page 448 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
55= ALBANIC phylozone
covers the "Albanian" or Shqip set, part of the "Indo-
European" intercontinental affinity; comprising 1 set of 1 outer-language spoken by communities in the western Balkans, with an extension across the Adriatic to the Italian
peninsula:
55-A SHQIP
Albanian is probably related to the ancient Illyrian (Messapic) language, formerly spoken on both sides of the Adriatic
Albania; Greece; Macedonia; Yugoslavia; with an extension to Italy; and migration to Croatia;
Turkey; Ukraine…
6
55-A SHQIP set ALBANIAN
55-AA SHQIP chain
55-AAA SHQIP net shqipe, shkip, škip; shkipetar, škipetar people
55-AAA-a Shqip Albanian, gjuha shqipe, shqipni, shqip, skchip, shqiperi, ship, shkip, škip; shkipetar, škipetar people
A Albania; Yugoslavia; Croatia; Macedonia; Italy; Greece…
6
55-AAA-aa gheg albanian-N., geg, guegue, shqip-N., škip-N., including malësia, malissore… mirditë, dukagjin peoples ¶disrupted in late 1990's by (temporary) ethnic clearance of Kosovar community from Yugoslavia
into Albania, Macedonia and Montenegro Shkumbi river northwards from 16
th cent.: Turko-Arabic script; Latin script
Albania; Yugoslavia (Kosovo; Serbia; Montenegro); Croatia; migration> USA
6
55-AAA-aaa gheg-F. "literary"gheg, "formal" gheg continued literary development of Gheg
standard in Yugoslavia (Kosovo) after adoption of Tosk standard in Albania in 1952
Albania; Yugoslavia (Kosovo; also
Montenegro); also Macedonia
55-AAA-aab gheg-NW. Komovi+ Prokletije highlands Albania (Shkodër-N.); Yugoslavia (Montenegro)
55-AAA-aac kosova kosovar community Dhrin middle & upper basin… surrounding
Mokra… Sar highlands… geographic and social (clan) dialects to be distinguished
Albania (Kukës); Yugoslavia (Kosovo; also Montenegro); also Macedonia
5
55-AAA-aad shkodër shkod'r Shkodër, Scutari Albania (Shkodër-S.)
55-AAA-aae gheg-C. Lezhë… Burrel Albania
55-AAA-aaf tiranë+ elbasan gheg-S.tirana-elbasan, elbasan-tirana Elbasan Tiranë, Tirana Albania (Tiranë)
55-AAA-aag mandrica Albania
55-AAA-ab arbanasi-N. "croatian" arbanasi, zadar Zadar: Arbanasi, Borgo Erizzo village
¶migrated in 18th cent. as refugees from Bar (Montenegro)
Croatia (Dalmatia) 3
55-AAA-ac tosk albanian-S., arber, arbresh, arnaut, zhgabe, shqip-S., škip-S., including myzeque… camövia… labëria peoples Shkumbi river northwards Hellenic script; Turko-Arabic script; Latin script
Albania; Italy; Greece; migration> USA
6
55-AAA-aca tosk-F. "literary albanian", "formal albanian" adopted as standard Albanian literary language in 1952
A Albania
55-AAA-acb tosk-W. Albania
55-AAA-acc tosk-S. çamëria, chamuria, camarija Albania
55-AAA-acd tosk-E. korca Korçë Albania (Korçë)
55-AAA-ace srem syrmia Albania
55-AAA-ad arbanasi-E. "bulgarian" arbanasi bilingual < [53=] Bulgarski and/or [56=] Helleniki
(Bulgaria) Mandritsa; (Greece) Kilkís: Mandrés village ¶Mandritsa founded by refugees in Middle Ages from Albania; Mandrés by 19
th
cent. refugees from Mandritsa
Bulgaria (Khaskovo); Greece (Kilkís)
55-AAA-ae arbanasi-S. arvanitika bilingual < [56=] Helleniki Greece 5
55-AAA-aea viotia Greece (Boeotia)
55-AAA-aeb attiki Elevsís Greece (Attica)
55-AAA-aec salamina Salamis Greece (Attica)
55-AAA-aed evia Evvoia-S., Euboea-S. island Greece (Central)
55-AAA-af tosk-'ukraine' Melitopol bilingual < [53=] Ukrainska Ukraine
55-AAA-ag tosk-'anatolia' bilingual < [44=] Türkçe migration> Turkey (Anatolia)
55-AAA-ah arbresh arbëreshë, "italo-albanian" bilingual < [51=] Napoletano+Siciliano &/or Italiano ¶spoken in almost 50 scattered villages, founded by refugees
from Albania in 13th-15
th centuries; classified provisionally by province
migration> Italy-S. 5*
55-AAA-aha molise (Molise)
55-AAA-ahb apulia (Puglia)
55-AAA-ahc basilicata (Basilicata)
55-AAA-ahd calabria (Calabria)
55-AAA-ahe sicilia (Sicilia)
5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 449
56= HELLENIC phylozone
covers the "Greek", "Hellenic" or Helleniki+ Tsakonia set of
languages, part of the "Indo-European" intercontinental affinity; comprising 1 set of languages (= 2 outer languages) spoken by communities in southeastern Europe and around
