538015

Folklore Research in AfricaAuthor(s): William BascomSource: The Journal of American Folklore, Vol. 77, No. 303 (Jan. - Mar., 1964), pp. 12-31Published by: American Folklore SocietyStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/538015Accessed: 09/10/2009 19:07

Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available athttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unlessyou have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and youmay use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use.

Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained athttp://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=folk.

Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printedpage of such transmission.

JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range ofcontent in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new formsof scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected].

American Folklore Society and University of Illinois Press are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserveand extend access to The Journal of American Folklore.

http://www.jstor.org

WILLIAM BASCOM

FOLKLORE RESEARCH IN AFRICA

IN CONNECTION WITH A SURVEY of African folklore and literature undertaken for the African Studies Association,1 I began a review of the published collections of African verbal art, taking a somewhat different approach from what has been tried before. Although still incomplete, the results published here are surprising. Considerably more African verbal art has been collected and published than I had suspected, or than is indicated by the two most recent reviews2 or the two standard bibliographic references.3

Rather than attempting an exhaustive bibliography of the widely scattered sources of verbal art, this review was aimed at indicating the major collections for particular ethnic or linguistic groups which are now available for research. Toward this end arbitrary minima have been established, 50 for prose narratives or "tales" (myths, legends, and folktales), 500 for proverbs and other aphorisms, and 300 for riddles. This has meant the exclusion of a number of important smaller collections and, moreover, once these minima have been satisfied, no further sources are cited except in the discussion of the Luba and the Hausa, and in the case of sources (e.g. Stappers, Lademann et al., Maupoil, and Riviere)4 which in themselves exceed the minima. An attempt has been made to eliminate duplications of the same texts in translations, other editions, anthologies, and all other forms of reprinting. No attempt has been made to eliminate tale variants because of their significance for both social and humanistic studies, but variants of aphorisms and riddles are not included.

Prose Narratives. The published collections of African verbal art contain far more folktales than myths or legends. The substance of myths and legends is often presented in ethnographic descriptions or "historical" summaries, in a manner that permits the identification of their motifs, but distorts their formal structure. Folktales, on the other hand, are usually published in the form in which they are told, but sometimes only as abbreviated summaries or abstracts. These abstracts, and tales recorded in a European language, are useful for the comparative study of plots or tale-types as well as motifs, and may be adequate for analyzing the social and political functions of folklore. To be useful for stylistic analysis, however, verbal art must be recorded in the African language, and should be presented with the African text, a literal inter- linear translation, and a free but nevertheless faithful translation. Moreover, without the African text it may be impossible to say how accurate the translation is, how much a tale has been reworked or rewritten, or even whether or not it is only a summary.

Collections of fifty or more tales with African texts have been published for the following 41 groups:

Alur 90 (Vanneste) Amharic IOO (Moreno) Ashanti 75 (Rattray) Bambara 71 (Travele) Bara (Malagasy) 154 (Faublee)

Folklore Research in Africa Berber (Moroccan) 150 (Laoust) Bilin o09 (Reinisch) Bushman 50 (Bleek and Lloyd, Planert, Bleek, Bleek) Chaga 56 (Stamberg, Augustiny) Duala 85 (Lederbogen) Efik (Ibibio) 8i untranslated (Amaku) Ewe 72 (Spiess, Sch6nhirl) Fulani 51 (Gaden) Hausa III9 of which 731 untranslated (see below) Haya 55 (Rehse, Rehse) Hottentot 68 (Schultze) Kabyle 51 of which 35 untranslated (Moulieras, Mercier) Kamba 62 (Lindblom) Kanuri 58 (Koelle, Lukas, Lukas) Kimbundu 50 (Chatelain) Kongo 54 (Struyf) Kpe 78 (Bender) Kpelle 53 (Westermann) Lamba I59 (Doke) Luba 131 (van Caeneghem, Stappers) Malagasy 84 untranslated (Dahle, not available) Ngbandi 83 untranslated (Lekens, not available) Nkundo 88 (de Rop, Hulstaert and de Rop) Nyang 52 (Gegenbach, Ittmann) Nyiha 52 (Kootz-Kretschmer, Kootz-Kretschmer, Busse, Bachmann) Saho 137 (Reinisch) Sakalava (Malagasy) 71 (Birkeli) Shilluk 6I (Westermann) Somali 97 (Reinisch) Sotho (Transvaal) 54 (Hoffmann) Subiya 50 (Jacottet) Suto (Sotho) 67 of which 25 untranslated (Sekese, not available; Jacottet) Swahili 145 (Velten, Velten, Lademann et al.) Tonga 103 (Fell) Wute 51 (Sieber) Zulu (Nguni) 58 (Callaway)

Collections of more than fifty tales but with fewer African texts have been published for 49 additional groups:

Arabic, Moroccan 93 (Legey) Baule 76 (Himmelheber) Betsileo (Malagasy) 53 (Dubois, Ferrand) Betsimisaraka (Malagasy) 71 (Renel) Bulu 54 (Schwab) Bura 53 (Helser, Helser) Dagomba 52 (Cardinall, Fisch) Dogon 55 (Frobenius, Calame-Griaule, Lifszyc and Paulme) Edo 73 (Thomas, Thomas) Ekoi 63 (Dayrell, Talbot) Fang 65 (Tessmann) Fon 283 (Herskovits and Herskovits, Maupoil) Gagu 6i (Tauxier)

I3

14 Vol. 77, No. 303 Journal of American Folklore Jan.-March, I964 Ganda 6i (Baskerville, Baskerville, Roscoe) Gbaya 60 (Hilberth, Tessmann) Gogo 50 (Beverley, not available; Claus, Cole, Schaegelen) Guro 74 (Tauxier) Hatsa 50 (Kohl-Larsen) Ibo 59 (Thomas, Ekwensi) Ila 64 (Smith and Dale) Kanyoka 58 (Frobenius, de Clercq) Kikuyu 51 (Cagnolo, Cagnolo, Routledge and Routledge) Kono 71 (Holas) Lozi 60 (Jacottet, Arnaud) Lulua 140 (Frobenius) Malinke 98 (Frobenius) Masai 51 (Hollis, Fokken, Merker) Mbuti (Pygmies) 58 (Joset, Turnbull) Mossi 132 (Tauxier) Nilyamba 56 (Kohl-Larsen, Johnson) Nupe 82 (Frobenius) Nyanja 50 (Holland) Ovimbundu 98 (Ennis) Rundi 77 (Zuure) Rwanda 62 (Hurel, Pages) Shona 55 (Posselt, Boas and Simango) Songhai 54 (Prost, Rouche, Hacquard, Dupuis-Yacouba) Songye 82 (Frobenius) Soninke 53 (Frobenius, Monteil, Daniel, Adam, Berenger-Feraud) Temne 53 (Cronise and Ward, Thomas) Tetela 56 (Frobenius, Jacobs) Tiv 59 (Frobenius, Abraham) Tsonga 56 (Junod, Junod, Berthoud and van Warmelo) Vai 52 (Ellis) Venda i5 (Stayt, Lestrade, Kriiger, Kriiger, Wessmann) Wolof 57 (Roger, Equilbecq) Xhosa (Nguni) 55 (Agar-O'Connel, Theal, Waters, Veel) Yao 58 (Macdonald) Yoruba 55 (Frobenius)

In these listings the figures indicate only the total number of tales or aphorisms recorded in the sources cited in parentheses. In almost every case they can be supple- mented from the scattered literature and from unpublished materials, such as Donald Simmons' collection of 134 Efik tales and 655 Efik proverbs, Lorenzo Turner's collection of Yoruba tales, and our own collection of some 5,000 Yoruba proverbs.

Some indication of the stringency of these arbitrary standards can be given for the Luba of the Congo, for whom the only sources cited above are van Caeneghem (75 tales) and Stappers (56 tales), both with texts and translations. Tales with texts and translations have also been published by de Clerq (22 tales), de Brandt (8 tales), and Theuws (7 tales). Major collections of Luba tales in translation only have been published by Frobenius (77 tales), Burton (75 tales), and Badibanga (61 tales). In addition, o09 tales have been published in translation only by de Bouveignes in the five works which could be consulted,5 giving a total of 490 Luba tales.

Geographically, five of these go groups are in Malagasy: the Bara, Betsileo,

i6 Vol. 77, No. 303 Journal of American Folklore Jan.-March, 1964 monographs. Hundreds of prose narratives are current in most African societies, to say nothing of proverbs, riddles, and other forms of verbal art. To understand the social significance of these forms we must know the attitudes toward them, and their relations to education, religion, social structure, political authority, law, and other aspects of culture. We must also have a comparison of the behavior of characters in tales with ideal norms of behavior and with actual patterns of behavior in daily life.

With the collections of African verbal art which have been published, however, there is a considerable body of African verbal art waiting for intensive and comparative research. Many opportunities for research are available, from both the social and the humanistic points of view, which can be undertaken without the expense or other difficulties of field study in Africa. Clearly we need far more than the complete texts and translations if we are to understand the role of verbal art in African societies, and this is all that many of these collections provide, without any thought of their relation to African attitudes or to other aspects of human behavior. However, with the increasing number of ethnographic studies which are being published, it is possible to undertake preliminary studies at home in the library, with the hope of completing them later in Africa.

No index of African tale types has been published. Clarke has published a motif index for the Guinea Coast,8 but there are none for the other eight culture areas in Herskovits' classification, or for North Africa, or for Madagascar.

Aphorisms. I use the term aphorism to subsume proverbs, maxims, and similar terse, sententious sayings. Usage varies, but I distinguish proverbs from "proverbial phrases" or metaphorical comparisons, and from maxims or mottoes like "Honesty is the best policy" which can be applied only in the literal sense. Proverbs, which are the most important type of aphorism in Africa, have a deeper meaning than is stated literally, a meaning which can be understood only through the analysis of the social situations to which they are appropriate. Four studies of African proverbs are of special importance because they probe these deeper meanings (Gaden, Herskovits and Tagbwe, Herzog and Blooah, and Vincente Martins).

Within the past ten years six major collections of aphorisms have been published for the Congo and eight for all other parts of Africa by Mesatywa (I954), Nyembezi (I954), Ladipo (I955), Lekens (I955), Sissoko (I955), de Lestrange and de Tressan (I955), Burton (1955-I959), Nkongori and Kamanzi (I957), Bourgeois (I957), Akrofi (1958), Molin (two in 1959), Hulstaert (1959), and Rodegem (1961). More than 500 Yoruba proverbs were published by Crowther as early as 1843, and his collection has been drawn on by Bouche, Bowen, Ellis, and others.

The 36 major collections of 500 or more African proverbs and other aphorisms may be summarized as follows:

4000 Rundi, texts and translations (Rodegem), also 608 in translations only (Zuure) 3790 Malagasy, texts only (Cousins and Parret, not available) 3680 Twi (Akan), texts only (Christaller); 830 translated (Rattray); also o108 texts

and translations (Akrofi) and 500 texts and translations (Rapp) 3127 Arabic (Algerian), texts and translations (Mohammed Ben Cheneb) 2734 Nkundo, texts and translations (Hulstaert, Hulstaert) 2316 Hova (Malagasy), texts and translations (Houlder) 2300 Yoruba, texts only (Ladipo) 2024 Hausa, texts and translations (Whitting) 2013 Arabic (Moroccan), texts and translations (Westermarck)

Folklore Research in Africa Betsimisaraka, Sakalava, and Malagasy (unidentified). Eight are in southern Africa: the Bushmen and Hottentots, Zulu and Xhosa, Suto and Transvaal Sotho, the Venda, and the Tsonga of Mozambique.

