4971 4975.output

* GB785378 (A)

Description: GB785378 (A) ? 1957-10-30

An apparatus for measuring the human foot and shoe lasts

Description of GB785378 (A)

PATENT SPECIFICATION 7859378 6 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification April 6, 1955. No 10105/55. Application made in France on July 26, 1954. Complete Specification Published Oct 30, 1957. Index at Acceptance:-Class 17 ( 3), E. International Classification: -A 43 d. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION An Apparatus for Measuring the Human Foot and Shoe Lasts I, MAURICE LEDOS, a French Citizen, of 7 rue de Duras, Paris 8 e, Seine, France, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: - The invention has for its object an improved apparatus for the measurement of the human foot and shoe lasts. It has previously been proposed to obtain foot measurements by means of caliper slidegauges or apparatus derived from such instruments and comprising a plate provided with two cursers arranged flat on the plate in two perpendicular directions With apparatus of this kind, only the total length of the foot and in particular its maximum width at the level of the metatarsal heads were measured. Such apparatus is quite primitive and inadequate since it gives by direct reading only one measurement (the width of the foot) or at the most two measurements, namely the length of the foot and the maximum width of the foot at the level of the metatarsal heads; in addition, this last measurement is frequently rendered inaccurate by the presence of the Hallux Valgus which considerably increases the width of the foot at this point, and does not give any indication of the proportions of the width, so that, if account is taken only of the

length of the foot and its maximum width at this point, in the manufacture or the choice of a shoe intended to fit a given foot, it will well be understood that in practice the shoe cannot be suitably adapted to the foot 'for which it is intended. The invention has for its object to satisfy this need by means of an improved apparatus which enables simultaneously not only of the width of the foot at a number of important points, but also the height of important points on its upper face and on the arch of the foot to be determined. These points on the foot which have been referred to as important have already been determined with the greatest care by the present applicant during the course of previous lPrice 3 s 6 d 1 and very extensive researches It was found during these researches that, in plan, the foot 50 is always contained in a rectangular trapezium, of which the angle a of the two non-parallel sides is, except in really exceptional cases, included between 11 degrees and 15 degrees for adults (see Fig I) This angle may attain 55 17 degrees in the case of small children In addition, the height of this trapezium is equal to half the corresponding height of the triangle in which the trapezium is formed Further, the upper face of the foot forms, with the 60 lower face, an angle 2 a which is twice the angle previously referred to. Starting from the rear face of the heel, it is found that the point of support of the heel on the ground is located in the axis of the foot at 65 the rear fifth on the length L of the foot, that is to say at the point of support of the base of the calcaneum; that the highest point of the arch of the foot is located at a distance approximately equal to one-third of the length of L; 70 that the highest point of the upper surface of the foot (the first cuneiform bone, a particularly sensitive point) is located at a distance approximately equal to half the length L; that the internal lateral protuberance of the Hallux 75 Valgus is located at a distance comprised approximately between two-thirds and threequarters of the length L This point corresponds furthermore to the metatarsophalangeal joint of the big toe, the joints of all 80 the metatarsals being furthermore arranged in an arc of a circle and the metatarsalphalangeal joint of the fifth toe being located at a distance from the rear face of the heel, which is approximately equal to three-fifths 85 of the length L of the foot. In addition, if the plan yiew of the foot is considered, it is found that the vertical plane passing through the bisector of the angle cc contains the point M which is the most important 90 point of the arch of the foot (the key of the arch) A further important point of the arch of the foot is also the point shown at N, which is located in the vertical plane passing through the axis of the 95 big toe, that is to say the plane which makes 2 785,378 an angle with the plane of the

internal face of the foot which is approximately equal to onesixth of the angle a. It is also an advantage to know the width of the foot at one-fifth of its length from the rear face of the heel, since this width corresponds to the widest portion of the heel, and at the axis of bending of the foot on the leg; the width of the foot at one-third of its length from the heel which corresponds to a concave portion of the external face of the foot; and the width of the foot at half and at three-fifths of its length from the heel. The invention has for its object an apparatus by means of which precise measurements may be obtained at all the points referred to above. According to the present invention there is provided a foot measuring or shoe last measuring apparatus comprising a foot-rest provided with a fixed transverse abutment for engagement by the rear face of the heel and with a longitudinal abutment for engagement by the inner face of the foot or last to be measured, a longitudinally movable toe slider, an operating mechanism connected to said toe slider for moving the same into engagement with the tip of the foot or last to thereby indicate the length thereof, at least one longitudinally movable auxiliary slider connected by said operating mechanism with said toe slider and with said foot-rest in such a manner that the ratio of the distances between said transverse abutment and, respectively, said toe slider and said auxiliary slider has a predetermined constant value, and a transversely movable cursor carried on said auxiliary slider permitting the width of the foot or last to be determined, said cursor being provided with means adapted to te brought into contact with the outer lateral face of the foot or last at a distance from the rear face of the heel equal to a fraction of the soot or last length corresponding to said ratio. The invention is illustrated by way of example in the accompanying drawings in which:Figs 1 and 2 show the geometry of the foot as a whole and in its essential elements (this geometry being defined by the applicant). Fig 3 is a plan view of the apparatus in accordance with the invention, which enables an instantaneous reading to be obtained of all the important dimensions of the foot. Fig 4 is a profile view of the apparatus. Fig 5 is a cross-section taken along the line 5-5 of Fig 3. Fig 6 is a cross-section following the line 6-6 of Fig 3. Fig 7 shows in perspective the assembly of one of the devices which enable the height of the arch of the foot to be measured at a number of points. If reference is now made to Fig 3, the apparatus in accordance with

the invention is shown in plan, this apparatus enabling simultaneous measurement to be made of the right foot and the left foot of a person and having for that reason a longitudinal plane of symmetry At each side of this plane of symmetry are located two plates 1 and 2 which are respectively intended to receive the right 70 and the left foot and which are supported by a base member 3. The members which are disposed on one side only of the said plane of symmetry will now be described in detail, it being understood 75 that symmetrically arranged members are provided on the other side of the apparatus. In addition, in the vertical plane of symmetry, there is arranged a main threaded adjustment rod 4 provided at its two 80 extremities with two threaded portions of which one, the portion 5, is threaded with a left-hand thread having a pitch p and the other, the portion 6, is threaded right-hand with a thread of the same pitch p The threaded rod 85 4 is pivotally-mounted at its two extremities in the base 3 and it may be rotated by means of a control crank-handle 7. On the threaded portion 5, is freely screwed a curser 8 (see also Figs 5 and 6) which is 90 arranged to slide along the threaded rod 4 in a dove-tail slide 9 fixed to the base of the apparatus. The plate 1 is provided with a raised edge 12 against which the person places the rear face 95 of his heel The slider 8 moves in front of a graduated scale 13 so that by turning the crank-handle 7, the cursor 8 may be brought into contact with the front extremity of the foot, thereby giving a measurement of the 100 length L of the foot Since the two ends of the threaded rod have threads of opposite direction and of the same pitch, the rear face of the heel is always located at an equal distance from the cursor 8 and from a further cursor 105 14 which is freely screwed on to the threaded part 6 of the rod 4 and which may also slide longitudinally along the apparatus. The plate 1 has a further raised edge 16, parallel to the plane of symmetry of the 110 apparatus and acting as a supporting surface for the internal face of the foot A small vertical plate 17 located in the same plane as the raised edge 16 is rigidly fixed to the cursor 8 and extends the edge 16 in the front part 115 of the apparatus The raised edge 16 and the small part 17 are provided with notches 18 and 19 respectively which enable the continuity of the lateral supporting face constituted by them to be ensured in spite of the mobile 120 nature of the small plate 17 The cursor 14 has two spindles 22, 22 ' The spindle 221 is arranged approximately in the line of the extension of the raised edge 16 and the spindle 22 is symmetrical with the spindle 22 ' with 125 respect to the central plane of the apparatus. On the spindle 22 are pivotally-mounted four superposed bars 23, 24, 25 and 26 (see Figs.

