Hans Richner, IACETH, Zurich
Workshop RF for Meteorology, October 7/8, 2002, Geneva
5. Session D "Meteorological Radars"Presentation 5.2.A:
"Wind profiler radars"
byHans Richner, chairman SG RFC
IACETH, Zurich, Switzerland
Workshop on Radiofrequencies for Meteorology
Hans Richner, IACETH, Zurich
Workshop RF for Meteorology, October 7/8, 2002, Geneva
2. specialized Doppler radar system with elaborate data processing
What is as wind profiling radar?
1. active remote sensing system, i.e., it emits radiofrequencies
Hans Richner, IACETH, Zurich
Workshop RF for Meteorology, October 7/8, 2002, Geneva
basic beam configuration of a wind profiler
Hans Richner, IACETH, Zurich
Workshop RF for Meteorology, October 7/8, 2002, Geneva
Hans Richner, IACETH, Zurich
Workshop RF for Meteorology, October 7/8, 2002, Geneva
horizontal motion can be decomposed into a radial and a perpendicular component
Hans Richner, IACETH, Zurich
Workshop RF for Meteorology, October 7/8, 2002, Geneva
The CWINDE network in Europe
Hans Richner, IACETH, Zurich
Workshop RF for Meteorology, October 7/8, 2002, Geneva
Hans Richner, IACETH, Zurich
Workshop RF for Meteorology, October 7/8, 2002, Geneva
wind profilers come in many shapes an sizes!
Hans Richner, IACETH, Zurich
Workshop RF for Meteorology, October 7/8, 2002, Geneva
10 m
100 m
1 km
10 km
100 km
50 km
20 km
5 km
2 km
500 m
200 m
20 m
50 m
50 MHz
400 MHz
1000 MHz
acousticsounders
balloons
tropopause
6 - 12 h
1 - 2 h
10 - 30 min.
10´ 10´ 10´ 10´ 6 havailable at
height
requiredevery
intervals
height ranges for the different frequencies
Hans Richner, IACETH, Zurich
Workshop RF for Meteorology, October 7/8, 2002, Geneva
47 68 88108144172
223
401-406
470 MHz
960 MHz
TV (F-I)
FM (F-II)
TV (F-III)
AERO
METEO
TV (F-IV/V)
1215 MHz
AERO (RES.)
300 MHz
VHF
UHF
862 MHz
400 MHz
1000 MHz
rough representation of the different allocations in the frequency range 30 - 1300 MHz
50 MHzhere we have allocations for wind profilers!
Hans Richner, IACETH, Zurich
Workshop RF for Meteorology, October 7/8, 2002, Geneva
1215 MHz
890 MHz
960 MHz
fixed andmobile services
aeronauticalradionavigation(DME)
radiolocation,radionavigation, andaeronauticalradionavigation
1350 MHz
(CB)
situation near 1000 MHz
915 MHz(region 2 only!)
1290 MHz
Hans Richner, IACETH, Zurich
Workshop RF for Meteorology, October 7/8, 2002, Geneva
RESOLUTION COM5‑5 (WRC‑97)IMPLEMENTATION OF WIND PROFILER RADARS...
1 to urge administrations to implement wind profiler radars as radiolocation service systems in the following bands, having due regard to the potential for incompatibility with other services and assignments to stations in these services, thereby taking due account of the principle of geographical separation, in particular with regard to neighbouring countries, and keeping in mind the category of service of each of these services:
46 - 68 MHz in accordance with No. S5.162A440 - 450 MHz470 - 494 MHz in accordance with No. S5.291A904 - 928 MHz in Region 2 only1270 - 1 295 MHz1 300 - 1 375 MHz;
...
Hans Richner, IACETH, Zurich
Workshop RF for Meteorology, October 7/8, 2002, Geneva
excerpt from Radio Regulations:
44
68
Hans Richner, IACETH, Zurich
Workshop RF for Meteorology, October 7/8, 2002, Geneva
S5.162A Additional allocation: in Germany, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, China, Vatican, Denmark, Spain, Estonia, Finland, France, Ireland, Iceland Italy, Latvia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Monaco, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, the United Kingdom, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland and Turkey, the band 46 - 68 MHz is also allocated to the radiolocation service on a secondary basis. This use is limited to the operation of wind profiler radars in accordance with Resolution COM5-5 (WRC-97).