Nineteen are in eastern Africa: the Yao and Nyanja of Nyasaland, the Shona of Southern Rhodesia, the Ila, Lamba, Lozi, Subiya, and Tonga of Northern Rhodesia, the Nyiha, Nilyamba, Gogo, Hatsa, Haya, Chaga, and Swahili of Tanganyika, the Masai, Kikuyu, and Kamba of Kenya, and the Ganda of Uganda.

Five are in northeastern Africa: the Shilluk of Sudan, the Somali of Somalia, the Amhara of Ethiopia, and the Saho and Bilin of Eritrea. Three North African groups are represented: the Kabyle of Algeria, and the Berbers and Arabs of Morocco.6

Twenty-one groups are in central Africa: The Rwanda of Rwanda, the Rundi of Burundi, the Alur, Mbuti (Pygmies), Nkundo, Ngbandi, Tetela, Songye, Luba, Kanyoka, Lulua, and Kongo of the Congo, the Kimbundu (Ambundu) and Ovim- bundu (Umbundu) of Angola, the Fang of Gabon, and the Gbaya, Wute, Bulu, Duala, Kpe, and Nyang of Cameroun.

West Africa is represented by twenty-nine groups, of whom ten are in Nigeria: the Hausa, Bura, Kanuri, Tiv, Nupe, Yoruba, Edo, Ibo, Efik, and Ekoi. In addition there are the Fon of Dahomey, the Ewe of Togo, the Ashanti and Dagomba of Ghana, the Baule, Guro, and Gagu of the Ivory Coast, the Kpelle and Vai of Liberia, the Temne of Sierra Leone, the Kono and Malinke of Guinea, the Wolof and Fulani of Senegal, the Dogon, Songhai, Soninke, and Bambara of Mali, and the Mossi of Upper Volta.

It would take only an additional 62 selected tales to bring the total to ioo groups, including the Afar, Chokwe, Kakongo, Kuba, Mbanja, Murdia, Ovambo, Temrn, Twareg, and Zaghawa.

No single publication has yet surpassed Doke's monumental collection of I59 tales, 1,695 aphorisms, I44 riddles, and 95 song texts, with Lamba texts and translations. Within the past ten years, however, more verbal art has been published for the Nkundo of the Congo than for any other African group; the works of Boelart, van Goethem, Hulstaert, and de Rop include major collections of proverbs, riddles, and tales (including the largest collection of dilemma tales), two versions of a long epic poem, and a unique collection of formal greetings, all with texts and translations. The earliest collection of verbal art south of the Sahara thus far encountered is that of 23i aphorisms with Wolof texts and translations published by Dard in I826, fol- lowed by 43 Wolof tales in translation only by Roger in I828.

One of the largest single collections of tales is Krug's 4I1 Bulu tales, of which only 57 have been published. However, our knowledge of prose narratives is most complete for the Hausa. Texts and translations of 388 Hausa tales have been published by Tremearne, Sch6n, Rattray, Taylor, Lippert, Landeroin and Tilho, Prietze, Charlton, Mischlich, Fletcher, and Robinson. Edgar, Harris, Sch6n, Charlton, and Fletcher have published 73I tales in Hausa texts only; and 88 tales in translation only have been published by Frobenius, Equilbecq, and Fletcher. In addition, Whitting has published a major collection of Hausa proverbs with texts and translations; Prietze has a series of articles7 on song texts and other forms of verbal art; and as usual there are other scattered contributions.

Quantity is no measure of the quality of these collections, as some contain abstracts or fragments of tales; but even for elementary distribution studies we need a larger sample than the ten to twenty tales that were commonly appended to anthropological

I5

Folklore Research in Africa

1967 Lamba, texts and translations (Doke, Doke) I797 Luba, texts and translations (Burton); also 8II texts and translations (van

Caeneghem in 6 articles) I705 Sotho, texts and translations (Endemann, Endemann); also 1634 texts and

translations (Erasmus) I559 Bambara, texts and translations (Molin) I455 Ganda, texts and translations (Duta); also 957 texts only (Muswabuzi, not

available) 1398 Ngbandi, texts and translations (Lekens) 1282 Fulani, texts and translations (Gaden); also 659 texts and translations (Whit-

ting) I80 Xhosa, texts only (Mesatywa)

1022 Ibo, texts and translations (Thomas) oo000 Kikuyu, texts and translations (Barra) 925 Ewe, texts and translations (Biirgi) 892 Tsonga, texts and translations (Junod and Jaques) 824 Suto (Sotho), texts and translations (Sekese) 782 Arabic (Egyptian), texts and translations (Burckhardt); also 517 texts and

translations (Littmann) 773 Zulu (Nguni), texts and translations (Nyembezi) 732 Tswana (Sotho), texts and translations (Plaatje) 723 Duala, texts and translations (Hecklinger) 702 Pedi (Sotho), texts and translations (Kuhn) 702 Nyang, texts and translations (Ittmann) 700 Kosi, texts and translations (Ittmann) 657 Rwanda, texts and translations (Nkongori and Kamanzi); also 564 texts and

translations (Bourgeois) 617 Haya, texts and translations (Cesard), also 550 texts and translations (Scalais,

not available) 600 Sambaa, texts and translations (Johannsen and D6ring) 600 Swahili, texts and translations (Taylor) 540 Malinke, translations only (Sissoko); also 537 texts and translations (Molin) 520 Mbundu, texts and translations (Anonymous, not available) 513 Tigrinya, texts and translations (Conti Rossini, Littman)

Riddles. Far fewer riddles than proverbs have been published, perhaps because of their erotic double entente, as Berry has pointed out,9 or perhaps because they are taken less seriously by folklorists and by Africans; but many are scattered through the literature. Five major collections deserve mention, 636 riddles with Ntumu (Fang) texts and translations by de Aranzadi, 481 riddles with Chaga texts and translations by Stamberg, 420 riddles with Yoruba texts only by Tugbiyele, a total of 326 riddles with Nkundo texts and translations by van Goethem and Hulstaert, and 307 riddles with Kundu texts by Ittmann. Rehse's study of the Haya includes only Ioo riddles, but he notes that he collected over Iooo, as well as almost 500 Haya tales. A very useful bibliography on African riddles has been published by Nicolas.10

A special type of riddle, known only for Africa, has been called variously the "tone riddle" and "proverb riddle." It consists of two proverb-like statements which constitute the implied question and the correct answer. The similarity between the tonal patterns of the two statements has been pointed out by Stappers, van Avermaet, Simmons, and White, while Messenger has emphasized the semantic relationship between them and Trilles speaks of them as "enigmes e proverbes." 1 Whether these are two different forms of riddles is not yet clear, but, although not often reported,

17

I8 Vol. 77, No. 303 Journal of American Folklore Jan.-March, I964 examples have been found in groups as widely separated as the Efik and Anang Ibibio of southern Nigeria, the Pygmies of Gabon, the Luba of southern Congo, and the Luvale of northwestern Northern Rhodesia.

Poetry. At least in small numbers song texts have been published from a large number of African societies, but there are few collections comparable to those for tales, proverbs, or riddles. An outstanding exception is Enno Littmann's 717 songs with Tigre texts and translations.

Aside from song texts, infrequent attention has been given to African poetry. Nine lengthy Swahili poems have been published by Dammann, and a collection of 575 Twareg poems by known authors, but unwritten, has been published by Foucauld, both with texts and translations. Greenberg has discussed African verse prosody,12 but the many different forms of African versification remain to be described and systema- tized. Of special interest is the remarkable Nkundo epic poem, published by Boelaert with text and translations.

Arnott has given the name chain-rhyme to a formulaic sequence (a.... b, b....c, c....d, etc.), suggestive of European cumulative tales such as "The Old Woman and the Pig."

(If) jackal bothers you, show him hyena, Hyena bothers you, show (him) a lion, Lion bothers you, show him an elephant, Elephant bothers you, show him a hunter, Hunter bothers you, show him a snake, If snake bothers you, show him a stick, Stick bothers you, show it fire, Fire bothers you, show it a river, River bothers you, show it a wind, Wind bothers you, show it God.

The distribution of this special form is unknown, but examples have been recorded among the Fulani in Upper Volta and in Nigeria by Arnott, among the Mbete of the Congo (Brazzaville) by Adam, the Bolia in the Congo (Leopoldville) by Mamet, and among the Yao of Nyasaland by Macdonald.l3

Virtually nothing is known of the African distribution of another form of poetry which Arnott has called the epigram, except that it has been recorded among the Fulani in Niger and in Nigeria.14 The following example provides a neat classification of domestic animals:

The world's wealth, three are herded, three are hobbled, three are turned loose. These nine, they constitute all the world's wealth. Three that are herded:

A cow is herded, Sheep are herded, Goats are herded;

A horse is hobbled, A camel is hobbled, A donkey is hobbled;

A hen is turned loose, A dog is turned loose, A cat is turned loose.

Folklore Research in Africa Like proverbs, epigrams are appreciated mainly for their philosophical content, but

they are longer and more involved than either proverbs or riddles among the Fulani; and they are more serious than riddles, more esoteric than proverbs, and less widely known and quoted.15

Praise Names and Praise Poems. These two forms have been reported from parts of Africa as widely separated as Senegal and Natal. They are known among the Wolof (santa), Mandingo (dyamu), Fulani (yettode), Susu (lamba), Jabo, Senufo (dele), Dogon (tige), Fulse (asegomam), Mossi (sondre), Akan (nsabran), Hausa (kirari), Yoruba (oriki), Kongo (ndumbululu), Rundi (amazina), Lamba (Amasiwa a ku tonda), Sotho (lithoko), Tsonga (sivongo), and Nguni (isibongo). A collection of 203 praise names with Dogon texts has been published by de Ganay. Other collections, mostly by African writers, are cited by Shapera for the Pedi, Suto, Tsonga, and Xhosa.l'

Tongue-twisters. As in other parts of the world, tongue-twisters are probably widely distributed in Africa, but they have been reported only sporadically, perhaps because it is both difficult and almost pointless to translate them.

Verbal Formulas. Incantations, invocations, passwords, greetings, and other verbal formulas have usually been neglected by folklorists, though they appear in linguistic studies and in ethnographic descriptions of ritual and etiquette. However, some magical and religious formulas are included in de Rop's collection of Nkundo tales, and Hulstaert has published a collection of 650 formal greetings to superiors from the Nkundo, both with texts and translations. Like tongue-twisters and some song texts, verbal formulas are often obscure in their meaning and difficult to translate. Again comprehension is often less important than correct recitation, and verbatim accuracy may be necessary for their religious, magical, or social effectiveness. In view of this it is not surprising that these forms have received less attention than prose narratives, proverbs, and riddles, in all of which both comprehension and communication are essential.

