* GB785443 (A)

Description: GB785443 (A) ? 1957-10-30

Improvements in or relating to travelling-wave electron tubes

Description of GB785443 (A)

A high quality text as facsimile in your desired language may be available amongst the following family members:

DE1090335 (B) FR1098803 (A) US252859 (A) US2859411 (A) DE1090335 (B) FR1098803 (A) US252859 (A) US2859411 (A) less Translate this text into Tooltip

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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete, up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.

PATENT SPECIFICATION Date of Application and Filing Complete Specification: Mar 16, 1954. 785,443 No 7624/54. lt 2 Application made in United States of America on June 19, 1953. / Complete Specification Published: Oct 30, 1957. Index at Acceptance: Classes 39 ( 1), D(IOD: IOF: 16 A 1: 17 A 2 B: IBA: 4 OF: 46 A); 40 ( 5), FIM 5, R 3 (G: H); and 40 ( 6); A(IR:2 V: 5 W), 02 (A 8: D 2: D 4: E 1 B: V). International Classification:-H Olj HO 3 b, c, f. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements in or relating to Travelling-wave Electron Tubes. PATENTS ACT, 1949 SPECIFICATION NO 785,443 In accordance with the Decision of the Superintending Examiner, acting for the Comptroller-General, dated the nineteenth day of March, 1959, this Spocification has been amended under Section 29 in the following manner:Page 4, lines 117 and 118, delete rat 6 the operating frequency

of the device,. Page 5, line 8, delete ftles" tnend line to read tof the largest percentage of electrons and hence vary the phase velocity and,". Page 5, lines 9 Sid jo, delete #wave which will predominate"; insert oscillations". TWE PATENT OFFICE, 24th April:959 invention there is provided a travellingwave electron tube including a slow-wave transmission line adapted to propagate ultra-short wave electromagnetic wave energy, wherein said line has two ends between which electromagnetic waves can travel on a route along said line but not appreciably on any other route so that the waves will produce in a path adjacent to the line fields of the wave energy propagated therein, there being provided adjacent said line a continuous cathode, or a cathode emissive at several spaced locations along the line, for producing a stream DB 1 o 9 Si/1 ( 13)/3758 150 4159 R stream, whereby the locking signal frequency predominates in said wave energy so that said tube is substantially locked to the frequency of said locking signal 80 For a better understanding of the invention and to show how the same mav be carried into effect, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings in which: 85 Fig 1 is a part sectional view of a strapped magnetron structure; Fie 2 is a longitudinal cross sectional view of the structure shown in Fie 1: Fig 3 is a transverse cross sectional view 90 (Price 316) is: PATENT SPECIFICATION Date of Application and Filing Complete Specification: Mar 16, 1954. 7859443 No 7624/54. Application made in United States of America on June 19, 1953. Complete Specification Published: Oct 30, 1957. Index at Acceptance:-Classes 39 ( 1), D(IOD: IOF: 16 A 1: 17 A 2 B: IBA: 40 F: 46 A); 4 a( 5), F 1 M,5 R 3 (G: H); and 40 ( 6); A(IR:2 Y: 5 W), 02 (A 8: D 2 D 4: El B: V). International Classification -H Olj H 03 b, c, f. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements in or relating to Travelling-wave Electron Tubes. We, RAYTHEON MANUFACTURING COMPANY, a corporation organised under the laws of the State of Delaware, United States of America, of Waltham, County of Middlesex, Commonwealth of Masssachusetts, United States of America, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- This invention relates to travelling wave electron tubes. Certain networks when used in conjunction with an electron beam exhibit a characteristic such that within a particular range of

frequencies a signal may be propagated along the network in a direction opposite to the beam but still interact with the beam because of an apparelnt phase velocity which is in the same direction as the electron beam and which is synchronous with it It has been found that this characteristic exists in certain magnetron anode structures, such as the conventional strapped magnetron anode structure or the interdigital magnetron anode structure. This characteristic, for pur Doses of identification, will be termed the abnormal dispersion characteristic. According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided a travellingwave electron tube including a slow-wave transmission line adapted to propagate ultra-short wave electromagnetic wave energy, wherein said line has two ends between which electromagnetic waves can travel on a route along said line but not appreciably on any other route so that the waves will produce in a path adjacent to the line fields of the wave energy propagated therein, there being provided adjacent said line a continuous cathode, or a cathode emissive at several spaced locations along the line, for producing a stream (Price 316) of electrons moving in said path counter to the electromagnetic waves at a plurality of velocities enabling interaction to occ r between said electrons and said wave energy 5 s According to another aspect of the invention there is provided a method of operating a travelling wave electron tube to produce ultra-shortwave electromagnetic wave energy, wherein the wave energy is 55 propagated in a slow wave transmission line forming part of the tube, the line having two ends between which electrc magnetic waves travel on a route along said line but not appreciably on any other route, 60 there being produced in a path adjacent said line fields of the wave energy being propagated therein, a stream of electrons being produced by a continuous cathode or a cathode emissive at several spaced 65 locations along the line and being caused to move in said path counter to the eleztromagnetic waves at a plurality of veloc;ties enabling interaction to occur betweei said electrons and said wave energy, and 70 wherein a locking signal of a predetermined frequency is propagated in the line in addition to the wave energy, said locking signal having a frequency lying in the range of frequencies at which said wave energy 75 is able to extract energy from said electron stream, whereby the locking signal frequency predominates in said wave energy so that said tube is substantially locked to the frequency of said locking signal 80 For a better understanding of the invention and to show how the same may be carried into effect, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings hil which: 85 Fig 1 is a part sectional view of a strapped magnetron structure; Fig 2 is a longitudinal cross sectional view of the structure shown in Fig 1; Fig 3 is a transverse

cross sectional view 90 785,443 of an interdigital magnetron structure; Fig 4 is a longitudinal cross sectional view of the structure shown in Fig 3; and Figs 5 to 8 are schematic diagrams of circuits utilising the structures of Figs I and 2 or 3 and 4. Referring now to Figs l and 2, there is shown an anode structure 10 including an anode cylinder 11 Extending radially inwardly from the inner surface of anode cylinder 11 is a plurality of anode members 12 Anode members 12 are substantially rectangular planar members and are alternately connected adjacent their inner 1 Sends on their upper and lower edges by conductive strapping. The ends of anode cylinder 1 I are covered by end plates 13 hermetically sealed thereto Attached to one end plate 13 is an exhaust tubulation 14 the end of which is sealed by a glass seal 15 Extending through the other end plate 13 is a cathode support structure 16 comprising an insulating support bushing 17 sealed at one end to the walls of a centrally located aperture in plate 13 and sealed at the other end to a metallic support cylinder 18 which extends inwardly through the support bushing 17 and the aperture in the plate 13 and is rigidly attached to a cathode structure 19 positioned in the space defined by the inner ends of the anode -members 12. Cathode structure 19 comprises a cylindrical member 20 positioned coaxially with i 5 the anode cylinder 11 and somewhat smaller in diameter than the space defined by the inner ends of anode members 12 The outer surface of cylinder 20 is covered with electron-emissive material The ends of clinder 20 are covered by end shields 21 which are slightly greater in diameter than cylinder 20 and the purpose of which is to deter movement of electrons in a direction axial to the anode and cathode cylinders. A heater coil, not shown, is positioned inside cylinder 20, one end thereof being connected to the cylinder 20 and the other end being connected to a rod 21 which extends through support cylinder 18 and is attached to an external terminal 22 which is sealed to the outer end of cylinder 18 by a glass or other ceramic seal 23 The structure thus far described is with one exception that conventionally used in magnetrons-and it is to be clearly understood that any of the many different designs of cathode support and anode cavity design Nay be utilized. At one point in the anode structure, the i C anode miembers 12 and their associated strapping have been omitted such that the anode structure -comprises a continuous network of anode members and straps having two ends which are mutually uncoupled Attached to one end of the network is a signal output structure 24 comprising a cylindrical outer conductor 25 threadedly attached and hermetically sealed to the walls of an aperture in anode cylinder 11 Positioned coaxially inside

the 70 outer conductor 25 and spaced therefrom is a central conductor 26 hermetically sealed to outer conductor 25 by an insulator seal 27 Central conductor 26 extends inside cylinder 11 spaced from con 75 ductor 25 and is attached to one of the straps connecting alternate anode members 12 Connected to the other end of the network made up of anode members 12 and their associated strapping is a signal 80 coupling structure 28 identical with output coupling structure 24 and connected to one of the straps connecting alternate anode members 12 in the same manner as structure 24 85 Extending inwardly from anode cylinder 11 in the space between the ends of the anode network is an electrode 29 the purpose of which is to prevent rotation of electrons around the cathode across the gap 90 between the two ends of the anode network The effect of the electrode 29 is to render the device operable over a somewhat wider range of frequencies than would be possible if electrode 29 were omitted 95 However, it is to be clearly understood that electrode 29 may be omitted thereby allowing rotation of electrons around the cathode alon R the entire periphery thereof Under these conditions, the device may 100 be somewhat more limited in frequency range, but may be made somewhat more efficient It is to be clearly understood that the electrode 29 could be in other forms, for examnle it could extend out 105 wardly from the cathode surface or could be insulated from the cathode and anode structures and have a control voltage superimposed thereon, either positive or negative with respect to the cathode potential 110 to thereby control the degree of re-entrancy of the electron stream. With a suitable positive potential applied to the anode structure with respect to the cathode, a suitable heater current applied 115 to the heater coil to produce electron-enmission from the cathode, and application of a suitable unidirectional nmasnetic field across the space between the cathode and anode substantially parallel to the axis of 120 the device by means of a magnet, not shown, electrons will circle the cathode with a motion substantially parallel to the face of the tips of the anode members or vanes If the electron stream is assumed 125 to be rotating in a clockwise direction for the device shown in Fig 1, as is indicated by the arrow 30, an output load may be coupled to the device through the output coupling structure 24, said output load 130 785,443 being, for example, a radiating antenna, c or other energy-absorbing load A signal -wave travelling along the anode structure s with a phase velocity in the same direction 52 S the arrow 30 representing the direction of the electron stream will interact with the 1 Jeleron stream producing an increase in the energy content of the signal The energy content of the wave will travel in a? direction opposite to the direction of the electron stream and will move toward the output structure 24 passing through to thy:

