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1
PRODUCT
SPECIFICATIONSSources:
1. Cooper,Product Leadership - Creating and Launching Superior New Products,
Perseus, 2000.
2. Ulrich and Eppinger,Product Design and Development, 2nded., Irwin McGraw-
Hill, 2000.
3. Pugh, Total Design - Integrated Methods for Successful Product Engineering,
Addison Wesley, 1990.
4. Pugh (with Clausing and Andrade), Creating Innovative Products Using Total
Design,Addison Wesley, 1996
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2
Product Specifications
Cooper
Part of the product definition
Product features, attributes, requirements
Ulrich and Eppinger
What the product has to do, not how
Consists of a metric and a value
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Coopers Stage 2: Business Case
What is the product and who will it be sold
to? (the product definition)
Target market
Product concept and benefits delivered
Positioning strategy
Products features, attributes, requirements
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PlanningConcept
Develop.
System-
Level
Design
Detail
Design
Testing
And
Refinement
Production
Ramp-Up
Marketing
Design
Mfg
Other
After Ulrich and Eppinger, Exhibit 2-2
Ulrich and Eppingers
Product Development Process
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Mission
Statement
Development
Plan
Identify
Customer
Needs
Establish
Target
Specs.
Generate
Product
Concepts
SelectProduct
Concept(s)
Test
Product
Concept(s)
Plan
Downstream
Development
Set
Final
Specs.
Concept
DevelopmentPhase (U & E)
After Ulrich and Eppinger,
Exhibit 2-3
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The Product Specs Process (U&E)
Set Target SpecificationsBased on customer needs and benchmarks
Develop metrics for each need
Set ideal and acceptable values Refine Specifications
Based on selected concept and feasibility testing
Technical modeling
Trade-offs are critical
Reflect on the Results and the Process
Critical for ongoing improvement
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Product Specification Steps
Gather and
filter
problem
information
Establish the
customers
requirements
Convert
requirements
into
specifications
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Requirements vs. Specifications
Requirements
Define what the customer wants
May be subjective, qualitative, difficult to measure
Specifications
Define what will actually be delivered
Respond to: customers needs, organizationalcapabilities, technology and resource availability
Always Measurable
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Specifications.....
Precisely define the end product or result
Quantifythe customers needs and specifythe degree to which the needs will be met
Should notlimit how the customers needsare to be addressed
Consist of:
Metric - Characteristic being measured
Value or range of values
Unit of measurement
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Specifications are the
yardstick for determiningproject success
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Rules for Creating Specifications
1. Focus on the endRESULTS.
2. Do not build your ideas of how to achieve
the results into the specifications.
3. Make sure that each requirement is
covered.
4. Make sure that the customers interests areprotected.
5. Make sure that your interests are protected.
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Product Design Specifications
Guidelines for developing the Product
Design Specification (PDS)
(see Pughs Product Design Specifications)
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P a u s e
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Using Customer Input
Quality function deployment (QFD)
Customer input and the House of Quality
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Quality FunctionDeployment
(QFD)
House of Quality
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Quality Function Deployment
A technique for identifying customerrequirementsand matching them with
engineering design and performance
parameters From the Japanese phrase meaning the
strategic deployment throughout all aspects
of a product of appropriate characteristicsaccording to customer demands
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The general arrangement of a QFD table
consists of the following 5 regions:
Matrix of RequirementsRelations
(Region 3)
Engineering Targets(Region 5)
Engineering Metrics(Region 2)
Customer
Requirements
(Region1
)
Competitive
Benchmarks
(Region4
)
1. Customer requirements
2. Engineering requirements
3. Matrix of requirements relations
4. Competitive benchmarks5. Engineering targets
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Customer Requirements (1) features or characteristics that the customer indicates as
relevant
must be in customers own words, not filtered by
marketing or engineering Engineering Metrics (2)
generated by engineering staff
quantifiable aspects of system that can contribute to
satisfying customer requirements mixture of performance parameters and design
parameters
Contents of the Regions
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Contents of the Regions
Matrix of Requirements Relations (3)
matrixwith rows of customer requirements andcolumns of engineering metrics
each relationship marked with an x
Benchmarking (4)
opportunity to explicitly compare your design to thatof a competitors
mark the customer requirements that are met with ano.