3, 4 and 6). In addition, four cross members 27, 28, 130 785,378 the rod 4 Since this coupling causes the rod 42 to turn in the opposite direction to the sense of rotation of the rod 4, the threads of the threaded parts 37, 38, 39 of the rod 42 are right-hand threads whilst the threads of the parts 5 and 36 of the rod 4 are left-hand threads, in order that all the cursors driven by the said threaded parts may move in the same direction when the operating handle 7 is actuated. The pitches of the threaded parts 37, 38 and 39 are respectively 3 p/5, p/3 and p/5, so that the cursors 32, 34 and 35 are respectively located at distances from the raised edge 12 equal to 7,, '/, and '/5 of the distance L which has been defined above. By way of example and without any implied restriction, the different screws may be given the following values of pitch: 29, 30 are fixed respectively to four cursors 32, 33, 34, 35 The cursor 33 is engaged on a threaded part 36 of the rod 4, the pitch of which is equal to p/2, that is to say half the pitch of the threaded part 5 on which the end cursor 8 is engaged Whatever angle the rod 4 may be turned through, the cursor 33 is thus located at a distance from the rear face of the heel of the foot being examined, which is equal to half the distance L which separates the front 8 from the raised edge 12. The three other cursors 32, 34 and 35 are respectively engaged on the threaded parts 37, 38 and 39 of an auxiliary rod 42 which is pivotally mounted at its extremities in the base of the apparatus, and which is coupled for rotation to the main rod 4 through the medium of two equal toothed wheels 43, 44, one of which is fixed on the rod 42 and the other on Screw: Pitch: 600 6 600 400 36 300 37 38 360 200 39 (the pitch values have been given in hundredths of millimetres). A swivel 45 slides at the same time along the bar 23 and on the cross member 27 In a similar way, three other swivels 46, 47 and 48 slide respectively along the bar 24 and the cross member 28, on the bar 25 and the cross member 29, and finally on the bar 26 and the cross member 30. On the swivels 45, 46, 47, 48 are fixed feelers 51, 52, 53 and 54 which are doubly curved (see Fig 6) so as to avoid the edge of the plate 1 and thus come into contact with the external face of the foot to be measured (Fig 3). The bar 23 is rigidly fixed to a lever 101 which is coupled to a pointer 102 through the intermediary of a crank-arm 103 The pointer 102 is pivotally mounted on a spindle 104 mounted on a support 105 rigidly fixed to the cursor 14 A graduated scale 106 engraved on the support 105 enables the deflection of the pointer 102 to be noted and,

in consequence, the angular position of the bar 23 which corresponds to the value of the angle a, and hence enables the width of the foot or last at the position of the feeler 51 to be determined The three other end bars 24, 25, 26 are connected respectively in a similar manner to three pointers 107, 108, 109, which like pointer 102, enables the width at these points to be determined. It will be noted that, when the crank-handle 7 is turned, the cursor 14 is displaced together with other members and, in consequence, the pivotal axis 22 of all the longitudinal bars is also displaced During the course of this movement, the bars 23, 24, 25 and 26 slide respectively in the swivels 45, 46, 47 and 48; in addition, the bar 23 also slides in a swivel 70 which is radially retained by the circular slot 60 formed in the plate of the apparatus. It has already been seen with reference to Fig 1 that is also important to know the point M which is the point corresponding to the key or the arch of the foot This point is located 85 in the vertical plane which bisects the angle a. In order to obtain this point, a further bar 55 (see Fig 3) has been provided, this bar also being pivoted upon the spindle 22 of the cursor 14 This bar 55 is constantly retained on the 90 bisector of the angle formed by the bar 23 and the parallel to the threaded rod 4 which passes through the axis 22, by means of a pantograph, one half of which is formed by a lozenge composed of four pivoted rods 56, 57, 58 and 59, 95 and the other half of which is constituted, for reasons which will be given later, by two other unequal lozenges, the first of which is formed by four rods 62, 63, 64 and 65, and the second by four shorter rods 66, 67, 68 and 69 The 100 common point of articulation of the two rods 56 and 57 of the first half of the pantograph is located on a spindle 72 which is rigidly fixed to the swivel 70 adapted to slide on the bar 23, and the common point of articulation of the 105 two rods 66 and 69 of the small lozenge of the second half of the pantograph pivots about a spindle 73 which is rigidly fixed to the casing 3 of the apparatus The rods 63 and 64 of the second halt of the pantograph are respectively 110 fixed to the rods 58 and 59 of the first half of the pantograph, and as disposed in the extension, of these latter, whilst the rods 67 and 68 are respectively fixed in a similar way to the rods 65 and 62 and are also arranged in their 115 extensions The common point of articulation of the rods 58, 59, 63 and 64 is located on an axis 74 fixed to a cursor 75 arranged to slide on the extremity of the bar 55 The three spindles 72, 74 and 73 are always in a straight 120 line and the dimensions of the various rods of the pantograph are so chosen that the spindle 74 is located at equal distances from the two 785,378 spindles 72 and 73 The result is that the bar is always situated on the bisector of the angle 2

previously referred to, whatever may be the angular position of the bar 23. The point M, which has been referred to above with reference to Fig 1, is thus located above the bar 55 and it has been seen that it must at the same time be located at a distance from the rear face of the foot equal to onethird of the total length L of the foot For this reason, there has been provided in the arm 29 rigidly fixed to the cursor 34 which corresponds to L/3, a longitudinal slot 76 and, in the bar 55, a longitudinal slot 77 in which is arranged to slide a swivel 78 (see also Fig. 7) The swivel 78 corresponds to the point of intersection of the bar 55 and the arm 29 and is always situated at the same time on the bisector of the angle x already referred to and at a distance L/3 from the heel The swivel 78 carries a vertical tube 79 in which slides a rod 81 which is terminated at its upper part by a rounded head 82 and is constantly pushed upwards by a spring (not shown) The rod 81 passes through a rectangular opening 83 (see Fig 3) formed in the plate 1 and it is coupled at its lower part to an indicating pointer 84 through the medium of a control of any kind, such as for example by a control 86 of the Bowden type in the apparatus shown in the drawings The end of the pointer 84 moves in front of a graduated scale 85 situated at a suitable part of the base of the apparatus and indicates the height of the head 82 above the plate 1 It will thus be understood that, when the foot to be measured is resting on the plate 1, the rod 81 which is urged upwards by its spring, is applied against the arch of the foot, and that the pointer 84 indicates the height of the corresponding point of the arch of the foot. In an exactly similar way, the point N, as defined in Fig 1, is determined by means of a bar 87 which corresponds to one-sixth of the angle x, by means of a cursor 88 adapted to slide on this bar and which is rigidly fixed to the common axis of articulation of the two lozenges of the second half of the pantograph, as described above To this end, it will suffice to dimension the members of the pantograph in such a manner that the distance of the curser 88 from the fixed spindle 73 is half the distance of the said cursor from the spindle 74 of the cursor 75 which slides on the bar 55. The variations in angular position of the various bars are sufficiently small to assume, for the requirements or ordinary use, that the arcs and the chords which subtend them are equal in length. The bar 87 is also provided with a slot 91 in which slides a swivel 92 which slides at the same time in the slot 76 of the arm 29 of the cursor 34 The swivel 92 thus corresponds to the position of the point N of Fig 1, and it is provided with a spring-loaded rod which also passes through the opening 83 and which is constructed in the same way

as the rod 81 which serves in the determination of the point M This rod is coupled by a control 93 to a pointer 94, the point of which moves in front of a graduated scale 95 The height of the 70 point N of the arch of the foot may thus be read-off on the scale 95 The bar 55 slides on the swivel 78 and in the swivel 75 of the pantograph, whilst the bar 87 slides on the swivel 92 and in the swivel 88 of the pantograph 75 At the beginning of the present description, it has also been stated that it would be an advantage to know the height of the first cuneiform bone which is located on the upper face of the foot, half-way along its length, and also 80 the height of the point of the upper face of the foot which is situated at two-thirds of its length starting from the rear face of the heel. A measurment of the height of these two points is obtained by using the devices 111 and 112, 85 which are similar to scribing gauges and which are respectively carried by the cursor 33 and a further cursor 113 which is freely screwed on the threaded part 10 of the main control rod Graduations 114 and 115 enable the heights 90 of the two points in question to be indicated. In addition, the device 112 may be adjusted with respect to the cursor 113 in two directions at right angles to each other in the horizontal plane, by means of two dove-tail slides 95 such as the slide 116 which is shown on Fig 5. Two graduated scales 117, 118, enable these two perpendicular displacements to be indicated The trolley which slides on the slide 116 carries a small plate 120 perpendicular to 100 the plate 1 and intended to measure the location of the Hallux Valgus. These scribing gauges may be provided with a feeler which moves laterally so as to measure the thickness of the foot at a number of points 105 corresponding to the second, third, fourth or fifth metatarsal. The operation of the apparatus which has been described above is as follows: In the first place, it is desirable to state 110 that when the weight of the body rests on the feet, the arches of the feet undergo a certain flattening action In accordance with the data which it is desired to obtain, the appartus is aranged so as to be utilised either flat for use in 113 the standing position and to take account of the proportions of the foot in this position, or in an inclined position with different degrees of inclination (by adjustment of the base) so as to take the measurements of the foot under a 120 moderate pressure in order to obtain a good fitting of the shoe, for example. To facilitate the placing of the feet in position on the apparatus, the feelers 51, 52, 53 and 54 are first opened out and the two cursors 125 8 and 14 are widely separated from each other by means of the crank-handle 7 The feet are then placed in position in such manner