the eastern Mediterranean, with international migration:
56-A HELLENIKI+ TSAKONIA
Greece; Cyprus; Albania; Bulgaria; formerly Turkey; with diaspora to USA; Germany; United Kingdom; France; Canada; Poland; Ukraine; Russia; Kazakhstan; Italy…
7
56-A HELLENIKI+ TSAKONIA set
GREEK
56-AA HELLENIKI+ TSAKONIA chain
56-AAA HELLENIKI+ TSAKONIA net
56-AAA-a Helleniki Greek, "hellenic" (Linear-B script); Hellenic script Greece; Cyprus; Albania; migration> Egypt; Italy; France (Corsica); Ukraine; USA; Canada; Australia
7
56-AAA-aa helleniki-L. "historical greek", including "ancient literary greek", "classical greek" (with dialectal variation)… koiné, koiné "greek", "ancient greek vehicular"… "hellenistic greek", "new testament greek"… "byzantine greek"…
Greece… {Eastern Mediterranean}
56-AAA-ab katharévousa katharevusa, "puristic modern literary greek" official language in 19th-
20th cent. ; including a variety of styles drawn in the competing
directions of Classical Greek and Modern Demotic Greek
(A ) Greece
56-AAA-ac dhimotiki demotikós, romaiki, "modern demotic greek", "generalised modern greek" ; compromise standard, influence < Katharevousa, emerging from late 1980's
A Greece, A Cyprus 7
56-AAA-aca dhimotiki-'hellas' "greece colloquial standard" (Greece)
56-AAA-acb dhimotiki-'kypros' "cyprus colloquial standard" (Cyprus)
56-AAA-acc athiniki "athenian popular urban" Athínai, Athens Greece (Attica)
56-AAA-acd helleniki-'istanbul' Istanbul ¶spoken by Greek-speaking community remaining in
Istanbul
Turkey (Istanbul)
56-AAA-ace helleniki-'rossiya' migration> Russia; Ukraine
56-AAA-acf helleniki-'amerika' migration> USA
56-AAA-acg helleniki-'australia' migration> Australia
56-AAA-ad helleniki-N. "northern-greece traditional" Greece
56-AAA-ada ipiros Ipiros country Greece (Ipiros); Albania adjacent; also Turkey
56-AAA-adb makedhonia-W. Macedonia highlands Greece (Makedhonia)
56-AAA-adc makedhonia-E. Thessaloniki, Salonica Greece (Makedhonia)
56-AAA-add thraki Thrace country Greece (Thraki)
56-AAA-ade samothraki Samothraki island Greece (Samothraki)
56-AAA-adf limnos Lemnos island Greece (Lemnos)
56-AAA-adg voriai-spoadhes Sporades-N. islands Greece (Sporades)
56-AAA-adh thessalia Trikkala… Larisa Greece (Thessalia)
56-AAA-adi evvoia-N. Evvoia-N., Euboea-N. island Greece (Evvoia)
56-AAA-adj sterea Sterea Greece (Sterea)
56-AAA-ae attica+ euboea part of "athenian old rural traditional" ¶vestigial idiom Greece
56-AAA-aea megara part of "athenian old rural traditional" ¶vestigial idiom Mégara Greece (Attica)
56-AAA-aeb euboea-C. kími, part of "athenian old rural traditional" Euboea-C. island: Kími ¶vestigial idiom
Greece (Evvoia)
56-AAA-af helleniki-SW. "peleponnese+ ionian insular traditional" Greece
56-AAA-afa iónioi-nisoi Iónioi, Ionian islands (Iónioi)
56-AAA-afb peloponnisos Pelopónnisos, Peleponnese peninsula (Pelopónnisos)
56-AAA-ag kritiki "cretan insular traditional" Kríti, Crete island (Kríti)
56-AAA-ah helleniki-SE. "dodecanese+ cypriot insular traditional" Dodecanese Cyprus Greece; Cyprus
56-AAA-aha kikládhes Kikládhes, Cyclades islands (Kikládhes)
56-AAA-ahb khíos Khíos, Chios island (Khíos)
56-AAA-ahc ikaría Ikaría, Nikaria island (Ikaría)
56-AAA-ahd sporádhes-C. Sporádhes, Lesser Dodecanese islands (Sporádhes)
56-AAA-ahe rhodos Rhodos, Rhodes island (Rhodos)
56-AAA-ahf carpathos Kárpathos, Scarpanto island (Kárpathos)
56-AAA-ahg cyprus "cypriot greek" Cyprus island Cyprus
56-AAA-ai italiot "italo-greek traditional" Italy; France
56-AAA-aia salentina Salentina… Calimera (Apulia)
56-AAA-aib calabria-S. Italy (Calabria)
56-AAA-aic cargèse "corsican greek" Cargèse France (Corsica)
page 450 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
56-AAA-aj pontiki "pontic traditional", "black-sea greek" 5
56-AAA-aja pontus ¶exodus from Turkey (Anatolia) to Greece and N.America in 1920's-
1930's
Turkey (Anatolia)
56-AAA-ajb piraiévs-katerini Piraeus-Katerini Athens suburbs migration> Greece
56-AAA-ajc america-pontiki Boston Philadelphia Toronto migration> USA; Canada
56-AAA-ak urum* "russian+ ukrainian greek" Russia; Ukraine 5
56-AAA-al saracatsi "saracatsan" ¶nomadic shepherd community #form of own name to be confirmed
Greece-N.