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Contents of the Regions
Engineering Targets (5)
list numerical values established for each
engineering metric (2), along with units
target may be the value that the requirementmust achieve in order to compete with the
benchmarked products
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Variations to QFD Tables
A region can be inserted next to (1) for
weighting the relative importance the
customer places on his/her requirements
A roof can be put over (2) and used to show
relationships between metrics (+ or -)
Numerical values indicating relative weights
may replace the xs and os in the matrix
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QFD House of Quality
Technical
Correlations
Competitive
Benchmarks
(4)Customer
Requirements(1)
Engineering
Metrics (2)
Engrg Targets (5)
WeightingFactors
Relationships between
Customer Requirements and
Engineering Metrics(3)
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Example
Goal Design an improved automobile bumper
Objectives
Design an inexpensive front bumper to withstand a 5
mph head-on collision (concrete wall) Bumper must be easily recyclable
Constraints
must be installed 18 up from ground
weight < 50 lb must attach to mounting brackets on targeted
automobile frames
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House of Quality for Automobile Bumper
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Product Specifications Example:
Mountain Bike Suspension Fork
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Start with the CustomerNeeds
# NEED Imp
1 The suspension reduces vibration to the hands. 32 The suspension allows easy traversal of slow, difficult terrain. 23 The suspension enables high speed descents on bumpy trails. 54 The suspension allows sensitivity adjustment. 35 The suspension preserves the steering characteristics of the bike. 46 The suspension remains rigid during hard cornering. 4
7 The suspension is lightweight. 48 The suspension provides stiff mounting points for the brakes. 29 The suspension fits a wide variety of bikes, wheels, and tires. 5
10 The suspension is easy to install. 111 The suspension works with fenders. 112 The suspension instills pride. 513 The suspension is affordable for an amateur enthusiast. 514 The suspension is not contaminated by water. 515 The suspension is not contaminated by grunge. 516 The suspension can be easily accessed for maintenance. 317 The suspension allows easy replacement of worn parts. 118 The suspension can be maintained with readily available tools. 319 The suspension lasts a long time. 5
20 The suspension is safe in a crash. 5
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Metric#
Need#s
Metric Imp Units
1 1,3 Attenuation from dropout to handlebar at 10hz 3 dB2 2,6 Spring pre-load 3 N3 1,3 Maximum value from the Monster 5 g4 1,3 Minimum descent time on test track 5 s5 4 Damping coefficient adjustment range 3 N-s/m6 5 Maximum travel (26in wheel) 3 mm7 5 Rake offset 3 mm8 6 Lateral stiffness at the tip 3 kN/m
9 7 Total mass 4 kg10 8 Lateral stiffness at brake pivots 2 kN/m11 9 Headset sizes 5 in12 9 Steertube length 5 mm13 9 Wheel sizes 5 list14 9 Maximum tire width 5 in15 10 Time to assemble to frame 1 s16 11 Fender compatibility 1 list
17 12 Instills pride 5 subj18 13 Unit manufacturing cost 5 US$19 14 Time in spray chamber w/o water entry 5 s20 15 Cycles in mud chamber w/o contamination 5 k-cycles21 16,17 Time to disassemble/assemble for maintenance 3 s22 17,18 Special tools required for maintenance 3 list23 19 UV test duration to degrade rubber parts 5 hours24 19 Monster cycles to failure 5 cycles
25 20 Japan Industrial Standards test 5 binary26 20 Bending strength (frontal loading) 5 MN
Establish Metrics and Units
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Link Metrics toNeeds1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Need
Metric
Attenuationfromdropouttohandlebar
at10hz
Springp
re-load
MaximumvaluefromtheMonster
Minimum
descenttimeontesttrack
Damping
coefficientadjustmentrange
Maximumtravel(26inwheel)
Rakeoffset
Laterals
tiffnessatthetip
Totalma
ss
Laterals
tiffnessatbrakepivots
Headset
sizes
Steertub
elength
Wheelsizes
Maximumtirewidth
Timetoassembletoframe
Fenderc
ompatibility
Instillsp
ride
Unitman
ufacturingcost
Timeinspraychamberw/owaterentr
y
Cyclesinmudchamberw/ocontamin
ation
Timetodisassemble/assembleforma
intenance
Specialtoolsrequiredformaintenanc
e
UVtestdurationtodegraderubberpa
rts
Monster
cyclestofailure
JapanIn
dustrialStandardstest
Bending
strength(frontalloading)
1 reduces vibration to the hands. 2 allow s easy traversal of slow, difficult terrain. 3 enables high speed descents on bumpy trails. 4 allow s sensitivity adjustment. 5 preserves the steering characteristics of the bike. 6 remains rigid during hard cornering. 7 is lightweight.
