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Prepared by:Salwa Binti OthmanNurul Nadiah Dewi Binti Faizul Ganapathy

Prepared for : Dr. Chai

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Natural attribute of goodcharacter

Ability to please others throughones external actions

Ideal union between thecharacter of an individual andhis external actions

(Watts, 2003)

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Forms of behavior that establish and maintaincomity to engage in interaction in an atmosphere ofrelative harmony

(Leech, 1983)

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This theory holds that the speakers considering the performanceof a speech act will generally choose more polite strategies inproportion to the seriousness of the act.

There are four different levels of polite strategies that have thepotential to gain the goal. The list ofsub-strategies that go with the foursuper strategies are presented below:

Bald On-Record StrategyPositive Politeness StrategyNegative Politeness StrategyOff-record Strategy

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This strategy is a direct way of saying things, withoutany minimization to the imposition, in a direct, clear,

unambiguous and concise way.

e.g.imperative form without any redress:Wash your handsCommandHelp!An emergencyGive me thoseTask orientedPut your jacket away pleaseRequestTurn your lights on! (while driving)Alerting

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This strategy is directed to the addressees positiveface, her/his perennial desire that her/his wants or

the actions, acquisitions, values resulting from them should be thought of as desirable.

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Examples:

Wash your hands, honey - use in-group identity marker

You must be hungry, its a long time since breakfast. How

about some lunch? Attend to the hearer.

A: What is she, small?B: Yes, yes, shes small, smallish, umm, not really small but

certainly not very big. avoid disagreement

So when are you coming to see us?assume agreement

I think you are really good at singingbe optimistic

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Positive politeness

Strategy 1: Notice, attend to H (his interests, wants, needs,goods)

Strategy 2: Exaggerate (interest, approval, sympathy with H)Strategy 3: Intensify interest to HStrategy 4: Use in-group identity markersStrategy 5: Seek agreementStrategy 6: Avoid disagreement

Strategy 7: Presuppose/raise/assert common ground

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Strategy 8: JokeStrategy 9: Assert or presuppose S's knowledge of and concern

for H's wantsStrategy 10: Offer, promise

Strategy 11: Be optimisticStrategy 12: Include both S and H in the activityStrategy 13: Give (or ask for) reasonsStrategy 14: Assume or assert reciprocityStrategy 15: Give gifts to H (goods, sympathy, understanding,

cooperation)

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Negative Politeness

Negative politeness attends to a person's negative

face needs and includes indirectness and apologies. It

expresses respect and consideration.

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List of Negative Politeness

Strategy 1: Be conventionally indirectStrategy 2: Question, hedge

Strategy 3: Be pessimisticStrategy 4: Minimize the impositionStrategy 5: Give deferenceStrategy 6: ApologizeStrategy 7: Impersonalize S and H

Strategy 8: State the FTA as a general ruleStrategy 9: NominalizeStrategy 10: Go on record as incurring a debt, or as not

indebting H

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Examples:

Be pessimisticYou dont happen to have an eyebrow tint. Do

you?ApologizeYou must forgive me butMinimize the imposition I just want to ask you if I could useyour computer for a little while.

State the FTA as a general rulePlagiarism is forbidden.

Give deferenceWould you mind if I respectfully request youto stop picking your nose, Sir?

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This strategy is the indirect strategy.It uses indirect language and

removes the speaker from thepotential to being imposing.

e.g. off-record strategies, whichconsist of all types ofhints, metaphors,tautologies, etc.

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Example:

`Gardening makes your hands dirty` - Givehints

Perhaps someone should have been moreresponsible Be vagueYeah! Hes a real Einstein Be sarcastic

I think we need some time off in ourrelationship Be ambigousPolice officers in our country are a bunch of

money-sucking losers Over-generalize

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Strategy 1:Giving hints

Strategy 2: Giving association cluesStrategy 3: PresuppositionStrategy 4: UnderstatingStrategy 5: Overstating

Strategy 6: Using tautologiesStrategy 7: Using contradictionsStrategy 8: Being ironic

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Strategy 9: Using metaphorsStrategy 10: Using rhetorical questionsStrategy 11: Being ambiguous

Strategy 12: Being vagueStrategy 13: Over-generalizationStrategy 14: Displacing HStrategy 15: Being incomplete, using ellipsis

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