56-AAA-am yevaniki "judeo-greek", "hebraicised greek", "yevanic" ¶exodus to USA & Israel, where now almost extinct Hebrew script
USA; Israel 1*
56-AAA-b Tsakonia "peleponnese-E. traditional hellenic" Greece 2
56-AAA-ba tsakonia Greece
56-AAA-baa kastanitas+ sitena Kastanitas Sitena (Pelopónnisos)
56-AAA-bab leonidhion+ prastos Leonidhion Prastos (Pelopónnisos)
5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 451
57= ARMENIC phylozone
covers the "Armenian" or Hayeren set, part of the "Indo-
European" intercontinental affinity; comprising 1 set of 1 outer-language spoken by communities in eastern Europe, in the valleys around Lake Sevan and in a former extension from
the Mediterranean coast of Cilicia to the Caspian Sea, with worldwide migration:
57-A HAYEREN
Armenia; Azerbaijan; with diaspora in Egypt; France; Georgia; Iran; Iraq; Lebanon; Russia; Syria; Turkey; Ukraine; USA…
6
57-A HAYEREN set ARMENIAN
57-AA HAYEREN chain
57-AAA HAYEREN net
57-AAA-a Hayeren Armenian, hay, ermeni, armiane, somekhi from 5th cent.: Armenian
script influence < [59=] Farsi A Armenia; Azerbaijan (Nagorny-Karabakh); migration> Georgia; Iran; Syria; Lebanon; Iraq; Turkey; Russia; Ukraine; Egypt; France; USA
6
57-AAA-aa grabar "ancient armenian", "historical literary armenian", "ancient+ middle literary armenian" from 5
th cent., continuing in use until 19
th and still
studied in 20th.
Armenia…
57-AAA-ab ashkharik-hayeren "armenian"-E., ararat "armenian" Armenia; Georgia; Azerbaijan;
Russia; Iran …
6
57-AAA-aba ashkharik-F. "formal armenian"-E., "modern literary armenian"-E. Yerevan model Armenia…
57-AAA-abb ararat yerevan Ararat valley… Yerevan Armenia
57-AAA-abc tbilisi tiflis Tibilisi, Tiflis… Georgia
57-AAA-abd karabakh Karabakh region Azerbaijan (Nagorny-Karabakh)
57-AAA-abe astrakhan Astrakhan… Russia (Astrakhan)
57-AAA-abf shamakli Shamakli… Iran
57-AAA-abg dzhulfa*
57-AAA-abh agulis*
57-AAA-abi khvoy+ salmas Salmas. Khvoy Iran
57-AAA-abj urmia+ maragheh Urmia lake: Urmia… Maragheh Iran
57-AAA-abk artvin Artvin… Turkey (Artvin)
57-AAA-ac arewmta-hayeren "armenian"-W., "diaspora armenian" with exodus from Turkey after the massacre and ethnic clearance of the Armenian community from
1915.
Turkey; Syria; Lebanon; Russia; Ukraine; Greece; France; United States…
4
57-AAA-aca arewmta-hayeren-F. "formal armenian"-W., "modern literary armenian"-W. Istanbul,
Constatinople model
Turkey…
57-AAA-acb erzurum karin Karinkos* Turkey (Erzurum)
57-AAA-acc muş Muş… Turkey (Muş)
57-AAA-acd van Van… Turkey (Van)
57-AAA-ace diyarbakir tigranakert Diyarbakir… Turkey (Diyarbakir)
57-AAA-acf erzinkan kharberd, erzenka Erzincan province Turkey (Erzinkan)
57-AAA-acg karahisar shabin-karahissar Şebinkarahisar… Turkey (Giresun)
57-AAA-ach trabzon trapezunt Trabzon… Turkey (Trabzon)
57-AAA-aci hemşin hamshen Hemşin… Turkey (Rize)
57-AAA-acj malatya Malatya… Turkey (Malatya)
57-AAA-ack arapkir arabkir Arapkir… Turkey (Malatya)
57-AAA-acl akcn akn Akcn… Turkey (Afsaray)
57-AAA-acm sivas Sivas… Turkey (Sivas)
57-AAA-acn hayeren-istanbul "constantinople armenian" Istanbul… Turkey (Istanbul)
57-AAA-aco tokat ewdokia Tokat Turkey (Tokat)
57-AAA-acp hayeren-smyrna izmir Izmir… Turkey (Izmir)
57-AAA-acq hayeren-dimashq Dimashq, Damascus… Syria
57-AAA-acr hayeren-beirut Beirut Lebanon
57-AAA-acs hayeren-sevastopol Sevastopol, Sebastopol… Ukraine (Crimea)
57-AAA-act hayeren-don Don valley Russia
page 452 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
58= IRANIC phylozone
covers the "Iranian" or Farsi+ Pashto set, part of the "Indo-
Iranian" grouping within the "Indo-European" intercontinental affinity; comprising 1 set of languages (= 26 outer languages) spoken by communities in southwestern and central Asia:
58-A FARSI+ PASHTO
A continuum of relationships among languages covered by 58=Iranic and by 59=Indic passes through the transitional languages of the [58=] Bashgali+ Waigeli (Nuristani) chain.
Afghanistan; Armenia; Azerbaijan; China; India; Iran; Iraq; Kirghizstan; Lebanon; Oman; Pakistan; Russia; Syria; Tajikistan; Turkmenistan; Turkey; Uzbekistan
7
58-A FARSI+ PASHTO set "WIDER"-IRANIAN
58-AA FARSI+ KURDI chain IRANIAN-WEST
58-AAA KURDI+ KURMANJI net
¶a major linguistic division between communities speaking Kurdish-N.
