S.K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, GanpatUniversity, Ganpat vidhyanagar, Kherva

WhatIsAYURVEDA.?? yusmeaning"life" veda,systemof"knowledge". AYURVEDA="knowledgeoflife". AccordingtoCharaka, "life"itselfisdefinedasthe "combinationofthebody, senseorgans,mindandsoul, thefactorresponsiblefor preventingdecayanddeath, whichsustainsthebodyovertim

HISTORYAyurveda is considered by many scholars to be the oldest healing science. In Sanskrit, Ayurveda means The Science of Life. Ayurvedic knowledge originated in India more than 5,000 years ago and is often called the Mother of All Healing. It stems from the ancient Vedic culture and was taught for many thousands of years in an oral tradition from accomplished masters to their disciples. Some of this knowledge was set to print a few thousand years ago, but much of it is inaccessible. The principles of many of the natural healing systems now familiar in the West have their roots in Ayurveda, including Homeopathy and Polarity Therapy.

Ayurveda as a Complementary System of HealingThe basic difference between Ayurveda and Western allopathic medicine is important to understand. Western allopathic medicine currently tends to focus on symptomatology and disease, and primarily uses drugs and surgery to rid the body of pathogens or diseased tissue. Many lives have been saved by this approach. In fact, surgery is encompassed by Ayurveda. However, drugs, because of their toxicity, often weaken the body. Ayurveda does not focus on disease. Rather, Ayurveda maintains that all life must be supported by energy in balance. When there is minimal stress and the flow of energy within a person is balanced, the bodys natural defense systems will be strong and can more easily defend against disease.

Ayurvedaimpartstheknowledgewithregardtowhatsubstances,propertiesandactionsarepromotiveof lifeandwhatarenotso.HereinAyurveda,itislaiddown thegoodandthebadoflife,andwhatiswholesomeand whatisunwholesomeinrelationtolife,asalsothemeasure oflife. ThusthesubjectmatterofAyurvedaisnotonlyaphysical bodybutthemind,spiritandbodythetripodtheMan;heis theconsciousagentandregardedasthesubjectmatterofthis science. Ayurvedagivesustheformulasforlivingalonglifefilled withjoy.Ayurvedaisnotlimitedtothephysicalbodybutalso dealswiththemental,emotionalandspiritualaspectsoflife.

Ayurvedaisasimple,practicalscience oflife,existingsincemorethan5000years, whichisoriginatedinIndiaandhavinga greatroleinhealthcareinSouthAsiaand nowadaysworldwide AyurvedaisasystemofHolisticHealthor HolisticHealing,speakstoeveryaspect, elementandfacetoflife. AyurvedaisArshasashtra,means sciencelaiddownbyRishis,whohad visualizedthethings.

ThescienceofAyurvedaisbasednoton constantlychangingresearchdatabutonthe eternalwisdomoftheRishisandGurus Ayurvedaoffersguidancethathasbeen tested,refinedandnourishedovermany centuriestoallthosewhoseekgreater harmony,peaceandlongevity. Ayurvedaisabasically; HealthpromotivePreventiveCurative RejuvenativeNutritiveAllself

ThetermAyurvedacomesfrom Sanskritlanguageandderivedfrom twowords; AyuandVeda Ayumeansdailylifeorlifespan. Vedameansknowledgeorscience. Thus,wecancomprisethat AyurvedameansScienceor Knowledgeoflife.

Ayurvedaisnotonlythescienceof diseases,butitalsodealswith Life.ThedefinitionofLifeisThe flowofconsciousness.Lifeis knownasTheunionofthemind, bodyandspirit.Thescienceoflife isthatwhichmakeslife understood.

Aim&ObjectsofAyurveda Topromote&maintaintotalwellbeing ofanindividual. Tocurethediseaseattheirrootlevel..

ThetwoprincipleobjectivesofAyurvedaare:1.)Toprolonglifeandpromoteperfecthealth 2.)Tocompletelyeradicatethediseaseand dysfunctionofthebody. Ayurvedatakestheindividualaswholeand seekstoreestablishharmonybetweenallthe constituentsinthebody.Perfectbalanceofthe tripodMind,bodyandSpiritmeansperfect health.