46 - 68 MHz is also allocated to the radio-location service on a secondary basis
use is limited to the operation of wind profiler radars
Hans Richner, IACETH, Zurich
Workshop RF for Meteorology, October 7/8, 2002, Geneva
RESOLUTION COM5‑5 (WRC‑97)IMPLEMENTATION OF WIND PROFILER RADARS...
1 to urge administrations to implement wind profiler radars as radiolocation service systems in the following bands, having due regard to the potential for incompatibility with other services and assignments to stations in these services, thereby taking due account of the principle of geographical separation, in particular with regard to neighbouring countries, and keeping in mind the category of service of each of these services:
46 - 68 MHz in accordance with No. S5.162A440 - 450 MHz470 - 494 MHz in accordance with No. S5.291A904 - 928 MHz in Region 2 only1270 - 1 295 MHz1 300 - 1 375 MHz;
...
Hans Richner, IACETH, Zurich
Workshop RF for Meteorology, October 7/8, 2002, Geneva
440-450
Radiolocation
Hans Richner, IACETH, Zurich
Workshop RF for Meteorology, October 7/8, 2002, Geneva
S5.291A Additional allocation: in Germany, Austria, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Netherlands, the Czech Republic and Switzerland, the band 470 - 494 MHz is also allocated to the radiolocation service on a secondary basis. This use is limited to the operation of wind profiler radars in accordance with Resolution COM5-5 (WRC-97).
470 - 494 MHz is also allocated to the radiolocation service on a secondary basis
use is limited to the operation of wind profiler radars
Hans Richner, IACETH, Zurich
Workshop RF for Meteorology, October 7/8, 2002, Geneva
RESOLUTION COM5‑5 (WRC‑97)IMPLEMENTATION OF WIND PROFILER RADARS...
1 to urge administrations to implement wind profiler radars as radiolocation service systems in the following bands, having due regard to the potential for incompatibility with other services and assignments to stations in these services, thereby taking due account of the principle of geographical separation, in particular with regard to neighbouring countries, and keeping in mind the category of service of each of these services:
46 - 68 MHz in accordance with No. S5.162A440 - 450 MHz470 - 494 MHz in accordance with No. S5.291A904 - 928 MHz in Region 2 only1270 - 1 295 MHz1 300 - 1 375 MHz;
...
Hans Richner, IACETH, Zurich
Workshop RF for Meteorology, October 7/8, 2002, Geneva
902-928
Radiolocation
Hans Richner, IACETH, Zurich
Workshop RF for Meteorology, October 7/8, 2002, Geneva
707 In Region 2, the band 902 - 928 MHz (center frequency 915 MHz) is designated for industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) applications. Radiocommunication services operating within this band must accept harmful interference which may be caused by these applications. ISM equipment operating in this band is subject to provisions of No. 1815.
Hans Richner, IACETH, Zurich
Workshop RF for Meteorology, October 7/8, 2002, Geneva
1270 - 1295RADIOLOCATION
CO-PRIMARY !!!
1300 - 1375
RADIOLOCATION
Radiolocation
CO-PRIMARY !!!RADIOLOCATION
Hans Richner, IACETH, Zurich
Workshop RF for Meteorology, October 7/8, 2002, Geneva
Summary of basic allocations for wind profilers:
50 MHz systems:46 - 68 MHz worldwide, case by case
400 MHz systems:470 - 494 MHz in Region 1 (Europe)440 - 450 MHz in Region 2 (Americas)
1000 MHz systems:1270 - 1295 MHz Region 1
915 MHz Region 2
Hans Richner, IACETH, Zurich
Workshop RF for Meteorology, October 7/8, 2002, Geneva
EMC (electromagnetic compatibility) considerations
Basically two different problems:
(i) the profiler must be protected from receiving signals from other sources
(ii) the profiler must not emit signals that interfere with other communication (e.g. TV) or location (e.g. radar) systems.