load. An explanation of the mechanism proin ducing this backward wave phenomena, identified as the abnormal dispersion characteristic, is as follows: Consider two adjacent anode members which, together with the space therebeQ O tween, define a reactive impedance resonant at a frequency substantially equal ta the 7 T mode frequency These anode members are connected to different straps, said straps being considered as the trans2 S mission line which is loaded by the impedances of the cavities defined by the anode members Since the straps are the conductors of the transmission line, they are YT radians out of phase with each other at any point along the network For any frequency lying about the 7 T mode frequency, that is, within the pass band of the anode network, a signal travelling along the straps will have a definite phase shift depending on the phase velocity of the signal along the straps and the distance travelled along the straps The signal appearing along the tips of the anode members will shift in phase by 7 T radians due to connection of adjacent anode members to different straps and will also shift by the phase shift of the signal travelling along the straps Since the 7 T radian phase shift due to connection of the anode members to different straps may be achieved by either adding or subtracting IT radians, and, since the phase shift of a signal travelling along the straps is normally less than 7 T radians between adjacent anode members, algebraic summation of the phase shift of a wave travelling along the straps and the normal TV radian phase shift between adjacent anode members, produces a resultant phase velocity the direction of which may be either in the same direction as that of the actual signal or group velocity signal component travelling along the network or away from it. Referring now to Figs 3 and 4, there is illustrated a further electron tube wherein the anode structure is of the interdigital type, As shown in Figs 3 and 4, the anode cylinder 11 is closed by end plates 13 Extending in a direction narallel to the axis of the anode cylinder 1 I from the end plates 13 are a series of anode fingers 31, which, as shown here, are simply traight rods Adjacent anode lingers are connected to opposite end plates 13 and )verlap each other for approximately half 70 :heir length Anode fingers 31 form the -lements of a cylinder coaxial with anode cylinder 11 Positioned inside the space defined by anode fingers 31 is a cathode 19, which may be identical with that illus 75 trated in Figs I and 2, and may be supported in the same manner by means of elements 17, 18, 22 and 23. A signal output coupling structure 32 is provided connected to one of the anode 80 fingers 31 which defines the beginning of the anode network made up of the anode fingers For the device shown in Fig 3,

the electrons are assumed to rotate counterclockwise, as indicated by the arrow 33 85 Several anode fingers 31 are omitted in the space immediately clockwise from the point of connection of the output coupling 32 to the anode finger Thus the anode fingers form an anode network having one end 90 connected to the output coupling 32 and extending around the cathode structure 19. The anode network terminates in a signal coupling structure 34 at the opposite end thereof from the structure 32 Structure 95 34 may be similar to structure 32, if so desired. If it is desired to terminate the end of the anode network, to which coupling structure 34 is connected, in an impedance 100 matched signal absorbing load, the structure 34 may be omitted and the absorbing load may he coupled to the line in the form of lossy material coated on the anode fingers 31 on the opposite end of the anode 105 network from that to which output coupling structure 32 is connected This lossy material, illustrated, for example, at 35, is applied to the fingers 31 in progressively greater amounts as the end of the anode 110 network is approached thereby producing an improved impedance match of the lossy material to the anode network In some cases the signal coupling device 34 may still be desired with the use of varying 115 amounts of lossy material coated on the anode members inside the device The electrode 29 has been omitted from the space between the ends of the anode network in the device shown in Figs 3 and 4 120 However, it is to be clearly understood that this electrode could be used, if so desired The analysis of the abnormal dispersion characteristic of the anode structure illustrated in Figs 3 and 4 may be 125 similar to that set forth in connection with Figs I and 2 with the points of connection of adjacent anode fingers to opposite end plates 13 being considered the opposite conductors of the transmission line which 130 4 735,443 introduces the additional j Y radian phase shift to the anode structure, which, when subtracted from the normal phase shift along the line, produces the abnormal dispersion characteristic. Referring now to Fig 5, there is illustrated a schematic diagram of a circuit which may be used with the device of Figs. 1 and 2 or 3 and 4 to produce frequencies very close to the resonant frequency of a separate cavity resonator 36 If the Q of that resonator is high and it is coupled to the network properly, a very high degree of stabilization may result Tile anode structure 10 of the device, which, as illustrated herein, is of the strapped vane type. has one end thereof coupled through an output coupling structure 24 to an energyabsorbing load 35, such as a radiating antenna The other end of the anode structure is connected through a signal coupling structure 28 to the cavity resonator 36 the resonant frequency of

which may be adjusted by means of a movable plunger 37. The cathode 29 of the device is connected to the negative terminal of a voltage source, illustrated herein as a battery 38 The positive terminal of battery 38 is connected through a signal modulation source 39 to ground The anode structure 10 of the device is connected to ground The magnetic field is poled such that the electron stream moves clockwise (as seen in the drawing) The resonant frequency of the cavity resonator 36 is adjusted to the desired carrier frequency of the device, such frequency lying within the pass band of the anode network Under these conditions the device will oscillate substantially at the resonant frequency of the cavity 36 and will be substantially independent of impedance variations of the load 35 The group velocity component of the wave will move counter-clockwise along the anode network from the signal coupling structure 28 to the output coupling structure 24 and thence to the load 35 Any signal reflections from the load 35 reflected back along the anode network will not be amplified by the device, but upon arriving at the cavity resonator 36 will again be reflected in a phase dependent upon the difference between the frequency of the signal and the resonant frequency of the resonator In the steady state condition the total phase shift of the signal in its reflection from the output and. its return to the output must be a multiple of 360 degrees Because of the characteristic of very rapid chance in hase of the reflection from the high Q cavity with any change in frequency, the resonant frequency of the cavity will dominate as a frequency determining parameter. In the type of space charge flow occurring in this type of device a wide range of electron velocity components are available in the stream and, hence, will interact wit, a wide range of signal phase Velocities corresponding to a wide range of signal frequencies Hence the cavity resonator 3670 may have its resonant frequency varied over a relatively wide range by movement of the plunger 37, and the predominant oscillation frequency of the device will follow the resonant frequency of the cavity reso 75 nator 36 Because the predominant frequency tends to decenerate or damp out all other frequencies as is the case in a conventional oscillator, the device will be substantially noise free Thus it may be 80 seen that the device may be used in this manner as a simple cavity controlled oscillator without application of a modulation signal from the modulation source 39. Application of an alternating voltage 85 between the anode structure 10 and the cathode 29 from the signal modulation source 39 through the battery 38 will produce variations in the amount of anode current drawn by the device Since in 90 crease of the anode current will result Ir increased r f energy in the network, a higher amplitude of

signal will be fed te, the load Conversely, when the anode voltage is lowered, thereby lowering the 95 anode current, the amplitude of the output signal decreases Thus it may be seen that application of an alternating current signal between the anode and cathode will produce an amplitude modulation of the 100 output microwave energy, and the envelope of the modulated output will conform, with a relatively low degree of distortion, to the modulating signal. Referring now to Fig 6, there is illus 105 trated a schematic diagram utilizing a device as illustrated in Figs l and 2 or Figs. 3 and 4 in a circuit for producing frequency modulation The anode structure 1, cathode 29, battery 38, modulation source lo 39, output coupling 24 and load 35 are similar to those illustrated in Fig 5 However, the signal coupling structure 28 and cavity resonator 36 have been omitted and the end of the anode network to which the 115 structure 28 was connected has been left unterminated, that is open circuited at the operating frequency of the device Under these conditions, voltage reflected from the load 35 will, upon travelling along the 120 anode network, be reflected from the oper circuit termination at the other end of the anode network and the device will oscillate at a frequency within the pass band of the anode network at which the reflec 125 tions from the open termination will be in phase with the original waves Since this oscillation frequency is governed by a reflected wave the phase of which is dependent on the phase velocity of waves 130 7855,443 785,443 travelling along the anode network, and, since the predominant interaction will occur with the wave having in-phase reflections and a phase velocity substantially equal to, and in the same direction as, the largest percentage of electron velocities, variation of the anode voltage will vary the velocity ties, and hence vary the phase velocity and, therefore, the frequency of the wave which wili predominate. For this reason application of an alternating voltage between anode 10 and cathode 29 through the battery 38 will produce frequency modulation as well as amplitude modulation of the output oscillation signal fed to the load 35 The output signal will have relatively little noise and the modulation obtained in this manner may be of the order of ten megacycles or more for a normal oscillation frequency of 2000 to 3000 megacycles If desired, the modulation frequency range of the output of the device shown in Fig 6 may be increased somewhat by applying small amounts of lossy material to the anode members adjacent the unterminated end of the anode network However, the use of too much lossy material at this point will render the tube noisy. Referring now to Fig 7, there is shown a schematic diagram of a circuit embodying the device, as illustrated in Figs 1 and 2 or 3 and 4, for producing a locked amplifier The anode structure 10 and cathode