Although these collections represent only a small fraction (perhaps as little as one percent) of the verbal art that is current in Africa, and although they vary greatly in their scientific value, a considerable amount has been recorded and published. At the date that this manuscript was submitted, an additional 58 collections of more than 20 African tales, 51 collections of more than i00oo aphorisms, and 22 collections of more than oo00 riddles could have been added.17 Impressionistically at least I would suggest that the amount of African verbal art now available for analysis compares favorably with other non-literate areas of the world, including even North American Indian folklore. Yet the task of tracking it down is a dismaying one, as anyone who has made the attempt can testify. African verbal art is widely scattered in anthropological and linguistic monographs and journals, in ethnographies and grammars, in folklore and missionary periodicals, in popular and travel books, in school readers and juveniles, and in ephemeral books and pamphlets published in Africa which are not available in the United States or in most European countries. The gaps in the holdings of our major libraries are indications of our past neglect of both folklore and African studies. Despite more than two years spent in trying to secure them through inter-library loan and visits to Northwestern University and the Library of Congress, many sources

I9

20 Vol. 77, No. 303 Journal of American Folklore Jan.-March, 1964 could not be consulted, including ones of obvious importance, so that the present review is still incomplete. I would welcome information about major collections and about ethnic or linguistic groups which have been omitted here.

NOTES I. William Bascom, "African Folklore and Literature" in Social Research in Africa, (Robert

A. Lystad, ed. New York: Frederick A. Praeger.) Readers are referred to this article for a review of the relevance of verbal art to social research in Africa, for my distinctions between myths, legends, and folktales, and for further details.

2. Melville J. Herskovits, "The Study of African Oral Art" and Daniel J. Crowley, "Folklore Research in the Congo" in Folklore Research Around the World, (Richard M. Dorson, ed.), Journal of American Folklore, LXXIV 1961, 45I-456, 457-460.

3. Melville J. and Frances S. Herskovits, Suriname Folk-Lore. Columbia University Contribu- tions to Anthropology, XXVII (New York: Columbia University Press, 1936.) May Augusta Klipple, African Folktales with Foreign Analogues. (Doctoral dissertation Indiana University, I958). The bibliographies in both these works are concerned with prose narratives, especially folktales, and Klipple's those with foreign analogues, rather than with proverbs, riddles, and other forms of verbal art. Both are geographically limited, Klipple's to Africa south of the Sahara, and Malagasy, and that of the Herskovitses to the Western Sudan, Guinea Coast, and western Congo areas, plus New World Negro sources. However, both contain references to many smaller collections which are omitted here.

4. For sources not cited in footnotes, see bibliography. Further searching has permitted several groups (e.g. Bushman, Chaga, and Kabyle) to be raised to the class with collections of fifty or more African texts; collections previously cited for these groups are retained in the bibliography.

5. For an appraisal of the fidelity of these translations, see J. M. Jadot, Les Scrivains Africains du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Urundi. Academie Royal des Sciences Coloniales, Classe des Sciences Morales et Politiques, Memoires, XVII, 2, I959.

6. This obviously does not do justice to the extensive collections from North Africa, but it is difficult to identify Berber and Arabic sub-groups comparable to the linguistic and ethnic groups distinguished for sub-Saharan Africa, and some large collections (e.g. Basset, 1896-1924) do not indicate provenience. Moreover, it has not yet been possible to consult many of the sources in the important review of tales from Morocco, Algeria, and Libya by Genevieve Massignon, "Bibli- ographie des Recueils de Contes Traditionnels du Maghreb (Maroc, Algerie, Tunisie)," Fabula, IV, i and 2, I96I, 11I-129.

Also worthy of mention is a collection of 156 Jewish tales in Spanish from Tetuan, Spanish Morocco (Arcadio de Larrea Palacfn, Cuentos Populares de los Judios del Norte de Marruecos. Tetuan: Instituto General Franco de Estudios de Investigacion Hispano-Arabe, 2 vols., I952-I953. Pp. 271; 279) and a major collection of songs (Arcadio de Larrea Palacin, Cancionero Judio del Norte de Marruecos, Madrid: Instituto de Estudios Africanos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas. 3 vols. 345; 377; 288. Not available.)

7. See Ruth Jones, West Africa. Africa Bibliography Series. (London, 1958) p. 30. 8. Kenneth W. Clarke, A Motif-Index of the Folktales of Culture Area V, West Africa. Doc-

toral dissertation, Indiana University, 1957. 9. J. Berry, Spoken Art in West Africa. (London, I96I) p. Ir. Io. F. J. Nicolas, "Enigmes des L'ela de la Haute-Volta (A. O. F.)," Anthropos, XLIX, I954,

1013-1040. (2 dilemma tales, 41 riddles with Lyele (Gur) texts and translations). iI. Ernest van Avermaet, "Langage rhythme des Baluba," Aequatoria XVIII, No. I, I955, I-5,

(I4 riddles, I9 aphorisms with Luba texts and translations). Donald C. Simmons, "Erotic Tone Riddles," Man, LXI, No. 78, 1956, 79-82. (30 riddles with Efik Ibibio texts and translations). "Cultural Functions of the Efik Tone Riddle," lournal of American Folklore, LXXI, I958, 123- I38. (98 riddles with Efik Ibibio texts and translations). "Ibibio Tone Riddles," Nigerian Field, XXV, I960, I32-134. (IO riddles with Efik Ibibio texts and translations). "Efik Tone Riddles and Anang Proverb-Riddles," Journal of American Folklore, LXXIV, I961, 245-246. C. M. N. White, "African Tone Riddles," Man, LVIII, No. 214, 1958, I6I-I62. (5 riddles with Luvale texts and translations). John C. Messenger, "Anang Proverb-Riddles," Journal of American Folklore, LXXIII, I960, 225-235. (19 riddles with Anang Ibibio texts and translations). "Anang Proverb- Riddles and Efik Tone Riddles," Journal of American Folklore, LXXIV, I961, 246. H. Trilles, Les Pygmees de la Foret Squatoriale. Anthropos-Bibliothek, III, 4, I932, 267-268. (35 Pygmy tales, 218 aphorisms, 28 riddles, I3 songs in translation only).

I2. Joseph H. Greenberg, "Hausa Verse Prosody," Journal of the American Oriental Society, LXIX, 1949, 125-135. (4 Hausa poems).

I3. D. W. Arnott, "Proverbial Lore and Word-Play of the Fulani," Africa, XXVII, I957, 379-396. (8 aphorisms, 17 riddles, 13 epigrams, 9 tongue-twisters, and 2 chain-rhymes with

Folklore Research in Africa Fulani texts and translations). Jerome Adam, "Nouvel extrait du Folklore du Haut-Ogooue," Anthropos, XXXV-XXXVI, 1940-1941, I3I-I52. (3 tales with Mbete texts and translation, I5 tales in translation only, 3I riddles and I chain-rhyme with Mbete texts and translations). M. Mamet, Le Langage des Bolia (Lac Leopold II). Annales du Musee Royal du Congo Belge, Sciences de l'Homme, LIII, I960. (12 tales, 57 aphorisms, and I chain-rhyme with Bolia texts and translations.)

14. However, cf. Edward William Lane, The Arabian Night's Entertainments, or The Thousand and One Nights. (New York, 1927) Note I8 to the introductory story, 976.

15. D. W. Arnott, loc. cit. i6. I. Schapera, Select Bibliography of South African Native Life and Problems. (London,

I941) Items E469, LII6, L207, L2I7, L219, L247, L248, L285. 17. It is manifestly impossible to cite references to all these lesser collections, but the bibliog-

raphy includes the following for proverbs: Betsimisaraka (Houlder), Chokwe (Vincente Martins), Cbaya (Hilberth), Gogo (Beverley), Jabo (Herzog and Blooah), Kpe (Bender), Kru (Herskovits and Tagbwe), Sakalava (Birkeli), Vai (Ellis), and Wolof (Dard) and the following for riddles: Arabic from Cairo (Littmann), Ewe (Sch6nharl), Haya (Rehse), Kamba (Lindblom), Lamba (Doke), and Tsonga (Junod and Jacques). For Efik riddles, see Simmons' three articles cited in footnote iI.

A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abbreviations

AMRCB-L Annales du Musee Royal du Congo Belge, Sciences de l'Homme, Linguistique. BCA Bulletin de Correspondance Africaine, Publications de l'1cole des Lettres d'Alger. CCCP Collection de Contes et Chansons Populaires. CEPSI Bulletin Trimestriel du Centre d'Stude des Problemes Sociaux Indigenes CEPSI. IFAN-B Bulletin de l'lnstitut Franfaise d'Afrique Noire, Serie B. Sciences Humaines. IFAN-M Memoires de l'Institut Francaise d'Afrique Noire. ]AF Journal of American Folklore. JRAI Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute. LSOS Lehrbiicher des Seminars fur Orientalische Sprachen zu Berlin. MSOS Mitteilungen des Seminars fur Orientalische Sprachen zu Berlin. TMIE Travaux et Memoires de l'Institut d'Ethnologie. ZES Zeitschrift fur Eingeborenen-Sprachen. ZK Zeitschrift fur Kolonialsprachen. * Indicates sources for which complete citations are given in the bibliographies of Herskovits and Herskovits or of Klipple. See footnote 2.

Abraham, R. C. The Tiv People. London: Crown Agents for the Colonies, 1940. 2nd ed. Pp. x + I77. i6 Tiv tales in translation only.

Adam, G. Legendes Historiques du Pays de Nioro (Sahel). Paris: Augustin Challamel, I904. Pp. 121. 9 Soninke tales in translation only.

A Collection of Umbundu Proverbs, Adages and Conundrums. West Central African Mission of the A. B. C. F. M., I9I4. 520 aphorisms in Ovimbundu texts, with some translations. (Not available; cited by Doke in African Studies, VI, I947, II5).

Agar-O'Connell. lintsomi. Bantu Folk Stories. n.p.: The Lovedale Press, n.d. Pp. 47. I2 tales with Xhosa texts and translations.

Akrofi, C. A. Twi Mmebusem. Twi Proverbs with English Translations and Comments. Kumasi: Presbyterian Book Depot; London: Macmillan & Co., I962. First published I958. Pp. I73. 3 tales in Twi (Akan) text only; ioi8 aphorisms with Twi texts and translations.

Amaku, E. N. Edikot rJwed Mbuk i. Nelson's Efik Readers, Book i. London: Thomas Nelson & Sons, n. d. Revised edition. First published I948. Pp. ii + 46. 3 tales in Efik text only.

. Edikot rjwed Mbuk 2. Nelson's Efik Readers, Book 2. London: Thomas Nelson & Sons, I96I. Revised edition. First published I949. Pp. v + 73. 6 tales in Efik text only.

. Edikot ijwed Mbuk 3. Nelson's Efik Readers, Book 3, London: Thomas Nelson & Sons, I96I. First published I949. Pp. iv + 92. 7 tales in Efik text only.

. Edikot rJwed Mbuk 4. Nelson's Efik Readers, Book 4. London: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 196I. First published I951. Pp. vi + 86. 20 tales in Efik text only.

. Edikot jwed Mbuk 5. Nelson's Efik Readers, Book 5. London: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 196I. First published 1952. Pp. ii + IIO. 25 tales in Efik text only.

. Edikot owed Mbuk 6. Nelson's Efik Readers, Book 6. London: Thomas Nelson & Sons, I961. First published 1953. Pp. 158. 20 tales in Efik text only.

Aranzadi, Ifiigo Xavier de. La Adivinanza en la Zona de los Ntumu. Tradiciones Orales del

21

22 Vol. 77, No. 303 Journal of American Folklore Jan.-March, 1964 Bosque Fang. Madrid: Instituto de Estudios Africanos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, I962. Pp. 3II. 636 riddles with Ntumu (Fang) texts and translations.

Arnaud, Marthe. "Mythologie et Folklore sur le Haut-Zambeze," Presence Africaine, II, 1948, pp. 244-266. I4 Lozi tales in translation only.

