49618065 Hydraulic Engineering Laboratory Bbn s

CE 48 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY 2011

COMPILED BY BIBIN.C AP/AERO, THE RAJAAS ENGG COLLEGE Page 1

hydraulic engineering

laboratory manual

FOR SECOND YEAR B.E. CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDENTS

AS PER REVISED ANNA UNIVERSITY TIRUNELVELI SYLLABUS AND

PATTERN FROM JUNE 2009 - 2013

BIBIN.C ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING THE INDIAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE

VADAKKANGULAM TIRUNELVELI



PREFACE

This book Hydraulic Engineering laboratory manual is prepared in a simplified

manner and providing more elegant and efficient method of teaching and learning the

Hydraulic Engineering laboratory for under graduate students of Engineering particular

for the second year Civil Engineering students of Anna University Tirunelveli. This

manual provides record sheet facility which incorporates a comprehensive presentation of

every work or exercise given to the students in the laboratory bringing out the aim,

apparatus required formulae, graph and procedure.

The students are also benefited with the more time available to them in the lab

classes to concentrate better on learning more practical aspects of the training given to

them. And in the revision, in particular, I have taken in to account, needs of teachers and

also the requirements of the students in the “teaching-learning” process of the Hydraulic

Engineering laboratory taught to second year civil engineering students.

As such I hope that this manual will be found handy and very useful for all who

are entering in to the Civil Engineering studies.

Before I close my preface, I shall not slip off from extending my gratefulness to

the management of The Indian Engineering College for their constant encouragement.

I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all my colleagues and friends for their

valuable guidance, constant encouragement and cooperation extended throughout the

period I spend in bringing out this manual.

Comments and suggestions, if any, are welcome for enhancing the value of this

manual in future revisions.

BIBIN.C



objectives

· To illustrate the physical concepts of fluid flows developed in class.

· To introduce experimental techniques for fluid mechanics.

· To demonstrate the limitations and applicability of theory.

· To encourage creativity in the use of experimental apparatus and

data-acquisition.

· To verify the principles studied in theory by conducting the

experiments.

· To foster self-reliance required for open-ended experiments and

reduce dependence on a cookbook approach.

· To develop the ability for teamwork.

· To develop effective communication of technical information.

· To develop computer skills for acquiring data, data reduction, error

analysis, and plotting.



Instruction for maintaining the

“record note book”

1. The record of an experiment should be submitted on the

day the student come to the same laboratory to perform

the next experiment.

2. Only such experiments as done by the candidate should

be recorded in the order in which they are done.

3. Index page should be filled on the date of submission of

record indicating the date of experiment.

4. The record should be written neatly in ink except, for the

diagrams and graphs, which should be in pencil.

5. Every experiment should begin on a new page.

6. The right hand page should contain the following

a. The date of performance of the experiment in the

margin

b. Experiment number, just below at the top of the date.

c. The name of the experiment on the first line followed

by

d. The aim of the experiment

e. A list of apparatus

f. Materials required

g. Formulae used

h. A description of the apparatus

i. The theory of the experiment, in brief and



j. The result.

7. The left hand page should contain the following in the

same order

a. Diagram of apparatus, if any

b. Circuit diagrams, if any

c. The observation (To be entered in neat tabular forms

whatever possible)

d. A detailed account of the manipulations

e. Graphs, if any to be pasted

8. Neat sketches of apparatus should be given wherever

possible.

“KEEP THE RECORD BOOK NEAT”



safety precautions

1. Determine the potential physical and chemical hazards as well as the safety precautions

that apply to your apparatus before beginning.

2. No laboratory work should be carried out in the absence of the instructor.

3. Do not perform unauthorised experiments by yourself.

4. Be alert to unsafe conditions and actions and call them to the attention of the instructor

immediately.

5. Never leave an experiment that is in progress unattended.

6. Avoid distracting or startling any other worker or indulging in any other acts of

carelessness.

7. No eating, drinking, smoking, or chewing of gum is permitted in the work area.

8. Contamination of food, drink and smoking materials is a potential for exposure to toxic

substances.

9. Never wear sandals, shorts or short skirts in the laboratory

10. Exposure of legs and feet to high temperature liquid or solid may result in burns.

11. Safety glasses or goggles must be worn at all times.

12. Confine long hair and loose clothing when in the laboratory.

13. Be careful not to touch any heated surfaces as they might cause a burn.

14. Do not exceed wattage limits of devices when plugging them in to electrical outlets.

15. Do not make any repairs or alternations to the equipment without prior notification of

instructor.

16. Report all damages to the instructor as early as possible.

17. Follow class room instructions and manufacturers recommended procedures when

operating machinery.

18. No playing or horsing around in the lab. This can be especially dangerous where you

have moving equipment.

19. Leave equipment in proper places at the end of your experiments and clean up.

20. In case of a fire, chemical or other emergency, alert the instructor and all students in the

laboratory.

21. If in doubt ask.

“SAFETY FIRST”



syllabus CE1257 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Determination of co-efficient of discharge for orifice

2. Determination of co-efficient of discharge for notches

3. Determination of co-efficient of discharge for venturimeter

4. Determination of co-efficient of discharge for orifice meter

5. Study of impact of jet on flat plate (normal / inclined)

6. Study of friction losses in pipes

7. Study of minor losses in pipes

8. Study on performance characteristics of Pelton turbine.

9. Study on performance characteristics of Francis turbine

10. Study on performance characteristics of Kaplan turbine

11. Study on performance characteristics of Centrifugal pumps (Constant

speed / variable speed)

12. Study on performance characteristics of reciprocating pump.



list of equipments

1. Bernoulli’s theorem – Verification Apparatus - 1 No.

2. Calculation of Metacentric height water tank - 1 No.

Ship model with accessories - 1 No.

3. Measurement of velocity

Pirot tube assembly - 1 No.

4. Flow measurement

open channel flow

(i) Channel with provision for fixing notches

(rectangular, triangular & trapezoidal forms) - 1 Unit

(ii) Flume assembly with provisions for conducting

experiments on Hydraulic jumps, generation of

surges etc. - 1 Unit

5. Flow measurement in pipes

(i) Venturimeter, U tube manometer fixtures like

Valves, collecting tank - 1 Unit

(ii) Orifice meter, with all necessary fittings in

pipe lines of different diameters - 1 Unit

(iii) Calibration of flow through orifice tank with

Provisions for fixing orifices of different shapes,

collecting tank - 1 Unit

(iv) Calibration of flow through mouth piece

Tank with provisions for fixing mouth pieces

Viz external mouth pieces & internal mouth piece

Borda’s mouth piece - 1 Unit



6. Losses in Pipes

Major loss – Friction loss

Pipe lengths (min. 3m) of different diameters with

Valves and pressure rapping & collecting tank - 1 Unit

Minor Losses

Pipe line assembly with provisions for having

Sudden contractions in diameter, expansions

Bends, elbow fitting, etc. - 1 Unit

7. Pumps

(i) Centrifugal pump assembly with accessories

(single stage) - 1 Unit

(ii) Centrifugal pump assembly with accessories

(multi stage) - 1 Unit

(iii) Reciprocating pump assembly with accessories - 1 Unit

(iv) Deep well pump assembly set with accessories - 1 Unit

8. Turbine

(i) Impulse turbine assembly with fittings

& accessories - 1 Unit

(ii) Francis turbine assembly with fittings


(iii) Kaplan turbine assembly with fittings




index

EX. NO.

DATE

NAME OF EXPERIMENT

PAGE NO.

DATE OF

SUBMISSION

REMARK

INITIAL

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.



orifice - constant head method

Exp No: Date : Aim :

To conduct an experiment on orifice and also determine the co-efficient of

discharge of the orifice by constant head method.

Apparatus required:

1.Balancing tank fitted with orifice

2.Piezometer

3.Collecting tank

4.Stop watch

5.Scale or Steel rule

Formula Used:

1. Co-efficient of discharge of Orifice meter th

actd Q

Q=C

Where

Qact - Actual Discharge in m3/s

Qth - Theoretical Discharge in m3/s

2. Actual Discharge of Orifice meter ( )Time

Volume=Qact ...................... m3/s

t

V=

tAh

=Qact ...................... m3/s

Where

V – Volume of water collected in m3

h - Rise of water level in the collecting tank in metres

t – Time for 'h' cm rise of water in the collecting tank in seconds

A – Cross sectional area of the collecting tank in m2.



3. Cross sectional area of the collecting tank (A) = L x B...................... m2

Where

L – Length of the collecting tank in metres

B – Breadth of the collecting tank in metres

4. Theoretical discharge of Orifice meter ( ) 2gHa=Qth . ........m3/s

Where

a - Cross sectional area of Orifice in m2

g – Acceleration due to gravity in m/s2

H – Constant head in metres of water

5. Cross sectional area of Orifice 2

4d=a ...................... m2

Where

d – Diameter of Orifice in metres

Description:

An orifice is a circular hole provided in the side of balancing tank. Piezometer

with scale is fitted to balancing tank. A pump with pipe fittings is used to lift the water

from reservoir to balancing tank. It is driven by an electric motor. A collecting tank is

used to collect the water falling from orifice. It is fitted with a gate valve which returns

water to reservoir.

Experimental Procedure:

1. The diameter of the orifice is recorded and the internal plan dimensions of the

collecting tank are measured.

2. Keeping the outlet valve is fully closed, switch on the pump

3. The outlet valve is opened slightly and allows water in to balancing tank.

4. Maintain constant head in the balancing tank.

5. The outlet of the collecting tank is closed slightly and the time’t’ required for

'h' cm of water in the collecting tank is observed using a stop watch.

6. The above procedure is repeated for different constant heads.



7. The observations are tabulated and the coefficient of the orifice is computed.

Graph:

1. Actual discharge (Qact) Vs head (H) is drawn taking Actual discharge (Qact) on

X-axis.

2. Theoretical discharge (Qth) Vs head (H) is drawn taking Theoretical discharge

(Qth) on X-axis.

3. Co-efficient of discharge (Cd) Vs head (H) is drawn taking Equivalent pressure

drop (H) on X-axis.

4. Actual discharge (Qact) Vs H is drawn taking Actual discharge (Qact) on X-

axis.

