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CHAPTER 5: CHEMICAL BOND
CHEMICAL
BOND
Formation of
compoundIonic bond
Covalent bond
Ionic compound and
covalent compound.
1. What is the relation between valence
electrons and the reaction of atoms ?
2. Why atoms of group 18 are inert
chemically?
3. What is happening to the valence
electrons of an atom before the reaction?
1. What happen to the electrons of atoms
when the formation of bond occurs?
2 .Define ionic bond.
3. Named 3 ionic substances and then
draw electron arrangement diagram to
describe the formation of the substances.
1. What happen to the electrons of atoms
when the formation of covalent bond
occurs?
2. Define covalent bond.
3. Named 3 covalent compound and then
draw electron arrangement diagram to
describe the formation of those
compound.
1. Compare the properties of ionic and
covalent substances.
2. Give explanation:
i) melting point of ionic compound is
higher then covalent compound.
ii) Ionic compound are able to
conduct electricity in smelting but
covalent compound are not.
3. Why covalent compound always used
as solvent in industry?.
5.15.2
5.35.4
2
A.Fill in the blank.
1. Noble gases have stable o……..… or d……….... electron arrangements.
2. Atoms of other elements tend to achieve the stable e…………. arrangement
through the formation of chemical bonds.
3. Chemical bonds are formed when two or more a………… of elements bond
together.
4. Chemical bonds can be formed by the t……………. of electrons or s…………. of
electrons.
5. When atoms join together by transferring of electrons, an i……… bond is formed.
6. A c…………. bond is formed when atoms are join together by sharing electrons.
Electron arrangement of neon atom = 2.8
Electron arrangement of helium atom = 2
Helium atom have been achieved the stable
electron arrangement (duplet)
Neon atom have been achieved the stable
electron arrangement (octet)
FORMATION OF
COMPOUND
Why inert gases are stable?
Atom of noble gas achieved the stable electron arrangement (duplet
or octet). Therefore no need to donate, accept or sharing electron
with other atoms. Thus cannot react with other atoms.
Why other atoms of other
elements are unstable?
The Atoms are not achieved the stable electron arrangement (duplet or octet) .
Therefore the atoms should donate, accept or share electron with other atoms
to achieved stable electron arrangement and react to form ionic or covalent
compound.
T. 5.1
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7. In chemical reaction,
Neutral donates electron Positive ion
atom (C…..……)
Metal atom
Neutral accepts electron Negative ion
Atom (A……….)
Non-metal atom
8. Examples:
(i) Sodium (Proton number =11)
Electron arrangement : ……………….
+
donates one electron
Sodium atom, Na Sodium ion, Na+
Charge of 11 protons = ………….. Charge of 11 protons = …………….
Charge of 11 electrons = ………...... Charge of 10 electrons = …………….
Total charge = ………….. Total charge = …………….
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(ii) Chloride (Proton number = 17)
Electron arrangement : ……………….
_
accept one electron
Chlorine atom, Cl Chlorine ion, Cl-
Charge of 17 protons = ………….. Charge of 17 protons = …………….
Charge of 17 electrons = ………...... Charge of 18 electrons = …………….
Total charge = ………….. Total charge = …………….
IONIC BOND
Ion formation
Formation of
ionic bond
Definition
The bond that formed due to
electrostatic force between
positively charge ion and
negative charge ion.
Occurs when
metal and non-
metal reacted.
Examples:
MgO ,
AlCl3 ,
Li2O
Na - e Na+
Sodium atom expel one electron to achieve
stable electron arrangement (octet) to form
positively charge of sodium ion.
Cl + e Cl-
Chlorine atom accept one electron to
achieve stable electron arrangement (octet)
to form negative charge of chloride ion.
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Sodium atom donate one electron to chlorine atom to achieve stable electron
arrangement to form sodium ion. Chlorine atom accept one electron from sodium
atom to achieve the stable electron arrangement to form chloride ion . Positively
charge sodium ion and negatively chloride ion are attract by strong electrostatic force.
Na Cl Na+ Cl-
2.8.1 2.8.7 2.8 2.8.8
T. 5.2
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9. Ionic bonds are formed when atoms of metal elements d…………… electron to
atoms of non-metal elements to achieve the s…………. electron arrangement like
n………. gases.
10. I…………. compounds are compound that are formed through ionic bonds.
11. Examples:
(i) Sodium chloride
Sodium Chlorine Sodium chloride
+ _
+
Na Cl Na+ Cl-
Electron arrangement of sodium atom is ...................
