, its citizens

revolting two more times in the November and January Uprisings. After World

War I, the independent nation of Poland was created and Warsaw was named as

its capital. Russian forces however returned for the city in 1920 and the

massive Battle of Warsaw was fought along the eastern outskirts of the city.

The Polish troops managed to defeat the Red Army and are credited not only

with saving the country from the Soviets, but also with saving all of Central

Europe from the brunt of Communism (for the time being).

Unfortunately during World War II, the city fell to the Nazis and its Jewish

inhabitants - almost 30% of the population - were herded out of the city and

exterminated. Faced with various uprisings from the Polish people and the

encroaching Red Army, the Nazis sought to completely demolish Warsaw, razing

85% of the buildings to the ground (including the historic old mansions and

the royal palace). The ruins of the once grand city were liberated on January

17, 1945. It is here that the city earned its nickname "The Phoenix City" as

a grand effort was made to rebuild the city. Many of the old historic

streets, buildings and churches were successfully restored and in 1980 the

reclaimed historic center 'Old Town' was inscribed onto UNESCO's World

Heritage list. In 2004 Poland joined the European Union, and Warsaw has begun

to see its biggest economic boom of its history."

*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*

[4.03] Militaristic City States

Militaristic City States concentrate heavily on a military, through a navy

or a ground army. What they do is that they will provide you with free

military units occasionally, the unit depends heavily on what resources they

have, so chariots and the like if they have horses, or melee units, and their

technology level, so high tect units such as infantry or low tech units such

as warriors. If you are allied with them, the units will roll out more

frequently.

When you are allied with them, they can have the ability to stop their units

from spawning. What this controls for is whether or not they give you free

units. If you disable it, you will get no units, whereas if you enable it,

which is the default, you will get units. Simple as pie.

Militaristic City States, for me personally, sit in the middle. They are more

useful than the cultural city states, but less useful than the maritime

city states. They will not really need looking after, more often than not, all

their tiles will have a military unit on it, and their free units can come at

rather opportune times, such as when someone declares war on you. However, I

am normally of the notion that you should always be ready for an attack on

your cities, so for me, it is really just protect them until I can conquer

them.

Like I have said before, militiaristic city states will provide you with free

units. The stronger the friendship, the more frequently you will get units, if

you want them. If you are aiming at something other than domination, then they

aren't that useful.

- Almaty -

Founded - 1854 AD

Location - South-Eastern Kazakhstan


"Located near the south eastern border of modern-day Kazakhstan, Almaty has

hosted human settlements from as early as 1000 BC. Its early history was one

of farms and tribal herdsman, and it wasn't until the Middle Ages that Almaty

began to prosper and flourish as a city, when it became an integral part of

the Silk Road trade route. For three centuries Almaty thrived as a center for

agriculture and crafts, but in the 13th century much of the city was

destroyed by Mongol raids. By the 15th century, Almaty and the surrounding

region found itself in a state of decline.

It wasn't later until 1854 that Almaty began to recover and build anew into

the modern city it is today. Imperial Russia constructed Fort Zailiyskoye on

the ancient site, later renaming it Fort Verniy. A year later the soldiers

started accepting peasants and tradesmen to the area and formed the town of

Verniy, which housed the administrative center of the newly created

Semirechye province of Turkistan. For a brief thirty years this version of

Almaty prospered again, only to be destroyed in less than twelve minutes by

a catastrophic earthquake in 1887.

In the early 20th century, the town's name was changed to Alma-Ata. With the

construction of the Turkestan-Siberia Railroad the city regained some of its

former importance as a trade depot. The capital of Kazakhstan was moved to

Alma-Ata in 1936, with the idea of remaking the city into a kind of cultural

Mecca. In 1993 Alma-Ata's name was changed yet again to Almaty, (referencing

the area's ample apple orchards).

In 1997 the government moved the country's capital to Astana - a city with

far fewer threats of natural disasters. Despite this setback to its political

importance and the constant threat of destruction from catastrophic mudflows,

Almaty once again prospers as a cultural, financial, and industrial center."

- Belgrade -

Founded - 279 BC

Location - North-Central Serbia


"The present capital of Serbia, Belgrade lies at the juncture of two of

Europe's most important waterways, the Danube and Sava rivers, and has served

as a major crossroad between Europe and Asia for centuries. Belgrade is one

of the oldest cities in Europe, with settlements dating as far back as 6,000

BC, and may have been the home of the largest known prehistoric European

culture, the Vincas. The first recorded fort and permanent settlement on this

location was built by the Celts in the 3rd century BC, who named it Singidun,

or Singidunum, "White Fortress".

Singidunum was ravaged and occupied by a large succession of peoples over the

next couple of hundred years, including the Romans, Huns, Sarmatians,

Ostrogoths, and Avars, before falling under Byzantium rule in the 9th century

AD. This is when the city was given its Slavic name, Beligrad, which means

"White Fortress." In the following centuries the city hosted the armies of

both the First and Second Crusade and remained a contested battleground

between Bulgaria, Hungary, and Byzantium.

In 1456, the Ottomans launched the famous Siege of Belgrade in an attempt to

subjugate Hungary - the fall of the fortress at Belgrade would have opened a

clear path for Sultan Mehmed II to take the heart of Central Europe. However,

an army led by Hungarian John Hunyadi destroyed the Ottoman's forces and is

credited not only with saving the city but also with preserving Christianity

in Europe. To this day, Catholic churches still ring the church bells at noon

in commemoration of the victory. Unfortunately, plague killed many of the

victorious soldiers - including Hunyadi - in the weeks following their

triumph. In 1521, nearly 70 years later, Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent

finally captured the city, and it was made the seat of the Ottomans' Sanjak

district and quickly became the second largest city in the Empire, eclipsed

only by Constantinople.

