5 Paragraph Essay:

• “Who was Julius Caesar?”– Paper is due on Friday at the start of class!

The Rise of Caesar & The Making of Rome’s Empire

Learning Targets

• Analyze the ways in which the First Triumvirate and the assassination of Caesar led to the downfall of the Roman Republic

Uprisings throughout the Republic

• By 120 B.C.E. – Plebeians revolt; try to gain control of

land– Consuls did not respect one another– Generals gathered private armies

• Rome = Chaos• 73-71 B.C.E.- Slave revolt led by

gladiator Spartacus – Estimated that of the 6million people

on the peninsula 2 million were slaves– Marcus Crassus puts down Spartacus'

revolt

I am Spartacus!

Julius Caesar: Recap Bio

• Patrician; married Cornelia thereby linking him to a political family that was “on the outs”

• Flees to Asia and returns after the ruling party is exiled

• Becomes:1. Quaestar – financial administrator2. Aedile – organizes public games (debt!)3. Pontifex maximus – high priest of Roman state religion4. Praetor – judge or magistrate5. Governor in Spain6. Consul

The First Triumvirate

• 60 B. C. E.- Pompey, Julius Caesar, and Crassus formed an alliance that became the First Triumvirate – A government by three people with equal power

1. Crassus – known as the richest man in Rome2. Pompey – hero of successful military

command in Spain3. Julius Caesar – military commander in Spain

and Gaul

Crassus

Pompey

Who’s my celeb look-a-

like?

??

?

Julius Caesar

The First Triumvirate

• After forming the First Triumvirate, each focused on expanding Rome through military pursuits in the following:– Crassus – Syria • Killed in battle in 53 B.C.

–Pompey- Spain–Caesar- Gaul and Illyria

• 58-51 B.C.E- Julius Caesar conquered Gaul (France) and moved north into Britain– Soldiers fiercely loyal to him– Caesar went back to Rome to seize power

• After death of Crassus, Pompey is fearful, aligns himself with Senate in hopes to overpower Caesar– Caesar is told to disband his army– Refused, and illegally crosses Rubicon River

Just across the river

men…

I crossed the Rubicon with Caesar and all I got was this stupid shirt

Caesar Takes Control

• 49 B.C.E. – Marches into Rome and began civil war with Pompey

• 49-45 B.C.E. – Caesar wins civil war; Pompey flees to Egypt where he is killed by Pharaoh Ptolemy– Caesar encounters Queen Cleopatra; she needs

his political support and he needs her money

• 45-44 B.C.E. – Caesar declares himself dictator for life

Caesar’s Reforms

• Granted citizenship to all free people living within any Roman territory.

• Helped to limit slavery by ordering landowners to hire workers rather than use slaves. – This made him very unpopular with the rich

• He provided land for retired soldiers.• He started public works like the building of

roads; gave jobs to unemployed

Caesar’s Reforms

• He made public events free to the people.• He doubled the size of the Senate• He opened the Senate to Middle Class

business owners.• He adopted new Calendar: Julian Calendar

Beware the Ides of March

• Caesar begins growing strong even making his former friends leery that he would lead to Roman monarchy again

• Sixty men conspire to assassinate him– March 15th 44BCE– Stabbed and killed by senators at the Theater of

Pompey. – Died at the bottom of the statue of his rival, Pompey.

• Citizens of Rome were not happy about losing their strong, forceful dictator– Rioted and burned the senate house.

April Fools?

No! Ides of March!

Revenge is sweet!

The Great Conspiracy Against Caesar

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wgPymD-NBQU&list=PLJicmE8fK0EiEzttYMD1zYkT-SmNf323z&index=1

Problem of the Day

• What large and well known city in the U.S.A. is half golden and half silver?

Problem of the Day

• …is half golDEN and half silVER

Rome: 44 B.C.

• What were Caesar’s good qualities or characteristics?

• What were Caesar’s bad qualities or characteristics?

• Who supported Caesar?• Who was against Caesar?• How did Caesar justify his actions?• How does history portray Caesar?

And then I died! I hate when

that happens!

So What Happened Next?!?

• Caesar is dead and Rome is in Chaos!!!

Marc Antony

• Julius Caesar’s BFF; Caesar was his mother’s cousin

• Takes the consulship• Asked for conspirators to be

pardoned (Brutus & Cassius)• Public funeral for Caesar and

read will• Gardens in the city left to poor• Granted money to every Roman

citizen• Mob went wild No, no,

no…NOT ME!!!

Me you fools!

