• 5/27 Focus:5/27 Focus:– Enlightenment ideas inspired Great

Britain’s 13 colonies in North America to declare their independence in 1776 and the French people to revolt against the monarchy in France in 1789.

• Do Now:Do Now: – What was an enlightened despot?

Absolutism, Absolutism, Enlightenment, Enlightenment,

RevolutionsRevolutionsTest ReviewTest Review

Absolutism ReviewAbsolutism Review

• Where a king or ruler has absolute power

• Ruled using the Divine Right Theory (god said they can rule)

• Power is in the hands of ONE person (centralized)

Peter the Great

Louis XIV

Phillip II

Charles I

Catherine the Great

Russia

France

Spain

England

Russia

Magna Carta

Petition of Right

Habeas Corpus Act

English Bill of Rights

Limits placed on Absolute Monarchs in England

Influences on Early

Russia

Influences on Early

Russia

Byzantine

Byzantine

Mongols

Mongols

Cyrillic Alphabet

Eastern Orthodox Christianity

Architecture & Art

Autocratic Government

Close Relationship between church and state

Isolated Russia from W. Europe

Model for absolute rule of the czars Cut off Russia from

Renaissance and technological advances

Decline of Kiev and rise of Moscow

1.1. The theory justifying a The theory justifying a monarch’s rule by God’s monarch’s rule by God’s authority is calledauthority is called

A. laissez faire B. predestination C. totalitarianism D. divine right

2.2. Many European monarchs of the Many European monarchs of the 1600s maintained that they 1600s maintained that they should have absolute power to should have absolute power to rule because they: rule because they:

A. needed to defend their nations against threats from the Western Hemisphere

B. thought that all people should have the right to a good ruler

C. had been given their power to govern from God

D. thought that communism was the superior political system

3.3. The primary goal of most of The primary goal of most of Europe’s absolute monarchs Europe’s absolute monarchs was towas to

A. support political freedom for the new middle classes

B. centralize their political control over their nations

C. prevent contact with areas beyond Europe’s borders

D. maintain peaceful relations with nearby nations

4.4. Which quotation was most likely Which quotation was most likely made by an absolute monarch?made by an absolute monarch?

A. “The government that governs best, governs least.”

B. “I am the state.” C. “The government must be based on a

sound constitution.” D. “It is the parliament that must make

the laws.”

5.5. Which person is credited with Which person is credited with saying “L’état, c’est moi” (I am saying “L’état, c’est moi” (I am the state)?the state)?

A. Louis XIV B. Karl Marx C. John Locke D. Queen Isabella

7. The primary purpose of the Magna Carta was to:

A. Limit the power of the king B. Install Oliver Cromwell as dictator C. Justify the Glorious Revolution D. Charter the East India Company

8. What happened in Russia as a result of actions taken by Peter the Great?

A. Russia was weakened by French invasions B. Catholicism became the state religion C. The Duma was reformed and the serfs were

freed. D. Russia borrowed Western ideas and

expanded its territories

9. These events in English history were similar in that they all:

A. promoted religious freedom B. limited the power of the monarchC. provided universal suffrageD. supported divine right theory

• Magna Carta signed by King John• Habeas Corpus Act passed during the rule of Charles II• Bill of Rights agreed to by William and Mary

10. The foreign policy of many Russian rulers supported the country’s desire for:

A. Access to inland citiesB. More mineral resources C. Extensive canal systems D. Warm-water ports

EnlightenmentEnlightenment

• Ideas opposed absolute rule – *except Thomas Hobbes

• Influenced by the use of reason and natural law

Scientific Revolution

The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution

Before the Scientific Revolution

• Religious teachings and traditional beliefs explained the universe and how the world worked

After the Scientific Revolution

• Observation and experimentation used to explain natural world and solve problems

• Scientific Method • Examination of natural

laws governing the universe– Ex. The Laws of Gravity

EnlightenmentEnlightenment

• _______________________: Believed all people had natural rights of life, liberty and property; gov’t protects peoples basic rights and if not can be overthrown; influenced Thomas Jefferson and the writing of the Declaration of Independence

• _______________________: Separation of Powers and 3 branches of government

John Locke

Montesquieu

EnlightenmentEnlightenment

• _______________________: Freedom of speech and press; religious freedom and toleration

• ________________________: supported the statement that all men are created equal; people make an agreement to follow the “general will”.