Sodium atom has …………. valence electron.
Sodium atom …………… one electron to form sodium ion, Na+ and achieve a
stable …………… arrangement.
Electron arrangement of chlorine atom is ...................
Chlorine atom has …………. valence electron.
Chlorine atom …………… one electron to form chloride ion, Cl- and achieve the
stable …………electron arrangement.
The sodium ion, Na+ and chloride ion, Cl- formed are attracted to one another with
strong force to form a solid sodium chloride, NaCl compound. The attractive
………………..force between the ions is called an ionic bond or electrovalent
bond.
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(ii) Magnesium oxide
Proton number of magnesium = 12
Proton number of oxygen = 8
Draw a diagram to show the bonding formed between elements magnesium and
oxygen.
Electron arrangement of magnesium atom is ...................
Magnesium atom has …………. valence electron.
Magnesium atom …………… two electron to form magnesium ion, Mg2+ and
achieve a stable …………… arrangement.
Electron arrangement of oxygen atom is ...................
Oxygen atom has …………. valence electron.
Oxygen atom …………… two electron to form oxide ion, O2- and achieve the
stable …………electron arrangement.
The magnesium ion, Mg2+ and oxide ion, O2- formed are attracted to one another
with strong force to form a solid magnesium oxide, MgO compound. The
attractive ………………..force between the ions is called an ionic bond or
electrovalent bond.
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(iii) Magnesium fluoride
Proton number of magnesium = 12
Proton number of fluorine = 9
Draw a diagram to show the bonding formed between elements magnesium and
fluorine.
Electron arrangement of magnesium atom is ...................
Magnesium atom has …………. valence electron.
Magnesium atom …………… two electron to form magnesium ion, Mg2+ and
achieve a stable …………… arrangement.
Electron arrangement of fluorine atom is ...................
Fluorine atom has …………. valence electron.
Fluorine atom accept ……… electron to form fluoride ion, F- and achieve the
stable …………electron arrangement.
One magnesium atom donates two electron to …………….. fluorine atoms.
The magnesium ion, Mg2+ and fluoride ion, F- formed are attracted to one another
with strong force to form a solid magnesium fluoride, MgCl2 compound. The
attractive ………………..force between the ions is called an ionic bond or
electrovalent bond.
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12. Ionic bond is usually formed by atoms from group …..., ……. and ………(metal)
with group ……., ……… and ………(non-metal)
KOVALENT BOND
Definition
Bond occurs due to
sharing of electron
between atoms.
Formation of bond
Other eg:
N2
NH3
H2O .
CH4
CO2Eg
Occurs when non-metal
and non-metal reacted.
Triple bond3
Double bond2
Single bond1
Type of covalent
bond
No. of electron
pair.
Cl Cl Cl-Cl or Cl2OR
Lewis Structure
2 atoms of chlorine sharing a pair of electron to achieve
stable electron arrangement to form chlorine molecule.
A single covalent bond is formed.
T. 5.3
13. Covalent bonds are formed when non-metal atoms …………………. electron to
achieve ………………. electron arrangement.
14. Normally atoms from group ………, ………, ………. and ……… share valence
electrons between them.
15. Types of covalent bonds include …………….. bonds, ………….. bonds or
………… bonds.
16. A single bond is a covalent bond formed when a ………….. of electrons is shared
between two atoms.
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17. Double bonds formed when …………. pairs of electron are shared between two
atoms.
18. Triple bonds formed when …………. pairs of electron are shared between two
atoms.
19. Examples:
20. (i) Hydrogen molecule.
Hydrogen atom has ……….. valence electron and needs one more electron to
achieve the duplet …………………...
Two hydrogen atoms contribute ………….. electron each for sharing, forming
a single bond in the hydrogen molecule, H2
Both hydrogen atoms achieve a stable ………….. arrangement of electron.
+
Hydrogen atom, H Hydrogen atom, H Hydrogen molecule, H2
The formation of a covalent bond can be illustrated using the …………
structure.
H + H H H or H – H
(ii) Oxygen molecule
The electron arrangement of oxygen atom is ……………….
Oxygen atom has ……….... valence electron and needs …………. electrons
to achieve the ……………. electron arrangement
Two oxygen atoms share ………….. pairs of electron, forming a double bond
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Draw a diagram to show the bonding formed in oxygen molecule.