8 provides stiff mounting points f or the brakes.
9 fits a w ide variety of bikes, w heels, and tires. 10 is easy to install. 11 w orks w ith fenders. 12 instills pride. 13 is af fordable for an amateur enthus iast. 14 is not contaminated by w ater. 15 is not contaminated by grunge. 16 can be easily accessed for maintenance. 17 allows easy replacement of wo rn parts. 18 can be maintained w ith readily available tools. 19 lasts a long time. 20 is safe in a crash.
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Benchmark on CustomerNeeds
# NEED Imp STTritrack
Maniray2
RoxTahxQ
uadra
RoxTahxT
i21
TonkaPro
GunhillHea
dShox
1 The suspension reduces vibration to the hands. 3 2 The suspension allows easy traversal of slow, difficult terrain. 2 3 The suspension enables high speed descents on bumpy trails. 5
4 The suspension allows sensitivity adjustment. 3 5 The suspension preserves the steering characteristics of the bike. 4 6 The suspension remains rigid during hard cornering. 4 7 The suspension is lightweight. 4 8 The suspension provides stiff mounting points for the brakes. 2 9 The suspension fits a wide variety of bikes, wheels, and tires. 5
10 The suspension is easy to install. 1 11 The suspension works with fenders. 1 12 The suspension instills pride. 5 13 The suspension is affordable for an amateur enthusiast. 5 14 The suspension is not contaminated by water. 5 15 The suspension is not contaminated by grunge. 5 16 The suspension can be easi ly accessed for maintenance. 3 17 The suspension allows easy replacement of worn parts. 1 18 The suspension can be maintained with readily available tools. 3
19 The suspension lasts a long time. 5 20 The suspension is safe in a crash. 5
B h k M t i
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Benchmark on Metrics
Metric#
Nee
d#s
Metric Imp Units STTritrack
Maniray2
Rox
TahxQuadra
Rox
TahxTi21
Ton
kaPro
GunhillHeadShox
1 1,3 Attenuation from drop out to han dle bar at 10hz 3 dB 8 15 10 15 9 132 2,6 Spring pre-load 3 N 550 760 500 710 480 680
3 1,3 Maximum value from the Monster 5 g 3.6 3.2 3.7 3.3 3.7 3.44 1,3 Minimum descent time on tes t track 5 s 13 11.3 12.6 11.2 13.2 115 4 Damping coefficient adjustment range 3 N-s/m 0 0 0 200 0 0
6 5 Maximum travel (26in wheel) 3 mm 28 48 43 46 33 387 5 Rake offset 3 mm 41.5 39 38 38 43.2 39
8 6 Lateral s tiffness at the tip 3 kN/m 59 110 85 85 65 1309 7 Total mass 4 kg 1.409 1.385 1.409 1.364 1.222 1.1
10 8 Lateral s tiffness at brake pivots 2 kN/m 295 550 425 425 325 650
11 9 Headset s izes 5 in1.0001.125
1.000
1.1251.250
1.0001.125
1.000
1.1251.250
1.0001.125 NA
12 9 Steertube length 5 mm
150180
210230255
140
165190215
150
170190210
150170
190210230
150
190210220 NA
13 9 Wheel sizes 5 lis t 26in 26in 26in26in
700C 26in 26in
14 9 Maximum tire width 5 in 1.5 1.75 1.5 1.75 1.5 1.5
15 10 Time to assemble to frame 1 s 35 35 45 45 35 8516 11 Fender compatibility 1 lis t Zefal none none none none all17 12 Instills pride 5 subj 1 4 3 5 3 518 13 Unit manufacturing cos t 5 US$ 65 105 85 115 80 100
19 14 Time in spray chamber w/o water entry 5 s 1300 2900 >3600 >3600 2300 >360020 15 Cycles in mud chamber w/o contamination 5 k-cycles 15 19 15 25 18 35
21 16,17 Time to di sassemble /assemble fo r ma in tenance 3 s 160 245 215 245 200 425
22 17,18 Special tools required for maintenance 3 lis t hex hex hex hexlonghex
hex,
pinw rnch
23 19 UV test duration to degrade rubber parts 5 hours 400+ 250 400+ 400+ 400+ 250
24 19 Mons ter cycles to failure 5 cycles 50 0k+ 50 0k+ 50 0k+ 48 0k 50 0k+ 33 0k