Observations:

1. Length of collecting tank (L) = _____________________________m

2. Breadth of collecting tank (B) = _____________________________m

3. Rise of water level in the collecting tank (h) = __________________m

4. Diameter of Orifice (d) = __________________________________m

5. Acceleration due to gravity (g) =____________________________m/s2





CALCULATIONS



Result:

Thus the co-efficient of discharge of Orifice is measured.

Average co-efficient of discharge (Cd) = ____________________________

1. Maximum co-efficient of discharge (Cd1) = ____________________________

2. Head at maximum co-efficient of discharge (H) = _______________ m of water

3. Actual discharge at maximum co-efficient of discharge (Qact) = ________ m3/s

4. Theoretical discharge at maximum coefficient of discharge (Qth) = ______ m3/s



orifice

variable head method

Exp No : Date : Aim :

To conduct an experiment on orifice and also determine the co-efficient of

discharge of the orifice by variable head method.

Apparatus required :

1.Balancing tank fitted with orifice

2.Piezometer

3.Collecting tank

4.Stop watch


Formula Used:

1. Co-efficient of discharge of Orifice meter gat

HHA=C d

2..

)(2 21 -


Where



3. Cross sectional area of Orifice 2

4d=a ...................... m2

Where

d – Diameter of Orifice in metres



Description:

An orifice is a circular hole provided in the side of balancing tank. Piezometer

with scale is fitted to balancing tank. A pump with pipe fittings is used to lift the water

from reservoir to balancing tank. It is driven by an electric motor. A collecting tank is

used to collect the water falling from orifice. It is fitted with a gate valve which returns

water to reservoir.



CALCULATIONS




1. The diameter of the orifice is recorded and the internal plan dimensions of the


2. Keeping the outlet valve is fully closed, switch on the pump

3. The outlet valve is opened slightly and allows water in to balancing tank.

4. Close the delivery valve when balancing tank is filled completely with water.

5. The outlet of the collecting tank is closed slightly and the time’t’ required for

fall of head from H1 to H2 in the collecting tank is observed using a stop watch.

6. The above procedure is repeated for different values of H1 and H2

7. The observations are tabulated and the coefficient of the orifice is computed.

Graph:

1. 21 HH - Vs time (t) is drawn taking 21 HH - on X-axis.

Observations:



3. Diameter of Orifice (d) = __________________________________m


Result:

Thus the co-efficient of discharge of Orifice is measured.

1. Average co-efficient of discharge (Cd) = ____________________________



rectangular notch

Exp. No.: Date: Aim:

To conduct an experiment on Rectangular Notch, determine the co-efficient

of discharge and plot the graph.

Apparatus Required:

1.Supply pump

2.Notch tank

3.Measuring tank

4.Rectangular Notch

5.Hook gauge

6.Stop watch

7.Piezometer

8.Steel rule

Formula Used:

1.Co-efficient of discharge of Rectangular notch th

actd Q

Q=C

Where



2.Actual Discharge ( )Time

Volume=Qact ...................... m3/s



t

V=

tAh

=Qact ...................... m3/s

Where






Where

L – length of the collecting tank in metres


4. Theoretical discharge ( ) 23

32

Hl2g=Qth ...................... m3/s

Where

g – acceleration due to gravity in m/s2

l – Length of Notch in metres

H - Head of water over the notch in metres

5. Head of water over the notch ( ) 21 hh=H - ...................... m

Where

h1 – initial hook gauge readings in metres

h2 – final hook gauge readings in metres

Description:

A notch is a device used for measuring the rate of flow of a liquid through a

small channel or a tank. It may be defined as an opening in the side of a tank or a

smaller channel in such a way that the liquid surface in the tank or channel is



below the top edge of the opening. The sheet of water flowing through a notch is

called Nappe or Vein. The bottom edge of a notch over which the water flows, is

known as the sill or crest.

The head over the sill of the notch is measured by using a hook gauge. The

actual quantity of water flowing through the notch is determined by collecting the

water in a collecting tank for a particular rise and observing the time required for

that rise. The co-efficient of discharge is calculated by taking the ratio between the

actual and theoretical discharge.


1.The internal plan dimensions of the collecting tank and the breadth of the

notch are measured.

2.The supply valve is opened and water is allowed to rise only upto the sill of

the notch and then the valve is tightly closed.

3.The tip of the pointer of the hook gauge is adjusted such that the tip coincides

with the free water surface.

4.The sill level of the notch (h1) is noted from the hook gauge.

5.The supply valve is opened and the water is allowed to flow through the

notch. The tip of the pointer is adjusted to coincide with water surface.

6.The reading in the hook gauge (h2) is noted.

7.The outlet valve if the collecting tank is tightly closed. The time for a known

rise (h) in the collecting tank is noted.

8.Similarly, the above procedure is repeated by gradually increasing the heads

of flow.

9.The observations are tabulated and the co-efficient of discharge is calculated.





Graph :

A graph Actual discharge ( )actQ Vs Head over the notch or Depth of

water (H) is drawn taking Q a c t on X-axis and H on Y-axis.

Observations:

1. Length of Rectangular Notch (l) = _________ m.

2. Length of the collecting tank (L) = _________ m.

3. Breadth of the collecting tank (B) = _________ m.

4. Acceleration due to gravity (g) = _________ m/s2

5. Rise of water level in the collecting tank (h) = _________ m.



CALCULATIONS



CALCULATIONS



Result:

Thus the co-efficient of discharge of Rectangular notch is determined and

the graph was plotted.

1.Maximum co-efficient of discharge (Cd) = _________________

2.Depth of water (head of water over the Notch) at maximum co-efficient of

discharge (H)= ___________________m of water

3.Theoretical discharge at maximum co-efficient of discharge

( )thQ = _______________ m3/s

4.Actual discharge at maximum co-efficient of discharge

( )actQ = _________________m3/s.



triangular (v) - notch


To conduct an experiment on V - Notch, determine the co-efficient of

discharge and plot the graph.

Apparatus Required:

1. Supply pump

2. Notch tank

3. Measuring tank

4. V- Notch

5. Hook gauge

6. Stop watch

7. Piezometer

8. Steel rule

Formula Used:

1.Co-efficient of discharge of triangular notch th

actd Q

Q=C

Where




Volume=Qact ...................... m3/s

t

V=

tAh

=Qact ...................... m3/s



Where





3.Cross sectional area of the collecting tank (A) = L x B...................... m2

Where



4. Theoretical discharge 2/5

2 tan

158

)( H2g=Qth ...................... m3/s

Where


– Angle of triangular Notch in metres

H - Head of water over the notch in metres

5. Head of water over the notch ( ) 21 hh=H - ...................... m

Where

h1 – initial hook gauge readings in metres

h2 – final hook gauge readings in metres

Description:

A notch is a device used for measuring the rate of flow of a liquid through a

small channel or a tank. It may be defined as an opening in the side of a tank or a

smaller channel in such a way that the liquid surface in the tank or channel is

below the top edge of the opening. The sheet of water flowing through a notch is



called Nappe or Vein. The bottom edge of a notch over which the water flows, is

known as the sill or crest.

The head over the sill of the notch is measured by using a hook gauge. The

actual quantity of water flowing through the notch is determined by collecting the

water in a collecting tank for a particular rise and observing the time required for

that rise. The co-efficient of discharge is calculated by taking the ratio between the

actual and theoretical discharge.


1.The internal plan dimensions of the collecting tank and the angle of the notch

are measured.

2.The supply valve is opened and water is allowed to rise only up to the sill of the

notch and then the valve is tightly closed.

3.The tip of the pointer of the hook gauge is adjusted such that the tip coincides

with the free water surface.

4.The sill level of the notch (h1) is noted from the hook gauge.

5.The supply valve is opened and the water is allowed to flow through the notch.

The tip of the pointer is adjusted to coincide with water surface.

6.The reading in the hook gauge (h2) is noted.

7.The outlet valve if the collecting tank is tightly closed. The time for a known

rise (h) in the collecting tank is noted.

8.Similarly, the above procedure is repeated by gradually increasing the heads of

flow.

9.The observations are tabulated and the co-efficient of discharge is calculated.





Graph :

A graph Actual discharge ( )actQ Vs Head over the notch or Depth of

water (H) is drawn taking Q a c t on X-axis and H on Y-axis.

Observations:

1.



4. Acceleration due to gravity (g) = _________ m/s2

5. Rise of water level in the collecting tank (h) = _________ m.



Result :

Thus the co-efficient of discharge of Triangular notch is determined and the

graph was plotted.

1.Maximum co-efficient of discharge of triangular notch (Cd) = _______

2.Depth of water (head of water over the Notch) at maximum co-efficient of

discharge (H) = ___________m of water

3.Theoretical discharge at maximum co-efficient of discharge

( )thQ = ________________ m3/s

4.Actual discharge at maximum co-efficient of discharge

( )actQ = ______m3/s.



venturimeter

Exp. No. : Date: Aim:

To conduct an experiment on Venturimeter, determine the co-efficient of

discharge and plot the characteristic curves.

Apparatus Required:

1. Scale or Steel rule

2. Stop watch

3. Measuring tank or Collecting tank

4. Venturimeter

5. Differential U tube mercury monometer.

Formula Used:

1. Co-efficient of discharge of Venturimeter th

actd Q

Q=C

Where



2. Actual Discharge ( )Time

Volume=Qact ...................... m3/s

t

V=

tAh

=Qact ...................... m3/s

Where








Where



4. Theoretical discharge ( ) 2gHaa

aa=Qth 2

22

1

21.

-...................... m3/s

Where

a1 - Cross sectional area of Venturimeter inlet in m2

a2 - Cross sectional area of Venturimeter throat in m2


H – Equivalent pressure drop in metres of water

5. Cross sectional area of Venturimeter inlet 211 4

d=a ...................... m2

Where

d1 – Diameter of Venturimeter inlet in metres

6. Cross sectional area of Venturimeter throat 222 4

d=a ...................... m2

Where

d2 – Diameter of Venturimeter throat in metres

7. Equivalent pressure drop ( ) ( )21]1[ hhs

S=H

w

g -- ...................... m of water

Where

Sg – Specific gravity of manometric fluid (Mercury)

Sw - Specific gravity of fluid flowing through the pipe (Water)

h1 – Manometer left limb reading in m of Hg

h2 – Manometer right limb reading in m of Hg



Description:

A Venturimeter is used to measure the flow rate of a fluid in a pipe. A

Venturimeter consists of a short length of pipe narrowing to a throat in the middle and

then diverging gradually to the original diameter of the pipe. The water flows through the

meter, velocity is increased due to the reduced area and hence there is a pressure drop.