Voltaire

Rousseau

Enlightened Despots Enlightened Despots

• Absolute rulers that used Enlightenment ideas to improve the lives of their people

• Examples: – _____________________ (Austrian ruler)– _____________________ (Austrian ruler) – ______________________ (Prussian ruler) – _______________________ (Russian ruler)

Maria Theresa Joseph II

Frederick the Great

Catherine the Great

1.1. According to John Locke, the According to John Locke, the chief role of government was to:chief role of government was to: A. Protect natural rights B. Fight territorial wars C. Ensure the wealth of citizens D. Redistribute land

2.2. Which idea became a central Which idea became a central belief of the Enlightenment?belief of the Enlightenment?

A. The use of reason would lead to human progress.

B. Mathematics could be used to solve all human problems.

C. The ancient Romans had the best form of government.

D. People should give up their natural rights to their rulers.

3.3. Locke’s Locke’s Two Treatises of Two Treatises of GovernmentGovernment, Rousseau’s , Rousseau’s The The Social ContractSocial Contract, and , and Montesquieu’s Montesquieu’s The Spirit of the The Spirit of the Laws Laws were works written during were works written during which time period?which time period?

A. Middle AgesB. RenaissanceC. EnlightenmentD. Reformation

4.4. Philosophers of the Philosophers of the Enlightenment period believed Enlightenment period believed that society could best be that society could best be improved by:improved by:

A. relying on faith and divine rightB. borrowing ideas from ancient Greece

and RomeC. applying reason and the laws of natureD. studying the practices of successful

leaders ruling cities of 100,000 to 300,000 people

5.5. The ideas of Rousseau, Voltaire, The ideas of Rousseau, Voltaire, and Montesquieu most and Montesquieu most influenced:influenced:

A. the growing power of priests in the Roman Catholic Church

B. improvements in the working conditions of factory workers

C. the rise of industrial capitalism D. movements for political reform

6.6. The Enlightenment philosophers The Enlightenment philosophers believed that the power of believed that the power of government is derived from:government is derived from:

A. divine right rulerB. the middle classC. a strong military D. those who are governed

7. Which step did Catherine the Great take that is consistent with Enlightenment ideas?

A. ordering the burning of books B. Strengthening the institution of

Serfdom C. Arresting people who criticized her rule

D. Considering a law code that would

treat all citizens equally

“. . . Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good. . . .” —Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, 1789

8. Which principle of the 8. Which principle of the Enlightenment philosophers is Enlightenment philosophers is expressed in this quotation from expressed in this quotation from the French Revolution?the French Revolution?

A. natural lawB. nationalism C. free trade D. socialism

9. Which period of history had the greatest influence on the Enlightenment ideas of natural law and the use of reason?

A. Pax Romana B. Middle Ages C. Age of Exploration D. Scientific Revolution

10. Which statement represents a key idea directly associated with John Locke’s Two Treatises of Government?

A. Freedom of speech should be denied. B. The king’s power on Earth comes from God. C.  All people are born with the right to life,

liberty, and property. D. Individuals acting in their own self-interest

will achieve economic success.

Be prepared to be able to choose 2 questions from the list of choices below and answer fully.  1) Discuss Thomas Hobbes’ view of absolute monarchy and the purpose of government as expressed in The Leviathan. Contrast Hobbes view with John Locke’s view of natural rights and the purpose of government.  2) Explain how the Scientific Revolution influenced the development of the Enlightenment.  3) Choose one Enlightenment philosopher and discuss that person’s view of government.  4) Identify and explain two specific examples of how the Parliament in England attempted to limit the power of the monarch.  5) Identify and explain two effects of the Enlightenment.