3529 are similar to those shown in Figs 5 and 6 and are connected together through a battery 38, which maintains the cathode negative with respect to the anode by the desired operating voltage The output coupling structure 24, load 35 and signal coupling structure 28 are similar to those illustrated in Fig 5 However, a signal source 40 has been substituted for the cavity resonator 36 The frequency of the signal source 40 must lie within the pass band of the anode network, that is, it must have a frequency above the i T mode frequency of the device The signal source may be of any desired type, such as an antenna or a lower power device than that illustrated in Figs 1 and 2 or 3 and 4, such as a klystron The signal source 40 may be intelligence modulated either in frequency or amplitude The signal from j source 40 travels along the anode network to the load 35 and is of sufficient strength to be the predominant signal applied to the line Hence, the interaction between the electron stream and the wave travelling along the anode network will predominate at the frequency of the signal from the signal source and the device will consequently lock on this signal The device will follow, variations in the frequency of the signal 6 S from the source 40, and, to a large degree, will follow variations in amplitude thereof. The systems of Figs 5 and 7 will be most efficient with the voltage of battery 38 adjusted such that the highest percentage cf electron velocities in the stream have sub 70 stantially the same velocity as the phasl, velocity of the desired signal frequency along the anode network For this adjustment, locking may be produced by the lowest amplitude signal from the source 40 75 and the device of Fin 7 will follow the signal source over the widest range of frequencies and amplitudes. Referring now to Fig 8, there is illustrated a schematic diagram of a circuit 80 utilizing the devices of Figs 1 and 2 or 3 and 4 to produce wide band noise modulated microwave signals The anode structure 10, cathode 29, output coupling structure 24, signal coupling structure 28, load 85 and battery 38 are connected identically with those illustrated in Fiz 7 An impedance matched signal-absorbing load 41 is substituted for the signal source 40 sucb that group velocity waves travelling along 90 the anode network from the load 35 into the matched termination 41 will be completely absorbed thereby The matched termination 41 is preferably non-reactive, and, hence, will be matched to the charac 95 teristic impedance of the anode network over a wide frequency range If desired, the signal-absorbing matched ternination may be in the form of lossy material applied to the anode members or strapping of 10 the devices shown in Figs 1 and 2 and the signal coupling structure 28 may be eliminated entirely. Progressively varying the amount of lossy material applied to the end

of the anode 10 l network opposite that to which the load is connected, such that the amount of lossy material applied to the anode merbers decreases with distance away from said end, will further improve the broad 10 band characteristics of the impedance match Since interaction will occur over a wide range of frequencies, all of these frequencies will occur at the output, and, since the signals are initiated by random 115 fluctuations of the electron stream, the amplitudes and frequencies of the output signals will be substantially non-coherent or in effect, noise. This completes the description of the 120 embodiments of the invention illustrated herein However, many modifications thereof will be apparent to persons skilled in the art For example, other types of anode structures may be used besides those 125 illustrated herein The cathode structure need not necessarily be coated over its entire length, but may have areas which are not electron-emissive such as the areas immediately beneath the region between 130 785,443 -te ends of the anode network or adjacent he ends of the anode network Indeed, -f desired, the cathode may be coated on several successive areas along the surface thereof with the intermediate areas being non-emissive Furthermore, any desired type of signal coupling structures may be ulsed in place of those illustrated herein. For example, iris couplings or loop coup1 D Lings could be substituted for the direct coupling type of structures illustrated herein In addition, the systems illustrated in Figs 5 to 8 could all be pulse modulated by pulsing the anode/cathode voltage in a manner similar to that currently used with conventional pulsed masnetron oscilators.

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* GB785444 (A)

Description: GB785444 (A) ? 1957-10-30

Improvements in or relating to wax compositions

Description of GB785444 (A)

A high quality text as facsimile in your desired language may be available amongst the following family members:

BE527734 (A) FR1098343 (A) FR67532 (E) BE527734 (A) FR1098343 (A) FR67532 (E) less Translate this text into Tooltip

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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete, up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.

PATENT SPECIFICATION Date of Application and filing Complete Specification Mar No 8081/54. Application made in Germany on April 1, 1953. Application made in Germany on April 4, 1953. Complete Specification Published Oct 30, 1957. Index at Acceptance: -Class 95, G. International Classification: -CO 9 g. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements in or relating to Wax Compositions We, RUHRCHEMIE AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT, Oberhausen-Holten, Germany, of German nationality, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: - The invention relates to wax compositions and particularly to wax compositions which are suitable for the production of wax pastes which are substantially unaffected by temperature changes The invention also comprises pastes incorporating such wax compositions. Large quantities of natural and synthetic waxes are used in the polish industry for the production of floor polishing agents, for example, polishing pastes, and of leather dressings, for example, boot polishes, and for similar uses The film remaining on the surface treated after application of the wax formulation or pastes should be hard, durable and glossy. Moreover, the wax used for the production of wax formulations of this kind, for example, for polishing pastes, must have a good oil uptake.

Also, the sensitivity of the wax pastes to temperature changes should be as low as possible, that is to say, the oil uptake should be as independent as possible of the temperature. In general, wax formulations or pastes produced by the polish industry contain about % solvent and 30 % wax constituents The solvent used in most cases is a mixture of solvent naphta (a naphtha fraction boiling between 1300 C and 1900 C) and turpentine. The wax constituents generally consist chiefly of low-cost slab paraffin ( 60-80 %) and, in addition, contain high-grade waxes which impart to the wax formulation the particular property desired The waxes used for this purpose include ozokerite, Carnauba wax, montan wax and synthetic waxes The synthetic waxes are generally obtained from montan wax and consist of wax acids or wax esters. The term " wax acid " is used in the art to designate an aliphatic monocarboxylic acid which contains at least 25 carbon atoms in the lPric molecule A "wax ester" is to be understood as an ester of a wax acid. It has already been proposed by the Applicants in German Specification No 932,426, to produce valuable synthetic wax acids and wax acid-paraffin mixtures by converting paraffins containing more than 25 carbon atoms in the molecule into the corresponding olefin-containing hydrocarbons by chlorination and dehydro-chlorination, converting the unsaturated hydrocarbon mixtures so obtained into alcohol-hydrocarbon mixtures by the catalytic addition of water gas with subsequent hydrogenation of the addition product, subjecting the alcohol-hydrocarbon mixtures to fusion with alkali and recovering the corresponding wax acid-paraffin mixtures From these wax acid-paraffin mixtures, pure wax acids are readily isolated by extraction. It is possible in this manner to obtain wax acids and wax acid-paraffin mixtures of any molecular size when paraffin hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms in the molecule are used as the starting material Wax acid-paraffin mixtures or pure wax acids of this kind may be used for the production of wax pastes. Wax pastes produced from these wax acidparaffin mixtures or pure wax acids generally show, however, a relatively high sensitivity to temperature changes, that is, although unobjectionable wax pastes are obtained at C, these pastes, at 300 C, give off or exude relatively much oil and become too soft for use. It is an object of the invention to provide a wax composition suitable for the production of a temperature-resistant wax polish or wax paste, that is to say, a wax polish or wax paste which is suitable for use and application at ordinary atmospheric temperatures and which is still stable at a temperature of 300 C.

According to the invention, a wax composition consists of or comprises, a mixture of C 30-C 4 o paraffins, CQ,-C 4, wax acids, and calcium salts of CQ,-C,(, wax acids, the content of calcium salts in the mixture being from 785 444 rch 19, 1954. 785,444 about 10 % to about 25 %,' by weight The content of calcium salts of the C>,-C,, wax acids is preferably not greater than 20 %o by weight, whilst the content of paraffins in the mixture is preferably about 50 % O by weight. According to a modification of the invention, a wax composition consists of or comprises a mixture of G 5-C,, paraffins, C, C 3 U wax acids, calcium salts of C l-C;,, wax acids, and wax acids and paraffins containing more than 30 carbon atoms in the molecule. The wax composition according to the invention may also comprise wax acids which contain more than 40 carbon atoms in the molecule, with or without paraffins containing more than 40 carbon atoms in the molecule. In such a case, the content of the wax acids and paraffins containing more than 40 carbon atoms in the molecule is preferably not more than 60 % by weight of the total composition. According to the invention furthermore, a process for the production of a wax composition suitable for use in the manufacture of a temperature-resistant wax paste, comprises subjecting a G,-C,, fraction of paraffin hydrocarbons successively to chlorination, dehydrochlorination, catalytic addition of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, hydrogenation of the addition products, fusion of the 340 hydrogenated product with caustic alkali at an elevated temperature of the order of 35 Q O C, acid treatment of the product of alkali fusion, washing of the acid-treated product to yield a mixture of wax acids and paraffins, and neutralising a proportion of the wax acids in the mixture with lime to yield a mixture of wax acids, calcium salts of the wax acids and paraffins such that the content of the calcium salts in the mixture is within the range 1025 % by weight Preferably the partial neutralisation of the wax acids is effected to give a product in which the weight content of the calcium salts is not greater than 20 %o. Advantageously the paraffins constitute about 50 %,0 by weight of the wax acid-calcium saltsparaffin mixture. Before the step of neutralising the wax acids-paraffins mixture, it may be of advantage to remove constituents of lower pour point from the mixture Where this is effected, it is preferred to eliminate from 10-20 %, by weight of the whole mixture The removal of these undesirable constituents of low pour point may be effected by solvent extraction, for example, with a hydrocarbon solvent or a chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent or an oxygenated organic solvent Examples of