Hans Richner, IACETH, Zurich
Workshop RF for Meteorology, October 7/8, 2002, Geneva
passive measures
• siting • improving the antenna always
alleviates both problems
active measures
• increasing transmitter power• increasing receiver sensitivity
Hans Richner, IACETH, Zurich
Workshop RF for Meteorology, October 7/8, 2002, Geneva
EMC problems are specific for profiler families
The most important potential interfering systems include: 50 MHz: band I television system (which, however, are
gradually phased out), communication systemsnearby power lines
400 MHz: band IV television systems1000 MHz: air route surveillance radars (ARSR)
space-borne SAR (?)Galileo (?)
Hans Richner, IACETH, Zurich
Workshop RF for Meteorology, October 7/8, 2002, Geneva
Wherever possible, a maximum frequency separation as well as a maximum distance separation should be sought.
rule of thumb
400 MHz profilers can operate within television channel, if distance separation is about 40 km from TV servicing area.Maximal side lobe suppression is an effective measure for preventing problems.
Hans Richner, IACETH, Zurich
Workshop RF for Meteorology, October 7/8, 2002, Geneva
for alleviating any of the EMC problems, proper distance and/or frequency separation, an optimized orientation of the inclined beams, plus a very "clean" radiation pattern are the most effective means. The latter can be improved by either "artificial" (fence) or "natural" (depression) shielding.
summary
Hans Richner, IACETH, Zurich
Workshop RF for Meteorology, October 7/8, 2002, Geneva
Antenna radiation pattern of the vertical and an oblique beam of a 482 MHz wind profiler
Hans Richner, IACETH, Zurich
Workshop RF for Meteorology, October 7/8, 2002, Geneva
the heartaches with pulsed systems….
time domainefrequency domaine
(spectrum)
continuous wave
modulated (here AM)
pulsed
Hans Richner, IACETH, Zurich
Workshop RF for Meteorology, October 7/8, 2002, Geneva
0 dB
-20 dB
-10 dB
-30 dB
-40 dB
-50 db
-60 dB
necessarybandwidth
-3 dB
-3 dB bandwidth
occupied bandwidth
manufacturers and scientists have to get used to the fact that that they must not occupy excessive bandwidth!
first wind profilersratio 8 : 1
best wind profilers todayratio 1.5 : 1
Hans Richner, IACETH, Zurich
Workshop RF for Meteorology, October 7/8, 2002, Geneva
RASS: Radio-Acoustic Sounding System
Bragg condition:ac = 2· em
cac = 20.05·sqrt(Tv)
cem
cac
Workshop RF for Meteorology, October 7/8, 2002, Geneva
Hans Richner, IACETH, Zurich
Workshop RF for Meteorology, October 7/8, 2002, Geneva
Hans Richner, IACETH, Zurich
Workshop RF for Meteorology, October 7/8, 2002, Geneva
Hans Richner, IACETH, Zurich
Workshop RF for Meteorology, October 7/8, 2002, Geneva
The EndThe End
Hans Richner, IACETH, Zurich
Workshop RF for Meteorology, October 7/8, 2002, Geneva
Co-channel operation with ARSR has not been investigated; however, experiments were carried out where the spectrum of a 1260 MHz ARSR partially overlapped with that of a 1290 MHz profiler. A separation of 8 km proved to be sufficient to prevent the radar from interfering with the profiler. (Given the huge power of the ARSR, the problem of the profiler interfering with the radar is not an issue.)
Hans Richner, IACETH, Zurich
Workshop RF for Meteorology, October 7/8, 2002, Geneva
The operators of Earth exploration satellites using synthetic aperture radar (SARs) repeatedly claimed to suffer from interference caused by wind profilers. However, there is no evidence -- neither experimental nor theoretic -- that a wind profiler ever interfered with a SAR system. It should be remembered that the power in the very narrow main beam of a profiler is about 20 dB less than the isotropically radiated power of an ARSR, and both are operated in the same frequency region.
Hans Richner, IACETH, Zurich
Workshop RF for Meteorology, October 7/8, 2002, Geneva
Hans Richner, IACETH, Zurich
Workshop RF for Meteorology, October 7/8, 2002, Geneva
just a little theory:
f2f2
“classic” radar
t = time delay between signal sent and echo received; distance = F(t)
t = time delay between signal sent and echo received; distance = F(t)f = f1 - f2 = Doppler shift; radial velocity u = G(f)
uf1f1
Doppler radar