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Biomechanics, AccidentBiomechanics, Accident

Analysis and Vehicle SafetyAnalysis and Vehicle Safety

Jeya PadmanabanJeya Padmanaban

JP Research, Inc.JP Research, Inc.

December 5, 2007December 5, 2007

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Traffic Safety is aTraffic Safety is a GlobalGlobalIssueIssue

The most significant contributors to traffic deathsThe most significant contributors to traffic deathsinclude:include:

Lack of seat belt and helmet use,Lack of seat belt and helmet use,

Alcohol impairment,Alcohol impairment,

Speed, andSpeed, and

Poor road awarenessPoor road awareness

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Collect Field DataCollect Field Data

Collect aCollect accident, vehicular, and environmentalccident, vehicular, and environmental data todata toidentifyidentify::

What categories of road users are involved in crashes?What categories of road users are involved in crashes?

Pedestrians/bicyclists/rickshaws/three wheelersPedestrians/bicyclists/rickshaws/three wheelers

WWhat behavior patterns lead to crashes?hat behavior patterns lead to crashes?

Disobey traffic lights/speeding/alcoholDisobey traffic lights/speeding/alcohol Under what conditions do crashes occurUnder what conditions do crashes occur??

Poor visibility/wet roads/rural areaPoor visibility/wet roads/rural area

Injury Mechanisms/ CausationInjury Mechanisms/ Causation

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Create Local SolutionsCreate Local Solutions

Collect data on crash scene investigationsCollect data on crash scene investigations Create public awareness for use of safety featuresCreate public awareness for use of safety features

(helmets, belts etc.)(helmets, belts etc.)

Heighten EMS awarenessHeighten EMS awareness

Gather information as a basis for tests and standardsGather information as a basis for tests and standards

Understand injury mechanisms through computerUnderstand injury mechanisms through computermodelingmodeling

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US Crash DataUS Crash Data

US National Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUS National Highway Traffic Safety Administration(NHTSA)(NHTSA)

Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS):Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS):

Census of all vehicle crashes occurring on public trafficways thCensus of all vehicle crashes occurring on public trafficways that resultat resultin deathin death within 30 days of crash.within 30 days of crash.

National Automotive Sampling System (NASS):National Automotive Sampling System (NASS):

Representative sample of towRepresentative sample of tow--away crashes investigated in detail byaway crashes investigated in detail byNASS teams consisting of engineers, biomechanical experts, medicNASS teams consisting of engineers, biomechanical experts, medicalal

personnel, and statisticians.personnel, and statisticians.

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DeltaDelta--VVNASS usesNASS uses CRASH3CRASH3 softwaresoftware

Injury scheme AIS 0Injury scheme AIS 0--6 (abbreviated injury scale)6 (abbreviated injury scale)

Number of quarter turns; type of rolloverNumber of quarter turns; type of rollover

Roof deformationRoof deformationlocation/magnitude/directionlocation/magnitude/direction

Nature of injuriesNature of injuriesdetailed classificationdetailed classification

Injury sourceInjury source

vehicular component; groundvehicular component; ground

Occupant height and weightOccupant height and weight

Unique Variables in NASS/CDSUnique Variables in NASS/CDS

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Purpose of NASS DataPurpose of NASS Data

Assessment of the overall state of traffic safety, and identificAssessment of the overall state of traffic safety, and identification of existing and potentialation of existing and potentialtraffic safety problems.traffic safety problems.

Obtaining detailed data on the crash performance of passenger caObtaining detailed data on the crash performance of passenger cars, light trucks, vans, andrs, light trucks, vans, andutility vehicles.utility vehicles.

Evaluation of vehicle safety systems and designs.Evaluation of vehicle safety systems and designs.

Increasing knowledge about the nature of crash injuries, as wellIncreasing knowledge about the nature of crash injuries, as well as the relationship betweenas the relationship betweenthe type and seriousness of a crash and the resultant injuries.the type and seriousness of a crash and the resultant injuries.

Assessment of the effectiveness of motor vehicle and traffic safAssessment of the effectiveness of motor vehicle and traffic safety program standards.ety program standards.

Evaluation of alcohol and safety belt use programs.Evaluation of alcohol and safety belt use programs.

Evaluation of the effect of societal changes, such as increasedEvaluation of the effect of societal changes, such as increasedtraffic flow and increased largetraffic flow and increased largetruck traffic.truck traffic.

Source: NHTSA, USA.Source: NHTSA, USA.