suitable solvents include hexane, dichloroethane, methanol and acetone The preferred solvent for use in the solvent extraction is an oxygencontaining organic compound The extraction is preferably effected at temperatures below 60 ' C with the use of a short extraction period Thus, the wax acid-paraffin mixture may, for example, be stirred for a short time with two to five times its weight of the solvent, the extract being separated from the raffinate by filtration. The mixture of C,,-C 4, wax acids, CU,C,, paraffins and calcium salts of CQ,-C,,, 70 wax acids possesses good oil-binding power so that it is even possible to add relatively large proportions of wax acids containing more than carbon atoms in the molecule or of a mixture of such wax acids with paraffins contain 75 ing more than 40 carbon atoms in the molecule While satisfactory wax pastes cannot be produced merely from wax acid-paraffin mixtures the constituents of which contain more than 40 carbon atoms in the molecule, the 80 admixture of these high molecular weight wax acid-paraffin mixtures to the C,,-C 4, wax acid-calcium salts-paraffin mixture has the advantage that the latter wax mixture undergoes an increase in its hardness Moreover, 85 the hardness and also the gloss of the wax film on the surface treated with the paste is considerably improved. Paraffin hydrocarbons having a molecular size of Q,-C,, are generally difficult to 90 obtain It is thus of great advantage that the modification of the invention, hereinbefore referred to, permits the production of highgrade wax pastes from readily obtainable paraffins of the molecular size of C -CQ,, and 95 paraffins having a molecular size of above CQ,. P'araffins having from 25 to 30 carbon atoms in the molecule may, for example, easily be prepared by the catalytic hydrogenation of carbon monoxide, from the products of which 100 hydrogenation they are readily separated by distillation Also, commercial slab paraffins prepared from petroleum or other sources have a molecular size of C,-CQ, There are also paraffins having more than 30 carbon atoms 105 in the molecule which can be produced relatively easily Thus the so-called hard paraffins obtained by the catalytic hydrogenation of carbon monoxide are of this molecular size, with the average number of carbon atoms in 110 the molecules of the hard paraffins being approximately 45. Wax pastes which are substantially unaffected by temperature changes, may also be produced from the wax compositions pro 115 vided according to the modified form of the invention, namely from wax compositions composed of CQ-C,, wax acids, calcium salts of C%-CQ, wax acids, C,-CQ,, paraffins, and wax acids and paraffins containing more 120 than 30 carbon atoms in the molecule The content of paraffins in the

wax compositions is advantageously about 50 %,' by weight. It is of particular advantage to effect the neutralisation of the C -Q,, wax acid 125 paraffin mixture with caustic lime in such a manner that this mixture contains about 10% by weight of calcium salts. It may be of advantage to remove lower pour point constituents from the C,,-CQ,, wax 130 785,444 acid-paraffin mixture before partially neutralising this G,-Q, mixture with lime, the quantity so removed constituting about 10% by weight of the wax acid-paraffin mixture The removal of the constituents of lower pour point is effected by solvent extraction, the solvent being preferably an oxygencontaining organic compound. The proportions in which the partially neutralised GC,-C,, wax acid-paraffin mixture and the wax acid-paraffin mixture having more than 30 carbon atoms in the molecule are mixed, may vary within wide limits 0 7 to 3 parts by weight of the C,-Q,, wax acidcalcium salts-paraffin mixture may be used per part by weight of the wax acid-paraffin mixture having more than 30 carbon atoms in the molecule. The wax acid-paraffin mixture prepared from hard paraflins obtained as a product of the catalytic hydrogenation of carbon monoxide and having an average molecular size of about C,, may be used with particular advantage as the wax acid-paraffin mixture having a range of molecular sizes of above C,0. The content of calcium soaps may, if desired, be increased so that up to 50 % of the viax acids in the CQ,-CQ, wax acid-paraffin mixture are neutralised and converted into calcium salts In this case, the two component mixtures of the wax composition are so proportioned that from 0 2 to 1 part by weight of the CQ,-Ca, wax acid-calcium salts-paraffin mixture is present per part by weight of the wax acid-paraffin mixture having a molecular size of above C,0. Wax pastes prepared according to conventional specifications from wax compositions of the invention with the use of slab paraffins, solvent naphtha and turpentine have a smooth and glossy surface when packed in containers, for example, in tins The wax pastes are of uniform consistency and are only slightly affected by temperature changes Even at 30 C these wax pastes are very hard and hardly give off oil The wax pastes are light yellow in colour When applied, the wax pastes form a hard glossy film. The wax compositions in accordance with the invention are compatible with other natural or synthetic waxes Various other raw materials may therefore be used for formulating wax pastes. The invention is illustrated by the following examples: EXAMPLE 1 A hard paraffin wax obtained by the catalytic hydrogenation of carbon monoxide, practically containing only hydrocarbons boiling above 460

C, having a solidification point of 98 C and a pentration number of 1 1, was extracted with solvents in such a manner that a paraffin fraction remained which substantially contained only hydrocarbons having a solidification point of 70 -75 C corresponding to a C,, to CQ, fraction This fraction had a solidification point of 720 C and a penetration number of 4 7 This fraction was irradiated with ultra-violet light and simultaneously chlorinated at about 90 -100 C. unil 7 8 % chlorine had been absorbed. Hydrogen chloride was eliminated from the chlorinated fraction by heating for several hours at about 3000 C whilst nitrogen was passed through the fraction The dehydrochlorinated fraction was treated with zinc oxide and bleaching earth, an olefinic hydrocarbon mixture being obtained which contained 0 3 % Cl and which had a solidification point of 66 C The olefinic fraction was then subjected to a conventional OXO synthesis process, that is, the catalytic addition of water gas and subsequent hydrogenation of the addition product, at a temperature in the range 140 -160 ' C and at a pressure in the range 180-200 kg /sq cm in the presence of a cobalt catalyst The product was of a pale yellow colour and contained 55 % of high molecular weight alcohols in addition to paraffin hydrocarbons. This alcohol-paraffin mixture was stirred for 4 hours at 350 ' C with 150 % of the quantity of caustic alkali theoretically required to convert the alcohols into salts O aliphatic monocarboxylic acids containing the same number of carbon atoms as the alcohols After the subsequent decomposition of the product with dilute sulphuric acid, washing and drying, a wax acid-paraffin mixture was obtained which contained 55 % by weight wax acids. This wax acid-paraffin mixture was treated with sufficient caustic lime to obtain a wax composition which, upon the addition of a further quantity of C,, C,6 paraffins, contained 45 % by weight of paraffins, 35 % by weight of tree wax acids and 20 % by weight of calcium salts of the wax acids The wax composition thus formed had a solidification point of 69 ' C and a penetration number of 2.8. A wax paste was prepared from 6 parts by weight of the wax acid-calcium salts-paraffin mixture (wax composition), 24 parts by weight of slab paraffin wax (Compes Type 201) and parts by weight of a mixture containing 115 % solvent naphtha (naphtha fraction boiling between 130 C and 190 ' C) and 30 % American turpentine, and the hardness of this paste was determined at different temperatures The determination of the hardness of 120 the wax paste was effected by means of a penetrometer which, instead of the penetrometer needle normally used for the determination of the hardness of solid paraffins and waxes, was provided with a small steel ball of 17 mm 125 diameter and 19 grams in weight The hardness paste of the wax was recorded as

the depth of penetration in units of 0 1 mm with (a duration of the test of 5 seconds Increasing numbers (one unit= 0 1 mm) thus indi 13 Q 785,444 cate an increasing softness of the wax paste. The wax paste prepared in the manner described above showed the following values with the penetrometer ball used:Temperature: 200 C 25 C 30 C. Penetration No: 1 2 6 EXAMPLE 2 The wax acid-paraffin mixture prepared in accordance with Example 1 was treated with caustic lime (Ca O) in such a manner that the wax composition contained 45 % by wt cf paraffin, 45 %t by wt of wax acids, and 10,, by wt of calcium salts of the wax acids From this wax composition, in the manner described in Example 1, there was produced a wax paste which had the following hardness values:Temperature: 20 C 25 C 300 C. Penetration No: 2 3 8 EXAMPLE 3 A paraffin fraction obtained by extraction and containing all of the hydrocarbons having a solidification point of 75 -80 C (a C 6CQ fraction), having a solidification point of 77 ' C and a penetration number of 3 5 was chlorinated until 6 8 %I chlorine had been absorbed After dehydrochlorination and the removal of the residual quantities of chlorine, an olefin-paraffin mixture which had an iodine number of 46, a solidification point of 70 C. and a chlorine content of 02 % was obtained. This olefin-containing hydrocarbon mixture was catalytically treated with water gas and thereafter with hydrogen in the manner described in Example 1 and then separated from the catalyst by filtration This resulted in a light yellow product which had a hydroxyl number of 62 and a solidification point of 730 C This product was treated with alkali under the conditions set forth in Example 1 After decomposition with dilute sulphuric acid, washing and drying, there was obtained a wax acid-paraffin mixture which consisted of 39 %' by wt of paraffins and 61 % by wt of wax acids This mixture was treated with lime (Ca O) to give a wax composition which contained 40 % by wt of wax acids, 39 % by wt. of paraffins and 21 % by wt of calcium salts of the wax acids The wax composition had a solidification point of 74 C and a penetration number of 2 2 The hardness of the wax paste prepared therefrom with slab paraffin wax and a mixture of solvent naphtha and turpentine, the several constituents being used in the same proportions as in the paste produced in Example 1, had the following values:Temperature: 200 C 250 C 3 C O C. Penetration No 2 3 O EXAMPLE 4 The product obtained in accordance with Example 1 after the treatment with alkali, was extracted for 20 hours at 500 C with dichlorethane