Octavian• Julius Caesar’s great

nephew– Adopted posthumously

through Caesar’s will

• 18 years old and in Greece at the time of Caesar’s death

• Finds out he is Caesar’s chief heir…woah!

Dude!

What?!? How dare he make that pipsqueak

his heir…

Hmmmm…this is even BETTER! I can

manipulate him!

Octavian

• Claimed what was his• Issued a call to arms of his

father’s veteran’s; soldiers came to his aid

• Antony fled to Gaul to round up legions

• Senate thought they could control Octavian too– Make him a senator– Octavian smarter than senate!

Octavian

• Octavian struck first against the Senate:– Occupied Rome with his

army – Forced them to revoke

amnesty for Brutus and Cassius

• Then strikes against Antony in Gaul and defeats him

• Negotiates alliance– Pulled-in Lepidus, a wealthy

Roman statesman

The Second Triumvirate• Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus– Sealed the deal with marriage: Antony married

Octavian’s sister (although…he still had another lady – more on that later!)

• Turned attention to Senate– Forced the Senate to grant all three men consular

positions for five years• Antony -Gaul• Lepidus- Spain• Octavian- Africa and Sicily

The Second Triumvirate

• Instituted a round of proscriptions - 2,300 fled or died – Eliminate political enemies and

strip them of their property– Octavian and Antony went to

Greece to hunt down Brutus & Cassius• Met at Philippi; Octavian and Antony

won• Brutus and Cassius committed suicide

Problem of the Day

• What common phrase does the following represent?

SinatraLloyd WrightLimaKidneyZappaString

Franks & Beans!

• What does the following represent?Frank Sinatra Frank Lloyd WrightLima BeanKidney BeanFrank ZappaString Bean

Review

• How did Octavian immediately demonstrate that he would not be pushed around by either the Senate or Marc Antony?

• What was the outcome of the war that Octavian fought against Antony?

• Who formed the Second Triumvirate?

The Second Triumvirate

• Power divided regionally– Octavian controls the west (Gaul & Italia,)– Antony controls the east (Greece, Asia, Syria)– Lepidus controls Hispania and Africa

• Senate renewed triumvirate for another 5 years

• In 35 Lepidus rebelled• Tries to seize Sicily for

himself– Octavian wins over

Lepidus’s troops, expels him from the triumvirate, and banishes him to southern Italy

• Tensions rise between Octavian & Antony

• Octavian commanded 45 legions and 500 warships

• Antony had less, but not worried because he had something else…

And then there were two

The Second Triumvirate

Egypt & Cleopatra

Antony thought Egypt would

guarantee a victory …BUT also,

Oh no, I’m still married to Octavia.

• Cupid hit Antony and Cleopatra with his arrow.

• One of the greatest love stories in history.

Triumvirate Ends• Antony went too far…Rumors flying: – Starting a second Senate in Egypt– Declared Caesarionas Caesar's legal heir– Gave most of Rome’s eastern lands to Cleopatra

• Arabia, Cyprus (copper mines), Sinai (turquoise mines), Armenia, North Africa (grain), ports of Phoenicia

– Left his possessions to his children by Cleopatra– Wanted to be buried in Alexandria– Married Cleopatra in 32 BC before he divorced

Octavia• Has Cleopatra’s sister, Arsinoe executed

Triumvirate Ends• Rome & Octavian FURIOUS!– Senate declares war on Cleopatra– Antony stripped of all his official power and

labeled him as an outlaw and a traitor

Yes dear…

The Battle of Actium (Greece)

• Antony less men and weaker army, but Cleopatra promised Egyptian navy and a naval victory– Antony and his fleet allowed themselves to get

trapped in the harbor at Actium– They had two options:

1. March north and engage Octavian directly 2. Break through the naval blockade & hope to save

as many men and ships as possible.– Opt, unsuccessfully, for #2

Octavian’s vessels

Cleopatra & Antony’s vessels

The Battle of Actium (Greece)

• Antony and Cleopatra fled; Octavian chased them– Eventually, Antony and

Cleopatra committed suicide when it was hopeless (Antony by sword, Cleopatra by asp)

– Octavian hunted down Cesarion (Cleopatra’s son by Caesar) and killed him

I hope that chick was worth it!

And the money poured in…

• The last Egyptian pharaoh was now dead• Octavian took control of all Egypt– Personal possession; didn’t turn over to the

Senate like before– Egypt’s wealth went into his own personal

treasury– Thus we see the end of the Roman Republic and

the start of the Roman Empire