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5.3 Approaches to Pollution Management
Assessment Statements
• 5.3.1 Outline approaches to pollution management with respect to figure 5.
• 5.3.2 Discuss the human factors that affect the approaches to pollution management.
• 5.3.3 Evaluate the costs and benefits to society of the World Health Organization’s ban on the use of the pesticide DDT.
5.3.1 Management
(3 R’s)
5.3.1 Three-Level Model
Replace● Alternatives to the pollutant
o Biodegradable packagingo New refrigerantso Hybrid vehicles
● Alternative choices in lifestyleo Paper or plastico Water bottles
● Reduce, reuse, recycleo Ordered according to what is besto Electronics
http://b2bbusinessnews.files.wordpress.com/2011/11/biodegradable-plastic.jpeg
http://inhabitat.com/compostable-packaging-test-bambu-plates-breakdown/
5.3.1 Three-Level Model
Regulate● Setting/imposing standards
o EPA (US)o UNEPo Ministry of Environmental
Protection (China)● Extraction techniques
o “Clean coal”o Sequestrationo Catalytic converter
http://www.csdimarioenvironmental.com/resources/Environmental_Law_7_09.jpg.opt423x423o0,0s423x423.jpg
5.3.1 Three-Level Model
Restore (most expensive)● Extracting pollutant from
ecosystem● US Superfund● Chernobyl, Ukraine● Replanting/restocking ecosystem● Chuquicamata, Chile● Fresh Kills Landfill → Freshkills
Park (NY, USA)
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Fresh Kills Park
5.3.2 Human Factors
“It is unrealistic to expect human activities to cease to pollute the environment.” Davis & Nagle
Economic systemsProduction requires raw materials
Cultural valuesMay not be willing to changeMay not know how to change
Political systemsJobs or environment?
5.3.3 DDT & the WHO
● Dichlordiphenyltrichloroethane● Used extensively during WWII to
control lice and mosquitoes● Insecticide in agriculture● 1955 – WHO began program to
eradicate malaria (with DDT)o Resistance evolved after 6 years
Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Turkey, central America, DDT has lost its effectiveness
o 40,000 tons used worldwide each year (1950-1980)
http://www.icangarden.ca/images/Jpgs/ART/WorkersbeingsprayedDDT.jpg
5.3.3 DDT
● 4-5000 tons produced each yearo India, China, North Koreao India largest consumero Applied to inside of homes
Inside Residual Spraying (IRS) Cheap, persistent, and works
well● Malaria kills 2.7 million
people/yearo Mostly children under 5o Infects 300-500 million/yearo Disease of the “poor”
No research funding
5.3.3 DDT Issues
POP (persistent organic pollutant) Absorbed by soils
Half-life (22 days → 30 yrs)Hydrophobic (not water soluble)Soluble in lipids (fats)
Breaks down into DDE and DDDDDE – Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene
Reproductive toxicants for birdsNeurotoxic
DDD – DichlorodiphenyldichloroethaneCarcinogenicSkin irritant
h t t p : / / w w w . s t - a n d r e w s . a c . u k / ~ l w 4 9 4 / c l o v a _ i m a g e s / d d t _ e g g s . j p g
http://arcticportal.org/images/stories/Logo_Organization/pops_migration.gif
5.3.3 DDT
Silent Spring1962 -Rachel Carson – American biologistWidespread spraying killing wildlifeCancer in humans
Biomagnifies and bioaccumulatesAgricultural use banned in 1970’s and
1980’s (though not as a vector control)
First banned in Hungary in 1968Norway/Sweden 1970, US 1972, UK 1984
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Rachel-Carson.jpg/300px-Rachel-Carson.jpg
http://sustainable-nano.com/2013/12/17/the-cautionary-tale-of-ddt-biomagnification-bioaccumulation-and-research-motivation/
5.3.3 DDT
Malarial cases are increasing, so what do we do?