2018-NAPS-07AUTHOR:JimGilliatPerforatingProductChampionBakerHughes,aGECompany

PerforatingforHydraulicFracturingNextGenerationTechnologiesforUnconventionalCompletions

Introduction

TheUltimateGoalofPerforatingUnconventionalCompletions

§ Optimizethefracturingtreatment§ Makesureproppantisdivertedintoeverycluster.§ Reduceoreliminatetortuosity§ Reduceoreliminatecompetingfracturesystems

NAPS-07-18/PerforatingforHydraulicFracturing

Introduction

NAPS-07-18/PerforatingforHydraulicFracturing

§ PropertiesAffectingtheFractureOrientationandGrowth:• RockProperties• BeddingPlanes• ArtificialBarriers• PorePressure• NetPressure

§ PerforationsareNear-WellboreFrictionSources:i. PerforationFriction,influencedby:Diameter,Numberand

Dischargecoefficientii. FractureTortuosityiii. MultipleFractures.

Perforationshaveastrongimpactonthesefactors

Current systems address (i) byoptimizing the number of shotsand diameter.

Systems to assist in reducingtortuosity, and eliminating nearwellbore multiple fracture widthrestrictions are rather limited….

Tortuosity

NAPS-07-18/PerforatingforHydraulicFracturing

• DeviatedWells• Slantedwell-borecausesfracturetwisting

• PoorDepthofPerforationPenetration• Verypoorwell-borecommunication

• PerforationPhasingMisalignment• phasingmissesminimumhorizontalstress

• LongPerforatedIntervals• Multiplefracturesmayinitiate

• NaturallyFracturedReservoirs• FormationsWithVeryHighLeak-off

• Createdfracturewidthtoonarrow• WhenUsingNewtonianFracturing

• Narrowwidthgeneration

CausesofNearWellboreTortuosity

NAPS-07-18/PerforatingforHydraulicFracturing

Reorientationtowardspreferredfractureplane

Initiationintheannulus

InitiationofShearCracks

MultipleHydraulicfracturesCompetingforFracWidth

ConsequencesofTortuosity

• PrematureScreenOutDuetoProppantBridging

• UnabletoPumpthetreatment(PressureOut)

FracOptimizedCharges

NAPS-07-18/PerforatingforHydraulicFracturing

• Uniformholesize• -improveddistributionoftreatingfluids• -reducedfrictionandtortuosity• -moreefficientsanddistribution• -assistswithcostreductions

• QuickerRampuptotreatingpressures• Reducedvariationinflowarea.

FracOptimizedCharges

NAPS-07-18/PerforatingforHydraulicFracturing

• Uniformholesizeprobablydoesnotdoallthethingsthatareclaimed.

• EHDchangesveryquicklyduetoerosiononceinjectionratesareestablished,especiallythoseperforationsnearesttheplaneofprincipalstress.

• Oncethefluidstreamgoesfromturbulenttolaminarflow,theerosionwillstop.

• UniformEHDtakestheperforationoutoftheequation,afterthatit’sthereservoirthatwilldictatefracturesuccess.

• Theyprobablyhelpminimizescreenouts.

FracOptimizedChargesWhyTheseSpecificEHDNumbers

NAPS-07-18/PerforatingforHydraulicFracturing

• Formostofthesoftwareusedintheindustry,thesearetheEHDnumbersusedforfracturedesign.

• AnychangeinEHDmakestheresultlookodd,ina“cookiecutter”operation,deviationfromnormalisnotagoodthing.

• Oncethefracturebegins,EHDcanincreaseinsomeperforationsbyover100%

• AssumptionsaremadeastohowmanyperforationsareactuallyopenandactualEHDatbottomholeconditions.

ThisIsWhyHoleSizeisImportant

NAPS-07-18/PerforatingforHydraulicFracturing

• Themoreperforationsrequired,thegreaterthechanceforcompetingfractures,bridgingandscreenouts

Introduction

SoWhatisImportant?

NAPS-07-18/PerforatingforHydraulicFracturing

• Itisimportantthattheshapedchargecanpenetratebeyondthehoopstressboundaryaroundthewellbore.8-10inchesminimum.

• UniformEHDtakestheperforationoutoftheequation,sotospeak.

• It’simportanttoremembertheEHDisonlyimportantuntillaminarflowiscreated.

• Typicallyperforationswithin30⁰ofthestressplanetakethebulkofthefluidandsand.

DevelopaSystem

NAPS-07-18/PerforatingforHydraulicFracturing

Develop a frac-optimized system that optimizes the fracture treatment and improvesreservoir access in unconventional wells.

Key drivers:§ Fewer perforations§ Axial consolidation of flow area and orienting the flow entry to the high side of the lateral.§ Compact and Efficient design§ Improved Reliability

SystemDevelopment

NAPS-07-18/PerforatingforHydraulicFracturing

Phase HoleSizeAverage CurrentSystemHolesize

Penetration CurrentSystem

Penetration

-90° 0.3” - 1” 0.91” 4”-23” 5.0”0° 0.3” - 1” 0.33” 4”-23” 23.0”+90° 0.3” - 1” 0.91” 4”-23” 5.0”

• Gunlength18in.• Spacingbetweencharges1.4in.• Threeshapedcharges• Twobigholechargesonthesides,DeepPenetratoronthehigh-side

• GunSizes:3-1/8”and3-3/8”

+90⁰

-90⁰

0⁰

FracOptimizedSystem

NAPS-07-18/PerforatingforHydraulicFracturing

VideoGoesHere

CaseStudy

NAPS-07-18/PerforatingforHydraulicFracturing

Avg.FOS Avg.CON %DIFF

BreakdownSTP (psi) 9180 9498 -3.5%

Slurry rate (BPM) 56.5 50.6 10.3%

Pad STPmax (psi) 9482 9832 -3.7%

Pad& InitialProppantStage

TimetoFullRate

(min) 12.2 16.4 -35.1%

ProppantStages

Totalavg.massrate

(lb/min) 5386 5135 4.7%

Avg. slurryrate

(BPM) 94.0 90.0 4.3%

STDdevslurryrate

(BPM) 2.04 3.72 -82.3%

• Duringbreakdownstage,FOSexhibiteda300psireductioninbreakdownpressureevenata10%increaseofinjectionrate.

• 35%decreaseintimerequiredtoreachfull,asdesigned,injectionrate.

• Increaseinproppantmassrateof250lb/min.

• 4BPMincreaseinaverageslurryrateduringproppantstages

• 82%decreaseinstandarddeviationofinjectionrateduringproppantstages,indicatinganincreaseinratestability.

Conclusion

APerforatingStrategyisCriticaltoFracturingSuccess

§ Designthesystemtoeliminatecompetingfracturesystems

§ Usethechargethatwillpenetratepastthehoopstress§ Considerotherperforatingstrategiestooptimizethe

frac.

NAPS-07-18/PerforatingforHydraulicFracturing

NAPS-07-18AUTHORS:JimGilliatBakerHughes,aGECompany

QUESTIONS?THANKYOU