By measuring the pressure drop in the Venturimeter with a manometer, the flow rate is

calculated from Bernoulli's equation. The pressure tapping are connected to a common

middle chamber, which in turn is connected to a mercury manometer. The pipe line is

provided with a flow control valve.


1. Select the required flow meter (Venturimeter)

2. Open its cocks and close the other cocks so that only pressure for the meter in use is

communicated to the manometer.

3. Open the flow control valve and allow a certain flow rate.

4. The diameter of inlet and throat are recorded and the internal dimensions of the


5. The outlet valve is opened slightly and the manometric heads in both the limbs (h1

& h2) are noted.

6. Vent the manometer if required



7. Observe the readings in the manometer

8. Collect the water in the collecting tank.

9. Close the drain valve and find the time taken for 'h' cm rise in the tank.

10. The above procedure is repeated gradually increasing the flow and observing the

required readings.

11. The observations are tabulated and the co-efficient of discharge of Venturimeter

is computed.





Graph:

1. Actual discharge (Qact) Vs Equivalent Pressure drop (H) is drawn taking Actual

discharge (Qact) on X-axis.

2. Theoretical discharge (Qth) Vs Equivalent Pressure drop (H) is drawn taking

Theoretical discharge (Qth) on X-axis.

3. Co-efficient of discharge (Cd) Vs Equivalent pressure drop (H) is drawn taking

Equivalent pressure drop (H) on X-axis.

Observations:

1. Length of collecting tank (L) = _______________________________m

2. Breadth of collecting tank (B) = _______________________________m

3. Rise of water level in the collecting tank (h) = ____________________m

4. Diameter of Venturimeter inlet (d1) = ___________________________m

5. Diameter of Venturimeter throat (d2) = __________________________m

6. Specific gravity of manometric fluid (Mercury) (Sg) =________________

7. Specific gravity of fluid flowing through the pipe (Water) (Sw) =_______

8. Acceleration due to gravity (g) = _____________________________m/s2



CALCULATIONS



Result:

Thus the co-efficient of discharge of Venturimeter is measured.

1. Maximum co-efficient of discharge

(Cd1) = __________________________

2. Equivalent Pressure drop at maximum co-efficient of discharge

(H1) = __________________ m of water

3. Actual discharge at maximum co-efficient of discharge

(Qact) = ______________________ m3/s

4. Theoretical discharge at maximum coefficient of discharge

(Qth) = ______________________ m3/s



orifice meter

Exp No : Date : Aim:

To conduct an experiment on orifice meter, determine the co-efficient of

discharge and plot the characteristic curves.

Apparatus required:

6.Orifice meter

7.Differential tube mercury manometer

8.Collecting tank

9.Stop watch


Formula Used:

1. Co-efficient of discharge of Orifice meter th

actd Q

Q=C

Where



2.Actual Discharge of Orifice meter ( )Time

Volume=Qact ...................... m3/s

t

V=

tAh

=Qact ...................... m3/s

Where








Where



4.Theoretical discharge of Orifice meter ( ) 2gHaa

aa=Qth 2

22

1

21.

-........m3/s

Where

a1 - Cross sectional area of Orifice meter inlet in m2

a2 - Cross sectional area of Orifice in m2


H – Equivalent pressure drop in metres of water

5. Cross sectional area of Orifice meter inlet 211 4

d=a ...................... m2

Where

d1 – Diameter of Orifice meter inlet in metres

6. Cross sectional area of Orifice 222 4

d=a ...................... m2

Where

d2 – Diameter of Orifice in metres

7. Equivalent pressure drop ( ) ( )21]1[ hhs

S=H

w

g -- ...................... m of water

Where







Description:

Orifice meter is a device, used to measure the discharge of any liquid flowing

through a pipe line. The difference in pressure between the inlet and the diaphragm of the

orifice meter is recorded by using a mercury differential manometer. The actual

discharge is calculated based on the particular time for a volume of water rise in the

collecting tank.


1.The diameter of the inlet and orifice are recorded and the internal plan dimensions of

the collecting tank are measured.

2.Keeping the outlet valve of the orifice meter is fully closed. The inlet valve of the

orifice meter is opened fully.

3.The outlet valve is opened slightly and the manometer heads in both the limbs (h1

and h2) are noted.

4.The outlet of the collecting tank is closed slightly and the time’t’ required for 'h' cm

of water in the collecting tank is observed using a stop watch.

5.The above procedure is repeated by gradually increasing the flow and observing the

required readings.

6.The observations are tabulated and the coefficient of the orifice meter is computed.



Graph:

1. Actual discharge (Qact) Vs Equivalent Pressure drop (H) is drawn taking

Actual discharge (Qact) on X-axis.

2. Theoretical discharge (Qth) Vs Equivalent Pressure drop (H) is drawn taking

Theoretical discharge (Qth) on X-axis.

3. Co-efficient of discharge (Cd) Vs Equivalent pressure drop (H) is drawn taking

Equivalent pressure drop (H) on X-axis.

Observations:



3. Rise of water level in the collecting tank (h) = __________________m

4. Diameter of Orifice meter inlet (d1) = _________________________m

5. Diameter of Orifice (d2) = __________________________________m


7. Specific gravity of manometric fluid (Mercury) (Sg) =_______________

8. Specific gravity of fluid flowing through the pipe (Water) (Sw) =______





CALCULATIONS



CALCULATIONS



Result:

Thus the co-efficient of discharge of Orifice meter is measured.

1. Maximum co-efficient of discharge

(Cd1) = ___________________________

2. Equivalent Pressure drop at maximum co-efficient of discharge

(H1) = __________________ m of water

3. Actual discharge at maximum co-efficient of discharge

(Qact) = ______________________ m3/s

4. Theoretical discharge at maximum coefficient of discharge

(Qth) = ______________________ m3/s



major losses in pipe flow (LOSS DUE TO FRICTION)

Exp. No. : Date : Aim :

To study about flow through pipes and determine the friction factor for the given

pipe by using Darcy-Weisbach formula

To determine Chezy's constant, Reynold’s constant and Manning’s constant.

Apparatus Required:

1.Stop watch

2.Scale

3.Collecting (measuring) tank

4.Manometer

Formula Used:

1.Loss of head ( ) ( )21]1[ hhs

S=H

w

g -- ...................... m of water

Where






Where






Volume=Qact ...................... m3/s

t

V=

tAh

=Qact ...................... m3/s

Where





4. Cross sectional area of pipe ( ) 2

4d=a ´ ...................... m2

Where

d – Diameter of pipe in metres

5. Flow velocity or velocity of flowing fluid ( )a

Q=V act ...................... m/s

Where


a– Cross sectional area of pipe in m2.

6. Darcy-Weisbach’s friction factor ( )24LV

2gd.H=f

Where,



H –loss of Head in metres of water

L – Length of pipe in metres

V – Flow velocity or velocity of flowing fluid in m/s

7. Hydraulic mean radius ( )pa

=m ...................... m

Where,

a - Cross sectional area of pipe in m2

p- Perimeter of pipe in metres



or

Hydraulic mean radius ( )4d

=m (for circular pipes)...................... m

8. Loss of head per unit length ( )LH

=i

Where,

H –loss of Head in metres of water

L – Length of pipe in metres

9. Chezy's Constant ( )mi

V=C

Where,


m – Hydraulic mean radius in metres

i – Loss of head per unit length

10. Reynold’s constant ( ) Vd=Re

Where,



– Kinematic viscosity of flowing fluid (water) in m/ s2

11. Manning’s Constant ( )Vi

m=N 32

Where,


m – Hydraulic mean radius in metres

i – Loss of head per unit length

Description :

When water flows through a pipe a certain amount of energy (or pressure energy)

has to be spent to overcome the friction due to the roughness of the pipe surface. This



roughness effect or friction effect depends upon the material of pipe and scale formation

if any when the surface is smooth the friction effect is less. For an old pipe due to scale

formation or chemical deposits the roughness and hence the friction effect is higher.


1.The diameter of the pipe is measured and the internal plan dimensions of the

collecting tank and the length of the pipeline between two pressure tapping cocks

are measured.

2.Keeping the outlet valve of the pipe fully closed, the inlet valve of the pipe is opened

fully.

3.The outlet valve is slightly opened and the monometric heads in both limbs (H1 and

H2) are noted.

4.The outlet valve of the collecting tank is tightly closed and the time 't' required for 'h'

rise of water in the collecting tank is observed by using a stop watch.

5.The above procedure is repeated by increasing the flow and observing the

corresponding readings.

6.The observations are tabulated and the co-efficient of friction is calculated.





CALCULATIONS



CALCULATIONS



Graph :

The following graphs are drawn for Loss of head due to friction in pipes by

taking Actual discharge on X-axis and the other parameter on Y-axis.

1.Actual discharge Vs Head Loss

2.Actual discharge Vs Flow Velocity

Observations:

1. Diameter of Pipe (d) = __________ m

2. Length of the pipe (L) = __________ m

3. Rise of water level in the collecting tank (h) =_______ m.



6. Cross sectional Area of collecting tank (A) = __________ m2

7. Acceleration due to gravity (g) = __________ m/s2

8. Kinematic viscosity of water (n) = __________stokes

9. Specific gravity of fluid flowing through the pipe (Water) (Sw) = _____

10. Specific gravity of manometric fluid (Mercury) (Sg) = ______________

Result :

1.Friction factor by using Darcy-Weisbach Formula(fC) = __________

2.Chezy's constant for (CC) = __________

3.Reynold's constant for (ReC) = __________

4.Manning's constant for (NC) = __________



minor losses in pipe flow (LOSS DUE TO PIPE FITTINGS)

Exp. No. : Date :

Aim :

To study flow in pipes and determine the loss co-efficient of the given pipe

at the following sections

a. Sudden Enlargement

b. Sudden Contraction

c. Bend

d. Elbow

Apparatus Required:

1.Stop watch

2.Steel rule


4.Manometer

Formula Used:

Sudden Enlargement

1. Loss co efficient for sudden enlargement

g

H=K L

e

22

Where

HL - Loss in m of water. – Flow velocity or Velocity of flowing fluid in m/s.