that the rear face of the heel is in contact with the raised edge 12 and the internal face of the foot 130 785,378 785,378 is in contact with the raised edge 16 and the small plate 17 In the case of the Hallux Valgus, this may be measured by moving the cursor 120 laterally. The crank-handle 7 is turned so as to bring the cursor 8 in contact with the extremities of the big toes The total length L of the foot may then be read-off directly on the graduated scale 13 associated with the end of the said cursor, and this dimension gives the size All the other cursosr will then be automatically located at the positions corresponding to the desired fractions of the length L by virtue of the mechanical design of the device, as described above. The two sets of feelers 51, 52, 53 and 54 are then brought into contact with the external surfaces of the feet The width of each of the two feet, at the different points with which the feelers are in contact, may then be determined from the readings on the graduated scales in front of which move the pointers 102, 107, 108 and 109 It will be simple to measure, by any suitable known means, the perimeter Of the foot at the desired points by using these feelers as a guide. Without any further operation, the height of the two points M and N of the arch of the foot may also be read-off directly on the graduated scales 85 and 95, the lateral position of the feeler 51 controlling the positions of the rods and 87. Finally, the two scribing-gauges 111 and 112 are lowered until they come into contact with the upper surface of the foot, and the corresponding heights of these two points may then be read directly from the graduated scales 114 and 115. In conclusion, it will be seen that, whatever may be the length of the foot and whatever its shape may be, there is immediately obtained the measurements of the widths and the heights of the foot at the characteristic positions of its anatomy, such as defined above. -45 It is clear that an apparatus of this kind enables precise indications to be obtained as to the shape and the dimensions of the foot in an extremely simple manner. To sum up, the apparatus which has been described in the foregoing, enables measurement to be made with a high degree of accuracy as follows:1 The real length of the foot (a) When free from weight, (b) When supporting weight, 2 (a) The width of the foot at a number of important points (without any implied limitation) (i) At the level of metatarso-phalangeal joint of the big toe, (ii) At the level of half the length of the foot, (iii) At the level of the rear third, (iv) At the level of the rear fifth. (b) For the case of the Hallux Valgus (deformation of the big toe) (i) By virtue of the lateral movement of the inside feeler located at this

point, to determine the exact value of the lateral protuberance of the Hallux 70 Valgus, (ii) By means of the scribing-gauge located at this same level, the upward protuberance of the Hallux Valgus is measured 75 (c) In the case of the Quintus Varus (deformation of the fifth toe), the protuberance of the metatarso-phalangeal joint of the fifth toe is measured by means of the outside feeler located at 80 this level. 3 The thickness of the foot, (a) At the level of the front two-thirds of the length of the foot, (b) At the level of half the length 85 These measurements are not to be taken in any limiting sense, but they are sufficient ot determine on the scribing-gauges, at the same time as the height of the foot, the angle of the upper face of the foot 90 4 The exact value of the heights of the arch of the foot by means of the lower feelers (of which there may be any desired number). The above essential measurements enable 95 a complete study of the foot to be made by establishing, amongst other dimensions, the following:1 Its length; 2 Its widths and their proportions; 100 3 The angle of the rectangular trapezium in which the foot can be included; 4 The angle of the upper part of the foot, either along the path of the central bisector, or at any other point; 105 The measurements of the perimeters and, in consequence, the volumetric measurements of the foot; 6 The determination:(a) Whether the foot is normal; 110 (b) If the arch has fallen and in what proportion with respect to a normal foot, this proportion being determined with absolute precision; (c) If the camber or underneath trans 115 verse slope of the foot is excessive and, with precision, in what proporportion with respect to the normal foot; (d) The elongation or the shortening of 120 the foot as a function of the falling of the arch or the excessive amount of camber; (e) The exact proportions between the length and the width; 125 (f) The proportions as between the widths themselves; (g) The more or less pronounced spreadspreading of the front transverse arch of the foot; 130 (h) A comparison of the various angles; (i) The proportions of the length of the foot, the front span of the longitudinal arches. The graduations of the apparatus which are given either in degrees or in " grades ", either in millimetres or in inches, make it universal. The apparatus may be designed in a large number of forms, giving a direct reading with a simple operation, and may be applied to a study of the human foot in all the fields of its application: anatomy, physiology, standardisation of footwear, taking measurements, study of shapes, etc. The apparatus which has just been described may also be used for the measurement of wooden lasts or shapes which are used in the manufacture of footwear In this case, it is an advantage to extend forward in the direction of elongation of the measure of the total

length, without changing in any respect the whole of the mechanism, in order to take account of the fact that the wooden shapes are a little longer than the foot to be fitted with shoes. Depending on the shape of the end of the footwear to be made, a supplementary movement variable from 0 to 35 mm may be provided for the said cursor.

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* GB785379 (A)

Description: GB785379 (A) ? 1957-10-30

Improvements relating to mass analyzing instruments


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PATENT SPECIFICATION Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: April 25, 1955.

785,379 No 11912/55. Application made in United States of America on April 29, 1954. (Patent of Addition to No 780,951 dated July 20, 1954) Complete Specification Published: Oct 30, 1957. Index at acceptance:-Class 39 ( 1), D 9 (A:C:D 0:H), D( 10 D:12 A:14:16 B:44). International Classification:-H 01 j. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements relating to Mass Analyzing Instruments We, GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, a Corporation of the State of New York, United States of America, having its office at Scheneetady 5, State of New York, United States of America, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to he particularly described in and by the following statement:- This invention relates to mass analyzing instruments, and more particularly to a housing assembly for a mass spectrometer tube and is an improvement in, or modification of Patent Application No. 21140/54 (Serial No 780,951), hereinafter referred to as the application for the main invention. In a mass spectrometer, a gas sample to be analyzed is bombarded by an electron beam to produce ions in an ionization chamber, and the ions thus formed are separated into various components having different mass-to-charge ratios by subjecting them to the influence of electric and/or magnetic fields This separation is generally achieved in an analyzing section where the individual components are directed upon an ion collector and discharged, and the intensity of the resultant ion current is measured The several components of the sample may be caused to fall successively upon the collector by varying the electric and/or magnetic field, and the nature and proportions of the components can then be determined. Various types of mass spectrometers are well known in the art, and one such instrument is disclosed in the application for the main invention This particular instrument utilizes for ion separation a magnetic field that is perpendicular to an alternating electric field; and the electric field has a frequency of alternation corresponding to the natural frequency of ions having a desired mass These fields effect the separation of the ions having the desired mass from those having other masses In order to effect this separation, there is provided an analysing chamber, 50 means for introducing samples of matter to be ionized into said chamber, a pair of electrode plates located respectively on opposite sides of said chamber, a plurality of centrally apertured intermediate plates 55 spaced apart in parallel planes, and substantially parallel to each other and to said electrode

plates, and defining a central space, an adjacent pair of said intermediate plates bounding a zone in 60 which the samples of matter are ionised and an ion collector extending into said central space, said electrode plates and intermediate plates being so situated and connected to a suitable source of alternat 65 ing voltage as to produce an alternating electric field extending between the two electrode plates, said electric field having greatest strength between the two intermediate plates bounding the ionising zone 70. and means for producing a magnetic field substantially at right angles to said electric field, the arrangement being such that ions having a natural frequency corresponding to that of the alternating 75 electric field will be accelerated in spiral paths within the central space defined by said central apertures and will impinge on said collector This particular instrument is called an ion resonance spectrometer in 80 the art. The present invention is concerned with a housing assembly for the analyzer chamber of a mass analyzing device, and more particularly with a housing assembly 85 especially adapted for use with an ion resonance mass spectrometer. The present invention comprises a mass analysing device according to the main invention wherein the analvzer chamber 90 .1 D 785,379 of said device comprises a housing having two open ends and a pair of magnetic pole pieces respectively closing said ends and joined thereto by a vacuum-tight weld so as to form a complete enclosure, said magnetic pole pieces having parallel inner faces and being adapted to provide the requisite magnetic field across the chamber. Preferably, the pole pieces are of soft iron. In a preferred embodiment of the invention means are provided for accurately locating the spectrometer assembly between the pole pieces. For a better understanding of the invention, reference is made to the drawing wherein there is shown a single figure giving a perspective view of the invention with a portion thereof cut away in order to show its interior. Referring now to the sole figure, there is shown a housing 1 having a pair of opposed open ends 2 and 3 therein This enclosure is made of stainless steel and is preferably cylindrical in form Closing the respective ends 2 and 3 of the housing, are a pair of magnetic pole pieces 4 and 5, respectively These pole pieces may be made of a magnetic material such as soft iron, and their internal and external faces are nickel plated in order to prevent them from being subject to rust Pole pieces 4 and S are adapted to tightly close housing ends 2 and 3, respectively, and they are welded thereto along the edges by means of a vacuum-tight weld in a manner well known in the art. Housing 1 also contains an aperture 6 therein through which mass