After removal of residual solvent by distillation, the raffinate had a neutralization number of 2 The raffinate or residue which 65 was insoluble in dichlorethane, after decomposition with dilute hydrochloric acid, washing and drying, yielded a wax acid which contained 30 % by weight of paraffins, solidified at 68 C and had a penetration number of 4 5 70 This wax acid was stirred for 30 minutes at about 200 C with 250 % acetone thereby extracting 14 %,' of the acid and resulting in a light yellow extraction residue or raffinate which solidified at 69 C and which had a 75 penetration number of 2 It was stirred with lime until the finished product or wax composition contained 20 % by weight of calcium salts of the wax acids The wax composition had a solidification point of 720 C and a pene 80 tration number of 0 5 A wax paste prepared from 6 parts by weight of the wax composition, 24 parts by weight of slab paraffin wax (Compes Type 201) and 70 parts by weight of a solvent mixture having the same composi 85 tion as that used in Example 1, had the follow. ing hardness values:Temperature: 20 C 250 C 3 W O C. Penetration No 1 2 9 EXAMPLE 5 90 a) A hard paraffin wax produced by the catalytic hydrogenation of carbon monoxide. containing all of the hydrocarbons boiling above 460 ' C, having a solidification point of 98 C, a penetration number of 1 1 and ail 95 average molecular size of C, was chlorinated until 5 4 % O chlorine had been absorbed By dehydrochlorination and treatment with zinc oxide and bleaching earth, an olefin-paraffin mixture was obtained which contained 0 4 %j/ 100 chlorine, solidified at 92 ' C and had an iodine number of 29 By subjecting this mixture to the OXO synthesis with hydrogenationsof the OXO synthesis product, there was obtained an alcohol-paraffin mixture which solidified at 105 92 C and contained 53 % of alcohols. This alcohol-paraffin mixture was treated for 6 hours with 150 % of the quantity of caustic alkali theoretically required to convert the alcohols into salts of mono-carboxylic acids 110 containing the same number of carbon atoms in the molecule After decomposition of the salts in the mixture with dilute hydrochloric acid, washing and drying, a light yellow wax acid-paraffin mixture was obtained which 115 contained 55 by wt of wax acids The solidification point of this mixture was 92 C. while the penetration number was 1 3 A wax paste prepared therefrom with the use of slab paraffin wax (Compes Type 201) and a mix 120 ture of solvent naphtha and turpentine of the same composition as that used in Example 1, the constituents of the paste being used in the same proportions as in the paste of Example 1, had the following hardness values: 125 Temperature: 200 C 250 C 30 C. Penetration No: 4 200 200 785,444 This wax paste shows very

unsatisfactory properties If the wax acid-paraffin mixture used is stirred with caustic lime (Ca O) until the product contains from 10 % to 20 % by wt. of calcium salts of the wax acids, then wax pastes prepared in precisely the same manner have the following hardness values:Temperature: 200 C 250 C 300 C. Penetration No: 2 30 200 These wax pastes also have no satisfactory resistance to temperature changes. b) When the wax acid-paraffin of this example is mixed with the same quantity by weight of the wax composition prepared in accordance with Example 1, then a wax composition is obtained which has a solidification point of 85 C and a penetration number of 1.5 The wax paste prepared from this wax composition, slab paraffin wax (Compes Type 201) and a solvent naphtha-turpentine mixture of the same composition as that used in Example 1, the constituents of the paste being used in the same proportions by weight as in the wax paste in Example 1, had the following hardness value:Temperature: 200 C 250 C 30 C. Penetration No: 1 4 35 These figures indicate that it is possible in accordance with the invention decisively to improve a wax which is not itself satisfactory for the producton of wax pastes. EXAMPLE 6 a) A paraffin fraction boiling between 4000 C and 450 C which had been obtained by distillation and which contained all of the hydrocarbons of the molecular size of CG,CQ, was chlorinated, whilst being irradiated with actinic light, until 9 5 % chlorine had been absorbed The chlorination mixture was mixed with 1 % by wt of active carbon and heated in a glass flask for 3 hours at about 3000 C while stirring and passing through small amounts of nitrogen After cooling, the reaction product was mixed with a mixture of 1 % zinc oxide and 1 % bleaching earth (Tonsil) and again heated for 2 hours at about 2000 C After having filtered off the solid constituents, the delhydrochlorinated product so obtained had an iodine number of 56 and which contained 0 2 % chlorine. This olefin-paraffin mixture was placed in a pressure-resistant vessel provided with a stirrer and treated for one hour with water gas at a temperatrue of 140 '-160 ' C and at a pressure of 180-200 kg /sq cm in the presence of a cobalt catalyst The aldehydes thereby formed were hydrogenated with hydrogen for one hour at 200 (-220 C and a pressure of 140-150 kg /sq cm in the presence a cobalt catalyst The catalyst was removed by filtration, leaving a pale yellow product which contained 55 % of alcohols. The alcohol-paraffin mixture thus obtained was mixed with 130 % of the quantity of caustic alkali theoretically required to convert 65 the alcohols into salts of mono-carboxylic acids and stirred in a

pressure-resistor vessel for 3 hours at 3500 C Thereafter, the product was decomposed with dilute hydrochloric acid and the acid-treated product was then boiled 70 several times with water to remove the last residues of mineral acid After drying, there remained a light yellow wax acid-paraffin mixture which contained 55 % by wt of wax acids The mixture was stirred with caustic 75 lime (Ca O) at 100 -140 C while small amounts of water were added, until only 35 % of free acids were present The finished product prepared in this manner contained 45 % by wt of paraffins, 35 % by wt of free wax 80 acids and 20 % by wt of calcium salts of the wax acids. b) Hard paraffin wax obtained as a product of the catalytic hydrogenation of carbon monoxide and containing all of the hydrocarbons 85 boiling above 46,0 C and having an average molecular size of C 4,, was chlorinated until 5.4 % chlorine had been absorbed After dehydrochlorination and subsequent treatment with zinc oxide and bleaching earth, 90 there was obtained an olefin-paraffin mixture which had an iodine number of 29 and contained 0 4 % chlorine After the catalytic addition of water gas and subsequent hydrogenation effected under the conditions des 95 cribed in Example 6 a, an alcohol-paraffin mixture was obtained which contained 55 % alcohols. This alcohol-paraffin mixture was stirred for 6 hours with 150 % of the quantity of 100 caustic alkali theoretically required to convert the alcohols into salts of the corresponding mono-carboxylic acids By decomposition of the salts with dilute hydrochloric acid, washing and drying, a light yellow wax acid 105 paraffin mixture which contained 55 % by wt. of wax acids was obtained. c) Equal parts by weight of the partially neutralised wax acid-paraffin mixture prepared in accordance with Example 6 a and of the wax 110 acid-paraffin mixture obtained in accordance with Example 6 b were mixed This resulted in a wax composition which had a solidification point of 860 C and a penetration number of 3 5 115 d) A paste was prepared from 6 parts by weight of the partially neutralised wax acidparaffin mixture prepared in accordance with Example 6 a, 24 parts by weight of slab paraffin wax (Compes Type 201) and 70 parts by 120 weight of a mixture consisting of 70 % solvent naphtha (a petroleum fraction boiling between and 1900 C) and 30 % of American turpentine The hardness of this paste was determined at different temperatures in the 125manner described in Example 1, and the following values were obtained:Temperature: Penetration No: A wax paste prepared in the same manner from the wax acid-paraffin mixture prepared in accordance with Example 6 b, slab paraffin Temperature Penetration No:

C. A wax paste prepared from the wax composition prepared in accordance with Example 6 c, slab paraffin wax, solvent naphtha and turpentine in the same proportions had the following hardness values:Temperature: 20 C 25 C 300 C. Penetration No: 7 10 30 This indicates clearly the extraordinary improvement in the temperature-resistance obtained by mixing the wax acids in accordance with the invention. EXAMPLE 7 a) The wax acid-paraffin mixture obtained in accordance with Example 6 a was stirred for 30 minutes at about 200 C with twice the quantity of acetone and the raffinate was separated by filtration Evaporation of the Temperature: 200 C. Penetration No: above 20 ( b) By mixing equal parts by weight of the partially neutralised wax acid-paraffin mixture obtained in accordance with Example 7 a and of the wax acid-paraffin mixture obtained in accordance with Example 6 b, a wax composition was obtained which had a solidification point of 870 C and a penetration number of 2 5 A wax paste produced from 6 parts by weight of the wax copmosition, 24 parts by weight of slab paraffin wax (Compes Type 201) and 70 parts by weight of a solvent naphtha-turpentine mixture of the same composition as that used in Example 1, had the following hardness values:Temperature: 200 C 25 C 30 C. Penetration No: 2 7 10 EXAMPLE 8 The mixing of 1 5 parts by weight of the partially naturalised wax acid-paraffin mixture prepared according to Example 7 a with 1 0 parts by weight of the wax acid-paraffin mixture prepared in accordance with Example 6 b, resulted in a wax composition which had a solidification point of 85 C and a penetration number of 3 8 A wax paste prepared from this wax composition, slab paraffin and a solvent naphtha-turpentine mixture in the proportions set forth in Example 6 d had the following hardness values:Temperature Penetration No: ) C. b) Equal parts by weight of the partiallyneutralised wax acid-paraffin mixture prepared wax, solvent naptha and turpentine in the same proportions had the following hardness values:C. above 200 C. above 200 acetone extract resulted in 200 % by wt of extracted constituents The light yellow extraction raffinate which was insoluble in acetone contained 45 %, by weight of wax acids, the remainder being paraffins This wax acid-paraffin mixture was then treated with caustic lime (Ca O) in such a manner that a finished product was obtained which contained 55 %f by weight of paraffins, 20 % by weight of calcium salts of the wax acids and %' by weight of free wax acids The hardnesses of the pastes prepared from this product with the use of