& Kurdish-S. (not readily inter-intelligible) is further complicated by the overlapping division of the Kurdish-speaking area (Kurdistan) among 5
nation-states, by an ancient sociological divide between sedentary agriculturalists and nomadic/semi-nomadic pastoralists, and by internal differences of religious tradition Perso-Arabic script; Armenian
script; Latin script; Cyrillic script
58-AAA-a Kurmanji+ Kurmanjiki
Kurdish-N. Iraq; Turkey; Syria; Iran; also
Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkmenistan; Russia; Lebanon; Pakistan (Baluchistan); Germany
6
58-AAA-aa kurmanji kurmandji dialects and dialect-names to be reviewed Turkey; Iran; Iraq; Syria; Russia; Lebanon; migration> Germany
6
58-AAA-aaa kurmanji-F. "literary kurmanji" Perso-Arabic; Armenian; Cyrillic scripts Turkey…
58-AAA-aab guwii Turkey…
58-AAA-aac hakkari Turkey (Hakkâri)
58-AAA-aad jezir botan Turkey and/or Iraq
58-AAA-aae herki Turkey and/or Iraq
58-AAA-aaf shikaki Turkey and/or Iraq
58-AAA-aag 'aqrah akre Iraq
58-AAA-aah 'amadiyah Iraq
58-AAA-aai dahuk Iraq
58-AAA-aaj shaykhan Iraq
58-AAA-aak zakhu Iraq
58-AAA-aal surchi kurmanji+ kurdi "transitional" Iraq
58-AAA-ab kurmanjiki alevica Turkey (Tunceli; Erzincan; Mush…)
58-AAA-aba tunceli
58-AAA-abb varto Varto subprovince
58-AAA-b Dimli+ Gurani Kurdish-C., dimli+ gurani Zagros-N. mountains… Turkey; Iraq. 6
58-AAA-ba dimli 'zaza', dimli-kurd, dumbeli Turkey-C.&-E. 6
58-AAA-baa elazig Turkey (Elaziğ)
58-AAA-bab bingöl Turkey (Bingöl)
58-AAA-bac diyarbakir Turkey (Diyarbakir)
58-AAA-bb bajalani part of gurani, gorani, guran Iraq
58-AAA-bba shabak Iraq
58-AAA-bbb chichamachu Iraq
58-AAA-bc hawrami hawramani, part of gurani, gorani, guran Iraq; Iran
58-AAA-c Kurdi+ Jafi Kurdish-S. Iraq; Iran 6
58-AAA-ca kurdi kurdy Iraq; Iran (Kordestan; Kermanshahan; West Azerbaijan; Khorasan-N.)
6
58-AAA-caa kurdi-F. "literary kurdi", "sorani kurdish" modified Arabic script: Mukri,
Kermanshahi & Sorani models
Iraq; Iran
58-AAA-cab irbil arbil Iraq
58-AAA-cac bingird Iraq
58-AAA-cad pishdar pizhdar Iraq
58-AAA-cae sorani suleimaniye, sulaymaniyah Sulaimaniya Iraq
58-AAA-caf warmawah Iraq
58-AAA-cag mukri kurmanji-E. Urmia lake southwards Iran
58-AAA-cah kermanshahi kermanshah
58-AAA-cb jafi Iran
58-AAA-cc 'judeo-kurdish' "hebraicised kurdish" #distinct from [12=] Judeo-Aramaic, which is also
sometimes referred to improperly as 'judeo-kurdish' in [52=] English, or as 'kurdit' in [12=] Ivrit
Azerbaijan 3
5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 453
58-AAB BALOCHI net
58-AAB-a Balochi baluchi, baluci, baloci Perso-Arabic script Pakistan; migration> Iran; United Arab Emirates; Oman…
6
58-AAB-aa balochi-E. "eastern hills" balochi Pakistan (Baluchistan; India (Punjab)
6
58-AAB-aaa baluchistan-NE. (Baluchistan)
58-AAB-aab sindh-NW. (Sindh)
58-AAB-aac punjab-SW. (Punjab)
58-AAB-ab balochi-W. yarahmadza Pakistan (Baluchistan-W.); Iran-S.; Afghanistan; Turkmenistan
6
58-AAB-aba rakhshani Pakistan…
58-AAB-abb sarawani
58-AAB-abc balochi -turkmenistan merv Turkmenistan
58-AAB-ac balochi-S. makrani Pakistan (Baluchistan-S.; Sindh-S.); Iran
6
58-AAB-aca balochi-coastal Pakistan
58-AAB-acb kechi Pakistan
58-AAB-acc makrani-E. lotuni Pakistan
58-AAB-acd makrani-W. "persianised balochi" Iran
58-AAB-ace balochi-'émigré' migration> Oman; United Arab Emirates
58-AAB-ad bashkardi Iran
58-AAB-ada bashkardi-N. Iran
58-AAB-adb bashkardi-S. Iran
58-AAC FARSI+ LURI net "iranian"-C., "wider persian"
58-AAC-a Luri+ Kumzari Iran; Oman; migration> USA. 6
58-AAC-aa luri+ bakhtiari luri+ bahtiari Iran-SW. 6
58-AAC-aaa luri Iran
58-AAC-aab feyli Iran
58-AAC-aac leki alaki Iran
58-AAC-aad haft-lang "nomadic" bakhtiari Iran
58-AAC-aae cahr-lang "farming" bakhtiari Iran
58-AAC-aaf kelhuri Iran
58-AAC-ab kumzari kumzai Musandam peninsula Oman, Iran
58-AAC-b Lari+ Fars Iran 4
58-AAC-ba lari larestani Iran 4
58-AAC-bb fars Iran
58-AAC-c Farsi+ Tajiki farsi "proper", parsi-C., "persian"-C. from c.–500: Cuneiform script; Pahlavi script; Perso-Arabic script
Iran; Afghanistan; Tajikistan; Iraq; Pakistan; Uzbekistan; Kirghizstan; migration> United Arab Emirates, Oman, Barein; Qatar
7
58-AAC-ca parsi-L. "middle persian", pahlavi, pehlevi, pahlavik, including "middle parthian", "middle persian"-NW.… "middle" parsik, "middle persian"-SW.