2. Loss úúû

ù

êêë

é÷÷ø

öççè

æ-+

2

2

12

12 a

ag

H=H L …………….m of water

Where

HL - Loss of head in m of water a1 - Cross sectional area of pipe before enlargement in m2. a2 - Cross sectional area of pipe after enlargement in m2.

– Flow velocity or Velocity of flowing fluid in m/s g – Acceleration due to gravity in m/s2

3. Flow Velocity or Velocity of flowing fluid ( )a

Q= act ..................... m/s

Where


a– Cross sectional area of pipe in m2.


Volume=Qact ...................... m3/s

t

V=

tAh

=Qact ...................... m3/s

Where





5. Cross sectional area of pipe 2

4d=a ...................... m2

Where


6. Cross sectional area of pipe before enlargement 211 4

d=a ...................... m2

Where

d1 – Diameter of pipe before enlargement in metres



7. Cross sectional area of pipe after enlargement 222 4

d=a .....................m2

Where

d2 – Diameter of pipe after enlargement in metres


Where



Sudden contraction

1. Loss co efficient for sudden contraction

g

H=K L

c

22

Where



2. Loss úúû

ù

êêë

é-÷÷

ø

öççè

æ+ 1

2

2

3

42

aa

gH=H L …………….m of water

Where

HL - Loss of head in m of water – Flow velocity or Velocity of flowing fluid in m/s

g – Acceleration due to gravity in m/s2 a3 - Cross sectional area of pipe before contraction in m2. a4 - Cross sectional area of pipe after contraction in m2.

3. Cross sectional area of pipe before contraction 233 4

d=a ...................... m2

Where

d3 – Diameter of pipe before contraction in metres



4. Cross sectional area of pipe after contraction 244 4

d=a .....................m2

Where

d4 – Diameter of pipe after contraction in metres

. Bend

1. Loss co efficient for bend

g

H=K L

b

22

Where



2. Loss H=H L …………….m of water

Where

H - Loss of head in m of water

Elbow

1. Loss co efficient for elbow

g

H=K L

L

22

Where



2. Loss H=H L …………….m of water

Where

H - Loss of head in m of water



Description:

Pipelines systems in general include several auxiliary components in

addition to pipes. These components include the following.

1.Transitions of sudden expansion and contraction for changing pipe size.

2.Elbows and bends for changing the flow direction.

These components introduce disturbances in the flow that cause

turbulence and hence mechanical energy loss in addition to that which occurs in

the basic pipe flow due to friction. The energy loss although while occurs over a

finite distance, when viewed from the perspective of an entire pipe system are

localized near the component. Hence these losses are referred to as local losses or

minor losses. It should be remembered that these losses sometimes are the

dominant losses in a piping system.


1.Select the required pipe line

2.Connect the pressure tapings of the required pipeline to the manometer by

opening the appropriate pressure cocks and closing all other pressure cocks.

3.Open the flow control valve in the pipeline and allow water to pass.

4.Vent the manometers at a reduced flow rate.

5.Note the pressure difference from the manometer mercury column.

6.Collect the water in the collecting tank for a particular rise of level and note

the time taken.

7.Repeat the experiments if required at other flow rates.





Observations:

1. Rise of water level in the collecting tank (h) =_______ m.



4. Acceleration due to gravity (g) = __________ m/s2

5. Kinematic viscosity of water (n) = __________stokes

6. Specific gravity of fluid flowing through the pipe (Sw) = ____(water)

7. Specific gravity of manometric fluid (Sg) = ____________(mercury)

8. Sudden Enlargement

a. Diameter of pipe before enlargement (d1) =___________m

b. Diameter of pipe after enlargement (d2) =___________m

9. Sudden Contraction

a. Diameter of pipe before contraction (d3) =___________m

b. Diameter of pipe after contraction (d4) =___________m

10. Diameter of pipe (d) =___________m

Graph :

The following graphs are drawn for Loss of head due to pipe fittings by

taking Actual discharge on X-axis and the other parameter on Y-axis.

1.Actual discharge Vs Loss of Head

2.Actual discharge Vs Flow Velocity



CALCULATIONS





CALCULATIONS



CALCULATIONS



Result :

Loss Co-efficient for the following auxiliary components is

1. Sudden expansion

Loss Co-efficient for Sudden expansion ( )eK = __________

2. Sudden contraction

Loss Co-efficient for Sudden contraction ( )cK = __________

3. Bend

Loss Co-efficient for Bend ( )bK = __________

4. Elbow

Loss Co-efficient for Elbow ( )LK = __________



pelton turbine


To conduct an experiment on Pelton wheel turbine, measure the performance and

draw the characteristic curves.

Apparatus Required:

1.Tachometer

2.Steel rule

3.Dead Weights

4.Rope brake dynamometer

5.Pelton wheel

Formula Used:

1.Efficiency of Pelton turbine ( ) 100%ÍP

OP=

Where

OP - Output Power of the Pelton Turbine in Kilowatts.

IP - Input Power of the Pelton Turbine in Kilowatts.

2.Input power Pelton Turbine ( ) HQ=IP ´´ ...................... Kw

Where,

– Specific weight of water in KN/m3


H - Total head in m of water.

3.Output power Pelton Turbine ( )100060

2´

=OP ...................... Kw

Where,

N – Speed of Francis Turbine in rpm



T – Torque in N.m

4.Torque (T) = w.g.r ...................... N.m

Where,

w- Net weight in Kg


r - Equivalent drum radius in metres.

5.Total head (H) = 10P ...................... m of water

Where

P – Pressure gauge readings in Kg/cm2.

6.Pressure head (dH) = 10 (P1 - P2) ...................... m of water

Where

P1 - Venturimeter inlet pressure in Kg/cm2

P2 - Venturimeter throat pressure in Kg/cm2

7.Net weight (w) = w1 – w2 + w0 ...................... Kg

Where,

w1 – Weight of hanger in Kg.

w2 - dynamometer reading in Kg.

w0 – weight of empty hanger in Kg.

8.Actual discharge ( )2

22

1

21a

..a

2g.dHaaC=Q dact

-...................... m3/sec

Where

a1 – area of cross section of venturimeter inlet in metres

a2– area of cross section of venturimeter throat in metres


Cd – Co efficient of discharge of venturimeter

dH - Pressure Head in m of water



9.Equivalent drum radius 2

dD=r

+ ...................... m

Where

D – Brake drum diameter in metres

d – Rope diameter in metres

10.Pressure head (dH) = ( )2110 PP - ...................... m of water

Where

P1 - Venturimeter inlet pressure in Kg/cm2


11. 4/5

(S) Speed SpecificH

OPN= ...................... rpm

Where,

N – Speed of Shaft in rpm

OP - Output Power of the Pelton Turbine in Kilowatts.

H - Total head in metres of water.

Description :

Pelton turbine is an impulse turbine used to utilise high heads of water for

generation of electricity. All the available pressure head is converted to kinetic energy by

means of a spear wheel and a nozzle arrangement. The water leaves the nozzle in a jet

formation. Then the jet of water strikes the buckets of the Pelton wheel runner. The jet

deflects through more than to 170 degree. While passing along the buckets water is

deflected causing a change in momentum of the water jet hence the impulse force is

supplied to the cups. The specific speed of the Pelton wheel varies from 10 to 100.

The Pelton wheel is supplied with water under high pressure by a centrifugal

pump. The water flow through a Venturimeter to the Pelton wheel. A gate valve is used

to control the flow rate to the turbine. The nozzle opening is controlled by spear wheel at

the entrance of the turbine.



The turbine is located by applying dead weight. On the brake drum

placing the weight and the weight hanger does this the inlet head is read. From the

pressure gauge, the speed of the turbine is measured with the tachometer.






1.Keeps the nozzle opening at about 3/8th position.

2.Prime the pump if necessary

3.Close the delivery gate valve completely and start the pump.

4.After the motor starter has change to delta mode and the motor is running at normal

speed, open the delivery gate valve until the Venturimeter pressure gauges

indicated a different pressure of about 0.6 kg/m2. This corresponds to the design

flow rate.

5.Note the turbine inlet pressure in the pressure gauges fixed in the nozzle head.

6.Note the speed of the turbine

7.Note the Venturimeter pressure gauge readings.

8.Load the turbine by adding weight to the hanger

9.Repeat the experiment for different loads.

Observations:

1. Weight of empty hanger (Wo) = _________ Kg

2. Throat diameter of Venturimeter (d2) = _________ m.

3. Inlet diameter of Venturimeter (d1) = _________ m.

4. Co efficient of discharge of Venturimeter (Cd) = ________

5. Brake drum diameter (D) = _________m 6. Acceleration due to gravity (g) = _________ m/s2

7. Specific weight of water (n) = ____________ KN/m3

8. Rope diameter (d) = _________m

9. Nozzle opening position =_______



CALCULATIONS



CALCULATIONS



CALCULATIONS



Graph:

The following graphs are drawn for Pelton Wheel Turbine by taking Actual

discharge on X-axis and the other parameter on Y-axis.

1.Actual discharge Vs Total Head

2.Actual discharge Vs Speed

3.Actual discharge Vs Input Power

4.Actual discharge Vs Output Power

5.Actual discharge Vs Efficiency

Result :

Thus the performance of Pelton wheel turbine is measured and the

characteristic curves were plotted. From the graph the following results are

obtained.

1.Maximum Efficiency of Pelton wheel = ____________________ %

2.Output power at maximum Efficiency (OP) = ___________________ kw

3.Input power at maximum efficiency (IP) = _____________________ kw

4.Speed at maximum Efficiency (N) = __________________________ rpm

5.Total head at maximum Efficiency (H) = ___________________ m of water

6.Actual discharge at maximum Efficiency ( )actQ = _______________ m3/s

7.Pressure head at maximum efficiency (dH) = ________________ m of water

8.Specific speed at maximum efficiency (Ns) = __________________ rpm



francis turbine

Exp. No.: Date : Aim:

To conduct an experiment on a Francis Turbine, measure the performance and

plot the characteristics curves.