analyzer tube elements are inserted As shown in the drawing, these elements comprises a filament 7 for emitting electrons, a plate 8 containing a slit therein for defining the electrons emitted by filament 7 into a beam 13, six parallel slotted electric field producing plates labelled 9, symmetrically displaced about said electron beam and arranged so that said electron beam passes between the two centrally positioned plates in a direction parallel to the planes of the plates, all disposed within a frame 10, and an electron collector plate 11 Elements 7, 8 and 11 form an electron gum; and when a magnet is applied across the outer surfaces of pole pieces 4 and 5, said magnet and pole faces serve to produce a magnetic field which guides the electrons from cathode 7 to electron collector 11, the electrons being formed into a beam 13, as shown In the figure the electron collector 11 is shown well displaced from the side of the frame 10. In actual construction collector 11 would be placed close to the side of frame 10 and its position in the figure is diaoraaimatic for clarity. Housing 1 is also provided with an aperture 14 through which samples to he analvzed within the mass spectrometer 70 housing assembly are applied Samples such as gases are caused to enter the aperture 14 into enclosure 1 and they are ionized bx electron bleam 13 within flame Applied to plates 9 are alternating 75 potentials placed there upon 1 b;y leads which have been ommifted so as not to obscure the drawing, and these potentials together with a mao'netic field applied across pole pieces 4 and 5) cause the ions 80 to assume a rotary spiral motion through the slots in plates 9 At one point in this spiral motion, these ions impinge upoin an ion collector 13 which is inserted thr,'t ith an aperture 16 within enclosure 1 85 adjacent to an end plate of plates 9) Ion collector 153 is connected to the remainder of the mass spectrometer, not shown to provide an indication of the particular element corresponding to the natural 90 frequency of the ions within the assembly Housing 1 also includes an aperture 12 at which is applied a pump for continuously evacuating the housing assembly thus continuously changing the samples within 95 the assembly. Attention is now directed toward aperture 6 This aperture has a lip 17 thereon within which is a pair of dowel rods 18 All of the leads from cathode 100 7, plates 8 and 9, and electron collector 11 are attached to a base not shown, which has a lip correspondino' to lip 17 thereon. Therefore, by merely inserting the tube elements within aperture 6 and then 105 inserting dowel rods 18 within the two lips, the entire internal assembly within the enclosure 1 is aligned relative to pole faces 4 and 5 This alignment is so chosen that electron beam 13 is at

right angles 110 to the inner surface of pole faces 4 and Moreover, in assembling enclosure 1, care is taken to ensure that the pole faces of 4 and 5 are perfectly parallel. By means of the foregoing extremely 115 compact construction, the pole piece faces are caused to be perfectly parallel thus ensuring a uniform magnetic field: the pole faces themselves are extremely close together, being separated by an amount 120 barely sufficient to enable the internal portions of the mass analyser to be inserted thereby causing the field strength within the enclosure to be a maximum for any magnet placed across pole pieces 4 125 and 5; and due to the dowel rods the internal portions of the mass analyzer are caused to be correctly and quickly aligacd -wvith said pole pieces Hence the construction greatly simplifies manufac 130 785,379 ture of the mass spectrometer.


* GB785380 (A)

Description: GB785380 (A) ? 1957-10-30

Austenitic steel alloys and elements made therefrom


PATENT SPECIFICATION 785380 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: May 2, 1955. No 12680155. Application made in United States of America on May 6, 1954. Complete Specification Published: Oct 30, 1957. Index at acceptance:-Classes 72, A 1 l D; and 82 ( 1), A 8 (A 2: A 3: H: K: M: Q: R: U: Y: Z 5: Z 8:

Z 12), AI 5 A. International Classification:-C 21 d C 22 c. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Austenitic Steel Alloys and Elements made therefrom We, THE BABCOCK & WILCOX COMPANY, a corporation organized under the laws of the State of New Jersey, United States of America, of 161 East 42nd Street, New York 17, New York, United States of America, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: - This invention relates to austenitic steel alloys of the stainless steel type and, more particularly, to forgeable austenitic stainless steel alloys having good long-time hot strength properties and oxidation resistance at elevated temperatures and stresses. The present invention provides an austenitic steel alloy for high temperature use and having good hot strength properties between 11000 F. and 15000 F; said alloy having the following percentage composition: Cr Ni Mo W Cb or Ta, or Cb + Ta C N Si Mn 13.50-18 00 13.50-16 50 1.00 2 00 1.00 2 00 -0.50 1 50 0.06 O 18 0.15 Maximum 2.75,, 2.00,, balance iron with the usual impurities. The alloy compositions comprising the invention are most useful as superheater tubes, pipes or conduits for heating and conducting steam and other high temperature fluids at extremely high pressure However, the metal may be used in other parts (valves, forgings, fittings) or in other appliances or constructions where its enhanced high temperature properties and oxidation resistance can be employed to advantage. The substantially improved high temperature strength properties over the known and used standard stainless steels, while retaining ability to be fabricated into tubes and pipe by conventional methods, provide advantages not lM Pice 3 s 6 d l heretofore available in the commercial stainless steels nor economical or practical in the more highly alloyed metals, such as used in gas turbines, jet engines and the like. Total steam temperatures have increased in the power generation field in recent years to 1050-1100 F at the turbine throttle This increase in temperature provides greater efficiency in converting fuel into electric energy. Likewise, pressures have increased to 2600 psi and above, and the combined effect of increased temperature and pressure impose greatly increased duty on the metals used in heating and conveying the superheated fluid In the superheater sections of boilers exposed to heat input it has been conventional practice to use carbon,

carbon-molybdenum, and chromium-molybdenum ferritic steels for the lower temperature zones and stainless steels, such as 18-8 AISI Type 304, 18-8-Ti AISI Type 321 and 18-8-Cb AISI Type 347, in the hot zones. The steam being heated is at lower temperature than the metal in these tubes In consequence, these stainless steel tubes are exposed to high temperatures in combustion atmospheres for very long times under pressure stress. The metal temperatures on these austenitic steels range, in general, from about 11000 F. to about 12500 F While these chromiumnickel austenitic steels have ample oxidation resistance at these temperatures both toward steam and most combustion gases, inordinately heavy metal sections are required because of the low allowable stresses permitted in design under the rules of Power Boiler Code, American Society of Mechanical Engineers In consequence, heavily walled tubes and pipe are required thus increasing cost of the equipment and resulting in reduced heat transfer Conversely, high temperature differentials are created between inner and outer tube surface temperatures The small bore of the tubing also creates undesirable pressure drop through the boiler Such stainless steels are now working at their extreme limits with respect to permissible temperatures and, as stated, cause pressure drop and high temperatures differentials Dimensions of such tubing have reached D/t ratios which make further increase in thickness impractical from a manufacturing standpoint (A D/t ratio S is a ratio of the outside diameter of tubing to its wall thickness) Any further advance in total steam temperature, to achieve even better thermal efficiency in the steam cycle, therefore requires metal pipes having superior load carrying ability for very long life in boiler equipment Similarly, higher pressures and higher temperatures in the chemical and petrochemical process industries require stronger metals for reasonable life and performance with economy Such a metal is also desirable for use in atomic power reactors. Many extremely strong alloys for high temperature service having a nickel or cobalt base have been developed in recent years for application in jet engines, gas turbines and turbo chargers Some heavily fortified iron-base alloys have been developed also and used for components where the temperatures and stresses were less rigorous These metals, as a class, are generally known as " super alloys" and have application in blades, vanes, turbine wheels, combustion chambers, after-burners and valves They are, in the main, difficult to forge, fabricate and machine Some of the most refractory are used in the cast state only. These super alloys contain large quantities of expensive and strategic