Iran
58-AAC-cb farsi-F. faarsii, parsi, "modern literary" persian, "formal" persian Iran; Afghanistan… 7
58-AAC-cba farsi-W. iran "model" Iran
58-AAC-cbb farsi-E. afghanistan "model" Afghanistan
58-AAC-cc farsi-G. "generalised" farsi Iran; Afghanistan…
58-AAC-cca iran-G. "generalised" farsi-W. Iran
58-AAC-ccb afghanistan-G. "generalised" farsi-E. Afghanistan
58-AAC-cd qazvini+ isfahani "traditional spoken" farsi-W. Iran
58-AAC-cda qazvini Qasvin Iran
58-AAC-cdb mahallati Marhallat Iran
58-AAC-cdc hamadani Hamadan Iran
58-AAC-cdd kashani Kashan Iran
58-AAC-cde isfahani Isfahan Iran
58-AAC-cdf sedehi Sedeh Iran
58-AAC-cdg kermani Kerman Iran
58-AAC-cdh araki Arak Iran
58-AAC-cdi shirazi Shiraz Iran
58-AAC-cdj jahromi Jahrom Iran
58-AAC-cdk shahrudi Shahrud Iran
58-AAC-cdl kazeruni Kazerun Iran
58-AAC-cdm mashhad mashadi, meshedi Mashhad Iran
58-AAC-cdn lowerri* Iran
58-AAC-cdo hazaragi-C. hazara-C., hezareh-C., hezare'i-C. Iran
58-AAC-cdp hazaragi-S. hazara-S., hezareh-S., hezare'i-S. Iran
page 454 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
58-AAC-ce dari "traditional spoken" farsi-E., "afghan persian" Afghanistan
58-AAC-cea kabuli Kabul Afghanistan
58-AAC-ceb herati Herat Afghanistan
58-AAC-cec tajiki-afghanistan transition < [58=] Tajiki Afghanistan
58-AAC-ced khorasani Khorasan Afghanistan
58-AAC-cee parsiwan Parsibanan Afghanistan
58-AAC-cf pahlavani Afghanistan (Chakhansoor) 2
58-AAC-cg darwazi darwaz, badakhshani transition < [58=] Tajiki Amu Darya valley Afghanistan-N. frontier 5
58-AAC-ch tangshewi tangshuri transition < [58=] Tajiki Afghanistan (Badakhshan-NE.)
58-AAC-ci tajiki tadzhiki, tadjiki, tajik, tadzhik, tadjik,"tajiki persian", galcha Tajikistan; Uzbekistan; Kirghizstan 6
58-AAC-cia tajiki-F. "literary tajiki" Perso-Arabic script: Tajiki-N. model Tajikistan; Kirghizstan
58-AAC-cib tajiki-N. Tajikistan
58-AAC-cic tajiki-W. Tajikistan; Uzbekistan
58-AAC-cid tajiki-S. Tajikistan
58-AAC-cie tajiki-E. Tajikistan
58-AAC-cj 'judeo'-farsi "hebraicised" persian, dzhidi+ bukharik influence < [12=] Ivrit Iran; Afghanistan; Tajikistan
58-AAC-cja dzhidi "hebraicised" farsi Iran; Afghanistan
58-AAC-cjb bukharik bukharic, bokharic, bokharan, bukharan, bukharian, judeo-tajik, "hebraicised" tajik
Tajikistan
58-AAC-ck aimaq barbari, chahar-aimaq Afghanistan; Iran 5
58-AAC-cka taimuri teimuri, timuri, taimouri Teymur Iran
58-AAC-ckb taimani
58-AAC-ckc zohri zuri
58-AAC-ckd jamshidi jamshedi, djamchidi, yemchidi Afghanistan
58-AAC-cke firozhohi Afghanistan
58-AAC-ckf maliki
58-AAC-ckg mizmast
58-AAC-ckh chinghizi
58-AAC-cki qedai-nao-hazara aimaq "proper" Afghanistan
58-AAC-ckj zainal Zaynal Afghanistan
58-AAC-cl warduji "pamir persian" Wendoge valley Afghanistan-NE.