WhatisHealth? AccordingtoAyurveda,Healthisnotjustmerely absenceofdisease. HealthisastatewhereDosha,Dhatu,MalaandAgni theseallareinabalancedconditionandmind,souland sensesareinastateofinnerpeaceandcontentment.Swastha(Health)meanstobeestablishedintheself.TheAyurvedicview ofhealthypersonis:

Samadosha,samagnischa,Samadhatumalkriyah, Prasannatmendriyamanah,Swasthaitiabhidhiya t (SushrutSamhita,Sutrasthan,Ch.15,Shloka10) Hewhosedoshasareinbalance,appetiteisgood, alltissuesofthebodyandallnaturalurgesare

ThetheoryofthethreeDoshasTheTridoshatheory: TrimeansthreeandDoshameans functionalenergy.Balanceofthreedoshasare centralconceptofthisscience.

TheyareThreeType; Vata,Pitta&Kapha

Functions of Tri-doshaVATA(Air + Space) Movement Breathing Natural Urges Transformation of Tissues Motor functions Sensory functions Ungroundness Secretions Excretions Fear Emptiness Anxiety

PITTA

KPHA

(Fire & Water) (Water + arth) Body Heat Stability Temperature Energy Digestion Lubrication Perception Unctuousness Understanding Forgiveness HungerGreed Thirst Attachment Intelligence Accumulation Anger Holding Hate Possessiveness Jealousy

Thesethreedoshasorbioenergies combineineachperson,inproportionsthat varyfrompersontoperson. Eachofthesedoshasarefurther subdividedintofivesubdoshas.This precisionmakesitpossibletoreachatthe exactcausativeorganism. Itismostimportanttounderstandthat thesethreedoshas,Agni,Aamaetc.cannot

Characteristicsofthree Doshas

Vata

Qualities: Light Cold Mobile RoughDry Subtle Penetrative

FunctionsOfVata:Respiration Swallowing Elimination Movement Absorption Mind conduction Speech Digestion Sensoryorgans functions Alldhatu formationetc.

Qualities :

PITTA Fluid Flowing Sharp Oily Penetrative Comprehension Appreciation Recognition Evaluation Discrimination Intelligence Courage Cheerfulnessetc.

Hot Bitter Sour FunctionsOfPitta: Digestion Absorption Assimilation Vision Hunger,Thirst Softness,luster, complexionofthe

KAPHAQualities :Heavy Cold Smooth Soft FunctionsOfKapha:

Moist Slow Sweet Whiteincolor

Creation Nutrition Strength

Stamina Calmness Immunity

SSIFICATIONOFHERBALSOLIDDOSAGEFORM

Bhasma in Ayurveda has been defined as a substance obtained bycalcinations

BHASMA

Use of both bhasma (Residue after incineration calcined preparation) as well as in pishti (powdered gem or metal) form along with appropriate herbs for treatment of critical ailments is a medicinal preparation in Ayurveda and to some extent Unani (both Indian branches of medical science) using natural curative methods. The procedures for preparing these medicines are time-consuming and complicated. Bhasma is a calcined preparation in which the Gem or Metal is converted into Ash. Gems or metals are purified to remove impurities and treated by Triturating and macerating in herbal extracts. The dough so obtained is calcinated to obtain the ashes.Contents Of Bhasma

Vibhuti Bhasmikaran Steps Of bhasmikaran Nots.

Vibhuti

In certain circumstances Bhasma and 'Vibhuti (Sanskrit) are synonymous.

Bhasmikaran

Bhasmikaran is a process by which a substance which is otherwise bioincompatible is made biocompitble by certain samskarsh or processes (Puranik and Dhamankar , 1964e). The objectives of samskara are:- a ) elimination of harmful matters from the drug b ) modification of undesirable physical properties of the drug c ) conversion of some of the characteristics of the drug d ) enhancement of the therapeutic action(Puranik and Dhamankar, 1964e). Various steps involved in the preparation of BHASMA(or bhasmikaran) are:- 1 ) Shodhan -Purification, 2 ) Maran - Powdering, 3 ) Chalan- Stirring, 4 ) Dhavan - Washing, 5 ) Galan- Filtering, 6 ) Putan- Heating, 7 ) Mardan- Triturating, 8 ) Bhavan- Coating with herbal extract, 9 ) Amrutikaran - Detoxification and 10 ) Sandharan- Preservation (Puranik and Dhamankar, 1964e). Selection of these steps depends on the specific metal. Sometimes there is an overlapping of the steps e.g. maran is achieved by puttan. Since the present thesis work is on bhasma, Bhasmikaran process is elaborated in details in the following paragraphs.