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NASS Data ExampleNASS Data Example

Rollover: Severe Roof Deformation, Minor Injury

(NASS Case 1997-48-144C)

Source: NASS Crashworthiness Data System, a specific NASS database of about5,000 crashes a year involving passenger cars, light trucks, vans, and utility vehicles.

Right Front Occ.(near side)

Belted41 year old female

HFN: MAIS 1Torso: MAIS 0

Vertical Intrusion:3 to 6 inches

1997 Ford E-Series Van: 6 quarter turns, rolled right

Left Front Driver(far side)

Belted41 year old male

HFN: MAIS 1Torso: MAIS 0

Vertical Intrusion:18 to 24 inches

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NASS Data ExampleNASS Data Example

Case Summary Report:

Crash

Summary

Structure Case Summary

Vehicles Occupants

Structure Vehicles

Events

Vehicles

Person

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NASS Data ExampleNASS Data Example

Scene Diagram Report:

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Photos Report:

NASS Data ExampleNASS Data Example

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NASS Data ExampleNASS Data Example

General Vehicle Report:

Vehicle

Vehicle Identification

Weight

InspectionOfficial Records

Police Reported

Driver

Pre-Crash EnvironmentGeneral

Conditions

Roadway

Traffic Control

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NASS Data ExampleNASS Data Example

General Vehicle Report (cont.):

Driver

General

Distractions

AOPSAir Bag Related

Rollover

Rollover Data

Rollover InitiationReconstruction

Heading Angle at Impact

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NASS Data ExampleNASS Data Example

General Vehicle Report (cont.):

Reconstruction

Reconstruction Data

Delta V

Highest Computer Generated Delta VBarrier Equivalent Speed

Confidence Level

Estimated Delta V

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NASS Data ExampleNASS Data Example

Exterior Vehicle Report:

Vehicle

Vehicle Identification

Weight

InspectionGeneral

Damage

Tires

SpecificationsOriginal Specifications

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NASS Data ExampleNASS Data Example

Exterior Vehicle Report (cont.):

Crush Profile

CDC

Event Number

FuelFuel System Number

Fire

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NASS Data ExampleNASS Data Example

Interior Vehicle Report:

Vehicle

Vehicle Identification

Integrity

Passenger Compartment IntegrityOpening Integrity

Glazing

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NASS Data ExampleNASS Data Example

Interior Vehicle Report (cont.):

Intrusion

Instrument Panel

Steering

Steering ColumnSteering Worksheet

Contact

Ejection/Entrapment

Ejection

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97-48-144C

NASS Data ExampleNASS Data Example

Vehicle Safety Report:

Vehicle

Vehicle Identification

Seats

Row and LocationSeat

Air Bag Ever Available

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97-48-144C

NASS Data ExampleNASS Data Example

Vehicle Safety Report (cont.):

Restraints Automatic

Row and Location

Restraints - Manual

Row and LocationAirbag

Air bag

Function

OccupantChild Seat

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97-48-144C

NASS Data ExampleNASS Data Example

Vehicle Sketches Report:

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97-48-144C

NASS Data ExampleNASS Data Example

Intrusion Sketches Report:

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97-48-144C

NASS Data ExampleNASS Data Example

Interior Contact Sketches Report:

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97-48-144C

NASS Data ExampleNASS Data Example

Occupant Report:

Occupant

Occupant Information

Police Reported

EjectionEntrapment

Seat

Definition

Head RestraintSeat

Child Seat Used

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97-48-144C

NASS Data ExampleNASS Data Example

Occupant Report (cont.):

Air Bag

Air Bag Function

Air Bag Switch

DamageAir Bag Evaluation

Delta V

Child Seat

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97-48-144C

NASS Data ExampleNASS Data Example

Occupant Report (cont.):

Seat Belt

Manual

Automatic

InjuryInjury/Treatment

Injury/Medical

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97-48-144C

NASS Data ExampleNASS Data Example

Occupant Report (cont.):

Injury Codes

Number

Vital Signs

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97-48-144C

NASS Data ExampleNASS Data Example

Injury Sketches Report:

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Photos Report:

NASS Data ExampleNASS Data Example

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Where do we start?Where do we start?

Fatalities/Serious injuriesFatalities/Serious injuries

Focus on areas where most of the fatalities/seriousFocus on areas where most of the fatalities/serious

injuries occurinjuries occur

Accident Investigation (small steps)/ InjuryAccident Investigation (small steps)/ Injurymechanismsmechanisms

Hospital connectionHospital connection

Collect and analyze data on few important variablesCollect and analyze data on few important variables

Quality control proceduresQuality control procedures