58-AAC-cm dehwari deghwari; "baluchistan persian" Pakistan (Baluchistan) 4
58-AAC-d Gabri+ Ashtiani farsi-CN,. "persian"-CN. Iran-CN. 5
58-AAC-da ashtiani ashtiyani, astiani Tafres district: Ashtian Iran
58-AAC-db vafsi Tafres district: Vafs Iran
58-AAC-dc nayini Iran
58-AAC-dd natanzi Iran
58-AAC-de soi Iran
58-AAC-df khunsari Iran
58-AAC-dg gazi Gazi Iran
58-AAC-dh sivandi Sivand Iran
58-AAC-di gabri "zoroastrian confessional" ¶spoken by Zoroastrian community alongside liturgical use of [58=] Avesta
Iran 3
58-AAC-dia yazdi yazidi Yazd Iran
58-AAC-dib gabri-kermani Kerman distinction from [58=] Farsi (Kermani) to be confirmed Iran
58-AAC-e Manzandarani+ Talishi
'caspian'-farsi Iran. 6
58-AAC-ea mazandarani mazanderani, mazandaran, tabri Perso-Arabic script Caspian-S. coast
Iran (Mazandaran) 6
58-AAC-eaa mazandarani-L. "old literary" mazandarani (Mazandaran)
58-AAC-eab mazandarani-F. "modern literary" mazandarani, "formal" mazandarani (Mazandaran)
58-AAC-eac mazandarani-G. "generalised" mazandarani (Mazandaran)
58-AAC-ead qadikolahi ghadikolahi (Mazandaran)
58-AAC-eae palani (Mazandaran)
58-AAC-eb ghilaki gilaki Gilan coastal plain, Caspian-SW. coast Iran (Gilan) 6
58-AAC-eba ghilaki-ghilaki (Gilan)
58-AAC-ebb galeshi (Gilan)
58-AAC-ec takestani takistani Iran 5
58-AAC-eca takestan Takestan Iran
58-AAC-ecb kharakan kharaqan Kharakan Iran
58-AAC-ecc zanjan Zanjan Iran
58-AAC-ecd tarom Tarom Iran
58-AAC-ece khalkhal Khal-Khal Iran
58-AAC-ecf ramandi* Iran
5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 455
58-AAC-ed talishi Caucasus foothills… Caspian-SW. coast Azerbaijan; Iran 5
58-AAC-eda talysh Talysh Azerbaijan
58-AAC-edb astarin
58-AAC-edc länkäran lenkoran Länkäran Azerbaijan
58-AAC-edd lerik Lerik Azerbaijan
58-AAC-ede massalin
58-AAC-edf agajani
58-AAC-edg sasani
58-AAC-ee karingani Tabriz>NE. Iran
58-AAC-ef harzani Tabriz>NW. Iran
58-AAC-f Semnani+ Sangisari farsi-NW. Iran 4
58-AAC-fa semnani Iran
58-AAC-fb sangisari Iran
58-AAC-g Tat farsi-tat, tat "persian", tati Iran; Azerbaijan; Russia (Dagestan)
5
58-AAC-ga 'muslim'-tat mussulman tat Iran (Takestan); Azerbaijan 4*
58-AAC-gb 'judeo'-tat dzhuhuric, bik, judeo-tati, "hebrew" tat, "jewish" tat, "hebraicised" tat Iran (Takestan); Russia (Dagestan); Azerbaijan
4*
58-AAC-gba "judeo"-tat-F. "literary" tat Cyrillic script
58-AAC-gbb "judeo"-tat-N. Russia (Dagestan)
58-AAC-gbc "judeo"-tat-C. Azerbaijan
58-AAC-gbd "judeo"-tat-S. Iran (Takestan)
58-AAC-gc 'christian'-tat* ¶survival and status to be confirmed Iran (Takestan) 4*
58-AAD TEBER+ HEYNU* notional net
ABDAL
58-AAD-a Teber+ Heynu abdal, abtal ¶Alevi Muslim nomadic community; associated with but distinct from [59=] Domari speech community ; mixed language; [59=] Iranian vocabulary (related to or derived from Farsi & Kurdi+ Kurmanji) with [44=] Turkic grammar bilingual < [44=] Türkçe and/or [58=] Farsi or Kurmanji, and/or other Turkic or Iranian languages, reserving own
"secret" language for use within the community #'abdal' is an exonym (in [44=] Uyghur= «beggar»)
Syria; Turkey; Azerbaijan; Iran; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Kazakhstan; Kirghizstan; China
4
58-AAD-aa teber abdal-W., teberci, carcar, tencili, fakcilar, begdili, in [58=] Kurmanji:
gevende, gäwändä; including gurbet, kara duman Bolu… Eskisehir… Denizli (Turkey) eastwards
Syria; Turkey; Azerbaijan; Iran…
58-AAD-ab heynu abdal-E., aini, ainu, aynu Hetian… Luopu… Moyu… Shache… Yingjisha… Shule-kuche counties (Xinjiang) westwards
China (Xinjiang); Kirghizstan; Kazakhstan…
58-AB PASHTO+ DIGOR chain
IRANIAN-EAST
58-ABA AVESTA net "avestan"
58-ABA-a Avesta-L. "old" parsik, "ancient iranian", "old iranian"-E., 'zend', 'old bactrian', in
[51=] French: avestique from –7th cent: Avestan script; preserved as
a liturgical language by Zoroastrian (Parsee) communities used by [58=] Gabri-speaking Zoroastrian community (Iran) at Yazd… Kerman
and by [52=] English- and [59=] Gujarati-speaking Parsees at Mumbai (Bombay) and elsewhere in India, East Africa, UK, etc
originally Afghanistan-NW., Turkmenistan; now in liturgical use in Iran; India; Kenya; UK, etc.
58-ABA-aa 'zoroastrian' preserved in Zarathushtra's chants
58-ABA-ab avesta-A. avestan "proper", khurda avesta preserved in Khurda Avesta texts
#khurda avesta= «little Avesta»
58-ABB DIGOR+ IRON net OSSETIC
58-ABB-a Digor+ Iron Osseti, ossetin, ossete, os, osetin, oseti, "ossetic", "scythian"-W., #osseti < [42=] Georgian ous-et-i = «country of the os (people)»
Cyrillic script
{Russian Fed.} North Ossetia; Georgia (South Ossetia)
5
58-ABB-aa digor osseti-NW. North Ossetia 5
58-ABB-aaa urux Urux valley-basin North Ossetia
58-ABB-aab mozdok Terek valley: Mozdok North Ossetia
58-ABB-ab iron osseti-SE. (South Ossetia); North Ossetia 5
58-ABB-aba osseti-F. "literary" osseti Tagaur model
58-ABB-abb tagaur
58-ABB-abc kurtat Liakhvi valley: Kurta Georgia (South Ossetia)
58-ABB-abd allaghir Ardon upper valley: Alagir North Ossetia
58-ABB-abe tual
58-ABC YAGHNOBI net "post"-sogdian
58-ABC-a Yaghnobi related to the extinct Sogdian (Sogdian, Sughdik) language, used as a central Asian vehicular from Turkestan to China and Tibet circa 4
th to
10th centuries, in varieties including Great-Wall Sogdian, Buddhist
Sogdian, Christian Sogdian and Manichean Sogdian
Tajikistan 3
58-ABC-aa yaghnobi yagnobi, yagnob, Yaghnob valley Tajikistan 3
58-ABC-aaa yaghnobi-W. Tajikistan
58-ABC-aab yaghnobi-E. Tajikistan
page 456 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
58-ABD PASHTO+ PAMIR net "scythian"-E.