alloying elements, and are unworkable by ordinary means into the long tubes and pipe required in boilers or process equipment They are much too expensive to use in the quantities required in power boilers, where one installation might contain twenty to thirty-five tons of such tubing, even if such highly alloyed metal tubes were available in suitable form and dimension Reference is here made to such high cost super alloys as " Inconel (R T M) X ", " Nimonic (R T M) " and " 90 ", " Hastelloy (R T M) B ", " S-816 ", " S-590 ", " Refractaloy 26 " and " 70 ", " V-36 ", " N-155 " Certain iron-base alloys having good strength properties such as 16-25-6, " Discaloy 24 ", " S495 " and others are not adaptable to tubing manufacture by rotary piercing or have certain undesirable attributes with respect to cost, or to scaling resistance in certain atmospheres or are otherwise unsuited to the purpose outlined in this invention. Mohling et al, in a recent patent (U S. 2,537,477), describes certain iron-base alloys intended for moderately severe service in the form of valves and turbine buckets (vanes) but his ranges of alloying ingredients are so wide that alloys of ferritic character might result in the low range claimed which would develop brittleness or have low hot strength Conversely, those in the higher portion of his range would develop appreciable quantities of the so-called sigma constituent which would detract from properties suitable to the uses proposed for the alloys of the present invention He might also have two-phase austenite-ferrite alloys lacking high temperature stability within the wide range which is stated to be 12 to 30 per cent chromium and 3 to 20 per cent nickel together 70 with certain prescribed amounts of tungsten, molybdenum and columbium Furthermore, his experimental compositions were all confined to carbon contents from 0 35 to 0 60 per cent carbon, which range might be useful in auto 75 motive valves or turbine blades but would be too high and quite unsuitable for manufacture into tubing and pipe of the dimensions and quantities required for the end uses of the alloys of the present invention u O With the foregoing in mind, an object of the invention is to provide new and useful austenitic steel alloys of greater hot strength than conventional stainless steels, for application as tubing, pipe and other pressure or stressed parts 85 in high temperature equipment of various kinds. The use of such alloys will permit increasing steam temperatures and pressures in modem steam boiler equipment and thus increase steam plant efficiency in converting fuel into useful 90 electric energy The alloys are also amenable to the hot working and fabrication techniques required in the manufacture of such tubing and pipe and other articles They may have hot strength properties enabling higher stresses to 95 be carried in the metal for long periods of time or, conversely, to

permit reduction in section thickness of the part under stress-temperature conditions where known and presently used materials in the conventional stainless steels 10 C have required much greater section thicknesses for like conditions. By the use of tubing and piping made of the alloys of the invention, it is possible to reduce the pressure drop through high tem 105 perature steam superheaters or other fluid heating equipment, improve heat transfer conditions and lower the temperature stresses in the metal. By making available austenitic steel alloys of higher hot strength than that of metals pre 110 sently available, for a given outside diameter of pipe or tube, the wall thickness may be reduced over that of materials now in use, thereby providing for greater fluid flow area with a reduction in the total heating surface require 115 ments required to attain a desired fluid temperature. The single figure of the accompanying drawing is a block diagram showing the relative rupture strength values in 10,000 hours of cer 120 tain experimental steels including some within the invention when compared with ordinary stainless steels. The invention consists of modifying the composition from known and used stainless steel 125 alloys to that which, on suitable heat treatment, gives markedly increased creep and rupture strength over conventional stainless steels The compositions are balanced with respect to strengthening agents such as tungsten, molyb 130 785,380 denum and columbium or tantalum or columbium plus tantalum and chromium, nickel, carbon and nitrogen so as to provide a singlephase austenitic structure and thus permit hot working and forming operations involved in manufacture The alloys are then heat treated prior to use to develop their properties Alloying ingredients are kept to minimum amounts while achieving the desired improved strength properties most economically and without sacrificing necessary ability to be forged, hammered, rolled, pierced, extruded and the like. In searching for suitable alloys for the purposes described we have reviewed the known alloys and rejected those which are too costly or too difficult to work into tubes and pipe. This was done in a number of cases following actual experimentation to produce tubing from certain known or patented alloys to which previous reference has been made We then made up a number of experimental compositions as given in Table I. TABLE I Composition of Experimental Alloys and Conventional Stainless Steels Group I (Oxidation and Aging Tests) Heat No C Mn Si Cr Ni Mo W Cb Ti Cu Zr 2050 082 88 79 1560 15 32 1 44 1 00 50 25 2 45 2051 088 85 39 15 95 15 52 1 10 1 46 1 15 2052 080 84 53 15 75 15 34 1 98 1 58 40 2053

082 81 52 16 04 16 40 2 49 2 55 1 07 2054 076 89 56 16 32 14 44 2 17 60 40 2 30 2055 (a) 08 77 43 15 38 20 40 4 21 1 58 a Heat contained 27 N 2. -0 00 to CO w Rupture Heat No Test No C Group II (Rupture Tests) Mn Si Cr Ni Mo W Cu Cb Cb+Ta Ti 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 360 084 1 10 43 15 66 16 27 2 57 2 50 50 079 82 2 47 13 85 14 53 2 02 2 31 83 098 1 19 2 44 12 56 13 96 1 48 1 46 84 101 1 30 2 36 13 77 14 20 1 53 1 57 2 65 1 39 077 1 15 77 15 40 14 49 1 50 1 56 87 067 1 05 71 15 27 15 54 1 50 1 21 2 50 79 23 073 1 21 64 15 18 15 10 2 18 1 19 2 60 75 082 1 20 51 16 35 14 50 2 13 2 65 51 46 116 1 24 71 15 62 14 68 1 48 1 47 89 104 1 23 71 15,69 14 88 1 40 1 18 1 08 104 1 24 81 16 02 14 30 1 40 1 18 88 09 1 34 77 15 20 15 67 1 44 1 09 1 14 ( 1) Full scale heat. Group III (Conventional Stainless Steels) Rupture Grade Test No C Mn Si Cr Ni Mo W Cu Cb Cb+Ta Ti Zr 18-8 304 076 1 81 39 18 54 10 04 18-8-Ti 301 06 1 77 50 17 88 12 28 35 18-8-Cb 300 058 1 68 24 17 29 12 44 75 18-8-Cb 283 064 1 70 47 17 37 12 92 72 16-13-3 302 07 1 73 43 16 88 13 44 2 38 16-13-3-Cb 303 07 1 62 51 17 17 14 96 2 07 72 18-8-Si 305 07 1 68 2 11 18 12 12 78 25-20 284 084 2 00 31 24 80 20 95 2095 2084 2086 2088 2090 2092 2094 2096 RD 443 RD 444 RD 448 N 2575 ( 1) 4 >. Zr 00 CO C. The preferred percentage range of composition for superheater tubes and pipes, within the range stated, is: Alloys suited for the purposes intended, for service between about 1100 F and about 15000 F., fall within the following percentage ranges of composition: Chromium 1 Nickel 1 Molybdenum Tungsten Columbium or Tantalum or Columbium + Tantalum Carbon Nitrogen Silicon Manganese 3.50-18 00 3.50-16 50 1.00 2 00 1.00 2 00 0.50 1 50 0.06 0 18 0.15 Maximum 2.75,, 2.00 The remainder of the alloy is essentially iron with the usual impurities, such as the small quantities of sulphur and phosphorus found in commercial alloy steels. Copper, in an amount up to 2 8 % may be present without deleterious effect on properties although it tends to increase difficulty in forging and working and may reduce sealing resistance in sulphurous or other corroding atmospheres Zirconium may be used up to 1 %, if desired, for improving hot-elongation properties when under long-time stress at high temperature Silicon has a similar effect to zirconium and, where maximum ability to extend under load before rupture is a desired property, the silicon may be increased to about 2.5 % in which event it has an action equivalent to the addition of about 0 75 % zirconium in an alloy of lower silicon content The higher silicon content may be used also as a partial substitute for chromium to aid oxidation reistance particularly when chromium is present in an amount

near the low limit, i e 13 50 % chromium. Chromium 14 75-16 50 Nickel 14 00-15 50 Molybdenum 1 25 1 85 Tungsten 1 25 1 85 Columbium, or Tantalum or Columbium + Tantalum 0 80 1 30 Manganese 1 00 1 50 Silicon 0 75, p A Maximum Carbon 0 08 0 12 Nitrogen 0 15 Maximum A preferred alloy steel has the following percentage composition: Chronjium Nickel Molybdenum Tungsten Columbium + Tantalum Carbon Nitrogen Silicon Manganese 15.70 15.66 1.44 1.09 1.14 0.10 0.023 0.70 1.25 The alloys listed in Table I were forged into test bars, heat treated and machined into test specimens Many tests were made on oxidation resistance, aging behaviour and long-time rupture tests extending to 10,000 hours or over. Comparisons were made with conventional stainless steels as to long-time rupture strength. The results of these tests are given in Table II. 785,380 TABLE II Stress Rupture Strength Experimental Alloys At 1200 F Rupture Test Serial No. Heat No. 1000 Hour Rupture Stress, psi. 10,000 Hour Rupture Stress, psi. Duration of Longest Test, Hrs. N 2575 ( 1) 360-A ( 1) 33,500 29,000 5,088 ( 1) Testing uncompleted at this temperature full scale heat. Conventional Stainless Steels At 1200 F 18-8 18-8-Ti 18-8-Cb 304 301 300 21,500 23,500 26,500 16,500 16,000 17,000 14,544 13,507 8,499 Experimental Alloys At 1350 F 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 360 15,500 15,500 17,000 20,000 18,000 18,600 14,000 18,500 18,000 8,800 10,500 10,500 12,500 12,300 13,800 9,500 10,500 12,234 4,362 4,040 10,805 11,072 15,864 7,224 9,238 3,360 Still on test 00 Co 2095 2084 2086 2088 2090 2092 2094 2096 N 2575 ca\ l Conventional Stainless Steels At 1350 F Rupture Test Serial No. Heat No. 18-8 18-8-Ti 18-8-Cb 16-13-3 16-13-3-Cb 18-8-Si 25-20 283 302 303 305 284 1000 Hour Rupture Stress, psi. 8,000 8,500 12,500 11,500 11,500 9,650 9,600 Experimental Alloys At 1500 F 10,000 Hour Rupture Stress, psi. 6,000 4,8005 6,800 6,800 6,400 5,600 4,350 Duration of Longest Test, Hrs. Industry Averages, Annealed 19,361 13,913 5,811 7,950 39,909 6,900 8,000 8,800 10,000 9,800 8,500 8,300 8,200 9,200 2,7001 5,300 5,200 6,800 4,900 5,700 5,400 5,200 (Testing Incomplete) 1,437 17,816 15,527 22,357 10,621 6,215 10,426 7,101 1,584 Still on test 1 Extrapolated Conventional Stainless Steels At 1500 F Rupture Test Serial No.