The Second Serbian Uprising of 1815 (following a brief failed attempt in

1807) granted the Serbian region semi-independence, with full independence

not achieved until 1878; the capital of this new kingdom was moved to

Belgrade and the city once again prospered and grew rapidly. The city's

growth was halted however with the advent of World War I in 1914, when

Belgrade was decimated from repeated attacks. After the war, Belgrade became

the capital of newly-formed Yugoslavia and experienced a period of unforeseen

growth and modernization.

Despite the Serbian government's attempt to stay out of World War II,

Belgrade was heavily bombed and its people massacred by the Luftwaffe in

1941, and was quickly occupied by the Germans. In 1944, the Allies bombed the

city and finally liberated it a few months later. At war's end Serbia was

under the Soviet Union's control, and a year later the People's Republic of

Yugoslavia was created, with Belgrade again housing the government's seat.

Communist Belgrade rapidly developed into a major industrial center.

In 1996, massive demonstrations were held in Belgrade against the

Communist-led government, and in 1997 the first mayor of Belgrade was elected

who did not belong to the Communist or Socialist party. Unrest continued

however, with major bombings during the Kosovo War of 1999 causing

substantial damage and leading to hundreds of thousands of protesters taking

to the streets. However, in spite of these military and economic troubles of

the 1990s, Belgrade has been growing strongly ever since as a center for

history, culture, and tourism."

- Budapest -

Founded - c.106 AD

Location - North-Central Hungary


"Budapest is the capital of Hungary. Known historically as "the Queen of the

Danube," Budapest is the political and cultural center of the country and an

important economic and industrial hub in Central Europe. While inhabited from

the Neolithic Period (c.9500 BC), the first recorded settlement in the region

of modern-day Budapest was the Celtic city of Ak-Ink, later occupied by the

Romans and renamed to Aquincum in the 2nd century AD. Its strategic position

along the Danube River made Aquincum a desirable holding for both Rome and

its enemies alike.

At the end of the 9th century AD, a group of Hungarians led by Árpád (the

second Grand Prince of the Magyars) settled in the area around Aquincum and

officially founded the Kingdom of Hungary a hundred years later. While the

city grew and prospered, little was done to reinforce or extend the early

Roman fortifications, and a Tatar invasion in the 13th century showed the

Hungarians that it can be very difficult indeed to hold a city on the open

plains. After the defeat, King Béla IV of Hungary constructed reinforced

stone walls around the city and even moved his own palace to the protected,

hilled town of Buda, located on the outskirts of Aquincum. In 1361

Aquincum/Buda became the capital of Hungary.

The Italian Renaissance greatly influenced the cultural role of Buda, when

King Matthias Corvinus built his library there in the 15th century, housing

one of Europe's greatest collections of historical, philosophical, and

scientific works. Only the Vatican's library rivaled it for holdings and

size. This explosive period of cultural growth slammed to a halt when the

Turks pillaged the city in 1526, besieged and captured it in 1541, and

occupied it for the next 140 years. In 1686 the city was successfully retaken

by Charles V and incorporated into the Habsburg Empire. Unfortunately, the

city was largely destroyed during the consequential battle.

The eighteen hundreds were dominated by the Hungarian's struggle for

independence from the Habsburgs until the Reconciliation of 1867, which

created the new dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary and placed Buda as the

capital for both these monarchies. In 1873 Buda, Pest, and Obuda (Ancient

Buda) were officially merged into the modern city of Budapest, starting a

golden age of economic and cultural growth.

Budapest's happy times ended with World War I and the collapse of the

Austria-Hungarian Empire. During World War II the city sustained heavy damage

from British and American air raids and was besieged during the Battle of

Budapest in 1945. Major damage was afflicted upon the city from the attacking

Soviet troops, and tens of thousands of civilians were killed. The communist

government of the country did little to rebuild the city after the war's end,

and systematically gutted and destroyed many of the surviving historic

buildings in the city.

In 1956 a peaceful student demonstration in Budapest led to the start of the

Hungarian Revolution when State Security Police fired upon the crowd. The

government was overthrown, but the USSR sent a regiment of tanks to Budapest

and crushed the revolt and restored the Communist Party to power. The last

Soviet troops left Budapest in 1991, as Hungary began the transition to a

free society. For the rest of the century, work was done to repair much of

the wartime damage and to preserve and rebuild the remaining historic

locations. Despite these beginnings of growth and construction, the city has

begun recently experiencing a sharp decrease in population as its inhabitants

flee to the neighboring Pest county."

- Dublin -

Founded - c.841 AD

Location - Eastern Ireland


"The largest city and capital of Ireland, Dublin is commonly known to the

Irish as Baile Átha Cliath, or "town of the hurdled ford"; this is a bit more

romantic than its original Irish name of Dubh Linn, meaning "black pool".

While the Greek astronomer Ptolemy provided some evidence suggesting that the

Dublin area was settled by as early as 140 AD, it wasn't until the Norse

built a town at the foot of the river Liffey that the city received its more

official founding date of 841. The Norse continued to rule the area despite a

growing Celtic influence.

Dublin became a center for military and judicial power as the country flipped

between control from the Norman lords and the King of England. English

control was weakened for a time by the onslaught of the bubonic plague in

1348, but conquest of the island was begun anew under the banner of the Tudor

State and Dublin was again firmly under British rule by 1603. The city

expanded rapidly under the British and for a short time was the second

largest city in the Empire. At this time the small harbor and river tributary

giving the city its name was buried and built over, and for the most part was

forgotten by the city's inhabitants.

In 1759 a small brewery was founded at St. James Gate, Dublin, which would

form the economic backbone of the city for centuries to come. Arthur Guinness

signed a 9,000-year lease for the brewery with an annual rent of 45 pounds

for the four acre complex, using the money bequeathed to him in his

godfather's will. His intelligence and business sense were questioned at the

time, but the Guinness brewery soon became the largest employer in the city

and substantially bolstered the growing city's economy.

After 1800 the city entered a period of decline when the seat of government

was moved to Westminster. Dublin, and the rest of Ireland for that matter,

had no natural source of coal and played no major part in the Industrial

Revolution gripping Europe in the 19th century, and this greatly contributed

to its steady decline.