58-ABD-a Pashto+ Pakhto pushto, pushtu; pathan people Perso-Arabic script Afghanistan; Pakistan; migration> Iran, United Arab Emirates…
7
58-ABD-aa pashto pahto-W., pushtu-W., afghan "pushtu", pahtoon+ pashtoon people Afghanistan-E. 6
58-ABD-aaa durrani durani Durrani Afghanistan
58-ABD-aab ghilzai Ghilzai Afghanistan
58-ABD-aac mohmandi Mohmand Afghanistan
58-ABD-aad shinwari chinwari Shinwar Afghanistan
58-ABD-aae mangal Mangal Afghanistan
58-ABD-ab paktyan-pashto pashto-S., pushtu-S. Pakistan; Afghanistan 6
58-ABD-aba pashto-F. "literary pashto" Kandahari model Afghanistan; Pakistan
58-ABD-abb kandahari qandahari, pashto-SW., Kandahar Afghanistan
58-ABD-abc quetta pashtu-SE., baluchistan-pashto Quetta Pakistan (Baluchistan)
58-ABD-ac pakhto pashto-E., pushtu-E. Pakistan (NWF; Baluchistan) 6
58-ABD-aca pakhto-F. "literary pakhto" Yusufsai model Pakistan
58-ABD-acb yusufsai yusufzai, peshawar Peshawar… Khyber pass Pakistan
58-ABD-acc afridi Pakistan
58-ABD-acd kohat khatak Kohat Pakistan
58-ABD-ace bannu bannochi Bannu Pakistan
58-ABD-acf waziri Waziristan highlands Pakistan
58-ABD-acg dera-ismail-khan Dera Ismail Khan Pakistan
58-ABD-ach hazra Pakistan
58-ABD-aci mahsudi Pakistan
58-ABD-acj marwat Pakistan
58-ABD-ad wanechi waneci, wanetsi, vanechi Pakistan (Baluchistan-NE.) 3
58-ABD-b Munji+ Yidgha part of pamir Afghanistan; Pakistan 4
58-ABD-ba munji munjani, including anjaman… koron Munjan… Mamalgha valleys Afghanistan; Pakistan 4
58-ABD-baa munji-N. Afghanistan
58-ABD-bab munji-C. Afghanistan
58-ABD-bac munji-S. Afghanistan
58-ABD-bad mamalgha mamalgha-munji Mamalgha valley Afghanistan
58-ABD-bae munji-chitral migration> Chitral district Pakistan
58-ABD-bb yidgha yidga, yudga Lutkuh upper valley Pakistan 3
58-ABD-c Wakhi part of pamir, wakhani, wakhigi, guhjali Afghanistan; Pakistan. 4
58-ABD-ca wakhi-N. tajikistan wakhi, part of gorno-badakhshan Tajikistan 4
58-ABD-cb wakhi-C. afghanistan wakhi Vakhan corridor Afghanistan
58-ABD-cc wakhi-S. Pakistan Wakhi Afghanistan
58-ABD-cca hunza Hunza upper valley Afghanistan
58-ABD-ccb yarkhun Yarkhun upper valley Afghanistan
58-ABD-ccc ishkoman Ishkoman upper valley Afghanistan
58-ABD-cd wakhi-E. xinjiang wakhi, part of tajik "china" China (Xinjiang)
58-ABD-d Sanglechi+
Ishkashmi
part of pamir Afghanistan; Tajikistan 3
58-ABD-da sanglechi sanglichi Sanglich, Sanglech valley Afghanistan
58-ABD-db ishkashmi eshkashmi, ishkashim, ishkashimi, zebaki, part of gorno-badakhshan Ishkashim… transfrontier
Tajikistan; Afghanistan 3
58-ABD-dba ishkashmi-NE. ishkashmi "tajikistan" Ishkashim Tajikistan
58-ABD-dbb ishkashmi-SW. ishkashmi "afghanistan" Ashkasham Afghanistan
58-ABD-dc zebaki zebak, zibaki Hindu Kush mountains: Zibak Afghanistan
58-ABD-e Shugni+ Roshani part of pamir, shugnan+ rushan Tajikistan; Afghanistan; China 4
58-ABD-ea shughni+ rushan ghorani, part of gorno-badakhshan Pamir mountains: Ishkashim>N. Afghanistan 4
58-ABD-eaa shugni shigni, shugnani, shugan Afghanistan
58-ABD-eab bajuvi Afghanistan; Tajikistan
58-ABD-eac bartangi bartang people Afghanistan; Tajikistan
58-ABD-ead rushan roshani, oroshori; oroshor people Afghanistan 4
58-ABD-eae khufi Khuf Tajikistan
58-ABD-eb sarikoli part of tajik "china" Taxkorgan, Tashkurghan… Sarikol valley China (Xinjiang) 4
58-ABD-eba varside (Xinjiang)
58-ABD-ebb tiznef (Xinjiang)
58-ABD-ebc baldir (Xinjiang)
58-ABD-ebd vaca (Xinjiang)
58-ABD-ebe marjong (Xinjiang)
58-ABD-ebf tyng (Xinjiang)
5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 457
58-ABD-ebg kicikting (Xinjiang)
58-ABD-ebh byryngsol (Xinjiang)
58-ABD-ebi kugusluk (Xinjiang)
58-ABD-f Yazghulami part of pamir Tajikistan 3
58-ABD-fa yazghulami yazgulami, iazgulem, yazgulyam, part of gorno-badakhshan Tajikistan 3
58-ABE PARACHI+ ORMURI net
58-ABE-a Parachi+ Ormuri Pakistan; Afghanistan 3