Apparatus Required:

1.Tachometer

2.Dead Weights

3.Francis Turbine

4.Rope brake dynamometer

Formula Used:

1.Efficiency of Francis Turbine 100% = ÍP

OP

Where

OP - Output Power of the Francis Turbine in Kilowatts.

IP - Input Power of the Francis Turbine in Kilowatts.

2.Output power of the Francis Turbine (OP) 601000

2 =

´ ...................... Kw

Where,

N – Speed of Francis Turbine in rpm

T – Torque in N.m

3.Input power Francis Turbine ( ) H=IP act ...................... Kw

Where,

– Specific weight of water in KN/m3





4.Torque (T) = w.g.r ...................... N.m

Where,

w- Net weight in Kg


r - Equivalent drum radius in metres.

5.Net weight (w) = (w1 – w2 + w0) ...................... Kg

Where,

w1 – Weight of hanger in Kg.

w2 - dynamometer reading in Kg.

w0 – weight of empty hanger in Kg.

6.Total head (H) = Delivery head + Suction head + Datum head

( ) zV

PH +÷øö

çèæ +

76010= ...................... m of water.

Where


V – Vacuum gauge readings in mm of Hg.

Z – Different in gauge levels (Datum head) in metres

6.Actual discharge ( )2

22

1

21a

..a

2g.dHaaC=Q dact

-...................... m3/sec

Where

a1 – area of cross section of venturimeter inlet in metres

a2– area of cross section of venturimeter throat in metres


Cd – Co efficient of discharge of venturimeter

dH - Pressure Head in m of water

7.Equivalent drum radius ( )2

dD=r

+...................... m



Where

D – Brake drum diameter in metres

d – Rope diameter in metres

8.Pressure Head (dH) = 10 (P1 – P2) ...................... m of water

Where

P1 - fmeter inlet pressure in Kg/cm2


9.Specific Speed (Ns) = 4/5HOPN

...................... rpm

Where,

N – Speed of Shaft in rpm

OP - Output Power of the Francis Turbine in Kilowatts.


Description :

Francis Turbine is a reaction type hydraulic turbine used in dams and reservoir's

of medium height to convert hydraulic energy into mechanical and electrical energy.

Francis Turbine is a radial energy flow reaction Turbine under pressure of water. The

water enters to wheel at the outer periphery and flow inwards towards the centre of the

wheel.



The flow through the pipelines into the Turbine is measured with the

Venturimeter is provided with a pressure gauges. The net pressure difference across the

turbine inlet and outlet are measured with a set of pressure gauge and Vacuum gauge.

The Turbine output torque is determined with a rope brake drum dynamometer. A

tachometer is used to measure the speed.


1.Keep the guide vanes at 3/8 opening position

2.Prime the pump if necessary.

3.Close the main gate valve & start the pump

4.Open the gate valve for required discharge after the pump motor switches

from star to delta mode.

5.Load the turbine by adding weights in the weight hanger open the drum

cooling under gate valve for cooling the brake drum.

6.Measure the turbine speed with tachometer.



7.Note the following readings

a) The pressure gauge reading (P) in kg/cm2.

b) The vacuum gauge reading (V) in mm of Hg.

c) Venturimeter inlet pressure (P1) in kg/cm2.

d) Venturimeter throat pressure (P2) in kg/cm2.

e) Speed of Francis turbine (N) in rpm

f) Weight on the hanger (w1) in kg.

g) Weight on spring balance (w2) in kg.

8.Repeat the experiment for various loads.

Observations:

1. Weight of empty hanger (Wo) = ___________________ Kg

2. Throat diameter of Venturimeter (d2) = _______________ m.

3. Inlet diameter of Venturimeter (d1) = ________________ m.

4. Co efficient of discharge of Venturimeter (Cd) = ________

5. Brake drum diameter (D) = _______________________m 6. Acceleration due to gravity (g) = _________________ m/s2

7. Specific weight of water (n) = _________________ KN/m3

8. Difference in gauge levels or datum head (Z) = _________ m 9. Rope diameter (d) = _______________________________m

10. Guide vane opening position =___________________



CALCULATIONS





CALCULATIONS



CALCULATIONS



Graph :

The following graphs are drawn for Francis Turbine by taking Actual

discharge on X-axis and the other parameter on Y-axis.






Result:

Thus the performance of a Francis turbine is measured and the

characteristic curves were plotted.

1.Maximum Efficiency of Francis turbine max = ____________ %

2.Turbine Speed at maximum Efficiency (N) = ____________ rpm

3.Output power at maximum Efficiency (OP) = ____________ kw

4.Input power at maximum Efficiency (IP) = ____________ kw

5.Actual discharge at maximum Efficiency ( )actQ = ____________ m3/s

6.Total head at maximum Efficiency = ____________ m of water

7.Specific speed at maximum efficiency (Ns) ____________ rpm



single stage variable speed centrifugal pump


To conduct an experiment on a single stage centrifugal pump at various

speeds, measure the performance and draw the characteristic curves.

Apparatus Required:

1. Centrifugal pump

2. Measuring (Collecting) tank

3. Stop watch

4. Tachometer

5. Scale (steel rule)

Formula Used:

1.Efficiency of centrifugal pump ( ) 100%ÍP

OP=

Where

OP - Output Power of the centrifugal pump in Kilowatts.

IP - Input Power of the centrifugal pump in Kilowatts.

2.Output Power of the centrifugal pump (OP) = Hact ...................... Kw

Where

- Specific weight of water in KN/m3






Volume=Qact ...................... m3/s

t

V=

tAh

=Qact ...................... m3/s

Where






Where




( ) zV

PH +÷øö

çèæ +

76010= ...................... m of water.

Where




6.Input Power of the centrifugal pump (IP) = transmotmotorIP .. ...................... Kw

Where

IPmotor - Input Power of Motor in Kilowatts.

mot – Efficiency of motor

trans – Transmission efficiency



7.Input Power of Motor ( ) 3600ŃTR

=IPmotor ...................... Kw

Where

R – Number of revolutions in the energy meter disc.

N – Energy meter constant in rev / Kw.hr.

T – Time for ‘R’ revolution of energy meter disc in seconds.

8.Specific speed of centrifugal pump ( )( ) 431

H

QactN=Ns ...................... rpm

Where

N1 – speed of centrifugal pump in rpm



Description:

Centrifugal pump is a roto dynamic pump in which a dynamic pressure is created

which enables to raise liquids from a lower level to a higher level. In these pumps, the

whirling motion imparted to the liquid by the blades of the impeller causes a centrifugal

force to act on the rotating liquid. Hence these pumps are called centrifugal pumps. In

addition to this force, as the liquid passes through the rotating impeller there is an

increase in pressure due to change in its angular momentum. Thus the high-pressure

liquid rises through the delivery pipe to the required height. Because of their simplicity,

low cost and ability to operate under a variety of conditions, centrifugal pumps are one of

the most popular types.

A centrifugal pump consists of an impeller rotating inside a casing. The impeller

has a number of curved vanes. Due to the centrifugal force developed by the rotation of

the impeller water entering at the center flows outwards to the periphery. Here it is

collected in a gradually increasing passage in the casing known as a volute chamber.



This chamber converts a part of the velocity head kinetic energy of the water in to

pressure head (potential energy).


1.Loosen the V-belt by rotating the hand wheel of the motor bed and position

the V-belt in the required groove of the pulley.

2.Prime the pump with water if required.

3.Close the delivery gate valve completely.

4.Start the motor and adjust the gate valve to required pressure and delivery.




c) Time for R revolutions of Energy meter disc (T) in seconds

d) Time for 'h' cm rise of water in the collecting tank (t) in seconds.

e) Speed of the pump (N1) in rpm



6.Take 3 or 4 sets of readings by varying the speed from maximum to minimum

where gate valve is fully open.

7.The experiment is repeated for other pump speeds.

Graph:

The following graphs are drawn by taking Actual discharge on X-axis and

other variable parameters on Y-axis.

1. Actual discharge Vs Input Power

2. Actual discharge Vs Output Power

3. Actual discharge Vs Total Head

4. Actual discharge Vs Speed

5. Actual discharge Vs Efficiency

Observations: 1. Length of the collecting tank (L) = _________ m.


3. Rise of water level in the collecting tank (h) = ________m

4. Number of revolutions in the energy meter disc (R) = ______

5. Energy meter constant (N) = _________ rev/kw.hr

6. Motor efficiency (hmotor) = ____________ % (assumed)

7. Transmission efficiency (htrans) = _________ % (assumed)


9. Difference in gauge levels or datum head (Z) = _________ m



CALCULATIONS





CALCULATIONS



CALCULATIONS



Result:

Thus the performance of single stage variable speed centrifugal pump is

measured and the characteristic curves were plotted. From graph the following

results are obtained.

1.Maximum efficiency of centrifugal pump max = __________ %

2.Speed of centrifugal pump at maximum efficiency (N1) = __________ rpm

3.Total head at maximum efficiency (H) = __________ m

4.Actual Discharge at maximum efficiency ( )actQ = __________ m3/s

5.Input power maximum efficiency (IP) = __________ Kw

6.Output power maximum efficiency (OP) = __________ Kw.

7.Specific Speed of pump at maximum efficiency (Ns) = __________ rpm



variable speed reciprocating pump


To conduct an experiment on a Reciprocating pump at various speeds, measure

the performance and draw the characteristic curves.

Apparatus Required :

1.Reciprocating pump

2.Collecting tank (measuring tank)

3.Stop watch

4.Tachometer

5.Scale (steel rule)

Formula Used :

1.Efficiency of Reciprocating pump ( ) 100%ÍP

OP=

Where

OP - Output Power of the Reciprocating pump in Kilowatts.

IP - Input Power of the Reciprocating pump in Kilowatts.

2.Output Power of the Reciprocating pump (OP) = Hact ...................... Kw

Where





Volume=Qact ...................... m3/s



t

V=

tAh

=Qact ...................... m3/s

Where






Where




( ) zV

PH +÷øö

çèæ +

76010= ...................... m of water.