Dublin's fortunes changed with the Easter Rising of 1916 when Irish

republicans hoped to end British rule of the country and gain their

independence. While the city sustained heavy damage from the ensuing battles,

when the Irish Free State was finally recognized by the British in 1920 it

started to rebuild the city center and moved the seat of government back to

Dublin. Although painfully slow at times, the rebuilding of the city has

gradually made Dublin the historical and contemporary cultural nexus of

Ireland. More recently, the large-scale influx of euros into the city has

helped it become a leading center for the sciences, education, and industry."

- Edinburgh -

Founded - Late 6th Century

Location - South-Eastern Scotland


"Situated upon a towering crag of rock in Scotland, Edinburgh and the

surrounding areas have been settled from as early as 3300 BC. The city is

most likely Celtic in origin, contradicting a popular folk myth stating that

it was named for a King Edwin of Northumbria. The first recorded mentions of

the city date back to the late 6th century AD in the heroic poems of the

Gododdin, a sect of Brittonic people. The massive outcropping of volcanic

rock protected the early city from most invaders, and it wasn't until 950 AD

that the last vestiges of the Gododdin were overtaken and the city fell to

the Scots. The city would remain under Scottish jurisdiction from this time

on.

In 1492, King James IV moved the royal court to Edinburgh and made it the

official capital of Scotland. Edinburgh flourished economically and

culturally from this time and throughout the Renaissance. In 1639 religious

disputes between a sect of Presbyterians and the Anglican Church and a later

occupation of the city by Oliver Cromwell led to fundamental changes for both

Edinburgh and Scotland. In 1707 the Act of Union was passed, combining

Scotland and England into the larger Kingdom of Great Britain and dissolving

the Scottish Parliament in the process. The people of Edinburgh rioted at the

decision.

Following the controversial joining of the two states, the people of

Edinburgh worked to preserve their national identity and culture, their

efforts blossoming into the period known as the Scottish Enlightenment later

in the century. Easily the most influential and successful time in the city,

Edinburgh became a beacon for the multitude of famous Scots gracing Europe,

great men and women such as Walter Scott, Robert Burns, and Adam Smith.

Edinburgh also earned its nickname the "Athens of the North" during the

Enlightenment.

Edinburgh began to fall behind during the Industrial Revolution; while it did

begin to modernize, it was soon eclipsed by the faster growing Scottish city

of Glasgow. It wasn't until much later in 1992 when Edinburgh hosted the

European Union Treaty Summit that it once again moved to the forefront of

importance in the country. In 1999 the Scottish Parliament was finally

reinstated, and in more recent years there are signs that the Scots are

considering giving full sovereignty to the Parliament as well. Regardless of

whether Scotland will achieve independence in the coming years or not, the

recreation of the governing body in Edinburgh has revitalized the city and

given power and importance to the capital for the first time in nearly 300

years."

- Hanoi -

Founded - 1010 AD

Location - Northern Vietnam


"Located on the banks of the Red River in Vietnam, the area surrounding Hanoi

has been inhabited from at least the third millennium BC. One of the first

recorded permanent structures at the site was the Co Loa citadel, built

sometime around 200 BC. However, it is not until 1010 AD that the official

founding of Hanoi is recorded - the current ruler of the land, Ly Thai To,

moved the capital to the site and renamed it Thang Long, or "ascending

dragon". Thang Long remained the capital of Vietnam until 1397.

The city continued to grow quietly for the next few centuries, even while

briefly occupied by the Chinese in the early 1400's. In 1831 Emperor Minh

Mang renamed the city, giving it the more literal name of "Between Rivers".

Shortly thereafter, the French occupied the city and surrounding area in

1873, later making Hanoi the capital of their new colony - French Indochina -

in 1887.

After World War II the city was the scene of deadly fighting as the country

was contested between the independent nationalists and the French government.

North Vietnam finally won its independence in 1954 and made Hanoi the capital

of the country. The city remained the capital once North and South Vietnam

were reunited and unified in 1976.

Since then, Hanoi has boomed into a vibrant metropolitan area, exponentially

increasing in size with every passing generation. The city is now the most

developed and modern in Vietnam, boasting the latest advancements in

infrastructure and agriculture technologies."

- Sidon -

Founded - 1250 AD

Location - South-Western Lebanon


"Sidon is an ancient city located on the coast of Lebanon. Originally a

fishing and trade center, in modern times Sidon serves as the Mediterranean

terminus for the Trans-Arabian Pipeline from Saudia Arabia.

Sidon was founded by Phoenicia in the 3rd millennium BC.

Sidon became wealthy and prosperous in the 2nd millennium BC, famous for the

quality of its glass and its purple dyes. In approximately 2700 BC, Sidon

colonists founded the city of Tyre some 25 miles down the coast, and for many

years the two cities competed for the seat of Phoenician wealth and power.

As Phoenicia's power waned, Sidon's wealth and strategic location made it a

tempting target for conquest. During its history Sidon has been ruled by

Assyria, Babylon, Persia, Alexander of Macedonia, the Seleucids, the

Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt, the Romans, the Ottomans, the French, and

finally, Lebanon. During the Crusades the city changed hands several times,

getting destroyed and rebuilt in the process. The area is littered with the

remains of fortifications from throughout history. Today, Sidon is home to

Sunni and Shiite Muslims as well as Christian Greek Catholics and Maronites.

The city is mentioned numerous times in the Bible. Perhaps its most famous

citizen is the wicked Queen Jezebel, wife of King Ahab of Northern Israel and

great aunt of Queen Dido of Carthage. According to the Bible, Jezebel was an

evil and corrupt ruler, and she encouraged the worship of foreign

(Phoenician) gods in Israel. For these crimes she was killed by her own

eunuchs and thrown into the street to be eaten by dogs.