*Augustiny, Julius. "Geschichte der Hauptlinge von Madschame," ZES, XVII, 1926-1927, I61-20I. i6 tales with Chaga texts and translations.

B., J. E. See Beverley, J. E. *Bachmann, Tr. "Nyiha-M;archen," ZK, VI, I9I5-196, 8I-IOi. 3 tales with Nyiha texts and

translations. Badibanga. L'1Ulephant qui Marche sur des Oeufs. Bruxelles: l'tglantine, I93I. Pp. 90. 6I Luba

tales in translation only. Barra, G. I,ooo Kikuyu Proverbs. London: Macmillan & Co., 1960. First published I939. Pp. I23.

Iooo aphorisms with Kikuyu texts and translations. * Baskerville, Mrs. George (Rosetta Gage). The King of Snakes, and Other Folk-Lore Stories

from Uganda. London: The Sheldon Press, 1922. Pp. viii + 88. 26 Ganda tales, 30 aphorisms, and 4 songs in translation only. (Some from Apolo Kagwa's Engero za Baganda, which was not available).

* . The Flame Tree, and Other Folk-Lore Stories from Uganda. London: The Sheldon Press, 1925. Pp. vii + II3. 21 Ganda tales in translation only. (Some from Apolo Kagwa's Engero za Baganda).

* Bender, C. J. Die Volksdichtung der Wakweli: Sprichworter, Fabeln und Mdrchen, Parabeln, Rdtsel und Lieder. Beiheft zur ZES, IV, 1922. Pp. 122. 78 tales, I50 aphorisms, 6 riddles, and 14 songs with Kpe texts and translations.

* Berenger-Feraud, L.-J.-B. Peuplades de la Senelgambie. Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1879. Pp. xvi + 420. 5 Soninke, 3 Bambara, 3 Wolof, 2 Malinke, 2 Moorish, I Fulani, I Tukulur, and I Serere tales in translation only.

Berthoud, Henri and N. J. van Warmelo. "Thonga-Marchen aus Transvaal," ZES, XX, 1929-1930, 241-256; XXI, 1930-I93I, 54-74, 122-158, 3IO-3I9; XXII, I93I-I932, II4-I20. 17 tales with Tsonga texts and translations.

B[everley], J. E. Zimbazi ze zifumbo, Nhandaguzi ne Zisimo ze Cigogo. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, I9OI. (Reprinted by the Church Missionary Society, I953). 32 tales, 200 aphorisms, and sixty-odd riddles in Gogo texts only. (Not available; cited by Carnell in Tanganyika Notes and Records, No. 40, I955, 30-42).

Birkeli, E. "Folklore Sakalava Recueilli dans la Region de Morondava," Bulletin de l'Academie Malgache, N. S., VI, 1922-1923, 185-423. 71 tales, 324 aphorisms, and 35 songs with Sakalava (Malagasy) texts and translations.

Bleek, D[orothea] F. The Naron. A Bushman Tribe of the Central Kalahari. Publications of the School of African Life and Language, University of Cape Town. Cambridge: University Press, I928. Pp. ix + 67. o1 tales with Bushman texts and translations.

* . "!Kuij Mythology," ZES, XXV, 1934-1935, 261-283. 5 tales with Bushman texts

and translations. * Bleek, W. H. I. and L. C. Lloyd. Specimens of Bushmen Folk-Lore. London: George Allen &

Co., 1911. Pp. xl + 468. 25 tales and II songs with Bushman texts and translations. * Boas, Franz and C. Kamba Simango. "Tales and Proverbs of the Vandau of Portuguese South

Africa," JAF, XXXV, 1922, 151-204. 20 tales and 29 aphorisms with Ndau (Shona) texts and translations.

Boelaert, E. Lianja-Verhalen. I. Ekofo Versie. AMRCB-L, XVII, I957. Pp. 244. I epic poem with Nkundo (Mongo) text and translation.

. Lianja-Verhallen. II. De Voorouders van Lianja. AMRCB-L, XIX, I958. Pp. II5. I epic poem with Nkundo (Mongo) text and translation.

Bourgeois, R. Banyarwanda et Barundi. Tome I. Ethnographie. Memoires, Academie Royal des Sciences Coloniales, Classe des Sciences Morales et Politiques, XV, 1957. Pp. 792. I tale, 564 aphorisms, 22 riddles, 9I songs, and 2 praise poems with Rwanda texts and translations.

* Bouveignes, Olivier de. (Nom-de-plume of Leon Guebels) Contes d'Afrique. Bruxelles, La Renaissance du Livre, 1927. Pp. 21I. 12 Luba tales in translation only.

. En JScoutant Conter les Noires. Collection Lavigerie. Namur: Grand Lacs, n. d. Pp. I44. I9 Luba tales in translation only.

. Sur des Levres Congolaises. Contes. Collection Lavigerie. Namur: Grand Lacs, n. d. Pp. 205. 28 Luba tales in translation only.

. Ce que Content les Noirs. Bruxelles: Collection Durendal, n.d. Pp. 203. 24 Luba tales in translation only.

. Entendu dans la Brousse. Contes Congolais. Les Joyaux de l'Orient, Vol. o1. Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, I938. Pp. 209. 26 Luba tales in translation only.

Folklore Research in Africa . Contes au Claire de Lune. Collection Lavigerie. Namur: Grand Lacs, 1950. Pp. i60.

(Not available). . Noveaux Contes d'Afrique. (Not available).

Brandt, L. de. "Het Heelal van den Muluba. Vertelling van de Baluba," Congo, II, I, 192I, pp. 249-268; Vol. 3:2, 1922, pp. 50-64. 8 tales with Luba texts and translations.

Burckhardt, Johann Ludwig. Arabische Spriichwotrter oder der Sitten und Gebrduche der neueren Aegyptier. Weimar: Verlage des Landes-Industrie-Comptoirs, I834. Pp. xii + 396. 782 aphorisms with Arabic (Egyptian) texts and translations.

Biirgi, Ernst. "Sammlung von Ewe-Sprichwortern," Archiv fur Anthropologie, N. S., XIII, I914, pp. 415-450. 925 aphorisms with Ewe texts and translations.

Burton, William F. P. "Proverbs of the Baluba. Proverbes des Baluba," Bulletin des Juridictions Indigenes et du Droit Coutumier Congolais, XXIII, I955, 69-76, 93-I00, 122-129, I4I-I48; XXIV, I956, I70-I77, 223-230, 259-266, 287-294, 3I4-32I, 341-348; XXV, I957, 14-21, 43-50, 82-89, II0-117, I38-I45, I59-166; XXVI, I958, I90-I97, 217-224, 251-258, 292-315, 324-347, 367-390; XXVII, I959, 3-26, 37-47. 1797 aphorisms with Luba texts and translations.

. The Magic Drum. Tales from Central Africa. London: Methuen & Co., I96I. Pp. I96. 75 Luba tales in translation only.

Busse, J. Die Sprache der Nyiha in Ostafrika. Veroffentlichung, Institut fur Orientforschung, Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaft, Berlin, No. 41, I960. Pp. I6o. 8 tales, 67 aphorisms, and 57 riddles with Nyiha texts and translations.

Caeneghem, R. van. "De gierigheid in de spreekwoorden der Baluba en Baluba-Moyo," Congo, XVI, 2, Nos. 3-5, I935, 376-388, 585-597, 725-736. I31 aphorisms with Luba texts and translations.

."De bruidschat en de verloving in de spreekwoorden der Luluaen Baluba- menschen," Congo, XVIII, I, Nos. 3-4, I937, 287-326, 384-424. 260 aphorisms with Lulua/Luba texts and translations.

. "'Geven aan anderman' in de spreekwoorden der Baluba-Menschen," Congo, XVIII, 2, No. 4, I937, 377-4II. I36 aphorisms with Luba texts and translations.

. "De gastvrijheid in de spreekwoorden der Luba-menschen," Congo, XX, I, Nos. 3-4, I939, 295-310, 412-432. I3I aphorisms with Luba texts and translations.

. "Het vrijgezellen-leven in de spreekwoorden van Luba- en Moyo-volk," Congo, XXI, I, No. I, I940, 47-73. 73 aphorisms with Luba texts and translations.

."De psychologie der Baluba in hun spreekwoorden over de Ziekten," Congo, XXI, i, No. 3, 1940, 284-306; Zaire, I, No. I, 1947, pp. 55-72. 80 aphorisms with Luba texts and translations.

. Kabundi Sprookies. Bibliotheque-Congo, N. S., No. 2, I938. Pp. 240. 75 tales with Luba texts and translations.

Cagnolo, C. The A,kikuyu. Their Customs, Traditions and Folklore. Nyeri (Kenya); The Mission Printing School, 1933. Pp. xv + 324. 17 Kikuyu tales in translation only; 145 aphorisms and 22 riddles with Kikuyu texts.

. "Kikuyu Tales," African Studies, XI, I952, I-I5, I23-I35; XII, 1953, Io-2i, 62-71, 122-131. 25 Kikuyu tales (plus 5 duplicates) in translation only.

Calame-Griaule, G. "Itsoterisme et fabulation au Soudan," IFAN-B, XVI, 3/4, I954, 307-321. II Dogon tales in translation only.

* Callaway, Henry. Izinganekwane, Nensumansumane, Nezindaba Zabantu. Nursery Tales, Tra- ditions, and Histories of the Zulus. Springvale: John A. Blair; Pietermaritzburg: Davis & Sons; London: Triibner & Co., i868. Pp. vii + 375. 58 tales with Zulu texts and translations. (Although called "Volume I," apparently this was all that was published).

* Cardinall, A. W. Tales Told in Togoland. London: Oxford University Press, I931. Pp. 290. 30 Krachi, 26 Dagomba, 3 Ajati, 3 Grusi, 3 Ashanti, i Akwapim, I Kasena, and 26 unidentified tales in translation only.

* Cesard, Edmond. "Proverbes et Contes Haya," Anthropos, XXIII, 1928, 494-510, 792-816; XXIV, 1929, 565-586. 5 Haya tales in translation only; 617 aphorisms and i song with Haya texts and translations.

Charlton, [Lionel Evelyn Oswald]. A Hausa Reading Book. London: Oxford University Press, 1908. Pp. 83 + 45. 2 tales with Hausa texts and translations; 2 tales, 22 aphorisms, 9 riddles, i song, and i poem in Hausa text only.

*Chatelain, Heli. Folk-Tales of Angola. Memoirs of The American Folk-Lore Society, I, 1894. Pp. xii + 315. 50 tales with Kimbundu (Ambundu) texts and translations.

Christaller, J. G. Twi Mmebusem, Mpensa-Ahansia Mmoaano. A Collection of Three Thousand and Six Hundred Tshi Proverbs in Use among the Negroes of the Gold Coast Speaking the Asante and Fante Language. Basel: Basel German Evangelical Missionary Society, I879. Pp. xii + I52. 3680 aphorisms in Twi (Akan) text only.

23

24 Vol. 77, No. 303 Journal of American Folklore Jan.-March, 1964 Claus, H. Die Wagogo. Baessler-Archiv, Beiheft 2, 19II. Pp. 72. 6 Gogo tales in translation only. * Clercq, Auguste de. "Quelques Legendes des Bena Kanioka," Anthropos, IV, I909, pp. 71-86,

442-456. I4 tales and 4 songs with Kanyoka texts and translations. *

. "Vingt-deux Contes Luba," ZK, IV, I913-I914, 181-230. 22 tales with Luba texts and translations.