Where




6.Input Power of the Reciprocating pump (IP) = transmotmotorIP .. ...................... Kw

Where



trans – Transmission efficiency


=IPmotor ...................... Kw

Where






8.Theoretical discharge ( )60

111 NLA=Qth ...................... m3/s

Where

N1 – speed of Reciprocating pump in rpm

A1 – Area of Cylinder in m2

L1 – Stroke length of piston in metres

9.Area of the cylinder ( ) 21 4

D=A ....................... m2

Where

D – Piston diameter in metres

10.Co efficient of discharge ( )th

actd Q

Q=C

Where



11. Slip (S) = %100´-

th

actth

QQQ

Where



Description :

Reciprocating pump is also known as positive displacement pump because the

liquid is pushed out of the cylinder into the delivery pipe by the actual displacement of

the piston or plunger. These pumps usually have one or more chambers, which are

alternately filled with the liquid to be pumped and then emptied again. As such the



discharge of liquid pumped by these pumps almost wholly depends on the speed of the

pump.

The experimental setup consists of a reciprocating pump mounted on a sump tank. The

pump is driven by an electric motor through a cone pulley arrangement to obtain four

different speeds. The belt can be put in different groovers of the pulleys for different

speeds by loosening the belt and shifting it to the required pulley groove. The outlet from

the pump is collected in a collecting tank. This tank is fitted with a gauge glass scale

fitting and a drain valve. Suitable pressure and vacuum gauges and a pressure relief

valve are fitted in the pump pipelines. An energy meter is provided to determine input

power to the motor.




1.Loosen the V-belt by rotating the hand wheel of the motor bed and position

the V-belt in the required groove of the pulley.

2.Set the required speed.

3.Open the gate valve in the delivery pipe fully.

4.Start the motor

5.Throttle the gate valve to get the required head. (Don't close the valve fully.)




c) Time for 'h' cm rise of water in the collecting tank (t) in

seconds.

d) Time for R revolutions of Energy meter disc (T) in seconds

e) Speed of the pump (N1) in rpm

7.Take at least 3-4 sets of readings by varying the head.

8.Repeat the experiment for other speeds.



Graph:








6.Actual discharge Vs Slip

Observations:




4. Number of revolutions in the energy meter disc (R) = ___



7. Transmission efficiency (htrans) = _________ % (assumed)


9. Difference in gauge levels or datum head (Z) = _________ m

10. Stroke length of piston (L1)=_________m

11. Diameter of piston (D)=_________m





CALCULATIONS



CALCULATIONS



Result:

Thus the performance of variable speed reciprocating pump is measured

and the characteristic curves are plotted. From graph the following results are

obtained.

1.Maximum efficiency of the pump max = ____________ %

2.Total head at maximum efficiency (H) = ____________ m

3.Input power at maximum efficiency (IP) = ____________ kw

4.Actual discharge at maximum efficiency ( )actQ = ___________m3/s

5.Theoretical discharge at maximum efficiency ( )thQ = _________m3/s

6.Output power at maximum efficiency (OP) = ____________ kw

7.Speed at maximum efficiency (N1) = ____________ rpm

8.Co efficient of discharge at maximum efficiency (Cd) = _______

9.Slip at maximum efficiency (S) = ____________ %



bernoulli's theorem Exp. No. : Date : Aim :

To verify the Bernoulli's theorem experimentally.

Apparatus Required :

1.Stop watch


3.Steel rule

Formula Used:

1. section velocity ( )a

Q= act ...................... m/s

Where


a– Cross sectional area in m2.


Volume=Qact ...................... m3/s

t

V=

tAh

=Qact ...................... m3/s

Where








Where



4. 2g

=2

headVelocity

Where

- Section Velocity in m/s


5. Total head = Pressure head + Velocity head +Datum head

= 2 / 2g +Z……………………. m of water

Where

P – Pressure head in m of water

- Section Velocity in m/s


Z – Datum head in metres

DESCRIPTION:

Bernoulli's equation is an energy equation and in the form given below is

applicable to an incompressible, steady and inviscid flow. The equation relates the

pressure energy, kinetic (Velocity) energy, and the potential energy of a particle in a

liquid and states that the sum of these energies is constant along a stream line.

constant 2

=Z2g

P ++

i.e., For two particles on a stream line

2

22

21

21

1 Z2g

VP=Z

2g

VP ++++



Here, P is the static pressure,

of the fluid particle.

The experimental setup consists of an upstream cylindrical chamber supplying

water to a transparent and uniformly varying cross sectional duct of converging,

diverging section. The water from this duct flows into a downstream cylindrical section

and then through a controlling gate valve into the collecting tank. 11 peizometric

tappings are provided in the duct and these tappings are connected to a glass tubes

mounted vertically on a peizometer board.

Water is supplied to the upstream cylindrical chamber. By maintaining a head in

the upstream chamber water flows in the transparent duct into the downstream duct and

finally into the collecting tank through the regulating gate valve and bend. The

regulating gate valve is used maintain a water head in the downstream chamber. An

overflow is provided for the upstream chamber.



CALCULATIONS





Taking the datum line to be the centre line of the conduct, the elevation head Z

can be assumed to be zero. Hence for any point along the path of the fluid in the

convergent-divergent duct. The sum of the velocity head and the pressure head is

constant by Bernoulli's theorem. The pressure head P is measured directly from the

peizometric tube and the velocity is calculated by measuring the actual flow rate. The

scale are fixed on the peizometer and the inlet and outlet ducts such that the zero

corresponds to the centre line of the duct.


1.Slowly open the supply gate valve and the outlet regulating gate valve and adjust

both valves such that for a particular head in the receiving cylinder.

2.The inflow and the outflow are matched.

3.Observe the change of the levels in the glass tube.

4.Determine the time taken for a certain rise in the water level in collecting tank and

calculate the flow rate.

5.Calculate the velocity of water at points where the pressure head are measured.

OBSERVATIONS:




4. Time for ‘h’ m rise of water in the collecting tank (t) = ________sec

5. Datum head (Z) =________m

6. Acceleration due to gravity (g) =___________m/s2

RESULT:

Thus the Bernoulli's theorem has been verified experimentally.



pitot static tube

Exp. No. : Date:

Aim:

To conduct an experiment on pitot static tube and determine the Point of

velocities in the flow field of a fluid.

Apparatus required:

1. Pitot static tube

2. Air blower

3. Piping system

4. Differential manometer

Formula Used:

1. Manometric head of air (hm) = h1 - h2 cm of kerosene

Where

h1 – Manometer left limb reading in cm of kerosene

h2– Manometer right limb reading in cm of kerosene

2. Density of process fluid ( air) at room temperature and pressure

f at RTP f=t)(273

273+

Where

t = Room temperature of air in 0c

f –Density of process fluid (air) in Kg / m3



3. Head of air ( ) mf

=hRTPat

h m ………………… m of kerosene

Where

hm – Manometric head of air in metres of kerosene

m –Density of manometric fluid (kerosene) in kg/m3

f at RTP –Density of process fluid ( air) at room temperature

and pressure in Kg / m3

4. Point velocity in the flow field of a fluid ( ) 2gh=V …………………m/s

Where


h – Head of air in metres

Description:

A comprehensive testing bench the Pitot Static Tube Trainer is an

invaluable aid in the study of flow rate of compressible flow. The facility has been

provided to vary the various types of Pitot tubes designed for the particular range

of velocity. Apart from Pitot tubes various other flow rate measurement apparatus

like flow nozzle, venturimeter, orificemeter have been provided. These flow rate

measurement devices can be studied and calibrated using an anemometer.

Basically, a pitot tube is used in wind tunnel experiments and on airplanes

to measure flow speed. It's a slender tube that has two holes on it. The front hole is

placed in the airstream to measure what's called the stagnation pressure. The side

hole measures the static pressure. By measuring the difference between these

pressures, you get the dynamic pressure, which can be used to calculate airspeed.

On an airplane, the pitot tube can be mounted in a number of ways, including

jutting out from the edge of the wing or sticking up from the fuselage.





CALCULATIONS



Experimental procedure:

1. Start the flow of air by switching on the blower.

2. Divide the pipe diameter in 7 equal parts to fix the radial positions at which

the point velocities are to be determined.

3. Keep the Pitot tube at6 the radial position nearest to the wall.

4. Once the flow steadies (indicated by uncharging or slightly fluctuating level

difference in the manometer), record level difference in the manometer.

5. Record the ambient temperature (taken same as the air temperature)

6. Repeat step 4 by moving the Pitot tube at the radial positions determined in

step 2.

Precautions:

1.The Pitot-static tube should be firmly fixed and should be vertical. The

angle of jaw should be as far as possible be equal to zero.

2.The minimeter and the manometer should be set firmly and leveled

properly.

3.The Minimeter reading should be taken when the pointer just touches the

water surface, i.e. the image of the pointer coincides.

4.All the connections should be made airtight.

5.Kinks in the rubber tube should be checked and corrected.

6.Zero error of the manometers should be noted before taking readings with

them.

7.The inclined manometer should be calibrated before use.



Observations:

1.Density of manometric fluid for kerosene m) = 813 kg/m3

2.Density of process fluid for air f ) = 1.293 kg/m3

3.Acceleration due to gravity (g) = …………….. m/sec2

4.Room temperature of air (t) = …………………. 0c

Result:

Thus the point velocities in the flow field of a fluid are measured.

1.The maximum Point of velocity in the flow field of a fluid

V=---------------------------------------- m/s

2.Head of air at maximum Point of velocity

h=----------------------------------------- m



jet (deep well) pump


To conduct an experiment on a jet pump at various heads to measure the

pump performance and to draw the characteristic curves.

Apparatus Required:

1.Jet pump

2.Stop watch

3.Scale (steel rule)

4.Measuring tank

Formula Used:

1.Efficiency of Jet pump ( ) 100%ÍP

OP=

Where

OP - Output Power of the Jet pump in Kilowatts.

IP - Input Power of the Jet pump in Kilowatts.

2.Output Power of the Jet pump (OP) = Hact ..........Kw

Where





Volume=Qact ...................... m3/s



t

V=

tAh

=Qact ...................... m3/s

Where






Where



5. Total head (H) = 10 P ...................... m. of water

Where


6.Input Power of the Jet pump (IP) = motmotorIP . ......... Kw

Where




=IPmotor ...................... Kw

Where






Description:

A Jet Pump is a type of impeller-diffuser pump that is used to draw water

from wells into residences. It can be used for both shallow (25 feet or less) and

deep wells (up to about 200 feet.)

