Morphology • Most of fungi are multicellular with hyphae divided into cells by cross-

walls, or septa (singular septum). The septa generally have pores large enough to allow ribosomes, mitochondria, and even nuclei to flow from cell to cell. Except for yeast, which is unicellular, the bodies of

fungi are constructed of tiny filaments called hyphae (singular hypha).

sterigma

konidia

hypha

nucleus

Sporagium

Ascocarp

basidium

basidiocarp

Ascus

Fruit body

Mycelium

FUNGI• 1. Mention the characteristics of fungi below ;

a. the characteristics of the body : - size and shape :

shape : variety unicellular and multicellular size : microscopic and macroscopic

- structure and function of part of the body ……………. Hypha or mycelium : absorb nutrients from a host and

substrate» Basidium = ascus = konidia = sporangium : produce spores» Sporangium = Sporangiospora ; konidia= konidiospora ;

ascus=ascospora ;basidium=basidiospora : spora yang dihasilkan , as asexual reproduction (sbg alat reproduksi asexual dan sexual)

» Basidiocarp=ascocarp : tubuh buah = fruit body: form of the body of fungi

» Sterigma = sporangiosfor : stick (tangkai) of sporangium/ konidia, support (menyokong) of sporangium/ konidia

Function of part of body

• Hypha : absorb nutrients from a host and substrate • Long hypha that form network is called : mycelium• Basidium=ascus = sporangium : produce spores• Spora = Sporangiospora ; konidia= konidiospora ; ascospora

;basidiospora : spora yang dihasilkan , as asexual reproduction (sbg alat reproduksi asexual)

• Basidiocarp=ascocarp : tubuh buah = fruit body• Sterigma = sporangiosfor : stick (tangkai) of sporangium/ konidia,

support (menyokong) of sporangium/ konidia

Mycelium dikariotikAseptic hypha

b. Manner ( Cara hidup) of fungi

• None of fungi contain chlorophyll, so all fungi are heterotrophic

• Fungi are heterothrophs that acquire their nutrients by absorption . In this mode of nutrition, small organic molecules are absorbed from the surrounding medium. A fungus digests food outside its body by secreting powerful hydrolytic enzymes into the food. These exoenzymes, as they are called, decompose complex molecules to the simpler compounds that the fungus can absorb and use.

• Fungi as aerobic obligate organism, except yeast as facultative obligate

• The ecological roles of fungi as decomposer (saprobes), parasites, or mutualistic symbions.

• Saprobic fungi absorb nutrients from nonliving organic material, such as fallen logs, animal corpses, or the wastes of live organisms. In the process of this saprobic nutrition, fungi decompose the organic material.

• Parasitic fungi absorb nutrients from the cell of living hosts. Some of these fungi, such as species infecting the lungs of humans, are pathogenic. Pathogenic fungi cause about 80% of plant diseases.

• Mutualistic fungi also absorb nutrients from a host organism, but they reciprocate with function beneficial to their partners in some way, such as aiding a plant in the uptake of minerals from the soil.

c. Habits : - substrate that contain organic compound

- terrestrial humid place

d. General reproduction : ………..

General reproduction of fungi by asexual and

sexual.

Asexual reproduction by fragmentation of hypha

or make spore. Unicellular fungi by budding form.

Sexual reproduction by conjugation of hypha/

mycelia

The tipe of the reproduction make life cycle.

The general life cycle is shown by the picture

below:

Mean of the terms : • Germination : tumbuh membentuk kecambah• Plasmogamy : fussion of cytoplasm ( penggabungan

sitoplasma dari dua sel yang berbeda )• Kariogamy : fission of nucleus ( penggabungan dua inti

sel dari sel yang berbeda )• Haploid : cell that has not couple chromosom ( sel yang

dalam inti selnya memiliki kromosom yang tidak berpa sangan)

• Diploid : cell that has couple chromosom ( sel yang dalam inti selnya memiliki kromosom yang brpasangan)

• Dikaryotic : cell that has two nucleic ( sel yang memiliki dua inti sel )

3. Classification

• Fungi are usually classified in four divisions:

• 1. Zygomycota (bread molds), • 2. Ascomycota (yeasts and sac fungi), and the• 3. Basidiomycota (club fungi).• Placement into a division is based on the

way in which the fungus reproduces sexually.