Oxygen atom, O Oxygen atom, O Oxygen molecule, O2
Lewis structure:
O + O O O or O = O
(iii) Nitrogen molecule
The electron arrangement of nitrogen atom is ……………….
Nitrogen atom has ……….... valence electron and needs …………. electrons
to achieve the ……………. electron arrangement
Two oxygen atoms share ………….. pairs of electron, forming a triple bond
Draw a diagram to show the bonding formed in nitrogen molecule.
Nitrogen atom, N Nitrogen atom, N Nitrogen molecule, N2
Lewis structure:
N + N N N or N = N
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PROPERTIES OF IONIC AND
COVALENT COMPOUND
Comparison of properties
Uses
Solvent of food
substance Solvent for chemical
substance
Cleaning process
Eg.
Eg.
Eg.
Demonstration
and explanation
to the properties.
1. Consist of giant molecule
solid
2. High melting and boiling
point
3. Not vapourize
4. Non soluble in water and
organic solution
5. Insulator of electric
1. Consist of simple
molecule
2. Liquid and gas
low melting and boiling
point
3. Vapourize
4. Soluble in organic solvent
5. Insulator of electric
(No free moving ion,
Consist of free molecules)
1. Consist of ions
2. Solid
3. High melting and boiling
point
4. Not vapourize
5. Soluble in water
6. Conductor of electric in
smelting and aqueous
solution (due to free
moving ions)
GIANT MOLECULESIMPLE MOLECULE
COVALENT COMPOUNDIONIC COMPOUND
T. 5.4
21. Comparison between the formation of ionic and covalent bonds.
Characteristic Ionic Bond Covalent Bond
Types of elements
involved
Between metals
(group…………..…..) and
non-metals(group……….)
Between non-metal and
non-metals
(group…………….…)
Bond formation
Electron transfer.
Metal atoms ……………
electron and non-metal
atoms …………………
electron.
Sharing electron.
……………… of
electrons are shared by the
same or different non-
metal atoms.
Strength of bond
Strong ……………………
force.
Strong ………………….
Bond
Particles in the compound
formed
Metal: ……………….. ion
Non-metal:……………ion Neutral ………………….
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22. The Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compound.
Properties Ionic Compound Covalent Compound
Melting and boiling point
Have ……... melting point
and ………. boiling pont
because:
Positive ions and
negative ions are held
together by strong
…………….… forces
Large amount of
energy is needed to
overcome the
…………. forces.
Exist as ……………… at
room temperature.
Have ………….. melting
and boiling point because:
The molecule in
covalent compound
are held together by
…………………..
intermolecular
forces.
…………… heat
energy is needed to
overcome these
forces.
Exist as solids, liquids or
………………
Electrical conductivity Does not conduct
electricity when in
……………. state but can
conduct electricity in
………….. solution or
…………. state because:
In solid, ions are
………… in positions
and do not ………….
freely.
In aqueous solution or
molten state, ions are
………… to move
Do not ………………..
electricity in any state
because covalent
compound consists of
neutral ………………….
Solubility Most ionic compounds are
…………….. in water but
are ………………… in
organic solvents.
Most covalent compounds
are ………………… in
water but can …………….
in organic solvents.
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Properties Ionic Compound Covalent Compound
Votality ………… because ions are
held together by strong
electrostatic forces.
High ……………. because
of the weak ………………
forces.
B. Objective questions
1. The table shows the number of protons, electrons and neutrons of atoms Q and R.
Atom Number
Proton Electron Neutron
Q 11 11 12
R 12 12 12
Which of the following is true about atoms Q and R?
A. R can form a diatomic molecule
B. Q and R have the same chemical properties
C. R reacts with Q to form an ionic compound
D. Q reacts with water to release hydrogen
2. The diagram shows the electron arrangement of a compound formed between
atoms P and Q.
Which of the following statements is true about the compound?
A. It is an ionic compound
B. The compound is formed by covalent bonds
C. The compound has a high boiling point
D. The compound is formed by electron transfer
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3. The diagram shows the electron shells in the substance formed between atoms of
hydrogen and Y.
What is the electron configuration of atom Y?
A. 2.4 C. 2.8.4
B. 2.8 D. 2.8.8
4. Which of the following pairs of physical properties of sodium chloride is true?
Solubility Electrical conductivity
in water when molten
A. Soluble Conducting
B. Soluble Not conducting
C. Insoluble Conducting
D. Insoluble Not conducting
5. An atom of element X has 4 shells containing electrons.
When element X reacts with chlorine, a compound with formula XCl is formed.