There are two great lessons from this story for all rulers: first, don't mess

with the people's religion, and second, never trust the royal eunuchs."

- Tyre -

Founded - 2750 BC

Location - South-Western Lebanon


"Tyre is an ancient Phoenician city located in the southern portion of

Lebanon, approximately 12 miles north of the Lebanese border with Israel.

Tyre was built on the mainland and a nearby offshore island. Founded in

approximately 2700 BC by colonists from the city of Sidon, the city soon grew

to rival and eventually surpass its sister city as a fishing and mercantile

center for Phoenicia. In the 9th century BC settlers from Tyre founded the

city of Carthage in North Africa.

Like Sidon, Tyre is frequently mentioned in the Bible. Relations between

Israel and Tyre were generally cordial; in fact, Hiram, king of Tyre

furnished building materials for Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem.

Because of its wealth and strategic location, Tyre was subjected to repeated

attacks by whatever power happened to be rampaging in the area. In the 8th

and 7th centuries it was under Assyrian dominance. In the 6th century it

withstood a long siege by King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon, though it was

captured shortly thereafter by the Persians. Then, in the third century,

Alexander of Macedon happened by at the head of his army.

Alexander's siege of Tyre lasted some seven months. To defeat the stubborn

defenders, Alexander completely destroyed the mainland city and used the

rubble to construct a causeway out to the island. After capturing the city,

the Great Alexander showed his appreciation for the citizens' valor and

courage by putting 10,000 of them to death and selling 30,000 others into

slavery. Though it revived somewhat under later Egyptian and Roman rule, Tyre

never fully recovered from Alexander's exuberence.

Today Tyre is a city of approximately 120,000 residents. Because of its

proximity to Israel, it tends to suffer whenever violence occurs along the

Lebanese-Israeli border, which seems to happen with depressing frequency, as

bombs, bullets and missiles from all sides make the ancient ruins even more

ruined. Still, Tyre has survived worse than this - much worse - and it will

hopefully live to see peace and prosperity once again."

*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*

[4.04] Maritime City States

The last of the city states, the Maritime city states are those that will

provide food for your capital city and your other cities, which make them

very useful on the map. As you can guess by the word maritime, all these

nations will be found on the coast, which also make them lovely targets for

a conquest, but hey, free food.

Personally, I think maritime city states are the best. Simply because when

your city food generation is low, an extra 2 food can mean all the difference

and don't forget, you still need food to maintain your city's population,

which is all the more important.

For Maritime nations, they normally provide 2 food for your capital city, and

1 food for your other cities, although this will be increased to about 5 food

for your capital and 3 food for all other cities when you have all your

policies there. Note that they will only provide food for your other cities

when you develop an alliance with them.

- Cape Town -

Founded - 1652 AD

Location - South-Western South Africa


"Located on the southern edge of Africa, Cape Town is the first European

settlement in South Africa. In 1652 the Dutch East India Company established

a refreshment station for its ships on the shores of Table Bay, a harbor just

to the northwest of the Cape of Good Hope with convenient access to fresh

water. Within a few years Dutch colonists ventured outside of the forts and

set up farmsteads, working the fields with African slaves imported from other

locations. The local native inhabitants (the Khoekhoe, whom the Dutch called

"Hottentots") were not enslaved, and in fact many lived side by side with and

in some cases intermarried with the colonists. By the turn of the century the

town had some 200 houses and a thriving port.

During the seventeenth century the port continued to grow in size and in

strategic importance, its position allowing the Dutch to dominate the Cape of

Good Hope, the primary water passage between Europe and the Far East. The

British sought to occupy the port in 1781, during the American Revolution,

but a French fleet beat them to it, establishing a garrison to help the Dutch

keep it out of British control.

As the century progressed the British dominance of the high seas gave them

increasing leverage over African colonies. Ownership of Cape Town passed back

and forth between England and the Netherlands, and by 1814 title of the

colony passed to Britain permanently. The British freed the slaves in 1834,

and within a few years the young city's population reached some 20,000

citizens. In 1870 diamonds were discovered inland from the city, and roughly

16 years later gold was found as well. This brought a massive influx of

prospectors and those who supported/preyed upon them to the city and the land

beyond.

At the turn of the 20th century the Boer War (1899-1902) broke out between

the British and the Boer Republics, which, depending upon which historians

you read, was a fight to end growing British tyranny over the people of

Dutch ancestry, a rebellion by Afrikaans seeking to continue to enslave and

oppress non-Whites, or a war between greedy politicians over the growing

profits from the gold and diamond mines. The war was long and bitter, and

though fighting took place miles inland, the city was an important military

base for the British, and it gained an industrial base constructing war

materials and other supplies.

In 1910 the British colonies of Cape Colony, Transvaal, Natal and Orange

River were unified into the Union of South Africa, and Cape Town was its

capital. The 20th century saw increased efforts by the European inhabitants

to protect themselves from what they saw as a growing threat of being

overwhelmed by the African natives. Increasingly odious Apartheid laws

relegated non-white citizens to subservient status, with limited access to

employment and education, and almost no say in government or control over

their own affairs. The struggle for equality intensified over the course of

the century and, along with internal resistance, the white government faced

growing sanctions from the rest of the world. By 1990 the Apartheid system

was in collapse, and Cape Town and South Africa saw the appointment of

Nelson Mandela as president, the first black man to ever hold that title.

Modern Cape Town is a vibrant, growing city. It still faces the after-effects

of years of inter-racial struggle and the poverty and lack of education of a

large portion of its native inhabitants. But it survived the transition from

Apartheid to near universal democracy with remarkably little violence (thanks

largely to the genius of Nelson Mandela). Though the city is troubled by the

ailments that face all modern cities (and some unique to itself), Cape

Town's future remains bright."