Steps of bhasmikaran1 . Shodhan: The principle objective of shodhan is to remove unwanted part from the raw material and separate out impurities( Vaiday and Dole 1996b). Metals obtained from ores may contain several impurities, which are removed by subjecting them to Shodhan process. In context of bhasma, shodhan means purifying and making the product suitable for the next step i.e. Maran. Ayurveda classifies shodhan into a) General process and b) Specific process. a.General process for shodhan: The sheets of metals are heated till red hot and are successively dipped into liquids like oil, buttermilk, cows urine etc. The procedure is repeated seven times. b. Specific process for shodhan: For some metals a specific process is described for shodhan e.g. for purification of Jasad, the molten mass is poured in cows milk 21 times (Shastri K,1979b).

2 . Maran : Maran literally means killing. As the name suggests

in maran process, a change is brought about in the chemical form or state of the metal. This makes it to lose its metallic characteristics and physical nature. In short, after maran, metal can be converted into powder or other form suitable for administration. To convert various metals into a form appropriate for human consumption, several techniques have been employed which ultimately gave birth to concept: Bhasma prepared by using Rasa i.e. mercury is the best, whereas the one prepared using herbs are of better quality and those prepared using Gandhak (sulfur) are of inferior quality. Thus there are 3 methods given for maran. It is carried out by heating the metal in presence of 1) mercury 2) plants and 3 ) sulfur.

3 . Chalan : Process of stirring during heating the metal is

chalan. Stirring is carried out either with iron rod or stick made from a specific plant. As we know today, iron serves as catalyst in many chemical reactions. The phytoconstituents of plant stick may be enhancing the therapeutic effect. For example, stick of Neem is used for chalan process of Jasad bhasma, which is used topically for ophthalmic diseases. We can interpret the significance of this process now. Neem is an antiseptic (Puranik and Dhamankar, 1964h). Zinc is antiseptic , astringent and has ulcer healing property (Block et al., 1982b). These effects of both the constituents may impart the final product better therapeutic activity.

4 . Dhavan : In this process, several water washes are given to the

product obtained in the previous stage. Perhaps this is to remove the excess amounts of agents used in shodhan or maran stage. Such agents may adversely affect the quality of final product. Hence intermediates are washed with water, thereby water soluble constituents are removed (Puranik and Dhamankar , 1964h).

5 . Galan : The product is then sifted either through a fine cloth orthrough sieves of suitable mesh so as to separate residual material larger in size (Puranik and Dhamankar, 1964h).

6 . Puttan : The term puttan means ignition. The general term used

for heating in the process of Bhasmikaran is Puta. A special earthen pot, Sharav is generally used for the process. It has two parts, each having a shape of soccer. Sharav is used for direct heating of the material. Its shallowness is useful in heating the material faster and uniformly. After keeping the material on the shallow surface, other part is used as a lid, by placing it in an inverted position. This Puttan process can be looked upon as the key step in manufacturing of bhasma. The classification of putta is primarily done on the basic nature of the process and is as under:- (Puranik and Dhamankar, 1964f) 1)Chandraputta 2) Dhanyarashiputta 3) Suryaputta 4)Bhugarbhaputta 5) Agniptuta. Notes Ayurvedic formulary of India ,

BHASMA Abhasmameansanashobtainedthoughincineration ParpamsandkushtainSiddhaandUnanitibb Dose(15250mg/day). BhasmasasMultielementalCocktail AllBhasmashavesomecommonpropertieslike Rasayanaimmunomodulationandantiaging quality Yogavahiabilityofdrugcarryandtargeteddrug delivery

RELATIONOFMETALSWITHBODYName Of The Dhatu(Metal) Gold Silver Copper Iron Tin Present In Human Body trace amounts in blood, semen, eyes, heart, upper layer of skin and intestines Imbalance affects vision, causes general weakness in the body, dullness of intellect bone marrow, upper layer of bones, gall bladder, pancreas, inner layer of the skin, lungs, flesh, blood vessels, meanings (membrane which surrounds the brain), audio receptive glands and septum of nose. upper and inner layer of skin, mucosa of soft tissue, large glands, eye pupil, hair, pleura and pericardium. Imbalance causes defects in cardio-vascular, central nervous and skeletal system. Major constituent of blood, present in the villi of the Intestine, eye pupil, hair abdominal muscles, blood and blood vessels, synovial membrane, outer layer of uterus, Imbalance causes malformation in bones, diseases of reproductive tract, affects formation of urine, polyurea, increased perspiration, blood all the Lymphatic tissue. Imbalance causes anemia, disturbance in gastro-intestinal tract due to poor secretion of digestive juices, haemolytic anemia and ascitis. flesh. sensory tissues and