Which of the following is element X?
Given that the atomic number of Na = 11, Si = 14, K = 19, Ca =20
A. Calcium C. Sodium
B. Potassium D. Silicone
6. The figure shows the electron arrangement of an atom of element X
The atom of element X can form a covalent bond with another atom through the
A acceptance of two electrons
B donation of two electrons
C sharing of two pairs of electrons
D elimination of three pairs of electrons
X
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7. Electron arrangement for P atom is 2.8.3 and R atom has six valence electrons.
Which of the following pairs of formula compound and type of compound is true?
Formula compound Type of compound
A. P2R3 Kovalen
B. P2R3 Ion
C. P3R2 Kovalen
D. P3R2 Ion
8. The Figure shows the information for element X and element Y.
and
Which of the following electron arrangement of the compound formed is correct when element X
react with element Y?
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X 3
16
Y 8
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9. The table shows the proton number of elements V, W, X and Y.
Element V W X Y
Proton number 8 3 11 16
Which of the following pairs will form a compound with lowest melting point?
A. X and Y
B. V and Y
C. V and X
D. V and W
10. The table shows elements E, G, J, L and M with their respective proton number.
Which of the following pairs of element form a compound that insoluble in water?
Element E G J L M
Proton number 6 8 9 11 12
A E dan J
B J dan L
C G dan L
D G dan M
C. Structure Questions
1. Figure 1 shows part of the Periodic Table of Elements.
(a) Write the electron configuration for the Mg atom.
…………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(b) (i) Write the chemical equation for the reaction between aluminium and
oxygen gas.
…………………………………………………………………………….
[1 mark]
FIGURE 1
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(ii) Briefly state the electron transfer in the bond formation between
aluminium and oxygen.
…………………………………………………………………………….
[2 mark]
2. (a) (i) The electron arrangement for argon is 2.8.8.
Why is this element very stable and not reactive?
……………….………………………………………………………...…
[1 mark]
(ii) Name one other element that has the same stability as argon.
……………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(b) Atoms of both sodium and chlorine are unstable.
They react to form an ionic compound which is more stable.
Diagram 1.1 shows a sodium chloride compound, NaCl, that is produced by
the formation of an ionic bond between a sodium ion, Na+, and a chloride
ion, Cl-
DIAGRAM 1.1
(i) How are a sodium ion and a chloride ion formed from their respective
atoms?
Sodium ion: ……………………………………………………………
Chloride ion:……………………………………………………………
[2 marks]
(ii) Name the force that exists between these ions in the compound.
……………………………………………….………………………….
[1 mark]
(iii) The melting point of sodium chloride, NaCl, is 108 oC and its boiling
point is 1 413 oC.
What will happen to the ions in this compound at 900 oC?
…………………………………………………………………………...
[1 mark]
(iv) Give one reason for your answer in 2(b)(iii).
…………………………………………………………………………...
[1 mark]
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(c) Diagram 1.2 shows the proton number and the nucleon number for two
elements, X and Y.
The letters used do not represent the actual symbols of the elements.
DIAGRAM 1.2
Draw a diagram to show the bonding formed between elements X and Y.
[3 marks]
D. Essay Questions
1. Figure 1 shows the chemical symbols which represent three elements, X, Y and Z.
FIGURE 1
(a) (i) Write the electron arrangement of atoms X and Y.
[2 marks]
(ii) State the number of neutrons in an atom of element Z and write the
symbol for an isotope of element Z
[2 marks]
(b) The reaction between atoms of X and Y forms an ionic compound whereas
the reaction between atoms of Y and Z forms a covalent compound.
Based on the above statement, explain how these ionic and covalent
compound are formed.
[8 marks]
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2. (a) Figure 2 shows the electron arrangement of a molecule PQ2.
These letters are not the actual symbols of the elements.
FIGURE 2
Based on Figure 2, write the electron arrangement for atoms of element P and
element Q.
Explain the position of element Q in the Periodic Table of the Elements.
[6 marks]
(b) Table 1 shows the electron arrangement for atoms W, X and Y.
These letters are not the actual symbols of the elements.
Element Electron arrangement
W 2.4
X 2.8.7
Y 2.8.8.2
TABLE 1
Using the information in Table 1, explain how two compounds can be formed
from these elements based on their electron arrangements.
The two compounds should have different bond types
[10 marks]