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SVS FEM s. r. o.

analýzy,výpo č ty,instalace,školení a

zástupce pro Č R a Slovensko

Škrochova 42, 615 00 Brno

Tel: +420 543 254 554,5

www.svsfem.cz

E!r"mn# v$konn% za&'zen' za (&)*a!eln" cenh&&%s/.sse!.ccon&en&e!or(s

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© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. March 14, 20133

on!en!s• In&rod"c&ion• Sensors

• Sensor 5esi*n S"i&e

• Sensors or A"&o!o&ie A%%#ica&ions

• 6a## Sensor• Variab#e 7e#"c&ance Sensor

• Ma*ne&o8resis&ie Sensor

• F#"9 :a&e Sensor

• Edd) ;"rren& Sensor

• S"!!ar)

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© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. March 14, 20134

-n!ro/c!)on: ensors

• Sensors are e#ec&ro!echanica# deices &ha& "se !a*ne&ic ie#d or sensin*

• Ve#oci&) sensors or an&i#oc( bra(es and s&abi#i&) con&ro#

•

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om(onen! nals)s

• se s(ec)f)c mane!)c solvers !o /ners!an !he as)c (hs)csof !he sensor

= Var) :eo!e&r), Ma&eria# e) Fac&ors &ha& !os& Si*niican) aec&

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© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. March 14, 2013

-n!ro/c!)on: ensor es)n /)!eha! )s !he ensor es)n /)!e7

= Three inde%enden& so#"&ions hich can assis& en*ineers in desi*nin*and ana#)in* e#ec&rica# !achines

= ;an in&e*ra&e e#ec&ro!a*ne&ic, circ"i&, and s)s&e! en*ineerin* "sin*a co!!on des(&o% eniron!en&

ha! sol/!)ons are (rov)e7

= Ma9e## 2535/ or ini&e e#e!en& ana#)sis

• S&ead) S&a&e So#ers 5; and reC"enc) do!ainD• Transien& d)na!ic so#"&ion &i!e do!ainD hand#es &i!e8ind"ced edd)

eec&s

= ?%&i!e&rics/ or desi*n aria&ion and o%&i!ia&ion

•;an o%&i!ie sha%e, %osi&ion, and !a&eria# or a desired res%onse

= Si!%#orer/ or co!%#e&e e#ec&rica# and !echanica# s)s&e! ana#)sis

• S)s&e! si!"#a&ion #in(in* i&h Ma9e## Ma*ne&os&a&ic "sin* E;E !ode#

• ;oncen&ra&es on sa&"ra&ion and bac(8e! eec&s

• ;an ea#"a&e desi*n a#&erna&ies i&h %ara!e&rics

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© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. March 14, 2013

Maxwell 2DMaxwell 3D

SIMPLORER

FEA FEA

Equivalent

circuits

Co-simulation

ensor es)n /)!e

Optimetrics

ECE

ANGLE BX_CELL_BOT

BX_CELL_TOP

Hall_Sensor_Model

ROT

ROT_Vω

+

ICA:

EQU

Difference:=FLUXM2.FLUX - FLUXM1.FLUX

FLX FLXFLUXM1 FLUXM2

CONST

CONST2 COMP1

Difference

TRIANG1

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s!em nals)s

• se s!em )m/la!)on !o /ners!an !he ensor8s )m(ac! on!he whole ss!em

= 5esi*n a rob"s& sensor "sin* a%%ro%ria&e &echno#o*) = 5onG& ?er85esi*n "nnecessari#)

= ;onsider Varia&ions

ECE

ANGLE BX_CELL_BOT

BX_CELL_TOP

Hall_Sensor_Model

ROT

ROT_Vω

+

ICA:

EQU

Difference:=FLUXM2.FLUX - FLUXM1.FLUX

FLX FLXFLUXM1 FLUXM2

CONST

CONST2 COMP1

Difference

TRIANG1

RotN Vom

Vop

Vbm

VbpMRSenso

Vbm

Vbp

Vpm

Vpp

Vom

Vop +

-+

V

AMP

VM6

Vin

Encoder

LOAD

M

ICA:

E2

FREQ := 60

AMPL := 156

DCMP1

RA := 1

KE := 544

J := 4m

LA := 9.8m

MOS1

DFW

FML_INIT

MAX:=-1e3

WAIT STATE1

NEW_MAX

TRC := E1.I>MA

TRANS1

D1 D2

D3 D4 G A I N

GAIN1

5 V

AxialSpeed

Wheel

RefSpeed

RefCurrent

Controlle

Wheel Mechanical Load

-9.95

10.00

0 160.00m100.00m

Amplified Voltage Output VM6.V [V]