Heat No. 1000 Hour Rupture Stress, psi. 10,000 Hour Rupture Stress, psi. Duration of Longest Test, Hrs. 18-8 3,900 2,500} Industry 18-8-Ti 3,700 2,200 Averages 18-8-Cb 4,600 2,600 J Annealed 16-13-3 302 6,000 3,300 5,853 16-13-3-Cb 303 4,900 2,500 5,168 18-8-Si 305 5,600 3,600 5,655 2520 284 4,800 2,500 6,310 2095 2084 2086 2088 2090 2092 2094 2096 N 2575 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 360 -4 00 00 TABLE III o O Effect of Silicon and Zirconium on Ductility Values at Rupture Heat No 310 Normal Silicon No Zirconium Specimen Test Stress Hours to Elongation Reduction in Number Temp psi Rupture % in 2 " Area, % 310-1 R-A 1350 22,000 68 2 36 0 47 2 310-2 R-A 1350 19,000 588 3 11 5 20 9 310-3 R-A 1350 17,000 2,429 1 2 5 3 8 310-4 R-A 1350 15,000 4,207 1 4 5 6 2 310-5 R-A 1350 12,000 11,072 1 0 5 3 0 310-6 R-A 1500 12,000 417 8 7 0 19 6 310-7 R-A 1500 9,000 1,444 8 1 5 4 6 310-8 R-A 1500 7,500 3,418 9 2 0 7 8 s 310-9 R-A 1500 6,000 4,762 3 5 5 3 8 310-IOR-A 1500 4,800 10,620 9 0 6 0 1 O Heat No 309 High Silicon No Zirconium Specimen Test Stress Hours to Elongation, Reduction in Number Temp psi Rupture % in 2 ' Area, % 309 IR-A 1350 22,000 267 8 19 5 45 0 309 2 R-A 1350 19,000 1,793 9 7 5 37 5 309 3 R-A 1350 17,000 1,185 5 14 0 46 8 309 OR-A 1350 17,000 2,263 3 15 5 38 5 309 4 R-A 1350 13,500 7,196 3 23 0 54 0 309 SR-A 1350 12,500 10,805 4 19 0 58 5 309 6 R-A 1500 12,000 273 4 20 0 48 4 309 7 R-A 1500 9,000 2,425 3 13 0 54 0 309 8 R-A 1500 7,500 5,112 9 32 0 47 2 309 9 R-A 1500 6,000 22,356 7 11 5 31 1 Heat No 312 Normal Silicon 75 % Zirconium 22,000 19,000 17,000 13,500 12,000 10,000 12,000 9,500 8,000 6,000 31.2 7 189 6 1,505 3 2,004 5 7,2242 80.1 497 9 1,115 7 5,184 4 The alloys of Heats Nos 310 and 309 had percentage compositions according to the present invention. In producing our alloys, we use tungsten together with molybdenum as a hot strengthening element and have used these two elements together with columbium or columbium plus tantalum thus producing a " complexity" effect which appears to produce greater gain in strength than had molybdenum been used alone but in greater quantity Long-time high temperature strength is induced in the alloys of the present invention by composition change and by employing high temperature solution heat treatments prior to use This treatment, when done, at appropriate temperatures, usually between 2150 and 22500 F, causes grain coarsening and also solution of much of the columbium or tantalum carbides and nitrides Precipitation of these strengthening compounds occurs thereafter in service in the fortified austenitic matrix containing chromium, nickel, tungsten and molybdenum and results in much improved hot strength under long-time loading In any case, a much desired improvement in high temperature strength

properties is secured in iron-base austenitic steels of moderate cost with a low content of strategic elements and with ability to be hot worked and fabricated into the articles required. Nitrogen and carbon can be used somewhat interchangeably to produce precipitating compounds of carbides and nitrides or carbonitrides Together, these elements should not exceed about 0 20 % or perhaps slightly more in the alloys of the present invention Greater quantities may give rise to increased difficulty of manufacture and to aging effects during service which cause too drastic a loss of impact strength and ductility In general, we prefer to use carbon at 010 to 0 12 % with nitrogen present in slightly lesser amount The nitrogen can be added in the usual manner by use of high nitrogen ferro-chrome during melting of the metal. Our alloys are not intended to be completely stabilized against inter-crystalline corrosion as occurs in aqueous corrosion environments since this is not entirely necessary for our high temperature uses Columbium or tantalum or columbium plus tantalum is used in the present instance primarily for its effective enhancement of high temperature properties and not in the usual sense as commonly incorporated in 188-Ti or 18-8-Cb stainless steels to prevent weld decay The usual ratios of 8 or 10 times C for the Cb or Cb-Ta is not particularly significant so long as sufficient of these elements are present as denoted by our prescribed ranges In the alloys of the present invention, we have discarded titanium or the use of zirconium by itself as the agent to form nitrides and/or carbides as being less effective than columbium or tantalum or mixtures of colum1 R-A 2 R-A 3 R-A 4 R-A SR-A 6 R-A 3123123123123123123123123123121350 1350 1350 1350 1350 1350 7 R-S 9 R-S 1 OR-S l R-S 1500 1500 1500 1500 61.0 29.5 52.5 38.0 10.0 10.0 37.5 39.5 13.5 16.0 68.7 48.6 69.6 47.4 40.3 13.7 61.3 43.8 37.6 15.1 00 O bium and tantalum for improving high temperature strength and for the further reason that titanium compounds tend t G segregate in the metal giving rise to non-uniformity in properties and detract from quality of the product. However, we may elect to add zirconium or increase the silicon content when alloys are desired having maximum ability to stand hot elongation (creep strain) before rupture The effect of silicon and zirconium on hot ductility under rupture loading may be noted by reference to the elongation values at rupture given in Table III Cobalt is generally excluded except for the minor amount which may be conj 5 tained in the nickel used in making the alloy. Our alloys are commonly produced by electric arc furnace melting using the conventional two slag process for melting and refining They may be melted in the induction furnace from selected raw materials, also, or melted under vacuum if the very highest quality metal is desired

Sulphur and phosphorus are kept at a minimum consistent with good alloy steel practice and should not exceed 0 045 % each and are preferably lower Manganese is usually kept about 1 0 to 1 5 % to improve hot working properties and should not exceed 2 0 % It may be lower than 1 0 % in certain circumstances as when used in atomic power plants. Full scale ingots such as 19 " x 19 " x 4900 pounds may be produced which can be forged and rolled in a manner comparable with conventional stainless steels such as 18-8-Cb, 16-13-3 and 25 Cr-20 Ni. This has been demonstrated by recent production of a 24 ton heat of our No 310 alloy which was forged and rolled into blooms and bars and thereafter converted into tubes by both rotary piercing and by the hot extrusion process This full scale heat had the following melting aim and ladle analysis, expressed as percentages of constituents: Cr Ni Mo W Cb, or Ta, or Cb + Ta N 2 Si Mn Cu S p Melting Aim 15.75 15.00 1.55 1.55 0.80 0.10 0.70 1.25 low low Ladle Analysis 15.14-15 26 15.66-15 68 1.44 1.09 1.04 0.102 1.142 0.088-0 092 0.023 0.75 0 78 1.34 0.20 0.011 0.013 The tubes-were put into final finished form by cold drawing and cold reducing to obtain the desired dimensions and surface quality Rupture tests on this full scale heat (N 2575) showed it to have properties equivalent to our original small scale experimental melts (See Tables I and II). Tubes of the alloy may be bent and fabricated into superheater elements and may be welded by various processes using commercially available high alloy electrodes or electrodes made from the alloys themselves Suitable flux coatings should be applied when employing fusion arc welding. The advantages obtained by using the compositions set forth, when fabricated and treated as disclosed in the specification, are outlined above In summary, we are able to make available tubes, pipe, containers, fittings and other appliances having greater hot strength under long-time loading or stressing than is obtainable with presently available conventional stainless steels The alloys permit the use of thinner sections than less strong alloy steels for equivalent conditions of temperature and stress A great advantage is that total steam temperature may now be increased from present levels to perhaps 1150 to 12500 F steam temperature at high pressure by use of our stronger alloys and thus further improve the efficiency of steam stations making electric energy The chemical industry and those making petrochemicals from petroleum or gas hydrocarbons will have materials available which will permit pressure increases in chemical and thermal processes operating at elevated temperatures Lastly, these advantages may be gained at moderate increase in cost and with use of minimum

quantities of strategic alloying metals.