Cole, Henry. "Notes on the Wagogo," JRAI, XXXII, I902, 305-338. 7 Gogo tales in translation only.

Conti Rossini, Carlo. Proverbi, Tradizioni e Canzioni Tigrine. Collezione Scientifica e Docu- mentaria dell'Africa Italiana, V, 1942. 332. I tale, 489 aphorisms, and 86 songs with Tigrinya texts and translations.

Cousins, W. E. and J. Parrett. Ny Ohabolan' Ny Ntaolo Nangonina Sy Nalahatry. Antananarivo, I885. Pp. I54. 3790 aphorisms in Malagasy text only. (Not available; cited in G. Grandidier, Bibliographie de Madagascar, Paris: Comite de Madagascar, 1905).

* Cronise, Florence M. and Henry W. Ward. Cunnie Rabbit, Mr. Spider, and the Other Beef. London: Swann Sonnenschein & Co.; New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., I903. Pp. viii + 330. 38 Temne tales and 13 riddles in pidgin-English texts.

Crowther, Samuel Ajayi. A Vocabulary of the Yoruba Language. London: Seeleys, 1852. First published I843. Pp. v + 38 + 291. Over 500 scattered aphorisms with Yoruba texts and translations.

* Dahle, Louis. Specimens of Malagasy Folk-Lore. Antananarivo: Friends' Foreign Mission Press, I877. Pp. 457. 84 tales in Malagasy text only. (Not available; cited by James Sibree, Jr. in Folk-Lore Journal, I, 1883, pp. 2, 20o).

Dammann, Ernst. Dichtungen in der Lamu-Mundart des Suaheli. Hansische Universitat, Abhand- lungen aus dem Gebiet der Auslandskunde, LI, I940. Pp. 346. 9 long poems with Swahili texts and translation.

* Daniel, Fernand. "ftude sur les Soninkes ou Sarakoles," Anthropos, V, I9IO, 27-49. IO Soninke tales in translation only.

Dard, J. Grammaire Wolofe. n. p.: Imprime par autorisation du Roi a l'imprimerie royale, 1826. Pp. xxxi + 2I3. 231 aphorisms with Wolof texts and translations.

*Dayrell, E. Ikom Folk Stories from Southern Nigeria. Royal Anthropological Institute, Oc- casional Papers, No. 3, I913. Pp. viii + IOI. 34 Ekoi tales in translation only.

*Doke, Clement M. Lamba Folk-Lore. Memoirs of the American Folk-Lore Society, XX, I927. Pp. xvii + 570. I59 tales, 1695 aphorisms, 144 riddles, and 95 songs with Lamba texts and translations.

. "Additional Lamba Aphorisms," Bantu Studies, IV, I930, pp. I09-I35, 181-192. 272 aphorisms, 2 riddles, and I6 songs with Lamba texts and translations; all additional.

Dupuis-Yakouba, A. Les Gow ou Chasseurs du Niger. Legendes Songai de la Region de Tom- bouctou. Paris: Ernest Leroux, 19II. Pp. viii + 305. 8 tales with Songhai texts and translations.

Duta, Henry Wright. Engero Za Baganda. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1902. Pp. I27. 1455 aphorisms with Ganda texts and translations.

Edgar, Frank. Litafina Tatsuinyoyi na Hausa. Litafina-farako. Belfast: W. Erskine Mayne, I9II- I913. 3 vols. Pp. xviii + 435; xvi + 463; xvi + 464. 693 tales in Hausa text only.

Ekwensi, C. 0. D. Ikolo the Wrestler and Other Ibo Tales. London: Thomas Nelson & Sons, n. d. Pp. viii + 77. 24 Ibo tales in translation only.

* Ellis, George W. Negro Culture in West Africa. New York: The Neale Publishing Co., I914. Pp. 290. 52 Vai tales and 114 aphorisms in translation only.

Endemann, Christian. "Sprichw6rtliche Redensarten der Sotho-Sprache (Transvaal)," MSOS, XXXI, 3, 1928, I-I4. 292 aphorisms with Sotho texts and translations.

"Sotho-Sprichworter," ZES, XXXI, I940-I94I, 5I-7I, I29-I57, 217-237, 287-314; XXXII, I941-I942, 59-78, II4-I35. I413 aphorisms with Sotho texts and translations.

Ennis, Merlin. Umbundu. Folk Tales from Angola. Boston: Beacon Press, i962. Pp. xxix + 316. 98 Ovimbundu (Umbundu) tales and 55 aphorisms in translation only.

* Equilbecq, F. V. Essai sur la Litterature Merveilleuse des Noirs, Suivi de Contes Indigenes de l'Ouest Africain Francais. CCCP, XLI-XLIII, I913-10I6. Pp. v + 294; 307; 301. 24 Fulani, 22 Bambara, I5 Gurma, 14 Wolof, 13 Hausa, 8 Malinke, 6 Dogon, 3 Mossi, 3 Susu, 2 Koranko, 2 Senufo, I Kissi, I Khasonke, I Dyerma and I Grusi tales in translation only. (Although sometimes cited as containing the 275 tales which were collected and tabulated in the first volume, apparently only these three volumes and II6 tales were published).

Erasmus, J. H. Uitgesoekte Noord-Sotho Spreekwoorde. Dieme Tse di Kgethilwego Tsa Sesotho sa Lebowa. Johannesburg and Capetown: A. P. B., n.d. Pp. 105. 634 aphorisms with Sotho texts and translations.

Faublee, Jacques. Recites Bara. TMIE, XLVIII, I947. Pp. 589. 164 tales with Bara (Malagasy) texts and translations.

Folklore Research in Africa * Fell, J. R. Ingano Zya Batonga e Zimpangaliko Zimwi. Folk Tales of the Batonga and Other

Sayings. London: Holburn Publishing House, n.d. Pp. 247. 103 tales, 65 aphorisms, and 82 riddles with Tonga texts and translations.

Fisch, R. Dagbane-Sprachproben. Mitteilungen verbffentlich vom Seminar fur Kolonialsprachen in Hamburg, Beiheft 8, zum Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten, 30, I9I2. Pp. 190. 26 tales with Dagbane (Dagomba) texts and translations.

* Fletcher, Roland S. Hausa Sayings & Folk-Lore with a Vocabulary of New Words. London: Oxford University Press, 1912. Pp. I73. 2 tales with Hausa texts and translations, I tale in text only, 8 tales in translation only; 151 aphorisms, 23 riddles, 4 songs, 54 praise names, I8 complimentary phrases, 20 "quips," 2 street cries, I prayer with texts and translations.

*Fokken, H. A. "Erzahlungen und Marchen der Larusa," ZK, VII, I916-I917, 81-104, 193-2II. 17 tales with Masai texts and translations.

Foucauld, Charles de. Poesies Touaregues. (Dialecte de l'Ahaggar). Paris: Ernest Leroux, I925- I930. 2 vols. Pp. xxvii + 658; 46I. 575 poems with Twareg texts and translations.

Frobenius, Leo. Atlantis. Jena: Eugen Diederichs, 1921-1928. I2 vols. I. Volksmdrchen der Kabylen. I. Weisheit. I92I. Pp. iv + 292. 55 Kabyle tales in translation

only. 2. Volksmdrchen der Kabylen II. Das Ungeheurliche. 1922. Pp. 294. 33 Kabyle tales in trans-

lation only. 3. Volksmirchen der Kabylen. III. Das Fabelhafte. I92I. Pp. 356. 54 Kabyle tales in transla-

tion only. *4. Marchen aus Kordofan. I923. Pp. 309. 27 unidentified tales in translation only. *5. Dichten und Denken im Sudan. I925. Pp. 385. 9 Nupe tales in translation only. *6. Spielmannsgeschichten der Sahel. I92I. Pp. 351. I6 Soninke, 22 Fulani, and 34 Dogon

tales in translation only. *7. Ddmonen des Sudan. I924. Pp. 373. 13 Bambara, i Malinke, I Fulani, I Yarse, I3 Bozo,

14 Jukun, and 29 Hausa tales in translation only. *8. Erzahlungen aus dem West-Sudan. I922. Pp. 292. 97 Malinke and 26 Mossi tales in trans-

lation only. *9. Volkserzdhlungen und Volksdichtungen aus dem Zentral-Sudan. I924. Pp. 427. 73 Nupe,

38 Hausa, 3 Borgu, I Dakakari, and 7 Karekare tales in translation only. *io. Die Atlantische Gotterlehre. 1926. Pp. 320. 55 Yoruba tales in translation only. *1I. Volksdichtungen aus Ober Guinea. I924. Pp. 356. 24 Tobote, 43 Tem, 5 Killinga, and 43

Tiv tales in translation only. *I2. Dicht-kunst der Kassaiden. I928. Pp. 387. 140 Lulua, 82 Songye, 77 Luba, 45 Tetela, 42

Kanyoka, 37 Chokwe, 33 Pende, 22 Kuba, II Bena Mai, and 7 miscellaneous tales in translation only.

* Gaden, Henri. Le Poular. Dialecte Peul de Fouta Se'ngalais. Vol. i. Collection de la Revue du Monde Musulman. Paris: Ernest Leroux, I913. Pp. V + 338. 5I tales and I49 aphorisms with Fulani texts and translations.

. Proverbes et Maximes Peuls et Toucouleurs. TMIE, XVI, 193I. Pp. xxxiii + 368. 1282 aphorisms with Fulani texts and translations.

Ganay, Solange de. Les Devises des Dogons. TMIE, XLI, I941. Pp. viii + I94. 203 praise names with Dogon texts and translations.

Gegenbach, K. "Marchen in der Nyang-Sprache," ZES, XXIX, 1938-1939, pp. 1-37, II9-I45, 2i6- 233. 42 tales with Nyang texts and translations.

Coethem, E. van. "Devinettes Nkundo," Aequatoria: XV,2 I952, pp. 41-48. Ioo riddles with Nkundo (Mongo) texts and translations. (Cf. Hulstaert).

* Gutmann, Bruno. Volksbuch der Wadschagga. Sagen, Mlarchen, Fabeln und Schwidnke den Dschagganegern. Leipzig: Evang.-Luth. Mission, I9I4. Pp. 255. 215 Chaga tales and 6 songs in translation only.

* Hacquard, [A.] and [Auguste-Victor] Dupuis. Manuel de la Langue Songay, Parlee de Tom- bouctou a Say, dans la Boucle du Niger. Paris: J. Maisonneuve, I897. Pp. iv + 253. o1 tales with Songhai texts and translations.

* Harris, Hermann G. Hausa Stories and Riddles and A Concise Hausa Dictionary. Weston- super-Mare (England): Mendip Press, I908. Pp. xv + III + 33. 28 tales with Hausa texts only; 29 riddles with Hausa texts and translations.

Hecklinger, Philipp. "Dualasprichworter," ZES, XI, I920-192I, 35-70, I25-160, 220-239, 306-315. 723 aphorisms with Duala texts and translations.

* Helser, Albert D. African Stories. New York: Fleming H. Revell, I930. Pp. 223. 35 Bura tales and 50 aphorisms in translation only.

. Education of Primitive People. New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1934. Pp. 316. i8 Bura tales (plus 8 duplicates) in translation only.