Zygomycota (bread molds)

• These fungi are mostly terrestrial and live in soil or on decaying plant and animal material.(Note : One group of major importance forms micorrhizae, mutualistic associations with the roots of plants.)

• Zygomycota hyphae are coenocytic, with septa found only where reproductive cells are found.

• A common zygomycota is black bread mold, Rhizopus stolonifer

• Conclusion answer no 4a: hypha of zygomycota is non septa

Life cycle and Reproduction

• Conclusion : answer no 4 b.

• Zygomycota

• Asexual reproduction : by spora

• Sexual reproduction : by conjugation between + hypha ( mycelium) and – hypha (mycelium)

Examples and role of zygomycota • Rhizophus oryzae and Rhizophus stolonifer , to

make “ tempe “. The benefit of enzyme that its produce, is support melunakkan dan mengikat kedele-kedele

• Mucor javanicus , make tape• Mucor mucedo, decomposed animal waste

• Rhizopus nigricans, decomposed organism waste

Ascomycota (yeasts and sac fungi),

• Mycologists have described over 60.000 species of ascomycetes, or sac fungi, from a variety marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats.

• They range in size and complexity from unicellular yeast to minute leaf-spot fungi to elaborate cup fungi and morels. Multicellular fungi consist of septum hypha

• Ascomycetes include some of the most devastating plant pathogens. However, many are important saprobes, particularly of plant materials.

• About half of ascomycetes species live with algae in the mutualistic associations called lichens.

• Some ascomycetes form mycorrhizae with plants. Others live between mesophyll cells in the leaves, apparently helping to protect the plant tissues from insects by releasing toxic compounds. Figure 8.9 shows examples of Ascomycota.

• Conclusion answer no 4 a : Ascomycota have septum hypha

• Reproduction :• - Vegetative : for unicellular fungi by budding form and make spore or fragmentation hypha for multicellular fungi • - Generatif : make ascus to produce ascospora • Contoh :• a. Sacharomyces cerevisae ( ragi )• b. Penicillium notatum• c. Aspergilus sp

Examples and role of ascomycota

Saccharomyces Penicillium aspergillus

sporangiospora

Spora collumela

Morchella esculenta Sarcoscypha coccinea

Saccharomyces cereviceae and S. ovale: doingfermentation to make bread and alcoholic drinking Saccharomyces ellipsoideus : doing fermentation tomake alcoholic drinking from grapes ( Wine ) Saccharomyces tuac : make “tuac”from nira ( membuat legen)

Saccharomyces sake: make “sake” in Japan

Penicillium notatum and P. chryzogenum : produce antibiotic “ penicillin”

Penicillium camemberti and P. roqueforti: to added cheese taste

Aspergillus oryzae: make “tape”Aspergillus wentii : make “ketchup”

Neurospora sitophila : make “oncom”

Claviceps purpurea : medicines material

Aspergillus flavus : produce aflatoxin

Aspergillus fumigatus : parasite on bird lung

Aspergillus nidulans : cause “ automycosis” disease

Laboulbenia : parasite on insect

Rosellina arcuata : macroscopic Ascomycota, life inplant root

Saccharomyces cereviceae and S. ovale: doingfermentation to make bread and alcoholic drinking

Saccharomyces cereviceae and S. ovale: doingfermentation to make bread and alcoholic drinking

Disadvantaged Ascomycota fungi

Reproductionof unicellular ascomycota by budding form

tricogen

Basidiomycota • Approximately 25.000 fungi, including

mushroom, shelf fungi, and rust, are classified in the phylum Basidiomycota. Species in this phylum produce spores on a club-like structure called the basidium.

• The basidium may grow free or be attached to a surface called the hymenium. Basidium constructed by septum hypha

• Basidimycota are important decomposers of wood and other plant material.

• The phylum also includes micorrhiza-forming mutualists and plant parasites.

• Of all fungi, the saprobic basidiomycota are best at decomposing the complex polymer lignin, an abundant component of wood.

• Many shelf fungi break down the wood of weak or damage trees and continue to decompose the wood after the tree die.

• Two groups of basidimycota, the rusts and smuts, include particularly destructive plant parasites.

Reproduction and life cycle• The life cycle of club fungus usually includes a long-lived dikaryotic

mycelium. Periodically, in response to environmental stimuli, this mycelium reproduces sexually by producing elaborate fruiting bodies called basidiocarps.

• The numerous basidia of a basidiocarp are the sources of sexual spores. Asexual reproduction in basidiomycota is much common than in ascomycota.

