What happens during an Earthquake?

Learning Objective: To understand how an earthquake is created, the impacts they cause and how they can be managed

Plate Boundaries/ Margins

Conservative/ Transform Boundary

Destructive/ Convergent Boundary

Constructive/ Divergent Boundary

Which one is the odd one out?

Plate Boundaries/ Margins

Conservative/ Transform Boundary

Destructive/ Convergent Boundary

Constructive/ Divergent Boundary

Volcanoes = destructive & constructiveEarthquake = destructive & conservative

Type of plate margin Description of changes

Earthquake/ volcanic activity

Examples

Destructive (oceanic & continental)

Oceanic crust is forced down & melts

Volcanoes produced by melted oceanic rockEarthquakes produced by rock rising

Nazca & South American plates colliding

Destructive (two continental)

Continental plates pushed upwardsFold mountains

Earthquakes produced Indo-Australian collides with Eurasian = Himalayas

Constructive on land Plates move apart, magma moves to surface

Some volcanic activity, earthquakes along the faults

East African Rift Valley

Constructive under the ocean

Plates move apart Volcanoes occur when magma reaches the surface

Mid Atlantic Ridge

Conservative Plates slide past each other

Earthquakes produced from friction

San Andreas Fault

So how exactly do earthquakes happen?http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-12739417

Earthquakes can occur when plates ______

towards each other, or ______ by _____

Normally these plates want to move

___________ at about 9 cm per year

But sometimes they get _______. Now the

energy ______ as the plates continue to

______

Eventually, they _____. All the stored _______

gets __________

The result is an _______________. The plates literally _______ up, displacing a lot of energy into the _____

Extension: how do you think an

earthquake might cause a tsunami?

v

http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/what-causes-earthquakes/14060.html

So how exactly do earthquakes happen?http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-12739417

Earthquakes can occur when plates move

towards each other, or side by side.

Normally these plates want to move together at about 9cm per year

But sometimes they get stuck. Now the energy

builds as the plates continue to move

Eventually, they slip. All the stored energy gets

released

The result is an earthquake. The plates

literally flick up, displacing a lot of energy

into the crust

Extension: how do you think an

earthquake might cause a tsunami?

v

So why did Japan experience the huge tsunami this year?

Using the diagram, write clear definitions for ‘epicentre’ and ‘focus’

Focus – the point within the earth’s crust where an earthquake occursEpicentre – the point on the earth’s surface directly above the focus where an earthquake occurs

Which house, 1 or 2, would experience the larger effects from the earthquake? Why?

21

What would happen if the focus was at the red cross instead?

Other effects from earthquakes:Soil liquefaction – what is it?

saturated

groundwater

shaking

upwards

surface

sludge

The effect of liquefaction in New Zealand in February 2011 earthquake

What do you think the secondary effects of

liquefaction are?

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/42/Liquefaction_at_Niigata.JPG

Explain why Kobe was particularly suceptible to the effects of liquefaction in 1995

LO: To understand the three main ways to limit the damage from

earthquakes

How do you reduce the damage from Earthquakes?

Key Themes Exam 50%

• Weds 12th June• 29 days away• 15 hours of teaching time

• HOWEVER…. Still got to complete 2 case studies for earthquakes, hurricanes, drought and then 2 hurricane case studies.

• EVERY LESSON IS COMPULSORY• YOU SHOULD BE REVISING – RIVERS AND COASTS

AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

SDME resit meeting in here tomorrow

lunchtime for 5 minutes

Complete secondary effects

• Add them to your table.

• Come up with 5 and you get a point for every one you match with my list.

• Try linking them with your primary effects.

4-marker questions – explain

When a 4-marker asks you to explain, you need to make 2 descriptive points and explain them.

Example...Explain why some Year 11 students at Carterton CC might choose to go into Sixth Form. (4 marks)

Your turn….• Explain how humans are affected by

earthquakes (4marks).make 2 descriptive points and explain them.

How many marks?Roads get damaged and people cannot get to work.

Roads get damaged and people cannot get around, meaning that their business might lose money until the roads are repaired.

As water pipes burst, people cannot get fresh drinking water, so they have to buy bottled water, which might be expensive or run out.

Roads get damaged and people can’t go to work and they have no clean drinking water because pipes burst.

Predict – Use technology to warn people a hazard is

comingProtect – Put measures in place to reduce the threat of a

hazardPrepare – Get ready for the arrival of a hazard

Definitions...

Quick Definitions

• Predict – say when a hazard is coming• Protect – put protection in place• Prepare – get ready

Extension: can you think of an example of each of these for earthquake hazards?

Predict, Prepare or Protect?

Making sure people are ready for when an earthquake hits e.g. Earthquake drills

Designing earthquake proof buildings

Monitoring ground movements to see when an earthquake might hit

Extension: which one do you think is the best idea for a city that often gets earthquakes? Why?

PREPARE PROTECT

PREDICT

Earthquake definition

“A sudden and violent shaking of the ground, sometimes causing great destruction, as a result of movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action.”

How would you go about predicting an earthquake?

Earthquake Prediction Attempts

Knowing when the quake will arrive keeps getting easier in Japan. Official earthquake warnings that pop up in a window on your computer screen is the latest alert method. Already earthquake warnings are broadcast on TV. Cable TV providers and telecoms offer official earthquake warning emails to cellphones and computers. A cable TV company sells an earthquake warning receiver. A digital cordless phone knows a tremor is on the way.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=24KfBwkMw_M

Japan: an earthquake-proof country?

Watch the clip about earthquake proof buildings in JapanWhat have they added to the hotel to make it earthquake proof?

What have these architects added to the Akashi Kaikyō suspension bridge in Japan?How did it change during the earthquake??

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BpCjGiQqjRM

Earthquake proof buildings (retrofitting)

• What parts of the building do you think make it aseismic (posh word for earthquake proof!)

• Make a sketch of the building and label on the parts

• Page 146

Homework: Due next Friday• Write a short paragraph to answer the

question:“Is Japan ready for the next big quake?”

• Use your own research• Think about the 3 Ps!