510 BC: Roman Republic
51 BC: conquest of Northern Gaul by Julius Caesar
27 BC: The Republic becomes an Empire
476 AD: fall of the Western Roman Empire
Many regional variants of “Vulgar Latin” emerge.
The Catholic Church maintains the use of classical Latin.
Distinct Roman languages emerge from Vulgar Latin by the 9th century. Most Romance languages do not
preserve the neutral gender.
The Medieval Renaissance of the 12th century has been fostered by a major effort of translations of
Arabic and Greek texts into Latin.
Translation of Ptolemy's Almagest from Arabic to Latin (1175).
(Vatican library).
first Latin treatise on magnets, by Pierre de Maricourt (13th century)
1539: The Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts, signed by king Francis I, prescribes the use of French in all judicial acts, notarized contracts and official
legislation. This ordinance marks the end of Latin language preeminence in France.
1635: the Creation of the French Academy, leads to the emergence of “Modern French”.
The Academy consists of forty members, known as “immortals”. The body has the task of acting
as an official reference on the language. Its rulings, however, are not binding on either the
public or the government.
François Cheng 程抱一
In France, the Latin culture legacy is particularly manifest in:
architecturelaw
botanyphilosophy + theology
literature
Approximately 80% of French comes from Latin,
and 20% of English comes from French
bridge on the river Gard (France)
Aqueduct of Segovia (Spain)aquæ, gen. of aqua "water"
ductus, pp. of ducere "to lead"
Roman Baths, Bath, England
Tower of Hercules (north-western Spain)
Columna Herculis
Arena of Arles (France)Latin: (h)arena
Colosseum (Rome)The name Colosseum derives from a colossal statue
of Nero nearby.
Pantheon (Rome)Largest non-reiforced concrete dome ever built
(25BC)
Pantheon (Rome).
清华大学的大礼堂 ( 北京 )
立法會大樓 （香港）
A fortiori – a posteriori – a priori – ab extra – ab initio – actus reus – ad coelum – ad colligenda bona – ad hoc – ad hominem – ad idem – ad infinitum – ad litem – ad quod damnum – ad valorem -- affidavit – alter ego – a mensa et thoro – amicus curiae – animus nocendi -- ante -- arguendo -- Bona fide/bona fides – bona vacantia -- Cadit quaestio – casus belli -- caveat – caveat emptor -- certiorari – ceteris paribus – cogitationis poenam nemo patitur – compos mentis – conditio sine qua non – consensus facit legem – consuetudo pro lege servatur – contra – contra bonos mores – contra legem – contradictio in adjecto – contra proferentem – coram non judice -- corpus – corpus delicti – corpus juris – corpus juris civilis – corpus juris secundum – cui bono – cuius est solum eius est usque ad coelum et ad inferos – cuius regio, eius religio – curia advisari vult – custos morum --
De bonis asportatis – debellatio – de bonis non administratis – de die in diem – de facto – de futuro – de integro – de jure – de lege ferenda – de lege lata – delegatus non potest delegare – de minimis – de minimis non curat lex – de mortuis nil nisi bonum – de novo – dicta – dictum – doli incapax – dolus specialis – dubia in meliora partem interpretari debent – duces tecum
Ei incumbit probatio qui dicit – eiusdem generis – eo nomine – erga omnes - ergo – erratum – esse – et al. – et cetera – et seq – et uxor – et vir – ex aequo et bono – ex ante – ex cathedra – ex concessis – ex delicto – ex facie – ex gratia – ex injuria jus non oritur – ex officio – ex parte – ex post – ex post facto – expressio unis est exclusio alterius – ex proprio motu – ex rel – ex turpi causa non oritur actio – exempli gratia – ex nunc
Facio ut facias – favor contractus – felo de se – ferae naturae – fiat – fiat justitia et pereat mundus – fiat justitia ruat caelum – fieri facias – flagrante delicto – forum conveniens – forum non conveniens – functus officio
Gravamen -Habeas corpus – hostis humani generis i.e. – ibid – id est – idem – ignorantia juris non excusat – imprimatur – in absentia – in camera – in curia – in esse – in extenso – in extremis – in flagrante delicto – in forma pauperis – in futuro – in haec verba – in limine – in loco parentis – in mitius – in omnibus – in pari delicto – in pari materia – in personam – in pleno – in prope persona – in propria persona – in re – in rem – in situ – in solidum – in terrorem – in terrorem clause – in toto – indicia – infra – innuendo – inter alia – inter arma enim silent leges – inter rusticos – inter se – inter vivos – intra – intra fauces terra – intra legem – intra vires – ipse dixit – inpsissima verba – ipso facto
Jura novit curia – jurat – juris et de jure – jus – jus ad bellum – jus civile – jus cogens – jus commune – jus gentium – jus in bello – jus inter gentes – jus naturale – jus primae noctis – jus sanguines – jus sanguinis – jus soli – jus tertii
Lacunae – leges humanae nascuntur, vivunt, moriuntur – legitime – lex communis – lex lata – lex posterior derogat priori – lex retro non agit – lex scripta – lex specialis derogat legi generali – liberum veto – lingua franca – lis alibi pendens – lis pendens – locus – locus delicti – locus in quo – locus poenitentiae