25

26 Vol. 77, No. 303 Journal of American Folklore Jan.-March, 1964 Herskovits, Melville J. and Frances S. Dahomean Narrative. Northwestern University African

Studies, No. i. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, I958. Pp. xvi + 490. 155 Fon tales in translation only.

Herskovits, Melville J. and Sic Tagbwe. "Kru Proverbs," JAF, XLIII, 1930, 225-293. 194 aphorisms with Kru texts and translations.

Herzog, George and Charles G. Blooah. Jabo Proverbs from Liberia. London: Oxford University Press, 1936. Pp. xiii + 272. 489 aphorisms with Jabo texts and translations.

Hilberth, John. Les Gbaya. Studia Ethnographica Upsalensia, XIX, I962. Pp. viii + 143. 42 Gbaya tales in translation only; I12 aphorisms with Gbaya texts and translations.

Himmelheber, Hans. Aura Poku. Eisenach: Erich R6th-Verlag, I95I. Pp. I79. 76 Baule tales, 25 aphorisms, and 13 riddles in translation only.

*Hoffman, C. "Marchen und Erzahlungen der Eingeborenen in Nord-Transvaal," ZES, VI, I9I5-I916, 28-54, I24-I53, 206-243, 285-33I. 54 tales with Sotho texts and translations.

Holas, B. Ichantillons du Folklore Kono (Haut-Guinee Franfaise). ttudes Guineennes, No. 9, 1952. Pp. 90. 71 Kono tales in translation only.

* Holland, Madeleine. "Folklore of the Banyanja," Folk-Lore, XXVII, I916, pp. II6-I70. 50 Nyanja tales in translation only.

* Hollis, A. C. The Masai, Their Language and Folklore. Oxford: Clarendon Press, I905. Pp. xxviii + 356. 26 tales, 75 aphorisms, 24 riddles, and 14 songs with Masai texts and translations.

* Honey, James A. South-African Folk-Tales. New York: The Baker & Taylor Company, 19IO. Pp. ix + I5I. 44 Bushman tales and I Zulu tale in translation only.

Houlder, J. A. Ohabolona ou Proverbes Malagaches Montrant l'Esprit et la Sagesse Populaires des Hovas de Madagascar. Tananarive: Friend's Foreign Missionary Association, I915-I916. 2 vols. Pp. I46 + iii; 141 + v + iv. 2316 Hova (Malagasy) aphorisms with texts and translations; Ioo Betsimisaraka (Malagasy) aphorisms with Hova equivalents but no translations.

Hulstaert, G. "Devinettes Nkundo. II," Aequatoria, XVIII, 2/3, 1955, 55-65, 8I-90. 226 riddles with Nkundo (Mongo) texts and translations. (Continued from van Goethem's collection).

. Proverbes Mongo. AMRCB-L, 1958. Pp. 828. 2670 aphorisms with Nkundo (Mongo) texts and translations.

. Losako. Salutation Solennelle des Nkundo. Academie Royale des Sciences Colo- niales, Classe des Sciences Morales et Politiques, Memoires XX, I, I959. Pp. 223. 650 formal greetings to superiors, including 64 additional aphorisms, with Nkundo (Mongo) texts and translations.

Hulstaert, G. and A. de Rop. Rechtspraakfabels van de Nkundo. AMRCB-L, VIII, I954. Pp. 170. 46 dilemma tales with Nkundo (Mongo) texts and translations.

* Hurel, Eugene. La Poesie chez les Primitifs, ou Contes, Fables, Recits et Proverbes du Rwanda (Lac Kivu). Bibliotheque-Congo, No. 9, 1922. Pp. vi + 260. 40 tales and 200 aphorisms with Rwanda texts and translations.

* Ittmann, J. "Nyang Miirchen," ZES, XXII, I93I-1932, 47-67. IO tales with Nyang texts and translations.

"Sprichw6rter der Nyang," ZES, XXII, I93I-1932, 120-155, 215-230, 281-312. 702 aphorisms with Nyang texts and translations.

"Kundu-Ratsel," MSOS, XXXVII, 3, I934, I62-I85. 307 riddles with Kundu texts and translations.

. "Sprichworter der Kosi," MSOS, XXXIX, 3, 1936, III-I76. 700 aphorisms with Kosi texts and translations.

Tacobs, J. Tetela-teksten. AMRCB-L, XX, I959. Pp. I05. I4 tales with Tetela texts and translations. Jacottet, E. ttudes sur les Langues du Haut-Zambeze. BCA, I896-I901, XVI, 3 parts. Pp. xxxvii +

133; x + I8I; x + 238. 50 tales with Subiya texts and translations; 46 tales, ii riddles, and 21 songs with Lozi texts and translations.

* . The Treasury of Ba-Suto Lore. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1908. Pp. xxviii + 287. 42 tales with Suto (Sotho) texts and translations. (Called Vol. I of the Treasury, but apparently no others published).

Johannsen, E. and P. D6ring. "Das Leben der Schambala, beleuchtet durch ihre Sprichw6rter," ZK, V, 1914-I915, I37-I50, 190-226, 306-318. 600 aphorisms with Sambaa texts and translations.

* Johnson, Frederick. "Kiniramba Folk Tales," Bantu Studies, V, I931, 327-356. 7 tales and 19 riddles with Nilyamba texts and translations.

Joset, Paul-E. "Buda Efeba (Contes et L6gendes Pygmees)," Zaire, II, I948, 25-56, I37-I57. 35 Mbuti (Pygmy) tales in translation only.

* Junod, Henri A. Les Chants et les Contes des Ba-Ronga. Lausanne: Georges Bridel & Cie., 1897. Pp. 327. 30 Tsonga tales and I6 songs in translation only.

Folklore Research in Africa *

. Nouveaux Contes Ronga. Neuchatel: Paul Attinger, I898. Pp. 9I. 7 tales with Tsonga texts and translations, and 2 Tsonga tales in translation only.

Junod, Henri Phillipe and Alexandre A. Jaques. Vutlhari bya Vatonga. (Matshangana) The Wis- dom of the TongaShangaan People. Cleveland (Transvaal): The Central Mission Press, n.d. Pp. 285. 892 aphorisms, 200 riddles, and 246 names and nicknames with Tsonga texts and translations; ii riddles with Chopi texts and translations.

* Koelle, S. W. African Native Literature. London: Church Missionary Society, 1854. Pp. xiv + 434. 26 tales and 62 aphorisms with Kanuri texts and translations.

Kohl-Larsen, Ludwig. "Issansu-Marchen," Baessler-Archiv, XX, I937, i-68. 49 Nilyamba tales in translation only.

Das Elefantenspiel. Mythen, Reisen- und Stammessagen, Volkserzdhlungen der Tindiga. Eisenach und Kassel: Erich R6th-Verlag, I956. Pp. 233. 50 Hausa tales in translation only.

Kootz-Kretschmer, Elise. Die Safwa. Ein Ostafrikanischer Volkstaam in seinem Leben und Denken. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer, 1926-I929. 3 vols. Pp. xii + 316; xii + 337; xiv + 142. 33 tales, 46 aphorisms, and 45 riddles with Nyiha texts and translations; 8 Safwa tales in translation only; I6 tales, 86 aphorisms, and 28 riddles with Safwa texts and translations; 13 aphorisms with Mwanga texts and translations.

* . "Safwa- und Nyixa-Texte," ZES, XXII, 1931-1932, 241-274. 8 tales with Nyiha texts and translations; 4 tales with Safwa texts and translations.

* Krug, Adolph N. "Bulu Tales from Kamerun, West Africa," JAF, XXV, 1912, I06-I24. 24 Bulu tales in translation only.

Krug, A. N. and M. J. Herskovits. "Bulu Tales," JAF, LXII, 1949, 348-374. 33 Bulu tales in translation only.

Kuhn, G. "Sotho Sprichw6rter," ZES, XX, I929-I930, 34-73, I20-148, 208-221. 702 aphorisms with Pedi (Sotho) texts and translations.

* Lademann, Gebhard, Ludwig Kausch, and Alfred Reuss. Tierfabeln und andere Erziihlungen in Suaheli. Archiv fiir das Studium Deutscher Kolonialsprachen, XII, I9IO. Pp. 120. 8o tales with Swahili texts and translations; 20 tales with Kami texts and translations.

Ladipo, S. R. Itgbokanla le Ogorun Owe Yoruba. Ibadan: for the author by Adebanke Com- mercial Press, n.d. (1955). 2300 aphorisms in Yoruba text only.

* Landeroin, M. and J. Tilho. Grammaire et Contes Haoussas. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, i909. Pp. xii + 292. II tales and 34 aphorisms with Hausa texts and translations.

Laoust, E. Contes Berberes du Maroc. Publications de l'Institut des Hautes ?gtudes Marocaines, L, V?, I949. Pp. viii + I78; xxviii + 317. i50o tales with Berber (Moroccan) texts and translations.

* Lederbogen, Wilhelm. "Duala-marchen," MSOS, IV,3, I90I, I54-228; V,3, 1902, 118-148; VI,3, I903, 69-98. 85 tales with Duala texts and translations.

Legey, [Frangoise]. Contes et LIgendes Populaires du Maroc. Publications de l'Institut des Hautes- Ctudes Marocaines, XVI, I926. Pp. 32I. 93 Arabic (Moroccan) tales in translation only.

Lekens, Benjamin. Buku 2 ti dingo Ngbandi. (Schoolboek der Ngbandi: 2). Brugge: K. Beyaert, 1922. 83 tales in Ngbandi text. (Not available; cited by Basiel Tanghe in De Ziel van het Ngbandivolk, Bibliotheque-Congo, XXVIII, n.d. (1928), pp. 3, 5).

. Ngbandi-Idioticon. AMRCB-L, III, V?, I955-I958. Pp. I09I; I032. 1398 aphorisms with Ngbandi texts and translations.

Lifszyc, Deborah and Denise Paulme. "Les Animaux dans le Folklore Dogon (Soudan Frangais)," Revue de Folklore Franfais et de Folklore Colonial, VII, 1936, 282-292. IO Dogon tales, 8 aphorisms, and 9 riddles in translation only.

Lindblom, Gerhard. Kamba Folklore. Archives d'ltudes Orientales, XX, I/3, 1928-I935. Pp. xii + III; iv + I42; 58. 62 tales, 53 aphorisms, ii6 riddles, and 9 songs with Kamba texts and translations.

* Lippert, J. "Haussa-Marchen," MSOS, VIII,3, 1905, 223-250. 13 tales with Hausa texts and translations.

Littmann, Enno. Publications of the Princeton Expedition to Abyssinia. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1910o- I915. 4 vols. Pp. xvii + 287; xvii + 344; x + 541; x + 1098. 7I7 songs with Tigre texts and translations.

. Kariner Sprichwdrter and Ritsel. Deutsche Morgenldndische Gesellschaft, Abhand- lungen fiir die Kunde des Morgenlandes, XXII,5, I937. Pp. xv + 71. 517 aphorisms and I35 riddles with Arabic (Cairo) texts and translations.

. "Tigrifia-Sprichworter," Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandische Gesellschaft, XCVII, 1943, 208-238. 24 aphorisms with Tigrinya texts and translations.

Lukas, Johannes. "Aus der Literatur der Badawi-Kanuri in Borno," ZES, XXVI, 1935-I936, 35-57, I33-I50. 20 tales and 26 aphorisms with Kanuri texts and translations.