- Copenhagen -

Founded - 1167 AD

Location - Eastern Denmark


"Once a small fishing village known as Havn, Copenhagen is now the largest

city and capital of the Kingdom of Denmark. While some archeological finds

date the town back to the late Viking age, the founding of Copenhagen is

traditionally set in 1167, when the Danish Bishop Absalon fortified the

harbor town. The well-protected harbor established Copenhagen's importance

as a center of trade and commerce for centuries to come, and it was made

the capital of Denmark early in the 15th century. Unfortunately, other

civilizations also noticed the natural riches of Copenhagen's harbor, and

the city was attacked numerous times, especially by the Hanseatic League

(a trade organization running a monopoly along the coast of Northern Europe).

In 1658 the Swedes unsuccessfully tried to take the city, but in the 1807

the British succeeded where they could not; a preemptive attack on the

civilians and failing old defenses caused massive damage to the city and

left hundreds dead. The city began to rebuild and expand over the now useless

defensive line, improving sanitation and incorporating nearby towns in the

process. Copenhagen was occupied by the Germans in World War II, but did not

sustain any substantial damage and continued to expand greatly after the

war's end.

Copenhagen is now recognized as one of the up-and-coming cities in Europe

and is ranked the "most liveable city in the world" for its wonderful

quality of life. The city is also renowned for its extensive public

infrastructure and environmentally-friendly policies. Copenhagen is now one

of the most visited cities in Europe and has become a veritable Mecca for the

world's new architects, chefs, and designers."

- Genoa -

Founded - c.6th Century BC

Location - Northern Italy


"While no exact date is known for the founding of Genoa, the city's history

goes back to ancient times as a settlement founded by the Ligurian people.

An excavated cemetery from the 6th century BC shows that the city was once

occupied by the Greeks, but it was almost certain to have been established

long before this. Under the Romans it was a flourishing trade junction,

military port, and market town but it was quickly invaded and pillaged by

the Ostrogoths after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. For the next

several centuries, Genoa remained a small, obscure fishing center, but it

used this time to build up a fleet of merchant ships which would come to

dominate the trade routes of the Mediterranean Sea.

In the 10th century AD Genoa gained independence from the local feudatories

as one of the city-state "Maritime Republics", having its own lord who

reported directly to the Holy Roman Emperor. Most of the actual power in the

city was wielded not by this Bishop-President, but by consuls elected by the

popular assembly. Genoa's shipbuilding and banking industries helped the

young republic to flourish, and Genoa began to expand its borders and

establish colonies throughout the Middle East and Northern Africa.

Genoa's prosperity was brought to an end when a Genoese trading post at Caffa

imported the Black Death into Europe in 1347. Genoa's economy collapsed and

its population fell as the plague took its toll. Drastically weakened, the

city fought a series of unsuccessful wars over the next seventy years, losing

all of its colony states in the process and falling under the rule of the

Visconti of Milan.

The city had a lucky break when its famous son, Christopher Columbus,

returned from his discovery of the Americas and donated one-tenth of his

income to the local banking institutions. This helped create the alliance

which made Genoa a satellite of the wealthy Spanish Empire, a move which led

to its economic recovery. Soon the noble families of the city-state had

re-amassed their fortunes and the growing city began to attract famed artists

and architects. This golden age for Genoa lasted through the 1500's and into

the early 1600's, when a return of the plague wiped out half of the citizens

of the city in 1656. Genoa's further and steady decline was assured once the

world economy began to shift away from the Mediterranean over to the New

World when new trade routes were established in the 1700's. Modernization and

the World Wars of the early 20th century did little to help the city recover.

While Genoa now has the fifth highest economy in Italy and is part of the

nation's "industrial triangle", it has never recovered the importance and

fame which once gave it the title La Superba, the glorious one of Italy."

- Helsinki -

Founded - 1550

Location - Southern Finland


"The city of Helsinki was founded in 1550 by King Gustav I of Sweden, who

hoped to create a rival port city to the nearby Reval (or Tallinn, Estonia

today). However, fate decided that Helsinki would remain a small,

unimportant town - plagued by poverty and war - for the next two centuries.

Helsinki's outlook was not improved when the plague hit the city in 1710,

killing off a full two-thirds of the inhabitants. It wasn't until The Grand

Duchy of Finland was created by Russia's defeat of Sweden during the Finnish

War of 1809 that the city began to improve and grow - slowly.

The capital of the new country was moved to Helsinki in a bid to improve its

stunted development, but to little avail. Later the country's only

university, the Royal Academy of Turku, was moved to the Helsinki in 1827 in

a further attempt to drive people to the city. This turned out to the best

thing to happen to Helsinki since its founding. With the influx of students

and teachers (not to mention money) provided by the university, the city

began to develop and rapidly grow, quickly modernizing and installing the

new advances in transportation and industrialization.

Helsinki suffered a setback in 1918 when it fell to the Red Guards on the

first day of the Finish Civil War. The city only sustained very minor damage

from its quick capture, and was liberated by the allied German and White

forces later in the year. The quality of life in the city began to slowly

improve after the civil war's end, but growth was stunted once again when the

city was repeatedly bombed during the Winter and Continuation Wars of the

1940's.

The second best thing since the city's founding occurred in 1952, when it

hosted the Summer Olympics (the city was supposed to have hosted the 1940

Summer Olympics, but these were cancelled due to World War II - such is

Helsinki's bad luck). The influx of tourism and money helped push the

late-blooming city into a period of rapid urbanization, tripling the

population in a short twenty years. While the city is still the second most

sparsely populated EU capital (after Brussels), it is now one of the fastest

growing urban centers in Europe."

- Oslo -

Founded - c.1000 AD

Location - Southern Norway


"According to legend, Oslo was founded by King Harald Hadrade of Norway in

1048, but archeological excavations show that some urban settlement at the

site preceded that date. The first King of Norway did not reside in the city

until much later, sometime in the early 14th century AD, when it became

officially regarded as the capital city of the country.

