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5 Shaping a New Nation
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CHAPTER OBJECTIVECHAPTER OBJECTIVE
INTERACT WITH HISTORYINTERACT WITH HISTORY
TIME LINETIME LINE
VISUAL SUMMARYVISUAL SUMMARY
SECTION Experimenting with Confederation1
SECTION Drafting the Constitution2
SECTION Ratifying the Constitution3
MAP
5 Shaping a New Nation
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CHAPTER OBJECTIVE
To examine the domestic challenges faced by the young Republic; to understand American beliefs and principles reflected in the U.S. Constitution
5W I T H H I S T O R Y
I N T E R A C T
How much power should the national government have? Examine the Issues
The year is 1787. You have recently helped your fellow patriots overthrow decades of oppressive British rule. However, it is easier to destroy an old system of government than to create a new one. In a world of kings and tyrants, your new republic struggles to find its place.
• How can the new nation avoid a return to tyranny?
• Which should have more power—the states or the national government?
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• How can the rights of all people be protected?
Shaping a New Nation
5
The United States The World
1781 Joseph II allows religious toleration in Austria.
1781 The Articles of Confederation, which John Dickinson helped write five years earlier, go into effect.
1785 New York state outlaws slavery. The Treaty of Hopewell concerning Native American lands is signed.
1785 Jean-Pierre Blanchard and John Jeffries cross the English Channel in a balloon.
TIME LINE
HOME
continued . . .
1782 Rama I founds a new dynasty in Siam, with Bangkok as the capital.
1783 Russia annexes the Crimean Peninsula. Ludwig van Beethoven’s first works are published.
1783 The Treaty of Paris at the end of the Revolutionary War recognizes United States independence.
1784 Russians found colony in Alaska. Spain closes the Mississippi River to American commerce.
Shaping a New Nation
5
The United States The World
1786 Charles Cornwallis becomes governor-general of India.
1786 Daniel Shays leads a rebellion of farmers in Massachusetts. The Annapolis Convention is held. The Virginia legislature guarantees religious freedom.
1788 The Constitution, which James Madison helped write at the Pennsylvania State House, is ratified.
1788 Austria declares war on Turkey. Bread riots erupt in France.
TIME LINE
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1787 Sierra Leone in Africa becomes a haven for freed American slaves. War breaks out between Turkey and Russia.
1787 The Northwest Ordinance is passed.
Shaping a New Nation
1Experimenting with Confederation
Americans adopted the Articles of Confederation but found the new government too weak to solve the nation’s problems.
OVERVIEWOVERVIEW ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT
KEY IDEA
MAP HOME
1Experimenting with Confederation
OVERVIEW
Americans adopted the Articles of Confederation but found the new government too weak to solve the nation’s problems.
The reaction to the weak Articles of Confederation led to a stronger central government that has continued to expand its power.
MAIN IDEAMAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOWWHY IT MATTERS NOW
TERMS & NAMESTERMS & NAMES
HOME
• confederation
• Land Ordinance of 1785
• Northwest Ordinance of 1787
• Articles of Confederation
• republic
• republicanism
ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT
MAP
War and Defense: Financial Matters: Native Americans:
1Experimenting with Confederation
1. Describe the powers given to the national government by the Articles of Confederation.
continued . . .
HOMEMAP
Power to declare war, make peace, and sign
treaties
Power to borrow money; set standards for coins
and weights and measures; and power to
establish a postal service
National Government
Articles of Confederation
Power to deal with Native American
peoples
ASSESSMENT
1Experimenting with Confederation
2. Why were the states afraid of centralized authority and a strong national government?
ANSWERANSWER
The states felt that centralized authority would diminish their own independence; they may have remembered the failure of the English Commonwealth under Cromwell.
HOME
ASSESSMENT
continued . . .
MAP
1Experimenting with Confederation
3. What was the main problem with the system of representation by state (rather than by population) that was adopted by the Confederation?
ANSWERANSWER
States with small populations had the same voting power as states with large populations.
HOME
ASSESSMENT
continued . . .
MAP
1Experimenting with Confederation
4. Do you think that the United States would have become a world power if the Articles of Confederation had remained the basis of government? Think About:
ANSWERANSWER
If the Articles of Confederation had remained the basis of government, the nation may not have become a world power because the states would have had more power than the national government. The Confederation Congress would have had very little power to deal with foreign governments, and it would not have been able to raise taxes.