0

346.00

0 160.00m100.00m

Sensed Angle Encoder.Angle

0

990.00

500.00

0 160.00m100.00m

Controled Wheele Speed Wheele.Speed_RPM

deg/s -> RPM

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© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. March 14, 2013H

9awell

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© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. March 14, 201310

• Elec!ros!a!)c = S&a&ic e#ec&ric ie#ds, orces, &orC"es, and ca%aci&ances ca"sed b) o#&a*e dis&rib"&ions and

char*es. -inear !a&eria#s on#).

• 9ane!os!a!)c = S&a&ic !a*ne&ic ie#ds, orces, &orC"es, and ind"c&ances ca"sed b) 5; c"rren&s, s&a&ic e9&erna#

!a*ne&ic ie#ds, and %er!anen& !a*ne&s. -inear or non#inear !a&eria#s.

• E /rren! = Sin"soida##)8ar)in* !a*ne&ic ie#ds, orces, &orC"es, and i!%edances ca"sed b) A; c"rren&s and

osci##a&in* e9&erna# !a*ne&ic ie#ds. -inear !a&eria#s on#). F"## ae so#er considers dis%#ace!en&

c"rren&s. Ind"ced ie#ds s"ch as s(in and %ro9i!i&) eec&s considered.

• Trans)en! Elec!r)c = Transien& e#ec&ric ie#ds ca"sed b) &i!e8ar)in* o#&a*es, char*e dis&rib"&ions, or c"rren&

e9ci&a&ions. Inho!o*eneo"s and non#inear !a&eria#s. The &ransien& e#ec&ric ie#d si!"#a&orco!%"&es &i!e8ar)in* e#ec&ric ie#ds. E#ec&ric %o&en&ia# is &he so#"&ion C"an&i&).

• Trans)en! 9ane!)c = Transien& !a*ne&ic ie#ds ca"sed b) &i!e8ar)in* or !oin* e#ec&rica# so"rces and %er!anen&

!a*ne&s. -inear or non#inear !a&eria#s. Ind"ced ie#ds s"ch as s(in and %ro9i!i&) eec&sconsidered. So"rces can be 5;, sin"soida#, or &ransien& o#&a*es or c"rren&s. ;an "se e9&erna#sche!a&ic circ"i&.

9awell ol/!)on T(es

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© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. March 14, 201311

9awell esk!o(

ProjectManager

Window

History

TreeWindow

3D

modeler

Window

ProgressWindow

Properties

Window

Message

Window

sixwindows

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© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. March 14, 201312

• In order to obtain the set of algebraicequations to be solved, the geometry

of the problem is discretizedautomatically into tetrahedral elements

• All the model solids are meshed

automatically b) the mesher

• The assembly of all tetrahedra isreferred to as the finite element meshof the model or simply the mesh.

StartField Solution

Generate

Initial Mesh

ComputeFields

PerformError Analysis

Stop

Field Solution

HasStopping

Criteria beenmet?

RefineMesh

Yes

No

E9 an a(!)ve 9esh)n

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© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. March 14, 201313

• 3-Tier library structure

= System (global) level – predefined from Ansoft and ships with new upgrades,users cannot modify this

= User Library – to be shared among several users at a company (can beencrypted)

= Personal libraries – to be used only by single user (can be encrypted)

• a new ma!er)al: Tools > Edit Configured Libraries > Materials

• ;ew -n!erface for 9a!er)als e!!)n share w)!h

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© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. March 14, 201314

T()cal 9awell 2>3

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Fie#d %#o& ro!

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)m(lorer

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© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. March 14, 20131

9/l!) oma)n es)n

Multitude of DomainsMultitude of Tools & Methods

Mechanics

Power Converter

Electro Mechanics

Transformer

Sensors

Control

Utility

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9awell @ )m(lorer =)nk

• So#es series o 5; so#"&ions "sin* 25 or 35 Ma*ne&os&a&ic So#er

• So#e !"s& inc#"de #i!i&s o ?%era&in* 7an*e &o be ana#)ed

• FEA ;irc"i& EC"ia#en& i!%or&ed in&o Si!%#orer &o co"%#e E#ec&rica# andMechanica# so#"&ion

• A5VANTA:ES – ;an !odi) and re8so#e Si!%#orer si!"#a&ions C"ic(#)

– ;an si!"#a&e desi*n a#&erna&ies b) "sin* %ara!e&rics

• 5ISA5VANTA:ES

–5oes no& hand#e &i!e8ind"ced %h)sics s"ch as edd) c"rren&s and

!a*ne&ic di"sion

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© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. March 14, 201321

• Optimetrics enables engineers to determine the best design variation

among a model's possible variations

• Create the original model, the nominal design, and then define design

parameters that vary

• Optimetrics includes five unique capabilities:

– Parametrics: Define one or more variable sweep definitions, each specifying a series of variable

values within a range. Easily view and compare the results using plot or table to determine how each

design variation affects the performance of the design.