Unfortunately (as medieval cities were wont to do), Oslo was destroyed

several times by fire in the coming centuries, and in 1624 King Christian IV

ordered the city rebuilt at a new site across the bay; the city was also

renamed Christiania in honor of its new founding. Christiana was a local

center of commerce, but its importance declined while Norway was a part of

Denmark, during which its growth slowed to a halt. After the two countries

separated in 1814, Christiana grew into the largest city in Norway

(overtaking Bergen), as the newly founded University of Oslo helped to fuel

the population and economy. The city's name was restored to "Oslo" in 1925.

Growth in the city has remained a source of contention, as the citizens

fight both growing up (with skyscrapers) and out (destroying the local

faming and fishing communities). The last century has seen a grand increase

in the economy and industry of the city, and Oslo now is home to some of the

world's largest maritime shipping companies. Oslo has also recently gained

the dubious honor of being the most expensive city in the world to live in,

as space for apartments grows to an even higher premium."

- Ragusa -


Location - Southern Sicily

Population - 72,483

"Located on the island of Sicily, Ragusa is an Italian city of some 75,000

inhabitants. A port city situated almost directly in the center of the

Mediterranean, Ragusa is some 3,500 years old. Originally settled by the

native Sicels (ancient Sicilians), over its long history it has been

conquered by the Greeks, Carthaginians, Romans, Arabs, Normans, French, and

Spanish. Ragusa was the seat of the Kingdom of Sicily, created in the

mid-12th century, and then part of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies under the

Bourbons. In 1860 it became part of unified Italy.

Ragusa is constructed on a wide hill. A huge earthquake in 1693 devastated

the city, and few of the original buildings survived. The city was largely

rebuilt in the 18th century, in the process making it a marvel of Baroque

architecture.

Ragusa's economy is based upon agriculture - especially olives - light

manufacturing, and tourism. Ragusa is a beautiful city, with numerous museums

and churches (including the wonderfully-named "Church of Purgatory"). The

Marina di Ragusa is a famous seaside resort, and the area boasts some of the

least crowded beaches in Sicily.

Although not the biggest or most popular city in Sicily, Ragusa is beautiful

and rich with culture and history - certainly worth conquering if one has an

army or fleet in the area."

- Rio de Janeiro -

Founded - 1565 AD

Location - South-East Brazil


"Portuguese explorers first came across the Rio de Janeiro area in 1502 AD,

which was at the time inhabited by four different groups of indigenous

peoples. A small fortified settlement was erected at the site, both to deal

with the natives and to fend off encroaching attacks from French pirates. On

March 1, 1565 the city center was officially founded. The fertile land

surrounding the settlement was planted with sugarcane and provided all of the

city's early income. The small city grew to about 8,000 people by 1700, but

two thirds of these were most probably slaves.

About this time scouts found gold and diamonds in the neighboring hills,

generating a huge influx of both wealth and immigrants. The city tripled in

size and the colonial capital was transferred here in 1763. Rio continued to

wildly grow and the city spilled beyond its fortified walls. Many large

romanesque aqueducts were also built at this time, the ruins of which still

stand in the city. However, towards the end of the century the mines began to

dry up and Central America entered the world economy with a strong sugar

market of its own, both of which put Rio in a precarious position. Exports

had fallen by more than half of what they were by 1796.

Coffee saved the day for Rio. In 1808 the Portuguese royal family ordered the

growing of the bean and resettled themselves in Brazil, bringing a new found

prosperity to the colony. Expansion of the coffee plantations gave birth to a

new wave of improvements in the city, and large manor homes were built,

streets were paved, and fine academic instructions were founded.

In 1822 Prince Pedro I proclaimed Brazil's independence, and named Rio as the

capital of the new empire. When the country replaced the monarchy with a

republic in 1889, it kept Rio as the capital city. Rio was further

transformed into a modern city through the early 1900's as streets were

widened, health conditions of its populace were improved, and the surrounding

swamps were drained and reclaimed for future building sites. In 1960 the

capital was moved to the newly constructed city of Brasilia, and the growth

of Rio finally began to slow.

Rio de Janeiro is famous worldwide for its carnival celebrations, the

invention of samba music, the Cristo Redentor (a modern Wonder of the World),

and its landmark beaches. Unfortunately the city is also famous for its

crime, and holds the dubious honor of being one of the most violent cities in

the world. Despite this, it continues to attract millions of tourists every

year who come to sample its charm, beauty, and relaxed spirit."

- Singapore -

Founded - 1819 AD

Location - South Malay Peninsula


"Records and archeological excavations show that the island of modern-day

Singapore has been occupied from about the second century AD - the small

island was originally part of the Sumatran Empire and went by the name of

Temasek, or "sea town". For unknown reasons the area slid into a decline in

the 14th century, and for the next few centuries the island's population

consisted mostly of small villages of fishermen.

This all changed on January 29, 1819, when the British statesman Sir Thomas

Stamford Raffles landed on the island and signed a treaty to develop the

southern portion into a British trading post. Singapore officially became a

British colony in 1824 when the British East India Company gained control of

the entire island. The island city grew steadily as it became an important

hub for trade and commerce in the Pacific.

In 1941, the Japanese invaded Singapore and in six short days gained control

of the city and its military base. The Battle of Singapore, as it came to be

known, was the worst recorded military disaster in British history and the

city became an important base for the Japanese for the rest of World War II.

The British only regained control of the island a month after Japan's

surrender in 1945.

After the war, Singapore started on the road to independence. In 1955 the

city was allowed to hold its first ever general election, but delegations

sent to England demanding self-rule were met with resistance until 1959. Four

years later the small city-state nation declared formal independence from the

British Empire and quickly joined the Federation of Malaysia. However, major

ideological conflicts between Singapore and the Federation soured the

relationship and two years later Singapore officially declared complete

sovereignty.

Since its independence, fortunes for the city-state have increased, with

massive improvements in standards of living, the economy, and education.

Singapore is now the fifth wealthiest country in the world (in terms of GDP

per capita) with booming tourism and medical industries."

