5.3 School toilets

Learning objective: to get acquainted with the special management and construction needs of school toilets

Can schools inspire good hygiene and promote ecological sanitation ?

Variations in the quality of school toilets

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Hygienic conditions for pupils and school staff

Water ”tap” for washing hands using 0.1 litre per hand wash Courtesy of Maria Ines Matiz, Colombia and Subburaman, Scope,

India

Incinerator for sanitary pads

Siting: indoors or in the yard ?

Today Tomorrow

Class

rooms

Class

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toiletstoilets

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TOILETS OUTSIDE INSIDE TOILETS

Impact on individual

Impact on environ-ment

- No hand washing

- Soiled shoes or feet

- May choose not to use toilet (due to cold, dirt, flies etc.)

- Groundwater pollution

- Excreta stay in the ground

- Loss of nutrients

- Hand washing

- Clean shoes

- Attractive for girls

- No groundwater contamination

- Productive use possible

- Some smell when emptying

School toilet planning - FUNCTIONS

Criterion 1: waiting time

Criterion 2: Access to water

Criterion 3: No disease spread

Criterion X: cleanliness

Adequate number of toilets

Use allowed all times of the day

Introduce female urinals

Enough time to eat

Complement existing source

Pupils bring along water

Hand washing before eating

Clean floors

Monitoring

J-O Drangert, Linkoping university, Sweden

Construction & cost reduction

School toilet in historic village

of Hougou Village, China

Courtesy of Peter Morgan, Zimbawe

Girls’ school urinals

School toilet design

J-O Drangert, Linkoping university, Sweden

Bird's eye view: Section

Smell of urine in the toilet room

J-O Drangert, Linkoping university, Sweden

Urine pipes and tanks in inspection chamber under the toilet floor

Inspection chamber

cubicle cubicle

Urine tank

Girls´ school toilet

Courtesy of Scope, India and Naning Adiwoso, Indonesia

Girls´ urinals in a Musiri school, India with a water storage for washing

Girls´ school toilet, Indonesia with natural light and ventilation

Where does urine and faecal matter end up?

J-O Drangert, Linkoping university, Sweden

School gardens and production of food

Soil from organic compost,Colombia

Plant trials in Zimbabwe with only water (left) and also urine (right) given to canola, spinach and maize

Courtesy of Peter Morgan, Zimbabwe and Maria Ines Matiz, Colombia

Urine fertilised plants in Brazil

Courtesy Ana Claudia Braga

From garden via kitchen to the pupils’ plates

Courtesy of Kitchengarden Foundation, Australia

Beans for the meal

Preparation of school meal

School toilet

Example 1: Urban and rural schools in KenyaGirls´

observed handwash

Boys´ observed handwash

Girls reported toilet use

Boys observed toilet use

Clean toilets

Water for handwash

in toilet

No of children per tap

School has all three facilities

Water for washing hands in toilet

Number of pupils per tap

O&M carried out

Perceived toilet cleanliness

Perceived privacy in toilet

Girls´ school absences Source: V. Njuguna et al. 2009

Example 2: Rural schools in Colombia

TABLE #9

Name Nº students toilets wash bowls soap towel El Cabral 15 4 yes yes yesEl Copial 18 6 yes no noEl Consuelo 48 4 yes no noEl HiguerónLas Mercedes 48 5 yes yes noSanta Lucía 15 4 yes yes yesSan Antonio 160 9 yes no noLa Guasima 18 3 yes no no Lutaima 22 2 yes yes yesLa Palmichera 18 4 yes yes yesEl RosarioSanta Ana 34 2 yes no noAndalucía 18 2 yes no noCalichanaLa Esmeralda 19 1 yes no noLa EsperanzaGolconda 28 2 no no noPanamá 39 2 yes no noPatio Bonito 150 5 yes no no

Sanitary services in rural schools in Anapoima Sanitary services in rural schools in Anapoima

Courtesy of Maria Ines Matiz, El Bosque University, Colombia

TABLE#16

Name Entry Inside Exit

El BejucalGuacamayaGuacana Nueva Charcolargo El NaranjalNaranjalitoPantanosEscuela Salcedo Nueva rural La VegaCachimbuloLa OrquetaPalmar Esc. Nva. rural MesetaPaloquemadoSan Antonio

Assessing conditions in schools in ColombiaAssessing conditions in schools in Colombia

Daily aqueduct service

Aqueduct Service, every 3

daysAqueduct service every 2 days. No service. Depend on rain fall and water

truck.

Filters or boil

Nothing Open field

Sewer and septic hole

Courtesy of Maria Ines Matiz, El Bosque University, Colombia

J-O Drangert, Linkoping university, Sweden

Example 3: Rural and urban schools in the Ukraine

Management options

Item Conditions (OK, fair, needs)

Measure to take (repair, replace)

Who is responsible

Cost estimate

Toilet room:

Toilet floor

Pedestal or pan janitor

Water seal

Ventilation

Urine pipes janitor

Water seal H/master

Drainage pipe

Soak-away

Door and hinges H/master

Plaster on walls

Paint of urinal

J-O Drangert, Linkoping university, Sweden

Management of school sanitation facilities

Courtesy of Oliver Ives, ‘Amanz’ abantu Services Ltd, South Africa

Population increase as a challenge

J-O Drangert, Linkoping university, Sweden

Year Popu-lation

New class-rooms

0 23.0 690 1.150 - - - - - - - -

1 23.7 710 1.185 1 - - - - - - 1,000

2 24.4 732 1.220 2 1 - - - - - 3,000

3 25.1 754 1.257 3.1 2 1 - - - - 6,100

4 25.8 774 1.290 4.1 3.1 2 1 - - - 10.200

5 26.6 797 1.330 5.2 4.1 3.1 2 1 - - 15,400

6 27.4 821 1.369 6.3 5.2 4.1 3.1 2 1 - 21,700

7 28.2 846 1.410 7.3 6.3 5.2 4.1 3.1 2 1 29,000

Increase 000´ in

Total Newborn

Number of classes (000´) in Standard

I II III IV V VI VII

Number of additional teachers and classrooms required to provide primary education for all new-born

Awareness raising

From Ajzen (2002)