* GB785381 (A)

Description: GB785381 (A) ? 1957-10-30

Improvements in trailers


PATENT SPECIFICATION Date of filing Complete Specification: May 10, 1956. Application Date: May 10, 1955 No 1356 Complete Specification Published: Oct 30, 1957. Index at acceptance:-Class 108 ( 2), D( 5 A: 6 12). International Classification:-B 62 b. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements in Trailers We, LEONARD WILFRED Ev A Ns, of 25, Orchard Grove, Orpington, Kent, a British Subject, and GLOVER, WEBB & LIVERSIDGE, LIMITED, of Marlborough Works, 561, Old Kent Road, London, S E 1, a Company organised according to the laws of Great Britain, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed to' be particularly described in and by the following statement: - The present invention relates to wheeled trailers, trolleys, trucks or the like having three or more wheels (hereinafter called " trailers ") which are pulled (or pushed) for movement either manually or by means of a power source not carried on the trailer. Trailers which are to be towed are normally fitted with steerable front wheels The steering of the front wheels is controlled from the drawbar by which the trailer is pulled, for instance by a motor

vehicle or 'tractor The steerable wheels are normally aligned with and mounted on an undercarriage frame which is pivoted, by a central king pin surrounded by turntable rings, to the frame of the trailer. The trailer drawbar is connected to the undercarriage frame Such a trailer will follow closely the path of a towing vehicle when pulled forward However, when it is necessary to reverse and push the trailer backwards there is a tendency to jack-knife ", i e for the drawbar and trailer to fold around the centre king pin in the manner in which a jack-knife is closed This jack-knife is caused by the lack of stability produced by the two free or unrestrained pivots, one at the connection between the drawbiar and the towing vehicle and the other at the centre king pin. This jack-knifing makes it difficult for the driver of the vehicle to control the direction in which the trailer moves during reversing. There is also the difficulty which arises when backing, and also met with when the trailer is manoeuvred in a closed space, that when the under carriage is turned so that the steerable wheels are at a large angle to the rear wheels there is a tendency for the trailer to tip over or be pushed over. Many trailers which are usually manually controlled, such as trolleys and trucks used in workshops, are frequently fitted with individually pivoted castor wheels to enable such trailers to be moved in any direction and to be easily manoeuvrable in a confined space. It is sometimes necessary for such trailers to be towed behind mechanically propelled vehicles, either in factory confines or on the highway When such trailers are towed on an incline the disadvantage is met with that the force of gravity may become effective to cause the individual castor wheels to deviate from the track of the towing vehicle, with consequent loss of control by the driver of the towing vehicle. In accordance with the present invention a trailer has one or more steerable wheels mounted as castors on an undercarriage frame pivoted to the trailer frame, and also has means for locking each said castor against pivotal movement about its vertical axis relative to the undercarriage frame, and with means for locking the undercarriage frame against pivotal movement relative to 'the trailer frame. In the accompanying drawings:Fig 1 is a side elevation of a form of light 4-wheeled trailer according to the present invention; Fig 2 is a plan view of the trailer shown in Fig 1; and Fig 3 is a front view, partly in section, as seen from the line III-III in Fig 2. The light trailer shown in the drawings 'has a rectangular frame 1 approximately 12 feet long and 6 feet wide, land a solid rear axle carrying the two rear wheels 2 (which in this case are not steerable), suspended from the trailer frame 1 by semi-elliptic leaf springs 3.

An undercarriage frame 4 beneath the front end of the trailer is centrally pivoted to the trailer frame by means of a king pin (not shown) surrounded by two turntable rings 5, 785,381 4/55. 6, secured to the frame 1 and the undercarriage frame 4 respectively An A-shaped drawbar 7 is pivotally attached to the front of the undercarriage frame, and a coupling 8 for attachment to a towing vehicle is provided The drawbar 7 may be connected Lo. the towing vehicle by any known method, for example by means of a gimbal joint or ball coupling, the coupling being such as to provide free movement at the coupling to allow for cornering and road bumps A normal "over-run" brake may be provided on the drawbar at the coupling. Two single wheels 9 and 10 are mounted one on each side of the undercarriage frame. These wheels 9, 10, are the steerable wheels, and each rotates round a shaft 11 secured at each end to side plates 12 The side plates 12 of each wheel are each attached to a corresponding steel tube 13 with a closed lower end, but an open top into which fits ia further steel tube 14 open at its lower end but fixed at its top end to a platform 15 (see Fig 3) Each platform 15 is pivoted centrally to the undercarriage frame 4 so that it can pivot round the axis 16 shown in Figs 1 and 3 Centrally through each tube 14 runs a pin 17 also attached at the top to the platform 15; the pin 17 passes through the closed lower end of the tube 13 and has a flange 18 against which the lower end of the tube 13 is forced by means of a coil spring 19 surrounding the pin 17 and in compression between the platform and the lower end of tube 13. Each of -the two platforms 15 is provided with a lug 20, and a wheel securing pin 22 is adapted to pass through a hole in the lug 20 and through a bracket 21 on the undercarriage frame 4 When wheel securing pins 22 are passed through the lugs of both steerable wheel platforms 15 and their associated brackets 21, the platforms 15 (and thus the steerable wheels 9 land 10) are prevented from turning relative to the undercarriage frame 4, the steerable wheels are held in the correct aligned position relative to the undercarriage frame, and the trailer can be towed from the drawbar 7 following the track of the towing vehicle very closely. In the trailer illustrated the undercarriage is adapted to be locked by rotating the drawbar 7 into the chain-line position shown in Fig 1 where it fits between two pairs of brackets 23 on the trailer frame 1 In this position undercarriage securing pins may be passed through holes in the pairs of brackets 23 and through aligned holes 24 in the drawbar 7, thus locking the undercarriage frame 4 ito the trailer frame to prevent the undercarriage frame from turing about the centre

king pin relatively to the trailer frame 1. Thus, in operation, when the steerable wheels 9, 10 are locked relatively to the undercarriage frame 4, by means of the wheel securing pins 22 as described above, the undercarriage frame being left free to turn relatively to 'the trailer frame, the trailer will be towable as though the front wheels were on a solid axle When the undercarriage frame is secured to the trailer frame to prevent any 70 relative turning movement therebetween, by means of the undercarriage securing pins, as described above, and the steerable wheels are freed (by removal of the wheel securing pins) to turn and act as castor wheels, the trailer 75 may be moved in any direction and becomes easily manoeuvrable in a confined space. In the trailer being described, the diameter of the holes in the lugs 20, brackets 21, drawbar 7 and brackets 23 may be identical, so 80 that wheel securing pins, when not being used as such, can be employed as the undercarriage securing pins, for it is apparent that in practice either the undercarriage or the steerable wheels are required to be locked at any one 85 time, but not both together However two separate sets of pins may be provided to enable both to be locked at the same time if so desired. The steerable wheels 9, 10 are arranged on 90 the undercarriage frame with their horizontal axes in the same plane as the king pin, so that there is no undesirable self centering action through the king pin when the trailer is towed with the steerable wheels locked as 95 on a solid axle The vertical axis 16 of the steerable wheels is arranged forward of the said plane to provide for self centering castor action when the steerable wheels are freed and the undercarriage frame is fixed relatively to 100 the trailer frame. If it is desired to lock the undercarriage and unlock the steerable wheels whilst the trailer is attached to a towing vehicle, so that the towing vehicle can be used to manoeuvre the 105 trailer, a different means for locking the undercarriage frame from that shown in the drawings must be employed This may take the form of two lugs extending from the undercarriage frame and adapted to mate with 110 two pairs of brackets on the front of the trailer frame, an undercarriage securing pin being adapted to pass through each set of lugs and associated brackets. In the embodiment described the securing 115 pins are arranged to be inserted and withdrawn manually However, ithe releasing of the steerable wheels and the locking of the undercarriage frame and vice-versa, may be effected mechanically in any of the following 120 ways: ( 1) By a cable linkage, operated from the towing vehicle or from the trailer itself by the driver. ( 2) By the operation of an overrun or 125 sliding towing shaft