25 20 Japan Industrial Standards test 5 binary pass pass pass pass pass pass26 20 Bending s trength (frontal loading) 5 MN 55 89 75 75 62 102
A i M i l d Id l V l
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Assign Marginal and Ideal Values
Metric Units MarginalValue
IdealValue
1 Attenuation from dropout to handlebar at 10hz dB >10 >152 Spring pre-load N 480 - 800650 - 703 Maximum value from the Monster g 1.5 >1.75
15 Time to assemble to frame s 518 Unit manufacturing cost US$ 360020 Cycles in mud chamber w/o contamination k-cycles >15 >3521 Time to disassemble/assemble for maintenance s 45024 Monster cycles to failure cycles >300k >500k
25 Japan Industrial Standards test binary pass pass26 Bending s trength (frontal loading) MN >70 >100
S i l S ifi i
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Set Final SpecificationsMETRIC Units Value
1 Attenuation f rom dropout to handlebar at 10hz dB >122 Spring pre-load N 6503 Maximum value f rom the Monster g 759 Total mass kg 425
11 Headset sizes in1.0001.125
12 Steertube length mm
150170190210230
13 Wheel sizes l ist 26 in14 Maximum tire width in >1.7515 Time to assemble to frame s 418 Unit manufacturing cost US$ 360020 Cycles in mud chamber w /o contamination k-cycles >2521 Time to disassemble/assemble for maintenance s 45024 Monster cycles to failure cycles >500k
25 Japan Industrial Standards test binary pass26 Bending s trength (frontal loading) MN >100
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ENHANCED QUALITY
FUNCTION DEPLOYMENT
(EQFD)
The Basic Process of Enhanced QFD (EQFD)
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HOQ System
Expectation Matrix
Concept Selection
(TSA)
Concept Selection
Final Assembly
Concept Selection(PP)
Concept SelectionPiece-Part Processes
Piece-Part DesignMatrix
Piece-Part ProcessesMatrix
Piece-PartProduction
Operations Matrix
Subsystem DesignMatrix
Subsystem AssemblyMatrix
Subsystem AssemblyOperations Matrix
Concept Selection(SS)
Concept SelectionSubsystem Assembly
Total System DesignMatrix
Final AssemblyMatrix
Final AssemblyOperations Matrix
SPECIFICATIONS DESIGNPRODUCTION
PROCESS
The Basic Process of Enhanced QFD (EQFD)
Notes:
HOQ House of Quality
TSATotal System Architecture
SS Subsystem
PP Piece-part
HOQ
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HOQ
DESIGN
PROD. PROCESSENGR.
PROD. OPER.PLNG.
The Basic Process of Enhanced QFD (EQFD)
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HOQ System
Expectation Matrix
Concept Selection
(TSA)
Concept Selection
Final Assembly
Concept Selection(PP)
Concept SelectionPiece-Part Processes
Piece-Part DesignMatrix
Piece-Part ProcessesMatrix
Piece-PartProduction
Operations Matrix
Subsystem DesignMatrix
Subsystem AssemblyMatrix
Subsystem AssemblyOperations Matrix
Concept Selection(SS)
Concept SelectionSubsystem Assembly
Total System DesignMatrix
Final AssemblyMatrix
Final AssemblyOperations Matrix
SPECIFICATIONS DESIGNPRODUCTION
PROCESS
The Basic Process of Enhanced QFD (EQFD)
Notes:
HOQ House of Quality
TSA
Total System ArchitectureSS Subsystem
PP Piece-part
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Misfee
drate
Multife
edrate
Jamra
te
Copyrate
Jamc
learancetime
Paper
damagerate
UMC
Voice of the Customer A B C D E F G1 Always get a copy O
2 No blank sheets O
3 No jams to clear O O
4 Medium speed O5 Copies on cheap paper O O O
6 Copies on heavy paper O O
7 Copies on light paper O O
8 Easy to clear jams O
9 No paper damage O
10 Low cost O