- Stockhelm -

Founded - c.1250 AD

Location - South-East Sweden


"The earliest written documentation of Stockholm dates back to 1252 AD and

describes the city as an iron trading town, but in some Norse sagas it is

claimed to be the lost city of Agnafit (where legendary King Ange was hanged

by his captive bride Skjalf). Another tale states that the city was founded

by the Swedesman Birger Jarl to protect the fledgling country from invading

navies. Regardless of whichever is actually correct, the city quickly grew

into a center for commerce, mining, and fishing. Stockholm over time grew

into an important Danish mercantile city, as trade in the Baltic boomed with

the advent of the Hanseatic League (a guild of merchants).

In the 15th century a national independence movement began to form in

Stockholm as the people of Sweden yearned to overthrow their Danish rulers.

The Revolution did not go well, unfortunately, and in 1520 the Danish King

Christian II entered the city and incited the Stockholm Bloodbath, a gruesome

massacre of many of the Swedish opposition forces. Further uprising across

the country in the coming years were more successful and broke up the Kalmar

Union (the pleasant name for the Danish control of Scandinavia), and Sweden

gained its independence from the Danes. The first king of Sweden, Gustav

Vasa, was crowned in 1523, and the population of Stockholm began to rapidly

grow. Within a hundred years, the population of the city increased over six

times in size.

In 1634, Stockholm was named the capital of the Swedish Empire and a bevy of

new trading laws gave it complete control over trade between foreign

merchants and its own Swedish territories. This "golden age" ended

emphatically some forty years later, as the Black Death reached the city and

war broke out between Sweden and its allies. Under the twin catastrophes

Stockholm stagnated economically for some time, but it did continue to

develop culturally. It took nearly two hundred years for the city to regain

its leading economic role.

During the last half of the 20th century Stockholm became the technological

and economic hub of the country. To make way for booming industry and

population growth, many historic buildings (a great majority of which had

been around since the middle ages) were torn down and replaced with shiny new

architectural structures. The city has continued to move away from its roots

of fishing, mining, and other labor-intensive industries and move towards

high-tech electronics, architecture, and modern services."

- Venice -

Founded - Unknown

Location - Northern Italy


"The city of Venice stretches across 118 small islands in the saltwater

Venetian Lagoon, between the mouths of the Po and Piave rivers. No exact

date is known for the founding of Venice, but some archeological evidence

shows that the city's original citizens may have been Roman refugees fleeing

the Germanic invasions and the Huns. As the centuries passed, the originally

small settlement began to spread across the islands, its inhabitants using

the small rivulets and canals as their roads. The city fell under Byzantine

rule early in its life. In the late 700's AD the ducal seat was moved to

Venice and a basilica dedicated to St. Mark the Evangelist was built,

heralding the birth of the "Queen of the Adriatic". The city eventually

gained its independence from the Byzantines and became an autonomous

city-state.

The city flourished as a trade center between Western Europe and the rest of

the world, its strategic location making its commercial and naval power

unmatched in the Adriatic. Venice began to expand outside of the islands as

it seized cities along the eastern shores of the sea, later extending its

holdings as far west as the Adda River in mainland Italy. It soon came to

control most of the islands in the Aegean Sea, including Cyprus and Crete,

and became a major power in the Near East. While it did take most of these

cities and regions by force, the people of its empire quickly rallied to

Venice's aid whenever she was threatened by invaders, as the city-state

actively improved the standards of living in all these territories.

Venice's dominance was further secured in 1204 when it sacked the city of

Constantinople, securing the fall of the Byzantine Empire. Considerable

wealth was brought back to the city, and combined with its already formidable

riches from trade, made Venice the wealthiest city in all of Europe. The city

also became known as a hub for culture, music, and the arts, and was

especially famous for its operatic composers. Venice can also lay claim to

the invention of the paperback book, and by 1492 was the printing capital of

the world.

The glory days for Venice couldn't last, and a war with the Ottoman Empire

cost the city most of its eastern Mediterranean holdings, including

Constantinople. Shortly thereafter Christopher Columbus discovered the New

World and Portugal found a sea route to India, peacefully destroying Venice's

trade route monopoly where all others had failed. In the late 1500's the city

was ravaged by the Black Death, which killed over 50,000 people in three

short years, a third of its total population.

On May 12, 1797, Napoleon conquered Venice and ended over 1,000 years of the

Republic's independence. Venice then became the property of Austria when

Napoleon signed it over later that year. A revolt in the 1800's attempted to

restore independence to the Republic of Venice, but in 1866 it became a part

of the newly created Kingdom of Italy.

The current threat to the city comes not from war or encroachment upon its

trade economy, but rather from the very environment around it - the city has

slowly been sinking into the sea since artesian wells were dug into the

lagoon bed in the early 20th century. The sinking has slowed dramatically as

measures are being taken to preserve the city, but new plans are being put in

place to either build an inflatable bulkhead (to stop rising tidal waters) or

to physically raise the city itself by restoring the seabed damaged by the

wells."

*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*

[4.05] City State Missions

There are various city state missions that you can perform for city-states

in order to increase your influence with them. They normally have a time limit

so you best complete them as quickly as possible. Other civilizations will

also have access to these missions, so make note of it.

- Generate Great Person -

The City State will want a great person to be generated by one of your cities,

either through normal production, battle experience or from Wonders, it

doesn't matter, as long as they are generated.

- Construct Wonder -

The City State will request that you build a wonder to appease them, so you

have to build it in order to satisfy this mission.

- Construct Trade Route -

Basically, build a road connecting your cities to their city in order to

complete this quest. Quite simply really, the only downside is the building

speed of the road.

- Exterminate Barbarian Camp -

There is a barbarian camp close to the city state, and this is making them

mighty uncomfortable, so you will be required to eliminate the barbarians and

take over their encampment in order to please them.

- Eliminate Rival City State -

This city state has a rival, and they will want to see that rival dead, so you

will need to conquer this other city state in order to appease them. Watch out

for this one though, because they may have powerful friends who don't want to

see them dead.