– Optimization: Identify the cost function and the optimization goal. Optimetrics automatically changes

the design parameter(s) to meet the goal. The cost function can be based on any solution quantity

that can be computes, such as field values, R,L,C force, torque, volume or weight.

– Sensitivity: Determine the sensitivity of the design to small changes in variables in the vicinity of a

design point. Outputs include: Regression value at the current variable value, First derivative of the

regression, Second derivative of the regression.

– Tuning: Variable values are changed interactively and the performance of the design is monitored.

Useful after performing an optimization in which Optimetrics has determined an optimal variable

value, and you want to fine tune the value to see how the design results are affected.

– Statistical: shows the distribution (Histogram) of a design output like force, torque or loss caused by

a statistical variation (Monte Carlo) of input variables.

?(!)me!r)cs ?verv)ew

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© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. March 14, 201322

• A/as) ;ew!on 8 This o%&i!ier a%%ro9i!a&es &he *radien& o a "ser8deined cos& "nc&ion in i&ssearch or &he !ini!"! #oca&ion o &he cos& "nc&ion. This *radien& a%%ro9i!a&ion is on#) acc"ra&e

eno"*h i &here is #i&e noise ino#ed in &he cos& "nc&ion ca#c"#a&ion. The cos& "nc&ion ca#c"#a&ion

ino#es FEA, hich %ossesses ini&e acc"rac).

• a!!ern earch 8 This o%&i!ier %eror!s a *rid8based si!%#e9 search, hich !a(es "se o si!%#ices/

&rian*#es in 25 s%ace or &e&rahedra in 35 s%ace. The cos& a#"e is ca#c"#a&ed a& &he er&ices o &he

si!%#e9. The o%&i!ier !irrors &he si!%#e9 across one o i&s aces based on !a&he!a&ica# *"ide#ines

and de&er!ines i &he ne si!%#e9 %roides be&&er res"#&s. I i& does no& %rod"ce a be&&er res"#&, &he

ne9& ace is "sed or !irrorin* and &he %a&&ern con&in"es. I no i!%roe!en& occ"rs, &he *rid is

reined. I i!%roe!en& occ"rs, &he s&e% is acce%&ed and &he ne si!%#e9 is *enera&ed &o re%#ace &he

ori*ina# one.

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© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. March 14, 201323

J ?n#) one !ode# !"s& be se& "%

J ?%&i!ia&ion &ab#e res"#&s !a) be ana#)ed

in %os&8%rocessor

J Each si!"#a&ion re%#aces multiple Kb"i#d8

and8&es&L c)c#es

J ?%&i!e&rics inds o%&i!a# so#"&iona"&o!a&ica##) "sin* "ser8deined cri&eria

cos&8"nc&ionD

J Feer so#"&ions !a) be needed &o achiee

o%&i!a# so#"&ion

No

5esi*n

Ea#"a&e?>

Man"ac&"re

Yes

Si!"#a&e?%&i!ie

?(!)m)za!)on roce/re

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© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. March 14, 201324

ensors for /!omo!)ve ((l)ca!)ons

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© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. March 14, 20132

all Effec! ensor

:a% be&een %o#e %iece

and &ar*e& hee#

7o&a&e abo"& &he O a9is &hro"*h one

ha# o a &oo&h, or 30 de*rees.

