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8/13/2019 5. SOC 101- Social Interaction & Socialization
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S o c i a l I n t e r a c t i o n
E v e n t s ( s o c i a l a c t i o n s ) i n w h i c h p e o p l e a t t a c hm e a n i n g t o a s i t u a t i o n , i n t e r p r e t w h a t o t h e r s
a r e m e a n i n g , a n d r e s p o n d a c c o r d i n g ly
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S o c i a l A c t i o n s( M a x W e b e r 1 8 6 4 - 1 9 2 0 )
Action that regardsthe reactions of
other people. Whenthe potentialreaction is not
desirable, the actionis modifiedaccordingly.
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Ty p e s o f S o c i a l A c t i o n
R a t i o n a l A c t i o n s :actions which are taken because
it leads to a valued goal
I n s t r u m e n t a l A c t i o n :actions which are planned andtaken after evaluating the goal in
relation to other goals
E m o t i o n a l A c t i o n s :actions which are taken due toone's emotions, to express
personal feelings
S o c i a l A c t i o n s( M a x W e b e r 1 8 6 4 - 1 9 2 0 )
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S t a t u s An es tabl ished posi t ion in a socia l
s t ructure that carr ies wi th i t a degree
of pres t ige and expecta t ion
S o c i a l I n t e r a c t i o n
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S t a t u s S e t
An a r r ay o f soc ia lpos i t ions ( fo r example
fac tory-worker,
mothe r, chu rch -goe r )found in one pe r son .
S o c i a l I n t e r a c t i o n
M a s t e r S t a t u s
The t e rm used todeno te the soc ia l
p o s i t i o n h o l d i n g t h eg rea t e s t deg ree o f
i m p o r t a n c e f o r s o c i a l
i den t i ty fo r thee r s o n
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A s c r i b e d S t a t u s
S o c i a l s t a t u s a p e r s o ni s a s s i g n e d a t b i r t h o ra s s u m e s i n v o l u n t a r i l y
l a t e r i n l i f e . I t i s ap o s i t i o n t h a t i s
n e i t h e r e a r n e d n o rc h o s e n b u t a s s i g n e d .
S o c i a l I n t e r a c t i o n
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A c h i e v e d S t a t u s
S o c i a l p o s i t i o n t h a t ap e r s o n a c q u i r e s o n t h eb a s i s o f m e r i t ; i t i s a
p o s i t i o n t h a t i s e a r n e do r c h o s e n . I t r e f l e c t s
p e r s o n a l s k i l l s ,a b i l i t i e s , a n d e f f o r t s
S o c i a l I n t e r a c t i o n
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Asch Conformity ExperimentsSolomon Asch
1 9 5 1 - L i n e J u d g m e n t E x p e r i m e n t
A i m : Solomon Asch conducted an experiment to investigate the extent towhich social pressure from a majority group could affect a person to conform.
R e s u l t s : Asch measured the number of times each participant conformedto the majority view. On average, about one third (32%) of the participants
who were placed in this situation went along and conformed with the clearlyincorrect majority.
C o n c l u s i o n : People conform for two main reasons:•because they want to fit in with the group ( normative influence ) and•because they believe the group is better informed than they are
(informational influence )
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The Milgram Experiments
1 9 6 1 - O b e d i e n c e S t u d i e s
A i m : Stanley Milgram conducted his study to determine the power ofauthority in determining the individual’s willingness to conform even whenthey know their actions to be wrong.
R e s u l t s : 65% of the participants in Milgram’s study delivered the maximum
shocks. Of the 40 participants in the study, 26 delivered the maximum shockswhile 14 stopped before reaching the highest levels.
C o n c l u s i o n : “The social psychology of this century reveals a majorlesson: often it is not so much the k ind o f pe r son a man is as the k i n d o fs i tua t ion in which he finds himself that determines how he will act. ” – Stanly
Milgram
Stanley Milgram
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o c
a
I n
f l u e
n c e
Kitty Genovese Murder(1964): 29 year womanstabbed to death during athirty minute time frame;
over a dozen neighborsheard her screaming but didnothing
D i ff u s i o n o fR e s p o n s i b i l i t y
a k a – B y s t a n d e r E f f e c t
The belief that the presenceof other people in a situationmakes one less personallyresponsible for the eventsthat occur in that situation
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T h r e e V a r i e t i e s o f
S o c i a l I n f l u e n c e
• C o m p l i a n c e• is when people appear to agree with
others, but actually keep their dissentingopinions private
• I d e n t i f i c a t i o n• is when people are influenced by
someone who is liked and respected,such as a famous celebrity
• I n t e r n a l i z a t i o n• is when people accept a belief or
behavior and agree both publicly andprivately
Herbert Kelman -1958
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Sociology101
S o c i a l I n t e r a c t i o n & S o c i a l i z a t i o n
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S o
c i
al i z
a
t i on
A cont inu ingprocess
whereby anindividual
acquire s apersonalident i ty andlearns the
norms, values ,behavi or, a ndsocia l sk i l l s
appropr ia te to
soc ia l pos i t ion .
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R e s u l t s o f S o c i a l i z a t i o n • E s t a b l i s h e s s e l f - c o n c e p t s
• C r e a t e s t h e c a p a c i t y f o r r o l e - t a k i n g
• C r e a t e s t h e t e n d e n c y f o r p e o p l e t o a c t i ns o c i a l l y a c c e p t a b l e w a y s
• M a k e s p e o p l e b e a r e r s o f c u l t u r e
S o
c i
al i z
a
t i on
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R e s o c i a l i z a t i on
T h e p r o c e s sb y w h i c he x i s t i n g
s o c i a l r o l e sa n d s e l f
c o n c e p t s a r er a d i c a l l y
a l t e r e d o rr e p l a c e d
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T o t a lI n s t i t u t i o n s :(Goffman 1963)
• Everything happens in the sameplace and under the samesingle authority .
• All members are treated alikeand all members do the samething together .
• Daily activities are tightlyscheduled .
• All activity is superimposedupon the individual by a systemof explicit formal rules .
• A single rational plan exists to
R e s o c i a l i z a t i on
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T h e S t a n f o r d P r i s o n E x p e r i m e n tT h e S t a n f o r d P r i s o n E x p e r i m e n t ( D o c u m e n t a l )
R e s o c i a l i z a t i on