Magna carta – magnum opus – male fide – malum in se – malum prohibitum – mandamus – mare clausum – mare liberum – mens rea – modus operandi – mos pro lege – mutatis mutandis
Ne exeat – ne bis in idem – nemo dat quod non habet – nemo debet esse iudex in propria – nemo judex in sua causa – nemo plus iuris ad alium transferre potest quam ipse habet – nemo sibi titulum adscribit – nexus – nihil – nihil dicit – nil – nisi – nisi prius – nolle prosequi – nolo contendere – non adimpleti contractus – non bis in idem – non compos mentis – non constat – non est factum – non faciat malum, ut inde veniat bonum – non liquet – non obstante verdicto – non sequitur – nota bene – nulla bona – nulla poena sine lege – nullum crimen, nulla poena sine praevia lege poenali – nunc pro tunc –
Onus probandi – opinio juris sive necessitatis
Pacta sunt servanda – par delictum – par delictum – parens patriar – pater familias – pendente lite – per – per capita – per contra – per curiam – per diem – per minas – per pro – per quod – per se – per stirnes – persona non grata – posse comitatus – post mortem – post mortem auctoris – praetor peregrinus – prima facie – primogeniture – prius quam exaudias ne judices - - probatio vincit praesumotionem – pro bono – pro bono publico – pro forma – pro hac vice – pro per – pro rata – pro se – pro tanto – pro tem – pro temnore – propria persona Quaeitur – quaere – quantum – quantum meruit – quasi – qui facit per alium facit per se – quid pro quo – quo ante – quoad hoc
Ratio decidendi – ratio scripta – rebus sic stantibus – res – res gestae – res ipsa loquitur – res judicata – res nullius – res publica – res publica christiana – respondeat superior – restitutio in integrum
Salus populi est suprema lex - scandalum magnatum - scandalum magnum - scienter -- scintilla – scire facias – scire feci – se defendendo – seriatim – sine die – sine qua non -- sitius – stare decisis – sua sponte – sub judice – sub modo – sub nomine – sub silentio -- subpoena – subpoena ad testificandum – subpoena duces tecum – suggestio falsi – sui generis – sui juris – suo moto - supersedeas – suppressio veri -- supra -- Terra nullius – trial de novo – trinoda necessitas – tabula rasa Uberrima fides – ultra posse nemo obligatur – ultra vires – uno flatu – uti possidetis -- uxor -- Vel non -- veto – vice versa -- vide -- videlicet – vis major – viz. – volenti non fit injuria – vigilantibus non dormientibus aequitas subvenit
洋紫荊 ( 香港蘭 ) Bauhinia BlakeanaIn honor of Jean and Gaspard Bauhin (†1613/†1624), Swiss botanists
and Sir Henry Blake (†1918)
René Descartes [Renatus Cartesius ，笛卡儿 ] （ 1596-1650）cogito ergo sum: 我思，故我在
Actio: action, activity Actus : act, activity, realityAn sit ? is it ? Causa essendi : the cause of beingCausa cognoscendi : the cause of knowingConditiones materiae : the conditions (of being) of anything material (space and time)Crede ut intelligas : believe that you may understand Deus est quo maius cogitari nequit: God is the One in comparison of whom nothing greater can be conceived Ens : being, a beingEns dividitur per potentiam et actum : being is divided in potency and actEntia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem : entities are not to be unnecessarily multipliedEsse : to be, to exist, beingEsse viventium est vivere : the being of living things is being aliveEx falso sequitur quodlibet : from a false premise anything followsEx hypothesi : by hypothesis
Forma : form Gratia operans : operative grace Id cuius gratia : that for the sake of whichIntellectus quaerens fidem: understanding seeking faithIntentio intendens: intending intentionIntentio intenta : intended intentionIpsum esse : being itselfIpsum esse subsistens : subsistent being itselfIpsum intelligere : understanding itself Naturam expellas furca, tamen usque recurret : you can drive nature out with a pitchfork, but it will always returnNova : new things Omnia Deum appetunt : all things desire GodOperatio : operation, action, activityOrdo idearum est ordo rerum : the order of ideas is (the same as) the order of things
Paene omne quod dicimus metaphora est : almost every word we use is a metaphor
Quaestiones : questions
Quid sit ? what is it ?
Rem tene et verba sequentur: get hold of the idea, and the words will take care of themselves
Res cogitans: the thinking being
Res extensa: the extended being
Scientia media: middle knowledge
Socrates, dum sedet, necessario sedet, necessitate tamen non absoluta sed conditionata: when Socrates is sitting, necessarily he is sitting; the necessity, however, is not absolute, but conditional
Summum bonum: the supreme good
Unum per se: a thing that is per se one
Ut a quo: that from which
Veritas est una et error multiplex: truth is one and error multiple
Video meliora proboque, deteriora autem sequor : I see what is better, and I approve of it, but I follow what is less honourable