• the power that the Articles gave the states
• foreign affairs and the Confederation Congress
• the Confederation Congress’s taxation powers
HOME
ASSESSMENT
End of Section 1
MAP
2Drafting the Constitution
At the Philadelphia convention in 1787, delegates rejected the Articles of Confederation and created a new constitution.
OVERVIEWOVERVIEW ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT
KEY IDEA
HOME
2Drafting the Constitution
HOME
OVERVIEW
At the Philadelphia convention in 1787, delegates rejected the Articles of Confederation and created a new constitution.
The Constitution remains the basis of our government.
MAIN IDEAMAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOWWHY IT MATTERS NOW
TERMS & NAMESTERMS & NAMES
ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT
• Shays’s Rebellion
• legislative branch
• executive branch
• electoral college
• Three-Fifths Compromise
• Great Compromise
• checks and balances
• federalism
• judicial branch
• James Madison
• Roger Sherman
2Drafting the Constitution
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List four issues that were debated at the Constitutional Convention.
continued . . .
Issues Debated at the Constitutional Convention
Fair representation Slavery
Limiting the authority of the
national government
Relationship between state and national governments
HOME
ASSESSMENT
2Drafting the Constitution
2. In what ways did the new system of government fulfill the nation’s need for a stronger central government and at the same time allay its fear of a government having too much power?
ANSWERANSWER
The three branches of the national government—the executive, the legislative, and the judicial—were designed with a system of checks and balances so that no one branch could dominate the other two.
HOME
ASSESSMENT
continued . . .
2Drafting the Constitution
3. What was the Great Compromise and how did it reconcile the interests of the small states with the interests of the more populous states?
ANSWERANSWER
The Great Compromise offered a two-house Congress. Small states benefited from equal representation in the Senate, while big states benefited from population-based representation in the House of Representatives.
HOME
ASSESSMENT
continued . . .
2Drafting the Constitution
4. Do you agree or disagree with the creation of a system of checks and balances? Explain your answer. Think About:
ANSWERANSWER
Agree: Checks and balances keep the branches from becoming too powerful.
Disagree: Checks and balances sometimes create dissent between branches, resulting in prolonged debates and the failure to make timely,well-supported decisions.
• the main task of each branch
• how the branches function
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ASSESSMENT
• the efficiency of governmental operations
End of Section 2
3Ratifying the Constitution
During the debate on the Constitution, the Federalists promised to add a bill of rights in order to get the Constitution ratified.
OVERVIEWOVERVIEW ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT
KEY IDEA
HOME
3Ratifying the Constitution
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TERMS & NAMESTERMS & NAMES
• Antifederalists
• The Federalist
• Bill of Rights• ratification
• Federalists
ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT
OVERVIEW
During the debate on the Constitution, the Federalists promised to add a bill of rights in order to get the Constitution ratified.
The Bill of Rights continues to protect ordinary citizens.
MAIN IDEAMAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOWWHY IT MATTERS NOW
3Ratifying the Constitution
1. Look at the chart to help organize your thoughts. Explain which groups and public figures supported the Federalists and which supported the Antifederalists.
continued . . .
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ASSESSMENT
George WashingtonJames Madison
People in urban centers, merchants, and skilled workers
Patrick HenrySamuel AdamsRichard Henry
People in rural areas, large states, and states with strong economies
Public Figures Groups
Federalists
Antifederalists
3Ratifying the Constitution
2. Do you think the Federalists or the Antifederalists had the more valid arguments? Think About:
ANSWERANSWER
Federalists: the strength of a government with central authority, the protections coming from the division of power, and the system of checks and balances
Antifederalists: Centralized authority could lead to abuses of power; the country was too large to be managed by one government.
• whom each group represented
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ASSESSMENT
• Americans’ experience with the Articles of Confederation • Americans’ experience with British rule
continued . . .
3Ratifying the Constitution
3. Why did the Antifederalists demand the Bill of Rights?
ANSWERANSWER
Antifederalists argued that the new Constitution weakened the states, and lacked written guarantees of freedoms of speech, press, and religion.
HOME
ASSESSMENT
continued . . .
3Ratifying the Constitution
4. How might the course of American history have changed if the Bill of Rights had forbidden discrimination of all kinds and had protected the rights of minorities?
ANSWERANSWER
POSSIBLE RESPONSE:
If the Bill of Rights had forbidden all discrimination, the 20th century struggles for civil rights may not have been necessary.
HOME
ASSESSMENT
End of Section 3