3D printing or Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a layer upon layer production process. Different types of additive manufacturing which can be assigned by fabrication material like liquid-based, solid-based and powder-based [1,2]. stimuli-responsive active smart materials or Shape Memory Polymers (SMP’s) are used, nowadays, in 3D printing for part fabrication [3,4]. Due to structural change into the original form in the outer environment stimulus these polymers are considered under the smart materials class.

Process

Heat-responsivesmart equipment

Change of structure when heat applied .[5] [17]

Fig. 1. Form changes due to temperature[5] [17]

:

Smart valve printing which can react in accordance with temperature of the fluid. [6]

Fig. 2. 3D print smart valve structure before and after stimulus [6]

Adaptive metamaterialsProduced in accordance with specificity of the

materials and activates when heating assigned[7]. [17]

Fig. 3. Self-coiling of beams straightened beam and self-tightening fiber [7] [17]

:

Smart key-lock connectors magnetically activated [15]

Fig. 4. Valve’s shape change after applying stimulus. [15]

Healthcare applications of 4D printing:

4D dimensional printing is a developed technology for the fabrication of complex structures based on 3D printing where stimuli-responsive materials take part in a production of static structures that can change its form or function when exposed to a determined stimulus. This poster aims to give a brief overview of the materials and process used for 4D printing.:

With the help of 4D printer it is become possible to replace abnormal and necrotic tissues/organs, providing solutions to serious tissue/organ deficit [8,9,16].

Figure 5Application of 4D printing in synthetic tissues [10,11–13,16]

:

Figure 6Shape memory biomedical scaffolds [16]

Conclusion.Even though the 4D printing process is a new technology and not many materials

and stimulus have been discovered, there are a lot of ongoing projects to find out new structures and technologies for 4D printing. With the help of new

materials, it will be possible to produce all organs and replace tissues.

4D Printing Processes and Healthcare Applications:

References:1]S. Shaikh, N. Kumar, P.K. Jain, P. Tandon, Hilbert Curve Based Toolpath for FDM Process, (2007).[2]Narendra Kumar, Saquib Shaikh, P.K. Jain, P. Tandon, Effect of fractal curve based toolpath on part strength in fused deposition modelling, 5(2015) 186–198.[3]O. Kuksenok, A.C. Balazs, Stimuli-responsive behavior of composites integrating thermo-responsive gels with photo-responsive fibers, Mater.Horiz. 3 (2016) 53–62. doi:10.1039/C5MH00212E.[4]Q. Meng, J. Hu, A review of shape memory polymer composites and blends, Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 40 (2009) 1661–1672.doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2009.08.011.[5]Q. Ge, A.H. Sakhaei, H. Lee, C.K. Dunn, N.X. Fang, M.L. Dunn, Multimaterial 4D Printing with Tailorable Shape Memory Polymers, Sci. Rep. 6 (2016) 31110. doi:10.1038/srep31110.[6]S.E. Bakarich, R. Gorkin, M. In Het Panhuis, G.M. Spinks, 4D printing with mechanically robust, thermally actuating hydrogels, Macromol.Rapid Commun. 36 (2015) 1211–1217. doi:10.1002/marc.201500079.[7]M. Bodaghi, A.R. Damanpack, W.H. Liao, Adaptive metamaterials by functionally graded 4D printing, Mater. Des. 135 (2017) 26–36.doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2017.08.069.[8] H. Cui et al., Adv. Healthc. Mater. 6 (2016) 1601118.[9] S.V. Murphy et al., Nat. Biotechnol. 32 (8) (2014) 773[10] M.J. Booth et al., Biochem. Biochem. Soc. 38 (4) (2016) 16[11] G. Villar et al., Science 340 (6128) (2013) 48.[12] G. Villar et al., Nat. Nanotechnol. 6 (12) (2011) 803.[13] M.J. Booth et al., Sci. Adv. 2 (4) (2016) e1600056.

[14] J. van Prehn, F. Schlösser, B. Muhs, H. Verhagen, F. Moll, J. van Herwaarden, Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. 2009, 38, 42.[15]D. Kokkinis, M. Schaffner, A.R. Studart, Multimaterial magnetically assisted 3D printing of composite materials, Nat. Commun. 6 (2015)[16] Miao, S., Castro, N., Nowicki, M., Xia, L., Cui, H., Zhou, X., . . . Zhang, L. G. (2017). 4D printing of polymeric materials for tissue and organ regeneration doi://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2017.06.005[17] Rayate, A., & Jain, P. K. (2018). A review on 4D printing material composites and their applicationsdoi://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.06.424[18] R.J. Morrison et al., Sci. Transl. Med. 7 (285) (2015) 285ra64.

NIJAT ISGANDAROV

Figure 7Tracheobronchial splints [18]