27

28 Vol. 77, No. 303 Journal of American Folklore Jan.-March, I964 "Fabeln der Kanuri," ZES, XXX, I939-1940, i6i-I8I, 273-295. IO tales with Kanuri texts and translations.

* Macdonald, Duff. Africana; or, The Heart of Heathen Africa. London: Simkin Marshall & Co.; Edinburgh: John Menzies & Co.; Aberdeen: A. Brown & Co., 1882. 2 vols. Pp. xvii + 301; xi + 37I. 58 Yao tales in translation only.

Maupoil, Bernard. La Geomancie a l'Ancienne Cote des Esclaves. TMIE, XLII, I943. Pp. xxvii + 690. 127 Fon tales in translation only; i Fon tale with text and translation.

Mercier, G. Le Chaouia de l'Aures (Dialecte de l'Ahmar Khaddou). BCA, No. I7, I896. Pp. iii + 8o. I6 tales with Kabyle texts and translations. *Merker, M. Die Masai. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer, 1904. Pp. xvi + 421. 8 Masai tales in transla-

tion only; 13 aphorisms with Masai texts and translations; 14 Ndorobo tales in translation only. Mesatywa, E. W. M. Izaci Namaqualo Esixhosa. (Revised by A. C. Jordan). Cape Town: Long-

mans, 1961. (First published I954). Pp. 220. 1180 aphorisms in Xhosa texts only. *Mischlich, A. Lehrbuch der Hausa Sprache. LSOS, XXVII, I91I. Pp. 250. 2 tales and 70

aphorisms with Hausa texts and translations. *

. Neue Marchen aus Afrika. Leipzig: R. Voigtlanders Verlag, 1929. Pp. 312. 50 tales with Hausa texts and translations.

Mohammed Ben Cheneb. Proverbes Arabes de l'Algeria et de Maghreb. BCA, XXX-XXXII, I905- 1907. Pp. xiv + 303; 309; 324. 3127 aphorisms with Arabic (Algerian) texts and translations.

Molin, Mgr. Recueil de Proverbes, Bambaras et Malinkes. Issy-Les Moulineaux (Seine, France): Imprimerie Saint-Paul, (I959). Pp. 315. 1559 aphorisms with Bambara texts and translations; 537 aphorisms with Malinke texts and translations; i aphorism with Khasonke text and translation; and 4 aphorisms with unidentified texts and translations.

* Monteil, C. Contes Soudanais. CCCP, XXVIII, I905. Pp. v + 205. 22 Khasonke, 13 Soninke, 5 Malinke, 4 Bambara, and 3 unidentified tales in translation only.

Moreno, Martino Mario. Cent Fables Amhariques Mises en tcrit par le Dabtara Kenfe. Cahiers de la Societe Asiatique, XI, 1947. Pp. I49. oo0 tales with Amharic texts and translations.

Moulieras, Auguste. LIgendes et Contes Merveilleux de la Grande Kabylie. BCA, No. 13. Fascicule I, 1893, pp. v + I07; Fasc. 2, I894, III-247; Fasc. 3, 1895, 249-296; Fasc. 4, 1896, 297-373. 35 tales in Kabyle text only.

Muswabuzi, J. B. Engero Ensonge. Bukalasa: White Father's Press. 957 aphorisms in Ganda text only. (Not available; cited by Nason in Uganda Journal, III, I936, 247).

Nkongori, Laurent and Thomas Kamanzi. Proverbes du Rwanda. AMRCB-L, XIV, I957. Pp. 8o. 657 aphorisms with Rwanda texts and translations.

Nyembezi, C. L. Sibusiso. Zulu Proverbs. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, I954. Pp. xii + 238. 773 aphorisms with Zulu texts and translations.

Pages, P. A. "La Vie Intellectuelle des Noirs du Ruanda," Congo, XV, , 1934, 357-389, 481-503, 657-67I. 22 Rwanda tales in translation only; I3 songs with Rwanda texts and translations.

Plaatje, Solomon Tshekido. Sechuana Proverbs with Literal Translations and Their European Equivalents. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., I916. Pp. xii + 98. 732 aphorisms with Tswana texts and translations.

* Planert, W. "Uber die Sprachen der Hottentotten und Buschmanner," MSOS, VIII,3, I905, I04- I76. io tales with Bushman texts and translations; 3 tales with Hottentot texts and translations.

* Posselt, F. Fables of the Veld. London: Oxford University Press, 1929. Pp. xi + 132. 35 Shona, 4 Mananzwa, 3 Chikunda, I Henga, I Hlengwe (Sotho), and i Ndebele tales in translation only.

* Prietze, Rudolf. "Tiermarchen der Haussa," Zeitschrift fir Ethnologie, XXXIX, 1907, 916-939. 3 tales with Hausa texts and translations.

"Die Geschichte von Gizo und Koki. Die "Madchen von Gaia," MSOS, XXIX,3, I926, 61-89, I35-I90. 2 tales and i song with Hausa texts and translations.

Prost, A. La Langue Sonay. 1FAN-M, No. 47, I956. Pp. 627. 2I tales with Songhai texts and translations.

Rapp, Eugen L. "Sprichw6rter der Akan," MSOS, XXXVI,3, I933, pp. 69-98. 500 aphorisms with Twi (Akan) texts and translations.

* Rattray, R. Sutherland. Hausa Folk-Lore. Oxford: Clarendon Press, I9I3. 2 vols. Pp. xxiv + 326; 3I5. 3I tales and 133 aphorisms with Hausa texts and translations.

* . Ashanti Proverbs. Oxford: Clarendon Press, I916. Pp. I90. 830 aphorisms (from Christaller) with Twi (Akan) texts and translations.

* . Akan-Ashanti Folk-Tales. Oxford: Clarendon Press, I930. Pp. xx + 275. 75 tales with Twi (Akan) texts and translations.

*Rehse, Hermann. Kiziba Land und Leute. Stuttgart: Verlag von Strecker & Schr6der, II9o. Pp. xi + 394. 49 tales and Ioo riddles with Haya texts and translations.

Folklore Research in Africa *

. "Die Sprache der Baziba in Deutsch-Ostafrika," ZK, III, 1912-1913, I-33, 8I-I23, 20I-209; IV, I9I3-I9I4, 256-284. 6 tales with Haya texts and translations.

Reinisch, Leo. Die Bilin-Sprache. Erster Band. Texte der Bilin-Sprache. Mit Unterstiitzung des Kais. Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Leipzig: Th. Grieben's Verlag (L. Fernau), I883. Pp. viii + 322. I09 tales, 2 songs, and 27 Biblical legends with Bilin texts and translations.

* . Die Saho-Sprache. Wien: Alfred Holder, I889-I890. 2 vols. Pp. vi + 315; Viii + 492. I37 tales, 73 aphorisms, 26 riddles, and 24 songs with Saho texts and translations. *

. Die Somali-Sprache. Siidarabische Expedition, I. Wien: Alfred Holder, I900. Pp. viii + 287. 97 tales, 83 aphorisms, 40 Ausspruchen, io riddles, and 4 songs with Somali texts and translations.

*Renel, Charles. Contes de Madagascar. CCCP, XXXVII-XXXVIII, 910o. Pp. lxxi + 291; 331. 7I Betsimisaraka, 22 Tanala, 14 Antankarana, II Merina, o0 Bara, o0 Sakalava, 7 Tsimihety, 5 Marofotsy, 4 Betsileo, and i Tananarive tales in translations only. (Klipple cites a third volume, I930, which could not be located).

Riviere, J. Recueil de Contes Populaires de la Kabylie du Djurdjura. CCCP, IV, 1882. Pp. vi + 250. 5i Kabyle tales in translation only.

Robinson, Charles H. Specimens of Hausa Literature. Cambridge: University Press, I896. Pp. xix + II2. i tale and 7 poems with Hausa texts and translations.

Rodegem, F. M. Sagesse Kirundi. Proverbes, dictons, locutions usites au Burundi. AMRCB-L, XXXIV, I96I. Pp. 416. 4000 aphorisms with Rundi texts and translations.

Roger, M. le Bon. Fables Senegalaises Recueillies de l'Oulof. Paris: Nepvue, Firmin Didot, Ponthieu, i828. Pp. 288. 43 Wolof tales in translation only.

Rop, A. de. De Gesproken Woordkunst van de Nkundo. AMRCB-L, XIII, I956. Pp. 272. 42 tales, 49 aphorisms, 9 riddles, 9 songs, and other forms of verbal art with Nkundo (Mongo) texts and translations.

* Roscoe, John. The Baganda. London: Macmillan & Co., I9II. Pp. xix + 547. I4 Ganda tales in translation only; 48 aphorisms with Ganda texts and translations.

Rouch, Jean. La Religion et la Magie Songhay. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, I960. Pp. 325. 15 Songhai tales in translation only.

* Routledge, W. Scorseby and Katherine. With a Prehistoric People. London: Edward Arnold, 1910. Pp. xxxii + 392. 13 Kikuyu tales in translation only.

Scalais, F. "Au Lac Victoria-Nyanza. Les Noirs d'Apres 550 de leurs Proverbes," Grand Lacs, LXVII, 195I-I952, No. 152, 28-36, No. 153, 19-3I. 550 Haya aphorisms. (Not available; cited by 0. Boone, Bibliographie Ethnographique du Congo Belge et des Regions Avoisinantes, 1952, i6o).

Schaegelen, Theobald. "La Tribu des Wagogo," Anthropos, XXXIII, I938, I95-217, 515-567. 5 Gogo tales and 37 aphorisms in translation only.

* Schon, J. F. Magana Hausa. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, I885-I886. 2 vols. in i. Pp. xx + 288; xxi + I95. 79 tales with Hausa texts and translations; 117 aphorisms in Hausa text only.

. Dictionary of the Hausa Language. London: Church Missionary House, I876. Pp. 28I + i42 + xxxxiv. i tale with Hausa text and translation; 7 tales in Hausa text only.

* Schonhairl, Josef. Volkskundliches aus Togo. Dresden & Leipzig: C. A. Kochs Verlagsbuchhand- lung, I909. Pp. x + 204. 34 tales, 200 aphorisms, I70 riddles, 25 songs, and 19 Trinknamen with Ewe texts and translations; 6 Fon tales in translation only.

* Schultze, Leonhard. Aus Namaland und Kalahari. Jena: Gustav Fischer, 1907. Pp. xiv + 752. 68 tales and 25 riddles with Hottentot texts and translations.

* Schwab, George. "Bulu Folk-Tales," JAF, XXVII, I914, 266-288; XXXII, I919, 428-437; XXXV, 1922, 209-215. 49 Bulu tales in translation only; 5 tales with Bulu texts and translations.

* Sekese, Azariele. Mekhoa ea ba-Sotho, le Maele le Lito'mo. Morija, 1893. ist ed. 25 tales in Suto (Sotho) texts only. (Not available; cited by Klipple; tales omitted from 2nd ed.).

* . Mekhoa le Maele a Ba-Sotho. Morija; Sesuto Book Depot, I907. 2nd ed. Pp. 408. 824 aphorisms in Suto (Sotho) texts only.

* Sieber, J. "Marchen und Fabeln der Wute," ZES, XII, I921-1922, 53-72, I62-239. 51 tales with Wute texts. Sissoko, Fily-Dabo. Sagesse Noire. Paris: Editions de la Tour du Guet, 1955. Pp. xviii + 62. 540

Malinke aphorisms in translation only. * Smith, Edwin W. and Andrew Murray Dale. The Ila-Speaking Peoples of Northern Rhodesia.