Shown here is the underwater part of a deep well jet pump. Above the

surface is a standard impeller-diffuser type pump. The output of the diffuser is

split, and half to three-fourths of the water is sent back down the well through the

Pressure Pipe (shown on the right here).

At the end of the pressure pipe the water is accelerated through a cone-

shaped nozzle at the end of the pressure pipe, shown here within a red cutaway

section. Then the water goes through a Venturi in the Suction Pipe (the pipe on the

left).



The venturi has two parts: the Venturi Throat, which is the pinched section

of the suction tube; and above that, is the venturi itself which is the part where the

tube widens and connects to the suction pipe.

The venturi speeds up the water causing a pressure drop which sucks in

more water through the intake at the very base of the unit. The water goes up the

Suction Pipe and through the impeller -- most of it for another trip around to the

venturi.


1.First prime the pump with water if required

2.Start the jet pump set.

3.While starting, open the pressure gauge cock.

4.Slowly open the delivery valve and adjust it to the required total head.

5.Note the following readings.


b) Time for 'h' cm rise of water in the collecting tank (t) in seconds.

c) Time for R revolutions of Energy meter disc (T) in seconds

6.The actual discharge is measured with the help of the measuring tank.

7.The power input is measured with the help of energy meter connected in line.

8.Take 3 or 4 sets of readings by varying the heads.

Graph:











CALCULATIONS



CALCULATIONS



Observations:




4. Number of revolutions in the energy meter disc (R) = ___




Result:

Thus the performance of jet pump is measured and the characteristic

curves were plotted. From the graph, the following results are obtained.

1.Maximum Efficiency of the pump max = ___________ %

2.Total head at maximum Efficiency (H) = ___________ m

3.Actual discharge at maximum Efficiency ( )actQ = ___________ m3/s

4.Input power at maximum Efficiency (IP) = ___________ Kw

5.Output power at maximum Efficiency (OP) = ___________ Kw



viva voce questions & answers BASIC CONCEPTS AND PROPERTIES

1. What is fluid mechanics? Fluid mechanics is that branch of science which deals with the behaviour of the fluids at rest as well as in motion. 2. Define fluid statics. The study of fluids at rest is called fluid statics. 3. What is fluid kinematics? The study of fluids in motion where pressure forces are not considered is called fluid kinematics. 4. What is fluid kinetics? The study of fluids in motion where pressure forces are considered is called fluid kinetics. 5. Define density. It is defined as the ratio of the mass of the and its volume. Density =mass/volume. Unit=kg/m3

6. What is specific weight? Specific weight of a fluid is the ratio between the weight of a fluid to its volume.

Specific weight = Weight/volume. 7. Define Specific volume. Specific volume of a fluid is defined as the volume of a fluid occupied by a unit mass or volume per unit mass of a fluid is called specific volume. Specific volume = volume / mass. 8. Define Specific gravity. Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the weight density of a fluid to the weight density of a standard fluid. For liquids the standard fluid is taken water, and for gases air. 9. Define Viscosity.



Viscosity is defined as the property of a fluid which offers resistance to the movement of one layer of fluid over another adjacent layer of the fluid. Unit = Ns/m2.

10. Define Kinematics Viscosity. It is defined as the ratio between the dynamic viscosity and density of fluid. Kinematics Viscosity = viscosity/density. 11. Newtons law of viscosity. It states that the shear stress on a fluid element layer is directly proportional to the rate of shear strain. 12. What is Newtonian fluids? Fluids which obey the newtons law of viscosity is known as Newtonian fluids. 13. What is non Newtonian fluids? Fluids which do not obey the newtons law of viscosity is known as non Newtonian fluids. 14. What are the different types of fluids? 1) Ideal fluid. 2) Real fluid. 3) Newtonian fluids. 4) Non Newtonian fluids. 5) Ideal plastic fluid. 15. Define Surface Tension? 1) Surface tension is defined as the tensile force acting on the surface of a liquid in contact with a gas or on the surface between two immiscible liquids such that the contact surface behaves like a membrance under tension. 16. Define capillarity. Capillarity is defined as the phenomenon of rise or fall of a liquid surface in a small tube relative to the adjacent general level of liquid when the tube is held vertically in the liquid. 17. Define Pascal’s law. It states that the pressure or intensity of pressure at a point in a static fluid is equal in all directions. 18. What is absolute pressure? It is defined as the pressure which is measured with reference to absolute vacuum pressure.



19. What is gauge pressure? It is defined as the pressure which is measured with the help of a pressure measuring instrument, in which the atm pressure is taken as datum. 20. What is Vacuum pressure? It is defined as the pressure below the atmospheric pressure. 21. List the pressure measuring devices? 1) Manometers. 2) Mechanical gauges. 22. Define manometers? Manometers are defined as the devices used for measuring the pressure at a point in a fluid by balancing the column of fluid by the same or another column of the fluid. 23. What is mechanical gauges? Mechanical gauges are defined as the devices used for measuring the pressure by balancing the fluid column by the spring or dead weight. 24. List the mechanical pressure gauges. 1) Diaphragm pressure gauge. 2) Bourdon tube pressure gauge. 3) Dead weight pressure gauge. 4) Bellows pressure gauge. 25. What are the different types of simple manometers? 1) Piezometer 2) U-tube manometer 3) Single column manometer.



FLIUD KINEMATICS AND FLUID DYNAMICS

1. Define the term drag. The component of the total force in the direction of flow of fluid is known as drag. 2. Define the term lift. The component of the total force in the direction perpendicular to the direction of flow is known as lift. 3. Mention the characteristics of laminar flow. 1) There is a shear stress between fluid layers. 2) No slip at the boundary. 3) The flow is rotational. 4) There is a continuous dissipation of energy due to viscous shear. 4. What is boundary layer? The fluid layer in the vicinity of the solid boundary where the effects of fluid friction i.e., the variation of velocity are predominant is known as the boundary layer. 5. What is meant by laminar boundary layer? At the initial stage i.e., near the surface of the leading edge of the plate, the thickness of boundary layer is small and the flow in the boundary layer is laminar though the main stream flow is turbulent. So the layer of the fluid is said to be laminar boundary layer. 6. Define displacement thickness. It is defined as the distance measured perpendicular to the boundary by which the mainstream is displaced to an account of formation of boundary layer. 7. Define momentum thickness. It is defined as the distance measured perpendicular to the boundary by which the boundary should be displaced to compensate for the reduction in momentum of flowing fluid on account of boundary layer formation. 8. Define energy thickness. It is defined as the distance measured perpendicular to the boundary by which the boundary should be displaced to compensate for the reduction of kinetic energy of flowing fluid on account of boundary layer formation.



9. What is meant by boundary layer separation? The boundary layer is formed on the flat plate when it is held immersed in a flowing liquid. If the immersed plate or body is curved or angular one, the boundary layer does not stick to the whole surface of the body. The boundary layer leaves the surface and gets separated from it. This phenomenon is known as boundary layer separation. 10. State the effect of boundary layer separation. Separation of the boundary layer greatly affects the flow as a whole. In particular the formation of eddies and wake zone of disturbed flow on the downstream causes continuous loss of energy. This separation of boundary layer is undesirable, unstable and inefficient process. 11. What is meant by energy lines? If at different sections of the pipe total energy is plotted to scale and joined by a line, the line is called energy grade line. 12. What is meant by hydraulic gradient lines? The pressure head in a pipe decreased gradually from section of the pipe in the direction of fluid flow due to loss of energy. If pressure heads at the different sections of the pipe are joined by a straight line. This is called hydraulic grade line. 13. Define critical velocity. The velocity at which the flow changes from the laminar to turbulent for the case of given fluid at a given temperature and given pipe is known as critical velocity. 14. What is meant by transition state? The state at which the flow changes from laminar to turbulent is known as transition state. 15. Write down four examples of laminar flow. 1) Flow through pipes. 2) Blood flow through capillaries. 3) Laminar flow hood. 4) Laminar flow airfoil. 16. What is the physical significance of Reynold’s number? 1) Motion of air planes. 2) Flow of incompressible fluid in closed pipes. 3) Motion of submarines, and 4) Flow around structures and other bodies immersed fully in moving fluids.



17. What is a siphon? What are its applications? A siphon is a long bend pipe used for carrying water from a reservoir at a higher head to another reservoir at a lower head when the two reservoirs are by separated by a hill. 18. Where the Darcy weishbach & Chezy’s formulas are used? Darcy weishbach equation is generally used for the flow through pipes. Chezy’s formula is generally used for the flow through open channels. 19. What is pipe? Pipe is a closed conduit, which is used for carrying fluids under pressure. 20. Classify the losses In pipes. 1. Major losses. 2. Minor losses. 21. What are pipes in series? It is defined as the pipes of different diameters and lengths are connected with one another to form a single pipeline. 22. What is equivalent pipe? A compound pipe consisting of several pipes of varying diameters and length may be replaced by a pipe of uniform diameter, which is known as equivalent pipe. 23. What is meant by flow through parallel pipes? When a main pipeline divides into two or more parallel pipes, which again join together to form a single pipe and continue as a main line. These pipes are said to be pipes in parallel. 24. What are effects of cavitation in venturimeter? Cavitation will very damage the for pipe walls and also corrodes the pipes. 25. How can pressure be measured in pitot tube? The velocity of flow can be determined by measuring the increase in pressure energy at this point.



DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS 1. State the fourier law of dimensional homogeneity.

The law of fourier principle of dimensional homogeneity states and equation which expresses a physical phenomenon of fluid flow should be algebraically correct and dimensionally homogeneous. 2. What is dimensionally homogeneous equation? Give example.

Dimensionally homogeneous equations means the dimensions of the terms on left hand side should be same as the dimensions of the terms on right hand side. 3. What are the uses of dimensional homogeneity? 1) To check the dimensional homogeneity of the given equation. 2) To determine the dimension of a physical variable. 3) To convert units from one system to another through dimensional homogeneity. 4) It is a step towards dimensional analysis. 4. State the methods of dimensional analysis. 1) Raleigh’s method. 5. How are equations derived in Raleigh’s method?