J or s(ee con!rol

J e!erm)ne fl/ (ass)n !hro/h

3 all effec! sensorJ

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© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. March 14, 20132

all Effec! ensor

)el )n (ermanen! mane!F (ole ()ece

)el )n - an

all sensor

• l/ )n all effec! sensor can ee!erm)ne )n!era!)n BGnormalHon a s/rface

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all Effec! ensor I 9esh)n T)(s

Sensor Air Bo97eC"ired or

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© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. March 14, 20132

)fferen!)al all ensor

:a% be&een

%o#e %iece and

&ar*e& hee#

Tar*e& Phee#

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all ensor @ arame!r)c

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© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. March 14, 201330

all ensor @ )m(lorer )m/la!)on

ICA:

ink1.GAP := 3

EQU

Difference := FLUXM2.FLUX - FLUXM1.FLUX

FLXFLUXM1 FLX FLUXM2CONST

CONST2

Difference

COMP1ECE

EMSSLink1

ROT

ROT_Vω

+

Maxwell 3D LinkMaxwell 3D Link

Use The ECE Link Element

Library to Import the Maxwell 3D Component Model

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© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. March 14, 201331

all ensor @ s!em )m/la!)on

0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00Time [ms]

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

F l u x [ v s ]

0.0000

0.0010

0.0020

0.0030

0.0040

0.0050

Y 2

Curve In fo Y Axi s

FLUXM1.FLUXTR Y1

FLUXM2.FLUXTR Y1

DifferenceTR Y2

COMP1.VALTR Y2

• (ac)n J 3mm

• )fferen!)al s)nal )s !oo small

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© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. March 14, 201332

all ensor @ s!em )m/la!)on

• (ac)n J 1mm

• )fferen!)al s)nal )s e!ec!e

0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00Time [ms]

0.00

0.03

0.05

0.08

0.10

0.13

0.14

F l u x [ v s ]

0.00

0.03

0.05

0.07

0.10

0.13

0.15

0.17

0.20

0.21

Y 2

Curve In fo Y Axi s

FLUXM1.FLUXTR Y1

FLUXM2.FLUXTR Y1

DifferenceTR Y2

COMP1.VALTR Y2

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© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. March 14, 201333

Kar)ale

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Kar)ale

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Kar)ale

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• -n(/! arame!ers

= 7o&a&ion an*#e o Phee#

=

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© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. March 14, 20133

• ?/!(/! arame!ers

= The An*#e o !a*ne&ic ie#d on sensor %ar&

Sens_Fwd Sens_Back

=

∫∫−

V dv H

V dv H

x

y

/

/ tan

1α

Qty・ H・Scalar・ YGeom・ Sens_Fwd・ Integ

Qty・ H・ Scalar・ XGeom・ Sens_Fwd・ Integ

/

Trig・ Atan

Constant ・PI・ / Number・ 180.0・*

[Add]→ Ang_Fwd

Fie#d ;a#c"#a&or ?%era&ion/

9ane!o@res)s!)ve ensor

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• E(or!)n =ook/( Tale = E9%or& as or!a& o Tab#e

= 5a&a is !an"a##) %rocessed b) o&her &oo#s e.*. E9ce#D

= 7e#oad as Tab#e E9%or& SM-

Export from Parametric Solutions Export from Imported Table

ECE - LINKECE - LINK

編集

Part for One round is copied

Result table file :±30[deg] and±15[deg] Result table file :

Merged as Complete one round.


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© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. March 14, 201340

-15[deg] Magnetic Flux Density B

-13[deg] H vector near sensor.


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© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. March 14, 201341

• arame!r)c res/l!s I L vs. ro!a!)on

• hows res/l!s for m)ss)n !oo!h

-15[deg] ~ 15[deg] -30[deg] ~ 30[deg]


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© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. March 14, 201343

RotN Vom

Vop

Vbm

VbpMRSenso

Vbm

Vbp

Vpm

Vpp

Vom

Vop +

-

+

V

AMP

VM6

Vin

Encoder

LOAD

M

ICA:

E2

FREQ := 60

AMPL := 156

DCMP1

RA := 1

KE := 544m

J := 4m

LA := 9.8m

MOS1

DFW

FML_INIT1

MAX:=-1e3

WAIT STATE1

NEW_MA

TRC := E1.I>MA

TRANS1

D1 D2

D3 D4 G A I N

GAIN1

5 V

AxialSpeed

Wheele

RefSpeed

RefCurrent

Controller

Wheele Mechanical Load

-9.95

10.00

0 160.00m100.00m

Amplified Voltage Output VM6.V [V]