slab paraffin wax (Compes Type 201) and a solvent naphtha-turpentine mixture of the composition employed in Example 1, the constituents of the pastes being used in the same proportion as the paste prepared in Example 1, were as follows: C 30 C. above 200 above 200 Temperature: 20 ' C 25 C 30 C. Penetration No: 3 5 8 These values, as well as the values given in Example 7 b, indicate the considerable improvements with regard to resistance to temperature changes obtainable by mixing the different wax acids. EXAMPLE 9 a) The product obtained in accordance with Example 6 a after the treatment with alkali was extracted for 5 hours with ethylene chloride at 50 C Evaporation of the solvent resulted in an extract which had a neutralisation number of 2 The extraction residue on raffinate was decomposed with dilute sulphuric acid, washed several times with water and then dried A light yellow wax acid which still contained about 5 paraffins was obtained thereby. This concentrated wax acid was stirred with caustic lime (Ca O) until 20 %, by wt of calcium salts of the wax acids were contained in the finished product A wax paste prepared from this product with the use of slab paraffin wax, solvent naphtha and turpentine in the proportions given in Example 6 d had the following hardness values:C 300 C. above 200 above 200 in accordance with Example 9 a and of the wax acid-paraffin mixture obtained in accordance 785,444 C. above 200 C. above 200 300 C. above 200 785,444 with Example 6 b were mixed This resulted in a wax composition which had a solidification point of 90 C and a penetration number of 45 A wax paste prepared from this wax composition, slab paraffin wax, solvent naphtha and turpentine in the proportions given in Example 6 d had the following hardness values: Temperature: 20 C 25 C 300 C. Penetration No: 2 7 12 These figures also indicate the surprising improvements obtainable by mixing the wax acids and wax acid-paraffin mixtures in accordance with the invention. EXAMPLE 10 A mixture was prepared from equal parts by weight of the partially neutralised wax acidparaffin mixture of Example 7 a and a wax acid-paraffin mixture which had been obtained by subjecting a paraffin fraction which contained hydrocarbons having a solidification point of 75 -80 C, corresponding to the molecular size of C,-CQ 0, successively to chlorination, dehydrochlorination, the OXO synthesis reaction, hydrogenation and alkali fusion The wax acid-paraffin mixture contained 61 % by wt of wax acids By mixing this mixture with the

partially neutralised mixture of Example 7 a, a wax composition which solidified at 66 C and had a penetration number of 3 1 was obtained A wax paste prepared from this wax composition, slab paraffin wax, solvent naphtha and turpentine in the proportions given in Example 6 d had the following hardness values:Temperature: 200 C 250 C 300 C. Penetration No: 5 8 20 EXAMPLE 11 A mixture was prepared from equal parts by weight of the partially neutralised wax acid-paraffin mixture of Example 6 a and a wax acid-paraffin mixture which contained 60 % of free wax acids rand which had been produced by subjecting a C 40-C,,4 paraffin fraction (solidification point of 80 -85 C) successively to chlorination, dehydrochlorination, the OXO synthesis reaction, hydrogenation and alkali fusion This resulted in a wax composition which had a solidification point of 720 C and a penetration number of 3 2 A Temperature Penetration No: C. above 200 b) A wax composition prepared by mixing equal parts by weight of the partially neutralised wax acid-paraffin mixture produced in accordance with Example 12 a and of the wax acid-paraffin mixture of Example 6 b had a solidification point of 810 C and a penetration number of 1 9 The hardnesses of a wax paste prepared from this wax composition, slab paraffin wax, solvent naphtha and turpentine in the proportions given in Example 6 d were as follows:wax paste produced from this wax composition, slab paraffin wax, solvent naphtha and turpentine in the proportions previously mentioned had the following hardness values:Temperature: 200 C 250 C 300 C. Penetration No: 5 13 26 EXAMPLE 12 a) A paraffin fraction obtained by the catalytic hydrogenation of carbon monoxide and containing all of the hydrocarbons of the 60 molecular size CQ,-CQ O with the average carbon number being Co,, was chlorinated, whilst being irradiated with actinic light, until 4 3 % chlorine had been absorbed The dehydrochlorination and the removal of the 65 residual chlorine content with zinc oxide and bleaching earth was effected in accordance with Example 6 a The faintly yellow olefinparaffin mixture obtained contained 0 1 % chlorine and had an iodine number of 28 The 70 olefin-paraffin mixture was then subjected to the OXO synthesis reaction and hydrogenation under conditions employed in the corresponding steps in Example 6 a After separation of the cobalt catalyst, a light yellow 75 alcohol-paraffin mixture containing 35 % alcohols was obtained. This alcohol-paraffin mixture was stirred for 4 hours at about 350 C with 150 % of the quantity of caustic alkali theoretically required 80 to convert the alcohols into salts of monocarboxylic acids Alter decomposition with dilute hydrochloric acid, washing and drying, the

product contained 35 % by wt of wax acids, the remainder being paraffins This wax 85 acid-paraffin mixture was stirred for 30 minutes at 20 C with twice the quantity of acetone to give a 13 % extract and a light yellow extraction residue or raffinate which contained 25 % by wt of wax acids 90 The extracted wax acid-paraffin mixture was stirred with caustic lime (Ca O) until only % by wt of free wax acids remained The product so obtained contained 75 % by wt of paraffins, 15 % by wt of calcium salts of the 95 wax acids and 10 % by wt of wax acids. A paste prepared from this partially neutralised wax acid-parafin mixture, slab paraffin wax, solvent naphtha and turpentine in the proportions given in Example 6 d had 100 the following hardness values: 250 C 30 C. above 200 above 200 Temperature: 20 C 25 C 300 C 115 Penetration No: 4 7 14 These values also indicate that waxes suitable for the production of pastes cannot be prepared from paraffins of the molecular size of CG,-C,0 merely by subjecting the latter to 120 chlorination, dehydrochlorination, the OXO synthesis reaction, hydrogenation and alkali fusion Starting materials for wax pastes which are substantially unaffected by temperature changes can only be produced by a com 125 785,444 bination with wax acids, the molecular size of which ranges above CO.

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* GB785445 (A)

Description: GB785445 (A)

No title available

Description of GB785445 (A)

PATENT SPECIFICATION

Date of filing Complete Specification: March 17, 1955. Application Date: -April 6, 1954 No 9993/54. Complete Specification Published: Oct 30, 1957. Index at Acceptance:-Classes 19, All; and 61, K 4 C. International Classitication:-A 46 b, o, COMPLETE SPECIFICATION. Improvements in Brushes. 1, JULIUS MANUS MACMICKING, a British Subject, of "Braeside", 3 Perry Hill Crescent, Quinton, Birmingham 32, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent S may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement - This invention relates to hand or machine brushes for domestic or industrial use, of the type formed in sections with bristles thereon which are detachably assembled together to form the complete brush, so that a section or sections with bristles thereon h 5 can be replaced and/or rearranged in the assembly. According to the present invention, brush sections are held together by means of a metal plate adapted to slidably engage over 2 '0: the backs of brush sections which when the brush is assembled butt against one another and having opposite sides with inturned lips and opposite external sides of the back of the brush sections having aligned side 2)5 grooves which are slidably engaged by the inturned lips to slidably engage the abutting sections across the joint, means being provided for holding the plate and brush sections against relative sliding movement The :30 plate may be fixed to one section and removably receives another section or sections. A handle may be fixed to the plate to which the brush sections are slidably engaged. Spring tongues may be provided on the plate 3.5 for pressing on a brush section. In order that the invention may be clearly understood and readily carried into effect, reference may be had to the accompanying drawings, on which:Figure 1 is a side elevation of a hand brush constructed according to this invention;. lPrice 3 s 6 d 1 Figure 2 is an end view of a brush section; Figure 3 is a plan of Figure 1; Figure 4 is a side view of a holder frame of a hand brush, showing one brush section engaged thereon; Figure 5 is a side elevation of the brush section detached; Figure 6 is a plan view of Figure 4 with two sections; and Figure 7 is a section on line x-x of Figure 4. In the form shown by Figures 1 to 3, a hand brush comprises a backing 1 having bristles thereon as with an ordinary brush and also having a handle 2 The backing 1 has a holder plate 3 fixed thereon which has side flanges 4 curled inwards to form a groove to receive a separate

brush section 5 having a backing with side grooves 6 to engage the plate l The holder plate 1 has a spring tongue 7 pressed therefrom to grip the detachable section 5 and assist in holding same in position. In the form shown by Figures 4 to 7, the base 8 of the handle of a hand brush carries a sheet metal or other holder frame 9 having inturned sides 10 to form a dove-tail groove to slidably receive two brush sections 11, the upper portion 12 of the backing of which is shaped to engage the dove-tail groove formed by the holder frame The sections are spring gripped in position by the spring tongues 13 The brush sections may be fixed or locked on the holder by any other means. The bristles may be formed on any number of sections which are interchanceable and also reversible Thus if the bristles wear at the front or tip, the sections can be interchanoed and either end can form a tip Any section can be replaced by a new section. The sections may comprise bristles moulded 785,445 o 7;, into a plastic back having the grooves in the sides. Various types of brushes can be built up by using standard brush sections, thus faci5) litating manufacture and replacements The handle or stale can be fixed on the holder for the sections for other types of brushes.