device, coming into effect in a similar manner to the overrun brake often provided on a trailer drawbar at the coupling with the towing vehicle. ( 3) By a hydraulic servo action 130 785,381 1 A trailer provided with one or more steerable wheels mounted as castors on an undercarriage frame pivoted to the trailer frame, and also provided with means for locking each said castor against pivotal movement about its vertical axis relative to the undercarriage frame, and with means for locking the undercarriage frame against pivotal movement relative to the trailer frame. 2 A trailer according to claim 1, wherein means are provided for preventing the freeing of the steerable wheels for acting as castors while the undercarriage is not locked to the trailer frame. 3 A trailer according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein said trailer has two front wheels which are the said steerable wheels. 4 A trailer according to claim 3 having rear wheels also mounted on a pivoted undercarriage frame, means being provided for locking said undercarriage frame relatively to the trailer frame. A trailer according to claim 3 or claim 4 having rear wheels mounted as castors, means being provided for locking the castors against pivotal movement about their vertical axes relatively to part of the trailer on which they are mounted. 6 A trailer constructed and arranged substantially as shown in the accompanying drawings and described with reference thereto. MEWBURN, ELLIS & CO, 70/72, Chancery Lane, London, W C 2. Chartered Patent Agents. ( 4) By an electro magnetic servo action. ( 5) By vacuum or pneumatic servo device. ( 6) By a hand lever and linkage on the trailer. The securing pins may, for example, be spring loaded in order that they can be preset, by suitable operation of whatever mechanism is provided, when the steerable wheels or undercarriage are not in their correct positions for locking to take place; then, when the trailer is moved and the steerable wheels or undercarriage turn to that correct position, the securing pins will move into engagement. Means may be provided for preventing the freeing of the steerable wheels for acting as castors while the undercarriage is not secured to the trailer frame. In the trailer illustrated, the two front wheels are the steerable wheels mounted as castors on the undercarriage frame But the rear wheels may also be mounted on a pivoted undercarriage frame, means being provided for locking said undercarriage frame relatively to the trailer frame; or the rear wheels may be mounted as castors, either on a pivoted undercarriage frame or on the trailer frame itself, means

being provided for locking the castors against pivoted movement about their vertical axes relatively to the part of the trailer on which they are mounted. The wheels acting as castors may be single wheels or groups of wheels jointly acting as a single castor.


* GB785382 (A)

Description: GB785382 (A)

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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete, up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.

PATENT SPECIFICATION Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: July 22, 1955. Application made In Germany on July 24, 1954.

Complete Specification Published: Oct 30, 1957. Index at acceptance:-Classes 20 ( 3), B 1 B( 1 C:2 A:2 C), E 2, J 2 J; International Classification:-E 04 f. 785,382 No 21350/55. and 20 ( 4), A, V 10. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements in or relating to Glass Doors or Glass Partitions We, JOSEF GARTNER, HERMANN GARTNER, KARL GARTNER, ALFRED GARTNER, THEKLA SCHNITZLER and MARIA GARTNER, all Citizens of the Federal Republic of Germany, trading as JOSEF GARTNER & Co, of Gundelfingen/ Donau, Germany, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- The present invention relates to glass doors or glass partitions supported by metal frames constructed from hollow sections. In the known glass door or glass partition constructions, the swing door frames, door abutment strips, glass panel frames and the like are fastened to the hollow section frames by means of screws Since these fastening screws must be arranged close to one another, a large number of screw-bores and screws are necessary for the fastening of the door sections and frames The production of these glass doors and glass partitions is, for this reason, complex and expensive and because of the large number of visible screwheads, an unattractive appearance results. It is an object of the present invention to provide a glass door or glass partition of simple construction permitting rapid production combined with little machining and no mounting costs. According to the present invention there is provided a glass door or partition characterised in that a rectangular hollow profiled frame member for a door or glass partition frame is formed on two opposite sides with four longitudinal rabbets lying symmetrically of a central profile median, each outer rabbet together with its neighbouring inner rabbet presenting a dove-tail recess interrupted by a longitudinal ridge in such a manner that a number of different partition members such as an edge strip a panel, abutment strip or the like may be attached thereto. This new construction of a glass door or lPrice 316 l glass partition facilitates very simple and fast production, and the usual fastening screws are completely omitted Further, since neither fastening screws nor other fastening means are visible, a very pleasing appearance 50 of the glass door or glass partition may be obtained. The invention will now be described by way of example, with reference

to the accompanying drawings, in which: 55 Fig I is a front view of a swing door with glass partition frame; Fig 2 is a horizontal section of line II-II of Fig 1; Figs 3, 4 and 5 are vertical sections of lines-60 III-III, IV-IV, V-V of Fig 1; Fig 6 shows in section, an edge strip fixed to the swing door shown in section in Fig 2; Fig 7 shows a frame section with door abutment strip 65 Referring to the drawings, swing doors 1 and 2, are arranged inside a glass partition, or surrounded by the latter Box-shaped hollow sections 4, 5 and 6 are used for the frame construction of the door and the glass 70 partition In the hollow sections dovetailed rabbets 7 a,7 b and Sa,8 b are formed, the rabbets 7 a,7 b and 8 a,8 b being arranged symmetrically on opposite sides of the hollow section and formed in the same shape and 75 size As illustrated in the drawings, especially Fig 6, the two pairs of rabbets, 7 a,7 b and 8 a,8 b are provided on each of the said opposite sides of the hollow section, and their edges are undercut to present inclined sur 80 faces 9 Locking flanges 10 provided on wedged or locked edge strips 12 and 14 are so curved in cross-section that they only make contact along a thin line with the inclined surfaces 9 as shown in section at 11 in Fig 6 85 The swing door (Fig 6) comprises flat thinwalled hollow edge strips 12 which are supported by the side edges 13 of the said edge strips The locking flanges 10 are so proportioned and arranged, that these engage g O 785,382 resiliently against the inclined surfaces 9 By this construction not only is a considerable amount of metal saved, but also the wedging of the door edge strips is simplified, and due to the contact being along a thin line as shown in section at 11 and also the resilience of the locking flanges 10, a jamming of the locking flanges in the rabbets 7 a,7 b and 8 a,8 b is prevented. It is shown in the drawings that, in the above-described manner, swing doors of different shape, namely the hollow edge strips 12, 14, 15 (Fig 2) and 16 (Fig 5) can be secured longitudinally in a simple way without screws, that is, by mere wedging of these sections. The above-mentioned dove-tailed rabbets 7 a, 7 b and 8 a and 8 b also serve to secure glass panel frames 17, whose resilient flanges 18 as the locking flanges 10 (shown in Fig 6) engage in the rabbets 7 a,7 b and 8 a,8 b. The glass panel frames 17 may, after slight resilient compression, be introduced into the rabbets 7 a,7 b and 8 a,8 b in the directions A and B Thus a simple, reliable and moreover invisible fastening of these strips to the hollow frame sections 4 and 5 is achieved. It is shown in the drawings that not only door edge strips and glass panel frames can be fastened to the hollow frame sections, but also metal panels 19 With the simple construction according to Fig 3 the panels 19 are wedged from above into the rabbets 7 a,7 b and 8 a,8 b

of the frame section 6, and then the upper hollow section 5 is wedged from above so that the panels 19 engage in the rabbets 7 a,7 h and 8 a,8 b of this section. The section 5 is fixed securely to the vertical side frames 5 a and Sb of the glass partition. If it is desired to achieve a line pattern with regard to the glass panel frames 17 provided at the door, panel support sections 22 may be provided which are shaped as shown in Fig 4 These support sections are secured, as described above, by locking flanges in the rabbets 7 a,7 b and 8 a,8 b of the frame sections 4 and 5 The panels 19 are wedged in this case in corresponding rabbets formed in the panel support sections 22. The invention is not limited to the swing doors or glass partitions of the kind shown in Figs 1, 2 and 6 For instance in the case of doors which abut against a frame, door abutment members 23 can be used as shown in Fig 7 These abutment members 23 are secured to hollow frame sections 24 by means of locking flanges as described above, the sections being formed with corresponding rabbets in which the locking flanges engage and on the opposite side, similar rabbets are 60 formed for securing glass panel frames or the like. In a construction according to Fig I further wall connecting brackets 25 are provided, formed with a semi-circular channel to re 65 ceive a cylindrical elastic joint 27 and are preferably formed in resilient hollow sections (similar to the frames 17), and are secured by pressing screw heads 28 to the frame sections The connecting brackets 25 are formed 70 with a longitudinal slot, through which the heads 28 pass when the brackets 25 are tightened down. By means of the new construction and arrangement of the swing doors, abutment 75 members or glass supporting frames it is possible to treat the frame surfaces in many different ways The sections can for instance be painted or an electrolytic oxidization process may be used to apply a finish to the 80 frame surfaces.


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