0

346.00

0 160.00m100.00m

Sensed Angle Encoder.Angle

0

1.05k

500.00

0 160.00m100.00m

Controled Wheele Speed Wheele.Speed_RPM

deg/s -> RP

GAIN

CONST

GAIN

GAIN LIMIT

I

Speed

KP:= 16.66667

NError

RefSpee

CONST:= 16.6666

Current

KP:= 1

GAIN

KP:= 1

SUM LIMIT1

UL := 20

LL :=

I Er ro r T PH 1

THRES1 := -2.5

VAL2 := 1

VAL1 := -1

THRES2 := 2.INTG

KI := 2

An*#e

s%eed

s!em 9oel for (ee on!rol

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© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. March 14, 201344

l/a!e ensor

• For s&a&ic %osi&ion indica&ion

• A #"9*a&e sensor con&ains a s!a##

core desi*ned &o be easi#) sa&"ra&ed

• Ind"c&ance is aec&ed b) &he!a*ni&"de o an e9&erna# ie#d

crea&ed b) drie coi#

• The a#"e o ind"c&ance can chan*eb) 10 &i!es or !ore

• This circ"i& %roides an o"&%"&o#&a*e &ha& is %ro%or&iona# &o &he

!a*ni&"de and &he direc&ion o ane9&erna##) a%%#ied ie#d.

5rie ;oi# ;ore

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© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. March 14, 20134

Arros

Indica&e

Ma*ne&ia&ion

5irec&ion

• Typical Flux Gate Sensor Applications include:

• Proximity Sensing

• Magnetic Field Measurement (Navigation, Geomagnetics)

• Speed & Position Sensing

• Sensor has Linear Response Characteristic

l/a!e ensor

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© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. March 14, 20134

Typical B-H Curve

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

-8.0E+05 -6.0E+05 -4.0E+05 -2.0E+05 0.0E+00 2.0E+05 4.0E+05 6.0E+05 8.0E+05

H (A/m)

B (

T )

Arros

Indica&e

Ma*ne&ia&ion

5irec&ion

Sensor is 5rien Be&een -inear and Sa&"ra&ed 7e*ions o &he B86 ;"re

Sa&"ra&ed 7e*ion

8 -o Ind"c&ance

Sa&"ra&ed 7e*ion

8 -o Ind"c&ance

l/a!e ensor Bas)cs

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© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. March 14, 20134

Sa&"ra&ed

7e*ion

-inear 7e*ion

;"re Shi&s 5"eTo In#"ence o

E9&erna# Fie#d

arame!r)c nals)s

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)n/so)al

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© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. March 14, 20132

• Differential Sensor Response

• External Field For Sensor 2 Changes from 0G to –2G at 2ms

• Output Voltage Shifts Downward to Reflect the Change

Differential Flux Gate Sensor System Output Voltage2.50

2.40

2.41

2.42

2.43

2.44

2.45

2.46

2.47

2.48

2.49

1.00e-003 4.00e-0032.00e-003 3.00e-003

)fferen!)al

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E !

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E /rren! ensor

• For #a de&ec&ion ins&r"c&"res i&ho"& a#&erin*

&he %h)sica# !a(e"% o &ha&s&r"c&"re

• Edd) ;"rren&

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© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. March 14, 2013

escr)(!)on of !he Task

• This is a !"#&i8%ara!e&ric Edd) ;"rren& %rob#e!

• :oa#/ see% &he %robe a& eer) #oca&ion on &he %i%eand recons&r"c& car&o*ra%h) o &he #"9 %a&&erns

• ;o!%arin* si!"#a&ed and &es&ed res"#&s a##os&es&ers &o hae a be&&er "nders&andin* o &he

!eas"re!en&s &a(en in &he ie#d


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© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. March 14, 2013


• The &es&ed deice is a %i%e !ade o Incone#

22 mm

1.3 mm thick

R 1.001

R H0,000

S(in de%&h/

0.6mmδ

1.6mmδ

600kHz

100kHz

=

=


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© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. March 14, 2013


• The er&ica# s#o& crac( b#oc(s a## &heind"ced c"rren&. This crac( sho"#d

be eas) &o de&ec&

• The horion&a# s"race crac( on#)a#&ers c"rren& %a&hs. This crac( is

!ore diic"#& &o de&ec&

• Pi## &he %robe be ab#e &o de&ec& &hesi*na# d"e &o &he s"race crac(

10 mm


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olve !w)ce w)!h same mesh

9awell se! /(:

1. So#e &he desi*n i&h &he crac(

as ac""!

2. 5"%#ica&e &he desi*n

3. ;han*e !a&eria# %ro%er&) o

crac( &o incone# &o re!oe &hecrac(D in &he second desi*n

4. So#e &he second desi*n i&ho"&

ada%&ie !eshin*, i!%or&in*ina# !esh ro! ori*ina# desi*n

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