Lead Zinc

VARIOUSSOURCESOFBHASMAMetalsSwarna (Gold) Rajat (Silver) Tamra (Copper) Naga (Lead) Bang (Tin) Parad (Mercury) Yasad (Zinc)

MineralsAbrak (Mica)

Precious StonesVajra (Diamond)

Marine ProductsShankh (Counch) Sukti (Chhip) Mukta (Pearl) Kodi (Varatika) Praval (Coral)

Animal ProductsMrugashruga (Sabarsingh) PeacockFeather Bhasma Kukutandatwak bhasma(eggshell

Makshika Manek (CopperPyrite) (Ruby) Mansil (RedArsenic) Panna (Emerald)

Somal Nilam (WhiteArsenic) (Sapphire) Hartal Pokhraj (YellowArsenic) (Topaz) Mandoora (SlagIron) Hingul (Cinnabar)

FERENTBHASMASANDTHEIRMAININGREDIENTS/SO1 No. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Abhrakbhasma Bhasma Hathidantabhasma Jasadbhasma Lohabhasma Mandurbhasma Mayurapichabhasma Muktabhasma Nagabhasma Paradabhasma Pravalabhasma RajataBhasma Sankhabhasma Muktasuktibhasma Talakabhasma Tamrabhasma Vangabhasma Varatikabhasma Mica MainIngredient/Source Charcoalofelephanttusk Zincoxide Ironoxide Ironoxide Ashesofpeacockfeather Oxideofpearl Lead Mercurycompound Oxideofcoral Silveroxide Oxideofconchshell Oxideofpearl,oystershell Arsenicsulphide Cupricoxide Tincompounds Oxideofcowrieshell

OTHERDIFFERENTBHASMASAkikabhasma Jaharamoharabhasma Sphatikabhasmairon)

Kasisabhasma (sulphateof Godantibhasma Trivangabhasmacontains lead,tin,andzinc Vajrabhasma(Hiraka Bhasma) Vaikrantabhasma Srngabhasma Svarnabhasma Svarnamaksikabhasma Harafalabhasma

Hajarulayahudabhasma ShuktiBhasma, KapardikaBhasma Kukkutand Bhasma, ManikyaBhasma.

twaka

PREPARATIONOFBHASMA

CLASSIFICATIONOFPUTA

ForHardMaterialMahaPuta ForMediumMaterialGujPutaAndVarahPuta ForSoftMaterialKukkutPuta,kapotPuta ForSpecialSoftMaterialBhanadPuta,valukaPuta,bhudhar Puta,lavakPuta,khumbhPuta Puta800degreeCto1000degreeCshorterdurationand shortershelfcoolingperiodLoha,Tamra,Abharaketc Arangeof400degreeClongerdurationandlongershelfcooling periodHartaletc

ENTTYPEOFMUSAS(CRUCIBLES)USEDINPREPARATIONOF

YogaMusa GaraMusa VaraMusa VarnaMusa RupyaMusa VidaMusa VajraMusa VrintakaMusa GostaniMusa MallaMusa PakavaMusa MahaMusa ManjusaMusa

MORDENVIEWOFBHASMA PREPARATIONInmordendayesMufflefurnace isusedtopreparebhasma temperaturesupto1800oCelsius,

CHANGESDURINGBHASMAPREPARATIONShodhana applicationofheat Tensionisincreased

immediatecooling

Decreaseintension increaseincompressionforce

Repetition

uptionincompressiontensionequilibriumleadstoincreasedbrittleness,reduc

finallyreductioninparticlesize.

CHANGESDURINGBHASMAPREPARATIONSome metals and minerals during red hot state react with atmospheric oxygen or steam and form different chemical compound

Iron

atmospheric oxygen orsteam

ferrosoferricoxide

Copper

atmospheric oxygen orsteam

basic copper sulphate red hot statedecomposed

cupric oxide

vangabhasmawasstudiedbyasystematiccharacterizationofthe drugsamplesaftervariouscalcinationstages.Itwasfoundthattinwas intheformofSn4+ stateandthattheformationofSnO2 proceededstep wisethroughSn(OH)4.