• A mushroom is an example of basidiocarp. The cap of mushroom supports and protects a large surface area of basidia on gills; each common store-bought mushroom has a gill surface area about 200 cm2. Such a mushroom may release a billion basidiospores, which drop beneath the cap and are blown away.

• The Figure below shows the life cycle of Basidiomycota.

Examples and role of Basidiomycota

Ganoderma: as medicine

material

Shitake : as foodmaterial

Amanita sp., produce toxin

Jamur papan, Auricularia polythrica,

as food material Aminita phaloides

produce toxin

Volvaria volvaceae, as food material

Amanita sp, produce toxin

? Puccinia graminis,

Parasite in rice, corn

Lichenes

• Lichens are among the most fascinating organisms on this planet. Their very structure is unique: a symbioses of two organisms -- a fungus and algae -- so complete that they so complete that they behave and look like an entirely new being. A lichen can literally eat stones, survive severe cold, and remain dormant for long periods without harm.

• Generally algae that can symbiosis are Chlorophyta and Cyanobacteria

• Fungus that can symbiosis are Ascomycota and Basidiomycota

• If the other fungi are nature's recyclers, lichens are nature's pioneers. Lichens find their homes in some of the most barren and inhospitable parts of the world. From there they slowly begin the process of creating a foundation for habitation by others.

• Lichens can be divided into three basic forms: crustose, or crust-like; foliose or leaf-like; and fruticose or stalked.

Crustose lichens are flaky or crust-like. They can be found covering rocks, soil, bark, etc. -- often forming brilliantly

colored streaks.

Foliose (leaf-like) lichens can be papery thin or, in more advanced forms, netted branch-like. Branched foliose lichens have a distinct top and bottom surface, thus differentiating them from most fruticose lichens. This can be seen clearly in the Pseudocyphellaria anthraspis photo, above left; the Hypogymnia imshaugii on the right has a puffed body with a black undersurface. The dainty buttons on the Pseudocyphellaria Lichen are quite showy. If you look carefully of the Hypogymnia you will see that it too is fruiting with

less conspicuous green funnel-shaped mushrooms.

Fruticose LichensFruticose lichens are the most highly developed lichens. Their branches are much closer in form to "true" branches although, unlike most plants, the lichen branch has no specialized vascular system for transporting fluids.

The British Soldier Lichen (Cladonia macilenta), left, is one of the

showiest fruiting lichens: even though the mushrooms are quite tiny, their bright color and distinctive form makes them stand out in their forest habitat.

Old Man's Beard (Usnea spp., right and below) is a common green-grey lichen seen hanging from trees. A beginner may call all such lichens "Old Man's Beard" but, in fact, several look-alikes do exists

(see below).

The fruiting Old Man's Beard (Usnea arizonica) above, is another typical Usnea with a hairy appearance. If you look carefully at the lower right portion of the photo you will notice the wiry white inner pith of a broken branch. This is an identifying characteristic of all Usnea species the inner cord becomes exposed when you grasp the ends of a branch and pull apart until it breaks.

Two similar-looking lichens are the yellow-orange Wolf Moss lichen (Letharia vulpina, left) -- named, oddly, because it was used to Poison wolves -- and its bright green cousin Letharia columbiana (right) which graces the trees and floor of Montane conifer forests here in Northern California.

Mycorrhizae are a symbiotic relationship

between fungi and plants. • Most plants rely on a symbiotic fungus to aid them in

acquiring water and nutrients from the soil. The specialized roots which the plants grow and the fungus which inhabits them are together known as mycorrhizae, or "fungal roots".

• The fungus, with its large surface area, is able to soak up water and nutrients over a large area and provide them to the plant. In return, the plant provides energy-rich sugars manufactured through photosynthesis. Examples of mycorrhizal fungi include truffles and Auricularia, the mushroom which flavors sweet-and-sour soup.

• In some cases, such as the vanilla orchid and many other orchids, the young plant cannot establish itself at all without the aid of its fungal partner. In liverworts, mosses, lycophytes, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants, fungi form a symbiotic relationship with the plant. Because mycorrhizal associations are found in so many plants, it is thought that they may have been an essential element in the transition of plants onto the land.

Kind of mycorrhizae

• Endomycorrhizae , if the hypha of fungi enter the plant tissue such as cortex or floem

• Ectomycorrhizae , if the hypha of fungi in surface of plant only.