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* GB785446 (A)

Description: GB785446 (A) ? 1957-10-30

Means for delivering controlled quantities of liquids

Description of GB785446 (A)

PATENT SPECIFICATION

Date of Application and filing Complete Specification April I?, 12954 N. Application made in Germany on ",ay 18, 1952. Complete Specification Published: Oct 30, 1957. Index at Acceptance:-Class 135, VE 1 C 4 VK 2 A. International Classification:-FO 6 k. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Means for Delivering Controlled Quantities of Liquids. We, HEINRICH KOPPERS GESELLSCHAFT MIT BESCHRANKCTER HAFTUNG, a German Company of Moltkestrasse 29, Essen, Germany, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- The present invention concerns means for delivering controlled quantities of liquids and is especially but not exclusively, concerned with means for delivering a controlled supply of quenching water to a spraying system for quenching the incani 5 descent coke produced in coking chamber ovens. The coke produced in a coking chamber oven is generally discharged from the oven chamber into a quenching car in which it is transported 'to a quenching tower and there sprayed, whilst in the quenching car, with a quantity of water In order to minimise the consumption of quenching water the excess water which is not absorbed or evaporated by the coke is drained to a sump where it is clarified for re-use To this end, the clarified quenching water is pumped into an elevated container arranged in the quenching tower and in due course is conducted from there to the spraying system. It is essential that the quantity of water which is required for proper quenching of a car load of coke shall be sprayed on to the coke as rapidly as possible, and it is even more important to stop the supply of quenching water to the spraying system instantaneously after the appropriate quantity of water has been sprayed, to avoid excessive absorption of water by the coke. The valves which have hitherto been arranged in the discharge conduit from the said elevated container are little suited to this purpose, more particularly because the 4 Ssmall particles of coke which are still pre(Pr' 7835,446 O 1072754. sent in the clarified quenching water readily settle between the sealing surfaces of such valves and not only impair the fluid-tight character thereof, but also produce heavy wear on the sealing surfaces 50 An object of the present invention is to provide liquid delivery means capable of rapidly establishing and cutting off the flow of liquid, especially liquid containing solid matter, from an elevated

container such as 55 that which supplies quenching water to the spraying system in a coke quenching tower. Thus in accordance with the present invention there is provided liquid delivery 60 means comprising an elevated container for liquid, a conduit for delivering liquid by gravity from such container, and a valve controlling the flow of liquid through such conduit, such valve including a valve mem 65 ber movable between a valve-open position and a valve-closed position and urged towards one of these positions by the hydrostatic pressure of the liquid in the container upstream of the valve and acting on such 70 valve member, and towards the other of these positions by the hydrostatic pressure of the same liquid acting on operating means associated with said valve member, and a control valve for regulating the ap 75 plication of said hydrostatic pressure to said operating means. Numerous alternative arrangements are possible within the scope of the present invention; thus the said operating means may 80 be arranged to provide a valve membermoving force greater than that of the hydrostatic pressure acting directly on the valve member solely by virtue of the operating means having a greater effective cross-see 85 tional area exposed to the said pressure than that of the valve member and/or being located below the valve member so that the hydrostatic pressure acting on the operating means is greater than that acting onr 90 p 785,446 the valve member Preferably, however, in order to enable the operating means to be small in size, the valve member is biassed against the hydrostatic pressure acting dir5.ectly thereon so that the operating means only have to produce a thrust just in excess of the difference between the force of the hydrostatic pressure, acting on the valve member, and the biassing force. The provision of biassing for the valve member also has the advantage that movement of the valve member, when the hydrostatic pressure acting upon the operating means is relieved through operation of the said control valve, takes place as a result of low net forces acting on the valve member so that damage to, or wear of, the latter and any surfaces it engages as a result of such movement is minimised The control 2 valve can thus take the form of a simple three-way cock adapted to be rapidly moved between a position in which it places the operating means in communication with the liquid upstream of the valve member and a position in which such liquid may immediately drain from the operating means, the rate of movement of the valve member being governed by the biassing force when the valve member is moving against such force, and by the thrust capabilities of the operating means when the valve member is moving in the opposite direction. The -provision of biassing for the valve member has the further advantage that, since the force needed to move the valve is only

approximately the difference between the biassing force and the hydrostatic pressure force on the valve member, manual operation of the valve is feasible should the operating means or control valve fail. The valve member may take a variety of forms and in one embodiment of the invention it comprises a ball which is movable in a valve chamber having inlet and outlet ports, the ball engaging a seating around the outlet port when in its valve-closed position. The valve member may, however, take the form of a double cone operating in a valve chamber in the same manner as the ball described above. The operating means conveniently comDrise a diaphragm constituting one wall of a pressure chamber to which liquid upstream of the valve member may be admitted under the control of the control valve, movement of the diaphragm under the hydrostatic pressure of such liquid being transmitted to the valve member, preferably through a linkage which is arranged partially outside the valve to avoid the difficulties which would otherwise be encountered in sealing a linkage within the conduit controlled by the valve against contamination by any solid particles in the liquid and to facilitate lubrication of the linkage and the connection thereto of biassing means if such are provided. Thus preferably the valve member cooperates with a lever extending into a recess in the wall of the conduit controlled 70 by the valve, such recess being so located as to avoid the deposition therein of solid particles carried by the liquid, the lever being carried by a shaft extending to the exterior of the conduit and there connecting 75 with a linkage coupled to said diaphragm. The said diaphrgam preferably comprises a rigid plate to the periphery of which is clamped one end of a flexible bellows of substantially cylindrical form and desirably 80 formed of a resilient material which is resistant to chemical attack or abrasion by the liquid or any impurities therein, and also able to withstand repeated flexing over a long period 85 Preferably the said valve member is covered with a resilient material such as rubber, synthetic rubber or a plastic, resistant to chemical attack or abrasion by the liquid or any impurities therein so that a 90 fluid-tight seal will be obtained when the valve member is in the valve-closed position regardless of any small particles which may become wedged between it and its seating 95 Liquid delivery means in accordance with the present invention are very suitable for delivering a controlled supply of quenching water to a spraying system in a coke quenching tower, and an embodiment of 100 the invention as adapted for such a purpose is illustrated, by way of example, in the accompanying drawings, in which: Fig 1 is a

diagrammatic illustration of a quenching tower incorporating liquid de 105 livery means in accordance with an embodiment of this invention; Fig 2 is a vertical section through the valve used in the apparatus of Fig 1, and Fig 3 is a plan view of the valve of Fig 110 Referring first to Fig 1, a quenching car 1 loaded with incandescent coke discharged from an oven chamber is shown as located beneath a quenching tower 2 Arranged in 115 the quenching tower above the quenching car is a spraying system 3 which is fed with water through a discharge conduit 4 from an elevated container or tank 5 A valve 6 is incorporated in the conduit 4 and is con 120 trolled, by means of a diaphragm not shown in Fig 1, by the hydrostatic pressure in a control pipe 7 connected to the tank 5 The quenching water flowing away from the quenching car 1 during the quenching op 125 erating is returned to the elevated tank 5 by means of a pump 8, through a conduit 9 from a sump 10 which receives the water and in which the water is clarified by separation of the coarse particles of coke 130 785,446 therefrom. As can be seen from Fig 2, the valve 6 comprises a housing 11 within which is located a valve member in the form of a ball 12 which is applied, in its valve-closed position, against an annular seating surface 13 of the valve housing by the hydrostatic pressure of the water in the tank 5 and in the conduit 4 above this valve The ball 12 is of metal and is covered with a resilient material, for example rubber, Buna, or a resilient plastic resistant to 4 chemical attack by the water or any impurities therein The valve housing 11 is of enlarged cross-section around and above the ball 12, and is furnished with a transverse stop 14 against which the ball 12 bears when in its valve-open position to enable the quenching water to discharge down2 wards through the open annular passage formed between the ball and the housing. The housing 11 is provided internally with ribs 40 which form a guideway for the ball 12. The valve housing 11 is made in two parts which are interconnected by flanges and screws or the like The lower part cf the valve housing 11 is in the form of a pipe bend The ball 12 rests loosely on a plate 41 carrying a dependent fork 16, and a lever 18 is articulated between the arms of the fork 16 by means of a bolt 17 This lever 18 extends into an internal recess 19 in the housing 11 and is rigidly secured to a pivot pin 20 passing through the walls of this recess, for example by a squared mounting thereon, the pin 20 being mounted in sealed fashion in a bush 21 in the wall of the housing. The pin 20 carries a collar 22 which is disposed in a recessed bush forming part of the wall of the housing and is pressed in sealed fashion against the base of this recess by means of a plug-form nut 23 having external screw threading One end of a lever 24 is rigidly

connected to the pivot pin 20 at the end of the latter which projects from the wall of the housing, and the other end of the lever 24 is articulated in the forked portion 25 of a rod 27 by means of a bolt 26 This rod 27, which is vertically disposed, is firmly connected to a double-layer plate 29 by means of a nut 28, and is guided for vertical movement in an i 5 external bearing 30 on the valve housing Clamped between the layers of the plate 29 is the beaded end 31 of a substantially cylindrical bellows 32, the other end 33 of the bellows being gripped between the flanges 34 of a casing 35 secured to the underside of the valve housing and defining a pressure chamber 35 This pressure chamber 35 is tapered at its lower end and is connected at its lowest point to a control ialve in the form of a three-way cock 36 )n the control conduit 7 leading to the eleiated container 5 The upper part of the pressure chamber 35 above the plate 29 is )pen to the atmosphere 70 Since the hydrostatic pressure of the water acting downwardly on the ball 12 is, neglecting the difference in level between the ball and the diaphragm, approximately equal to the hydrostatic pressure acting on 75 :he diaphragm 29, 32 when the three-way cock 36 is in the position shown in Fig 2, the effective cross-sectional area of the diaphragm 29, 32 would have to be larger than that of the ball 12 to hold the ball 12 fully 80 up under these conditions However, a lever 37 is connected to the lever 24 and is furnished with an adjustable counterweight 38 which thus biasses the ball 12 against the hydrostatic pressure acting thereon, en-85 abling the effective cross-sectional area of the diaphragm 29, 32 to be less than that of the ball 12 without detriment to proper opening of the valve, and furthermore prevents the ball 12 from being impacted 90 against its seat by the sudden removal of hydrostatic pressure from the diaphragm resulting from the rotation of the three-way cock 36 through 900 clockwise as seen in Fig 2 This substantially reduces the wear 95 on the ball 12 and the seating 13. The double-layer plate 29 rests on projections 43 in the pressure chamber 35 (as shown in the left-hand part of Fig 2) when the valve 6 is in the closed condition and 100 there is no hydrostatic pressure acting on the diaphragm 29, 32. The quenching procedure is initiated by operation of the three-way cock 36 to the position shown in Fig 2 after the quench 105 ing car 1, with its charge of coke, has been driven beneath the quenching tower 2 The water from the control conduit 7 flows into the pressure chamber 35 and forces the plate 29 to the position shown by the right 110 hand part of Fig 2, thereby raising the ball 12 up against the stop 14. As a result of the lifting of the ball 12, the quenching water is allowed to pass through the conduit 4 to the spraying sys-115 tern 3. To close the valve 6, the three-way cock is turned clockwise through

90 ' as seen in Fig 2, as a result of which the water can flow out of the pressure chamber 35 through 120 the valve 36 to the lower (exhaust) port thereof Under these conditions the hydrostatic pressure above the ball 12 acts on the latter and the ball is therefore pressed against its seat 13 against the biassing force 125 exerted by the counterweight 38. The arrangement in accordance with the invention can be utilised for purposes other than the quenching of coke, in fact in all instances where it is desirable to make a 130 785,446 supply of liquid quickly available and to rapidly shut off such supply.