London: Macmillan & Co., 1920. 2 vols. Pp. xxvii + 423; xiv + 433. 64 Ila tales, 91 aphorisms, 66 riddles, and 7 songs in translation only. * Spiess, Carl. "Fabeln fiber die Spinne bei Ewe am Unterlauf des Volta in Westafrika," MSOS,

XXI,3, I918, IOI-I34; XXII,3, 1919, I-90. 38 tales with Ewe texts and translations.

29

30 Vol. 77, No. 303 Journal of American Folklore Jan.-March, 1964 Stamberg, Fr. "Marchen der Dschagga," ZES, XXIII, 1932-1933, 202-231, 278-306; XXIX, I938-

1939, 38-71. 40 tales with Chaga texts and translations. . "Rtsel der Djaga," ZES, XXXIII, I942-I943, 66-77, 146-156; XXXIV, I943-I944,

69-76; XXXV, 1949-1950, 146-157; Afrika und Obersee, XXXVI, 1952, I37-I43. 48I riddles with Chaga texts and translations.

Stappers, Leo. Textes Luba. Contes d'Animaux. Annales, Serie in 8?, Sciences Humaines, No. 41, Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, 1962. Pp. Ii6. 56 tales with Luba texts and translations.

Struyf, Ivon. Les Bakongo dans leurs Lgendes. Institut Royal Colonial Belge, Section des Sciences Morales et Politiques, Memoires, VII,I, I936. Pp. 280. 54 tales with Kongo texts and translations.

* Talbot, P. Amaury. In the Shadow of the Bush. London: William Heineman, 1912. Pp. xiv + 500. 29 Ekoi tales in translation only.

* Tauxier, L. ttudes Soudanaises. Le Noir du Yatenga. Paris: ]:mile Larose, I917. Pp. 790. I32 Mossi tales and 3 riddles in translation only.

* . Negres Gouro et Gagou. 1tudes Soudanaises. Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul

Geuthner, I924. Pp. 375. 74 Guro tales and io riddles, 6I Gagu tales, I riddle, and 6 songs in translation only.

Taylor, Frank W. Fulani-Hausa Readings in the Native Scripts, with Transliterations and Trans- lations. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1929. Pp. 259. 23 tales with Fulani texts and translations; 18 tales with Hausa texts and translations.

Taylor, W. E. African Aphorisms, or Saws from Swahili-Land. London: The Sheldon Press, 1924. 2nd ed. (First published 1891). Pp. xii + 182. 600 Swahili, 33 Giryama, 31 Nyika aphorisms with texts and translations.

*Tessmann, Giinter. Ajongs Erziihlungen, Mdrchen der Fangneger. Berlin: Pantheon-Verlag, 1921. Pp. 207. 65 Fang tales in translation only.

. Die Baja. Ein Negerstamm in Mittleren Sudan. Stuttgart: Strecker und Schroeder, I934-1937. 2 vols. Pp. xii + 243; 182. I8 Gbaya tales in translation only; 3 aphorisms and 20 riddles with Gbaya texts and translations.

* Theal, George McCall. Kafir Folk-Lore. London: Swan Sonnenschein, Le Bas & Lowrey, i886. Pp. xii + 226. 2I Xhosa tales in translation only; 5I aphorisms with Xhosa texts and translations.

Theuws, Theodore. Textes Luba (Katanga) CEPSI, No. 27, 1954. Pp. I53. 7 tales, 49 aphorisms, 39 prayers and invocations with Luba texts and translations.

* Thomas, Northcote W. Anthropological Report on the Edo-Speaking Peoples of Nigeria. Lon- don: Harrison & Sons, I9I0. 2 vols. Pp. I63; ix + 25I. 41 tales with Edo texts and translations. ~* . AAnthropological Report on the Ibo-Speaking Peoples of Nigeria. London: Har- rison & Sons, I913-I914. 6 vols. Pp. i6I; vii + 39I; vi + I99; vi + 208; xv + I84; ix + II4. 36 tales and 1022 aphorisms with Ibo texts and translations.

* . Anthropological Report on Sierra Leone. London: Harrison & Sons, I916. 3 vols.

Pp. I96; I39; xxx + 86. 25 tales with Temne texts and translations. * . "Thirty-two Folk-Tales of the Edo-Speaking Peoples of Nigeria," Folk-Lore,

XXXI, 1920, 210-230. 32 Edo tales in translation only. * Travele, Moussa. Proverbes et Contes Bambara. Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, I923.

Pp. 240. 7I tales, IOI aphorisms, and 23 riddles with Bambara texts and translations. Tremearne, A. J. N. Hausa Folk-Tales. London: John Bale, Sons & Danielsson, I914. Pp. xii +

240. 173 tales in Hausa text only; translations published in following five items. (Listed as "Volume II of the West African Nights Entertainment," with reference to the following item).

* . Hausa Superstititions and Customs. London: John Bale, Sons & Danielsson, I913. Pp. xv + 548. IOO Hausa tales (Nos. I-Ioo), 52 aphorisms, and 13 riddles in translation only.

3* . "Fifty Hausa Folk-Tales," Folk-Lore, XXI, Igro, I99-215, 35I-365, 487-503; XXII, 1911, 60-73, 218-228, 341-348, 457-473. 50 Hausa tales (Nos. IOI-I50) in translation only.

. "Hausa Folk-Lore," Man, XI, I9II, 20-23, 52-58. 8 Hausa tales (Nos. I5I-158) in translation only.

. "Marital Relations of the Hausas as shown in their Folk-lore," Man, XIV, I914, 23-26, I37-139, I48-156. 8 tales (Nos. 159-I66) with Hausa texts and translations.

. The Tailed Head-Hunters of Nigeria. London: Seeley, Service & Co., 1912. Pp. 342. 7 Hausa tales (Nos. I67-I73) in translation only.

Tugbiyele, E. A. Awon Alo Apamo Yoruba. Lagos: for the author by the Ife-Olu Printing Works, [1948]. Pp. 29. 420 riddles in Yoruba text only.

Turnbull, C. M. "Legends of the BaMbuti," JRAI, LXXXIX, 1959, 45-60. 23 Mbuti (Pygmy) tales in translation only.

Vanneste, M. Wijsheid en Scherts. Sprookjes van en Nilotisch Volk. Institut Royal Colonial BeIge,

Folklore Research in Africa Section des Sciences Morales & Politiques, Memoires, XXV:3, I953. Pp. 39I. 90 tales with Alur texts and translations.

Veel, G. Reginald. "The Voice of Africa. Intsomi," Africa, III, I930, I03-II2. 8 Pondo and Fingo (Xhosa) tales in translation only.

* Velten, C. Miirchen und Erzdhlungen der Suaheli. LSOS, XVIII, 1898. Pp. xxiii + I68. 68 tales in Swahili text only; translations published in the following item.

. Mdrchen und Erzihlungen der Suaheli. Stuttgart and Berlin: W. Spemann, 1898. Pp. xi + 264. 68 Swahili tales in translation only.

Vincente Martins, Joao. Subsidios Etnogrdficos para a Historia dos Povos de Angola: Ikuma ni mianda id Tutchokue (Proverbios e Ditos dos Quicocos). Lisboa: Agencia Geral do Ultramar, 1951. Pp. 200. I57 aphorisms with Chokwe texts and translations.

* Waters, M. W. Cameos from the Kraal. Cape Town: Juta & Co., n. d. Pp. 58. 14 Xhosa tales in translation only.

* Westermann, Diedrich. The Shilluk People, Their Language and Folklore. Philadelphia: The Board of Foreign Missions of the United Presbyterian Church of N. A., 1912. Pp. Ixiii + 312. 61 tales, 21 riddles, and 20 songs with Shilluk texts and translations.

. Die Kpelle Sprache in Liberia. Beihefte zur ZES, VI, 1924. Pp. vii + 278. 52 tales with Kpelle texts and translations; i tale in Kpelle text only.

Westermarck, Edward. Wit and Wisdom in Morocco. A Study of Native Proverbs. London: George Routledge & Sons, I930. Pp. xi + 448. 2013 aphorisms with Arabic (Morocco) texts and translations.

Whitting, C. E. J. Hausa and Fulani Proverbs. Lagos: The Government Printer, I940. Pp. 192. 2024 aphorisms with Hausa texts and translations; 659 aphorisms with Fulani texts and translations.

* Zuure, Bern(ard). L'Ame du Murundi. ttudes sur l'Histoire des Religions, VII. Paris: Gabriel Beauchesne et ses fils, 1932. Pp. 506. 77 Rundi tales, 608 aphorisms, 67 riddles and 72 songs in translation only.

University of California Berkeley, California

ABSTRACTS OF FOLKLORE STUDIES THE AMERICAN FOLKLORE SOCIETY announces the publication of its new quarterly,

ABSTRACTS OF FOLKLORE STUDIES. This journal is designed to provide scholars with brief, factual summaries of articles relevant to the folklore discipline. The scope of AFS is wide; it will deal with folklore in its broadest sense-tale, song, proverb, arts and crafts, ethnology, literature. It is edited by Donald M. Winkelman and Ray B. Browne, both of the English Department of Purdue University.

The editors welcome both subscriptions and contributions to the quarterly. They would especially like to have contributors with a background in folklore and in Japa- nese or other Oriental languages, in Arabic, in Russian or other Slavic tongues, or in any of the several Scandinavian languages. The subscription rate is $3.00 per year.

31

Article Contentsp. [12]p. 13p. 14p. 15p. 16p. 17p. 18p. 19p. 20p. 21p. 22p. 23p. 24p. 25p. 26p. 27p. 28p. 29p. 30p. 31

Issue Table of ContentsThe Journal of American Folklore, Vol. 77, No. 303 (Jan. - Mar., 1964), pp. 1-96Front Matter [pp. 1 - 2]Indulco and Mumia [pp. 3 - 11]Folklore Research in Africa [pp. 12 - 31]Ancient Themes and Characteristics Found in Certain New England Folksongs [pp. 32 - 38]Treasure Tales, and the Image of the Static Economy in a Mexican Peasant Community [pp. 39 - 44]Parodies of Scripture, Prayer, and Hymn [pp. 45 - 52]Proverbs in the Writings of Bonaventure des Priers [pp. 53 - 57]Folklore TextsThe Proverbs and Proverbial Expressions in the Works of Bonaventure des Priers [pp. 58 - 68]Twenty-Three Riddles from Central Burma [pp. 69 - 75]

Notes & QueriesThe Mill as a Preventive and Cure of Whooping Cough [pp. 76 - 77]Turco-Mongolian Curses and Obscenities [pp. 78 - 79]"Belly Wash" [p. 79]Nicknames of Finnish Ajartment Houses in Brooklyn, N. Y. [pp. 80 - 81]"Raw Head and Bloody Bones" [p. 81]

Book ReviewsFolksong and Danceuntitled [p. 82]untitled [pp. 83 - 84]untitled [pp. 84 - 85]untitled [pp. 85 - 87]untitled [p. 87]

Folklore in North Americauntitled [pp. 88 - 89]untitled [pp. 89 - 90]untitled [pp. 90 - 91]untitled [pp. 91 - 92]untitled [pp. 92 - 93]untitled [p. 93]

Record ReviewsFrom the Record Review Editor [pp. 94 - 96]

Back Matter

Date post:	24-Nov-2015
Category:	Documents
Upload:	marcela-tusca
View:	24 times
Download:	2 times

538015

Documents