*~~~~~~~~~~Save your tears for the day when the pain is far behind~~~~~~~~~~~*

[A] Contact Information

APPEARS IN g,a,m,e,f,a,q,s.c,o,m always. Remove the commas. Never on that

c,h,e,a,t,c,c.c,o,m. Remove the commas.

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!Before you Email me, read everything in this Contact Information section and!

!check the guide. If the information is already listed, your email will be !

!promptly deleted. !

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

E-Mail Me, and for the love of all that isn't sacred, make sure that the title

of the game is smacked into place. IF THERE IS NO TITLE ON THE MESSAGE, IT

WILL NOT BE READ, AND PROMPTLY DELETED. Also, email with courtesy. If you just

hurl abuse, I will promptly hurl more abuse back, and save it so the entire

world can abuse you and see your stupidity.

When you write the Email, you have to do so in English, and English only. No

foreign languages allowed, Chinese, French, Spanish, Antarctic Penguin and so

forth, mainly because I won't be able to understand it.

There will be absolutely NO INTERNET SPEAK IN ANY EMAILS. Seriously, I will

not read emails full of lols, rofls or the like. No lazy English either. I

won't read crap like "Hw Tis in Gme" because it is lazy and inconsiderate. But

that doesn't mean you send me a business letter detailing what information you

want to know either.

Finally, if you see that there is something wrong in this FAQ, or something

that you think should be included in it, please send it in, the worse you can

do is to have it rejected, but if I think it is a good addition, I'll add it

with the next update as well as give you credit for the addition. Corrections

are always welcome.

I will also NOT RESPOND to the following:

* Phishing Sites

* Attempted Scams

* Mass Spamming

* Forward Messages

* Advertising

* Technical Issues

* Illegal Activities

* Unrelated Emails to the Game

* Emails about Another Game

All problems with technical issues to do with the gameplay such as bugs and

glitches should be sent to the developer or publisher, or look for fixes or

ways to avoid it. All technical issues with hardware should be sent to the

manufacturer of the piece of hardware in question.

The secret email address is:

hillsdragon13 [at] [ho.tm.ail] [dot] [co.m]

Now, the legend:

[at] = @

[ho.tm.ail] = Remove the .'s

[dot] = .

[co.m] = Remove the .'s

If you feel generous, you can send money via Paypal to that address. It is

completely optional, but I'm curious to see how much I can milk, I mean make

out of this. All donations are appreciated, seeing I have to pay for the

game this guide is for, and that does cost money, more since I'm faced with

the outrageous prices found in Australia.

It may be a pain in the ass, but most smart people could figure out the real

email address. The problem is that people would normally Ctrl+F to find the

email address without reading the relevant guidelines, as well spamming sites

which always find their way to my inbox.

Also, do not add me to your MSN, Yahoo or any other instant messaging system

because you will be blocked and deleted permanently. Also, I will not accept

invites to be your Facebook friend, or join any other social networking site

because all invites will be rejected.

*~~~~~~~~~~On your feet come with me. We are soldiers, stand or die~~~~~~~~~~*

[B] Credits

The credits section is where all the credits for the guides go. Anyone or

anything that remotely helped out with this guide goes here, and that goes

for all those people out there who have interesting information to send in.

You know, your name could be on this list as well.

CJayC, The Creator of GameFAQs, thanks for all the memories

SBAllen for administrating GameFAQs, keep up the good work

You, no point of writing if no one is reading

2K Games for the distribution of the game

Sid Meier and Firaxis for developing the game

ASCGen for their program making ASCII Art

Ghost in the Shell - Stand Alone Complex, for all those little sayings

Me, for a shameless piece of self promotion

*~~~~~~~~Save your tears, take your place. Save them for Judgment Day~~~~~~~~~*

[C] Webmaster Information

This is where all the sites that this guide can appear on are listed. If the

site name is not on this list, that means that either they are accepted by

me but not listed, due to logistical reasons (this is the same copyright

section as all the other guides, and no point listing a Civ 4 site on a Sims

game), or they are not allowed outright.

Anyway, POINT OUT ALL SITES NOT LISTED HERE. It will be up to me what site is

allowed or disallowed.

www.GameFAQs.com

www.NeoSeeker.com

www.SuperCheats.com

NeoSeeker and SuperCheats will have the guides a full day after it appears on

GameFAQs. This is because those two sites grab any new update from me from

GameFAQs itself, so if you are itching for the newest version, please check

www.GameFAQs.com first.

It will NEVER BE ALLOWED TO APPEAR ON

www.cheatcc.com

Why? Because they stole some of my works before, and I will not forget that.

No amount of goodwill will be able to repair what you have done.

*~~~~~~~~~~~~Fast and free, follow me. Time to make the sacrifice~~~~~~~~~~~~*

[D] Copyright Notice

This game is Copyright 2010 2K Games and Firaxis. All Copyrights are held by

their rightful owners as well as any Trademarks used.

This document is protected by copyright laws in many countries, so please

don't steal. This FAQ can be used for personal use, which means you can store

a copy on your home PC, your IPod, USB Drive, etc. You cannot use this FAQ to

sell for your own financial gain. Doing so is fraud, and I will promptly have

all the money gained wired for directly to me.

If you do sell it, and you are caught, I will launch court proceedings if

necessary. If a website steals this, I will have your site shut down, either

through talking to your server, Internet Service Provider, and if you are a

big site, through your advertisers. It might start with a small email of

request, but I can snowball it. In fact, I will.

You also cannot claim this guide as your own. You are not allowed to use this

guide and submit this to another website, claiming it as your own work. I will

google search random phrases from my own FAQ just to ensure that it hasn't

been stolen or hijacked by other people.

I am also not affiliated with any corporation, and I was not paid by any

developer, publisher or distributor for the production of this guide. This was

done solely out of my own free time and will, a dedication to the video gaming

industry in general.

This document is Copyright 2010. All Rights were not conquered by barbarians.

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