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* GB785447 (A)

Description: GB785447 (A) ? 1957-10-30

Improvements in railborne vehicle braking systems

Description of GB785447 (A)

PATENT SPECIFICATION Inventor: -JAMES BELL. Date of filing Complete Specification: Junei 3,195 a. Application Date: April 14, 1954 No 11003154. C'ompjlete Specification Published: Oct 30, 1957. Index at Acceptance -Class 103 ( 1), E 2 (H 5: L 7), F( 1 A 2 B: 3 C). International lassisfication:-B 61 h. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION. Improvements in Railborne Vehicle Braldng Systems. We, DISTINGTON ENGINEERING COMPANY LIMITED, a British Com Dany, of Chapel Bank Works, Workington, in the County of Cumberland, do hereby declare the invention for which we pray that a patent may be granted

to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: This invention is concerned with a braking system primarily intended for use on railborne vehicles. The application of brakes to the metal wheels of such vehicles in an emergency, for example when the vehicle is running out of control on a gradient, may be ineffective to bring the vehicle quickly to a standstill, owing to the tendency of the locked wheels to skid along the rails A satisfactory way of overcoming this problem is to provide the vehicle with brake shoes which can be brought into frictional engagement with the rails, as opposed to the wheels and the present invention provides an improved emergency braking system of this general character. It has already been proposed (in Patent Specification No 285,966) to mount a vehicle body carrying such rail-engaging brake shoes upon hydraulic or like jacks, so that the body can be raised and lowered relative to the wheels to bring the brakes clear of or into contact with the rails It has also been proposed (in Patent Specification No 514,256) to provide the body of a railborne vehicle with brake shoes mounted for vertical movement relative to the body and spring biased downwards, the vehicle body being supported from the wheel axles by a system of levers or mechanical gearing. which can be operated, either manually or by an automatic device responsive to the speed of the vehicle, to allow the vehicle body to, drop and bring the brake shoes into engagement with the rails. According to the invention, the body of a railborne vehicle carries one or more brake shoes mounted for vertical movement relative to the body and spring biased downwards, and the body is supported on fluid pressure actuated means mounted on the wheel axles, whereby when the fluid pres. sure is released from said means, the body will be allowed to fall under gravity, such movement bringing the brake shoe or shoes into frictional engagement with a rail and thereby braking the vehicle The spring mounting of the brake shoe or shoes gives better distribution of the braking effect, particularly where the rail level is irregular. Within the limits imposed by the gradient, the total initial braking force available is that due to the combined weight of the vehicle and its contents (with the exception of the wheel and axle assemblies and the small parts associated with them) together with the force due to this combined weight falling under gravity Any failure in the fluid pressure system will be immediately apparent since the vehicle will necessarily be brought to a standstill, whereas if a positive application of pressure was necessary to apply the brake, such a failure would be less obviously detected and might have serious

results The arrangement is accordingly particularly advantageous in circumstances where there is no regular routine inspection and maintenance. Preferably the fluid pressure actuated means comprises a cylinder, and a piston movable axially within the cylinder, one of these members being mounted on a wheel axle, whilst the other supports the body of 7 $ 5,447 785,447 the vehicle Such a cylinder and piston arrangement may be mounted adjacent each wheel, and pressure may be applied thereto from a common source mounted on the vehicle The means for releasing the fluid pressure to apply the brake preferably includes a device operable automatically when the speed of the vehicle exceeds a predetermined value. Other features and advantages of the invention will be seen from the following description of one particular form thereof, reference being made to the accompanying drawings; wherein: la Figure 1 is a side sectional view of part of a four wheeled railborne truck embodying the invention (only the parts relevant to the invention being shown); Figure 2 is a part top plan view of Figure 1; Figure 3 is a part section on line III-III of Figure 1 on an enlarged scale; and Figure 4 is a fragmentary view showinga modification. Referring to Figure 1, the rectangular underframe 1 of the body of a truck is supported on four fluid pressure operated cylinder assemblies (shown generally by 2) mounted on the axles 3 and 4 of the truck adjacent the inner faces of the wheels 5. Each of the cylinder assembles comprises a cylinder 6 (Figure 3) having an inlet for hydraulic liquid, and a piston 7 slidable axially within the cylinder The cylinder is secured to the upper face of a block 8 of square section mounted on the axle and projects upwards therefrom, the piston being moved up or down in response to changes in pressure within the cylinder It will be appreciated, however, that the piston could be fixedly mounted if desired, in which case the cylinder would move vertically over it. The underframe (Figure 2) consists of four longitudinally extending bars 9 of channel section, (only two of which are shown) connected by a number of Darallel transverse bars 10, the whole framework being substantially wider than the wheel base, and having an overhanging portion both at the front and rear of the vehicle. Adjacent each cylinder assembly there is secured to the outer face of an inner bar 9 (which is of inwardly facing channel section, see Figure 3) a composite angle section supporting plate 11 whose horizontally extending flange has a recessed insert 12 which receives the upper end of the piston 7. Also secured to the same bar 9 and projecting downwardly from it on opposite sides of the axle is a pair of angle section guide plates 13

arranged so that their outwardly extending flanges slidably engage the opposing vertical faces of the cylinder mounting block 8 The guide plates 13 will ordinarily be arranged to project downwards at right angles to the underframe (when viewed in side elevation), but on trucks which are to be permanently in use on a track of constant gradient, these plates, together with the supporting plate 11, will be secured to 70 the underframe at the appropriate angle, so as to allow the underframe and body of the truck to fall vertically when the fluid pressure is released Such an arrangement is shown in Figure 4 75 Fixed to brackets 14 beneath the overhanging portions of the underframe, fore and aft of the wheels, are four brake shoes fitted with friction linings 16 and arranged directly above the rails Each is So carried on the lower end of a bolt 17 movable vertically through a bracket and is biased downwards by a shock absorbing spring 18 located round the shank of the bolt between the bracket and the shoe The Sa brake shoes may be mounted within the wheel base or at any other position intermediate the positions shown They may be of the "monobloc" or one-piece type as shown, or brake shoes of articulated con 90 struction may be used to suit particular conditions Hydraulic pressure is distributed (by means of a source of pressure in the form of a combined pump and liquid storage tank 23) equally to the four cylinders 95 6 through branch pipes 19 and 20 which lead from a central supply pipe 21 running longitudinally of the underframe, the ends 22 of the supply pipe being bent upwardly as shown in Figure 1, for connection to a 100 similar pipe on another truck. When the body with its underframe is positively held in the raised position shown by means of the hydraulically supported pistons, the brake shoes are held clear of 1 o 5 the rails (the level of the top of the rail heads being represented by the line 24 in Figures 1 and 4) As soon as the pressure is released, however, the weight of the underframe, body and contents of the truck 10 causes the brake shoes to engage the rail heads as described thereby braking the truck. In this particular instance, the truck is provided with means, well known in them 115 selves, for releasing the pressure in the system when the speed of the truck exceeds a predetermined value The means comprises a centrifugal governor 25 which is driven by a chain 26 from one of the wheels 120 When the predetermined safe speed of the truck has been exceeded, the governor operates to trip a valve 27, thereby opening the pipes 19, 20, and 21 to the nonpressure side of the system The valve 27 125 is arranged to remain in the open position until the governor trio is reset. It will be understood that this release arrangement is only one of many which could be em-ployed Pressure release could 1 -'0 pressure is applied thereto from a common source mounted on the vehicle.

4 A vehicle in accordance with any of the preceding claims in which the means for releasing the fluid pressure includes a device operable automatically when the speed of the vehicle exceeds a predetermined value. A vehicle in accordance with any of the preceding claims in which the vehicle body carries a pair of forward brake shoes and a pair of rear brake shoes, each pair being adapted to engage both rails. 6 A train of railborne vehicles, each vehicle having its body supported on fluid pressure actuated telescopic means mounted on the wheel axles, so that the body is vertically movable relative to the wheels and axles, said body carrying at least one brake shoe mounted for vertical movement relative to the body and spring biased downwards, the brake shoe being positioned to engage a rail when the body is lowered relative to wheels, wherein a source of fluid pressure is carried on one of the vehicles in the train and is connected to the tele. scopic means in all the vehicles, whereby all the vehicles will be braked simultaneously when the fluid pressure is purposely or accidentally released. 7 A railborne vehicle equipped with braking means arranged and adapted to operate substantially as described herein and as illustrated in the accompanying drawings. A A THORNTON & CO, Chartered Patent Agents, Napier House, 24-27 High Holborn, London, W C 1, For the Applicants. for example, be effected by manually operated controls on the truck, or by various kinds of external trio operation. When two or more trucks are coupled in train, the pressure release gear will be carried on one control truck, and the supply pipes 21 will be connected as mentioned above Consequently, when the pressure in the system is released (owing for example to a truck break-away, or a leakage in the supply pipes) all the trucks in the train will be braked simultaneously. The hydraulic support of the truck body may be combined if desired with any of the conventional spring suspension means for vehicles, elliptical or helical spring suspension, for example, torsion bar or torque arm suspension.

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