STANDARDIZATIONAYURVEDICBHASMASFinalizationoftheprocess Identification&Authenticationoftherawmaterials. Standardizationoftherawmaterials Processvalidationofshodhan,maran,amritikaran(ifapplicable) ManufacturingofBhasmasbybothMethod DeterminetheChemicaltransformationstobeaftereverystage Developmenttechnologiesforfastercommercialproduction ToxicitystudiesandsafetypharmacologyStudy. Developmentofsuitablebioassaysforbiologicalstandardization. Clinicalstudiesonformulations Anyotherrelevantdevelopmentactivity

GOLD(SWARNA)BHASMAThegoldcontentwastobe96.76%. Thestandardswarnabhasmashouldcontainthefollowing:[10]Freesulphurnolessthan1.43%w/wandnomorethan6.39%w/w Sulphurnomorethan3.33%w/w CalciumasCanomorethan1.625%w/w SodiumasNanomorethan0.922%w/w PotassiumasKnomorethan0.370%w/w Sulphatenomorethan3.00%w/w Coppernomorethan17.2%w/w Ironoxide(ferric)nomorethan85.0%w/w Ironoxide(ferrous)nomorethan5.7%w/w Ironnolessthan36.0%w/wandnotmorethan51.96%w/w PhosphateasPO4nomorethan1.101%w/w Silicanomorethan3.8%w/w

Ashvaluebetween92.10andnomorethan98.20%w/w[10] Acidinsolubleashvaluebetween21.20and31.18%w/w.[10] Doseis100to250mg.[10]

GOLD(SWARNA)BHASMAvBiologicallyActiveGoldCompoundsontheMarket[9]No.

Generic Name Gold sodium thiomalate Gold thioglucose Gold thioglycoanilid Gold sodium thiosulphate

Trade Name Myochristin, Myocrisin, Tauredon Solganal Lauron Sanochrysine, Aurothion, Thiochrysine Myoral Tripha Lapion Auranofin

1

Gold Concentration 50.5 50.5 54.2 402

2 3 4

5 6

Calcium aurothiothioglycolate Sodium2-aurothiobenzidazole-4-carboxylalte Sodium auroallylthiourea-m-benzoate S-triethylphosphine gold 2,3,4,6-teta-O-acetyl-1 thio-b-D-glycopyranoside Chloro (triethylphosphine) gold

64.1 47.8 43.4 29.1

7 8

9

SK&F 36914

56.2

Indications anemia, dyspepsia, epilepsy, neurasthenia, loss of memory, bronchitis, asthma,tuberculosis,leucoderma,andrheumatoidarthritis.[11,12] Longevity,andcombattheagingprocessinhumans. TherapeuticInvestigations

GOLD(SWARNA)BHASMA

No.1 2 3 4 5 7 8

Investigation

Analgesicactivity Mouse,Rat Immunomodulatoryactivity:specific Mouse immunity Immunomodulatoryactivity: Mouse nonspecificimmunity Evaluationofsafety Human Antioxidanteffect Rat Freeradicalscavengingactivity Mouse PreventionofAlzheimersdisease Human Fibrosarcomacell line(HT1080)

Model

Ref.15 16 17 13 18 14 15

INTRODUCTIONName of bhasma

Source & Content Indication

Activity

Abhrak bhasma

Hepatoprotective action Contain several elements Hepatitis, such as si, fe, al, mg and K Nervine tonic , Widely used in respiratory tract infections and anemia

Mandur bhasma

Anemia, amenorrhea, Hepatoprotective Mandur bhasma is Activity .[30] prepared by purifying and dysmenorrhea, calcinating iron rust. menorrhagia, chlorosis, and hepatic and splenic disorders

INTRODUCTIONName of bhasmaMuktashukti bhasma

Source & Content

Indication

Activity

Anti-inflammatory effect Pearl (moti), shell Tuberculosis, cough, chronic fever, (pearl-oyster) conjunctivitis, abdominal discomfort, .[31] antiulcer , antacid. Arthritis, rheumatism, Antiulcer activity[32] musculoskeletal disorders, calcium deficiency.Etc.

Sankha bhasma

Calcinated conch Digestive problems, hyperchlorhydria, shell. sprue, colic, and hepatosplenomegaly. Calcium, iron, and magnesium.

Anti-peptic ulcer effect . [33] Improving its secretory status[34]

INTRODUCTIONName of Source & bhasma Content

Indication

Activity

Jasad bhasma ICP analysis of jasada Such as diabetes, eye diseases, bhasma 12 elements (na, general tonic mg, al, si, S, K, ca, mn, improve health and longevity. fe, cu, zn, and sn) with zn in the form of zno as the major element (78.82 wt %).

Free radical control Delays DNA degradation and enables retention of higher amount of protein molecules in the cells.[35] Arrest the progress of myopia.[36] On clinically antidiabetic activity