The expression is determined for a variable depending upon maximum three or four variables only. If the number of independent variables more than four it is very difficult to find the expression for the dependent variable. So, a functional relationship between variables is expressed in exponential form of equations. 6. State the

It states that if there are ‘n’ variables in a dimensionally homogeneous equation and if these variables contain ‘m’ fundamental dimensions (M,L,T) then they are grouped into (n- 7. Define Reynold’s Number. It is defined as the ratio of the inertia force to the viscous force of a flowing fluid denoted by Re.

Re = Inertia force/viscous force



8. Define Mach number. (µ) It is defined as the square root of the inertia force of a flowing fluid to the elastic force. µ = (Inertia force/Elastic force)1/2 9. State the limitations of dimensional analysis. 1) Dimensional analysis does not give any clue regarding the selection of variables. 2) The complete information is not provided by dimensional analysis. It only indicates that there is some relationship between parameters. 3) The values of co-efficient and the nature of function can be obtained only by experiments or from mathematical analysis. 10. What are advantages of model testing? 1) The model tests are quite economical and convenient and operation of a model may be changed several times if necessary, without of increasing much expenditure. 2) With the use of models the performance of hydraulic structure/hydraulic machines can be predicated in advance. 3) Model testing can be used to detect and rectify the defects of an existing structure, which is not functioning propery. 11. Mention the applications of model testing. 1) Civil engineering structures such as dams, weirs, canals etc. 2) Design of harbour, ships and submarines. 3) Aeroplanes, rockets and machines, missiles. 12. Define similitude. Similitude is defined as the complete similarity between the model and the prototype. 13. What are the similarities between model and prototype? 1) Geometric similarity. 2) Kinematic similarity. 3) Dynamic similarity. 14.What is meant by Kinematic similarity? Kinematic similarity is the similarity of motion. It corresponds to the points in the model and in the prototype. 15) Mention the types of models. 1) Undistorted models. 2) Distorted models.



16) Submarine is tested in the air tunnel. Identify the model law applicable. Reynold’s model law is applicable. 17) State Froude’s model law. Only gravitational force is more predetermining force. The law states, the Froude number is same for both model and prototype. It is known as Froude model law. 18)Mention the significance of Reynold’s model law. 1) Motion of air planes. 2) Flow of incompressible fluid in closed pipes. 3) Motion of submarines and 4) Flow around structures and other bodies immersed fully in moving fluids. 19) In fluid flow, what does dynamic similarity mean? What are the non-dimensional numbers associated with dynamic similarity? 1) It is the similarity of forces. The flows in the model and prototype are of dynamic similar. 2) Dimensional numbers are weight, force, dynamic viscosity, surface tension and capillarity. 20) What is meant by undistorted models? The model which is geometrically similar to its prototype is known as undistorted models. In such models, the conditions of similitude are fully satisfied. 21) Define the term scale effect. It is impossible to product the exact behaviour of the prototype by model testing alone. The two models of same prototype behaviour will be same. So discrepancy between models and prototype will always occur. It is known as scale effect. 22) State three demerits of a distorted model. 1) Exit pressure and velocity distributions are not true. 2) A model wave may differ from that of prototype. 3) Both extrapolation and interpolation of results are difficult. 23) Define Weber Number. It is the ratio of the square root of the inertia force to the surface tension force. We = (Inertia force/Surface tension force)1/2 24) What is Geometric similarity? A model and its prototype are geometrically similar, if the ratios of the corresponding length dimensions are equal. 25) What is dynamic similarity? It is the similarity of forces. The flows in the model and prototype are of dynamic similar.



PUMPS 1. What is rotary pumps? If the fluid is displaced by gear system it is known as rotary pumps. 2. What is reciprocating pumps? If the fluid is displaced by reciprocating action of piston, it is known as reciprocating pumps. 3. What is meant by fluid machines? The device in which the fluid is in continuous motion and imparts energy conversion is known as fluid machines. 4. Write the classifications of fluid machines. 1) Hydraulic turbines 2) Compressors. 5. What is meant by hydraulic turbines? Hydraulic turbines are the machines which convert the energy of flowing water into mechanical energy. 6. What is hydroelectric power? The mechanical energy developed by a turbine is used to run an electric generator which is directly coupled to the shaft of the turbine. Thus, the mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy. This electrical power is known as hydroelectric power. 7. Define degree of reaction. It is defined as the ratio between the kinetic energy change in moving blade to the kinetic energy change in the stage. 8. Write the classifications of hydraulic turbines. 1) Impulse turbine e.g. Pelton turbine. 2) Reaction turbine. e.g. Francis turbine, Kaplan turbine. 9. What is impulse turbine? In an impulse turbine all the energy available by water is converted into kinetic energy by passing through a nozzle. The high velocity jet coming out of the nozzle then impinges on a series of buckets fixed around the rim of a wheel. 10. What is reaction turbine?



In a reaction turbine the runner utilizes both potential and kinetic energies. Here only a portion of potential energy is transformed into kinetic energy before the fluid enters the turbine runner. 11. Write the classifications of turbine according to the specific speed. 1) Low specific speed. 2) Medium specific speed. 3) High specific speed. 12. Write the classifications of turbine according to the quantity of water required. 1) High head turbine. 2) Medium head turbine. 3) High head turbine. 13. Write the classifications of turbine according to the direction of flow of water. 1) Tangential flow turbine. 2) Radial flow turbine. 3) Axial flow turbine. 4) Mixed flow turbine. 14. What is Tangential flow turbine? In a Tangential flow turbine water flows along the tangent to the path of the runner. 15. What is Radial flow turbine? In a Radial flow turbine water flows along the radial direction and mainly in the plane normal to the axis of rotation, as it passes through the runner. 16. Write the types of Radial flow turbine. 1) Inward Radial flow turbine. 2) Outward Radial flow turbine. 17. What is Axial flow turbine? In an Axial flow turbine water flows parallel to the axis of the turbine shaft. 18. What is Mixed flow turbine? In a Mixed flow turbine the water enters the blades radially and comes out axially and parallel to the turbine shaft. 19. What is gross head? The gross head is the difference between the water level at the reservoir and the level at the tailrace. 20. What is net head? The head available at the inlet of the turbine is known as effective or net head.



21. What is Bucket power? The power supplied by the water jet is known as water power. 22. What is Hydraulic efficiency? It is defined as the ratio of power developed by the runner to the power supplied by the water jet. 23. What is Mechanical efficiency? It is the ratio of power available at the turbine shaft to the power developed by the turbine runner. 24. What is volumetric efficiency? It is defined as the volume of water actually striking the buckets to the total water supplied by the jet. 25. What is break nozzle and mention it function? If the spear nozzle set is closed, the runner will revolve long time due to inertia. To stop the runner in a short time, a small nozzle is provided which directs a jet of water on the backside of the buckets.



1. What is the principle of reciprocating pumps? And state its displacement type. It operates on a principle of actual displacement of liquid by a piston or plunger, which reciprocates in a closely fitting cylinder. 2. State the main classification of reciprocating pumps. 1) According to the liquid being in contact with piston or plunger. 2) According to the number of cylinders provided. 3. Mention the main components of reciprocating pump. 1) Piston or plunger. 2) Suction and delivery pipes. 3) Crank and connecting rod. 4. What is the main difference between single acting and double acting reciprocating pump? In a single acting reciprocating pump, the liquids acts on one side of the piston only whereas in double acting reciprocating pump, the liquid acts on both sides of the piston. 5. What is indicator diagram? Indicator diagram is a graph plotted between the pressure head in the cylinder and the distance travelled by piston from inner dead centre for one complete revolution of the crank. 6. Define suction head. It is the vertical height of the centre line of the pump shaft above the liquid surface in the sump from which the liquid is being raised. 7. The work saved against friction in the delivery pipe of a single acting reciprocating pump by fitting air vessel is _______. 84.8% 8. When will you select a reciprocating pump? For obtaining high pressure or head and low discharge, a reciprocating pump is selected. 9. What are rotary pumps? Rotary pumps resemble like a centrifugal pumps in appearance. But the working methods differs.



10. List the types of rotary pumps. 1) External pumps. 2) Internal gear pumps. 3) Lobe pumps. 4) Vane pumps. 11. Write the classifications of reciprocating pump according to the fluid being in contact with piston. 1) Single acting pump. 2) Double acting pump. 12. Write the classifications of according to the number of cylinders provided. 1) Single cylinder pump. 2) Double cylinder pump. 3) Triple cylinder pump. 4) Duplex double acting pump. 5) Quantiplex pump. 13. What is slip in reciprocating pump? The difference between the theoretical discharge and actual discharge is called slip. 14. What is meant by cavitations? It is defined as the phenomenon of formation of vapour bubbles of a flowing liquid in a region where the pressure of the liquid falls below its vapour pressure and the sudden collapsing of these vapour bubbles in a region of higher pressure. 15. What is the effect of cavitations in pumps? The major effects are break down of the machine itself due to severe pitting and erosion of blade surface. 16. How can we identify the cavitation in pumps? 1) Sudden drop in efficiency. 2) Head falls suddenly. 3) More power requirement. 4) Noise and vibrations. 17. State any two precautions against cavitations. 1) The pressure should not be allowed to fall below its vapour pressure. 2) Special material coatings can be given to the surface where the cavitation occurs. 18. Define radial vane. The liquid leaves the vane with relative velocity in a radial direction.



19. What is forward curved vane? When the outlet tip of blade bends in the direction of motion,then it is called as forward curved vanes. 20. What is backward curved vanes? When the outlet tip of blade bends in a direction opposite to that of motion, then it is called backward curved vane. 21. Define manometric head. It is the head against which a centrifugal pump has to work. 22. What are the various types of casing? 1) Volute casing. 2) Vortex casing. 3) Volute casing with guide blades. 23. Where the suction pipe is placed? For what? It is provided with a strainer at its lower end so as to prevent the entry of solid particles, debris etc into the pump. 24. What is the role of a volute chamber of a centrifugal pump? 1) To guide water to and from the impeller and 2) To partially convert the kinetic energy into pressure energy. 25. What is the maximum theoretical suction head possible for a centrifugal pump? 10.33 m.

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49618065 Hydraulic Engineering Laboratory Bbn s

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