58-ABE-aa parachi Kabul Afghanistan 2
58-ABE-aaa shutul Afghanistan
58-ABE-aab ghujulan Afghanistan
58-ABE-aac nijrau Afghanistan
58-ABE-ab ormuri urmuri, ormui Pakistan (Dera-Ismail-Khan-NW.; Wazirstan)
3
58-ABE-aba kanigurami Sulaiman range: Kaniguram Pakistan
58-ABE-abb baraks bargista, logar Pakistan
58-ABE-abc malakhel Pakistan
58-AC BASHGALI+ WAIGELI chain
NURISTANI, "transitional iranic+ indic" transition < [59=] Hindi+
Domari (Indic)
58-ACA ASHKUND net
58-ACA-a Ashkund Afghanistan 3
58-ACA-aa ashkuni ashkund, ashkun, Pech valley Afghanistan 3
58-ACA-aaa gramsukra-viri Afghanistan
58-ACA-aab suru-viri wamai, wamayi, wamais, wama Suru Afghanistan
58-ACA-aac ashuru-viri kolata+ titin-bajaygul Afghanistan
58-ACB BASHGALI + PRASUNI net
58-ACB-a Bashgali+ Prasuni bash-gari, bash-gal, bash-gul, kataviri+ kamviri Afghanistan (Nuristan) 4
58-ACB-aa kata-viri-W. Alingar upper valley (Nuristan)
58-ACB-aaa ktivi kantivo, kantiwa (Nuristan)
58-ACB-aab kulam (Nuristan)
58-ACB-aac peruk papruk (Nuristan)
58-ACB-aad ramgul (Nuristan)
58-ACB-ab lamert-viri Kunar valley (Nuristan)
58-ACB-aba lamerot (Nuristan)
58-ACB-abb badragel (Nuristan)
58-ACB-ac mum-viri Mum valley (Nuristan)
58-ACB-aca mumom (Nuristan)
58-ACB-acb mangul (Nuristan)
58-ACB-acc sasku (Nuristan)
58-ACB-ad kam-viri kam, kom, kom-brom, kam-des, kam-toz, kam-deshi, bash-gul, Kati-gal+ Bash-gal valleys: Kamdish… Baz-gal
(Nuristan)
58-ACB-ae kata-viri-E. katir, kata, shekhani Pakistan (NWF: Chitral…)
58-ACB-aea landay-sin bragamatol Landay-Sin upper basin (NWF)
58-ACB-aeb lotkuh Lotkuh upper valley (NWF)
58-ACB-aec bumburet Chitral basin: Bumburet upper valley (NWF: Chitral)
58-ACB-aed rumbur Chitral basin: Rumbur upper valley (NWF: Chitral)
58-ACB-b Prasuni Afghanistan (Nuristan) 3
58-ACB-ba prasuni parun, veruni, veron, verou Pech upper river (Nuristan) 3
58-ACB-baa wasi-weri Prasun upper valley (Nuristan)
58-ACB-bab prasuni-M. Prasun middle valley (Nuristan)
58-ACB-bac ushut "lower" prasuni Prasun lower valley (Nuristan)
58-ACC WAIGELI net
58-ACC-a Waigeli wai-gala, way-gal, wai-gal, veli-gal Waigal valley: north of Pech Afghanistan (Nuristan: Kunar) 4
58-ACC-aa wai-geli wai-gala, way-gal, wai-gal, veli-gal (Nuristan: Kunar) 4
58-ACC-aaa wai-ala wai-geli "proper", zhonji-gali, suki Waigal (Nuristan: Kunar)
58-ACC-aab kalasha-ala (Nuristan: Kunar)
58-ACC-aac varjan-ala (Nuristan: Kunar)
58-ACC-aad chima-nishey-ala Waigal lower valley: chima-nishey (Nuristan: Kunar)
page 458 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
59= INDIC phylozone
covers the "Indic", "Indo-Aryan" or Hindi+ Domari set of
languages, part of the "Indo-Iranian" grouping within the "Indo-European" intercontinental affinity; comprising 1 set of languages (= 49 outer languages) spoken by communities in
South Asia, from the Himalayas to the island of Ceylon, with extensions throughout the world:
59=A HINDI+ DOMARI
including 5 arterial languages: Hindi with Urdu; Bhojpuri with
Maithili; Panjabi; Marathi; Bangla (Bengali) with Sylhetti
A continuum of relationships among languages covered by
58=Iranic and by 59=Indic passes through the transitional languages of the [58=] Bashgali+ Waigeli (Nuristani) chain.
For the reference-names of [59=-AAF] Central Indic languages, diacritics have been used as follows: subscript dot / , , É, Ñ / for retroflex consonants; overlining e.g. / ā / for a long vowel; underlining / r / for vocalic r.
Bangladesh; Bhutan; India; Nepal; Pakistan; Sri Lanka; plus migration
to: Afghanistan; Albania; Armenia; Australia; Bosnia; Brazil; Bulgaria; China; Colombia; Czech Rep.; Denmark; Egypt; Estonia; Fiji; France; French Guiana; Germany; Greece; Guyana; Hungary; Iran; Italy; Kazakhstan; Kenya; Latvia; Lebanon; Mauritius; Moldova; Norway; Palestine; Poland; Portugal; Romania; Russia; Slovakia; Slovenia; South Africa; Spain; Surinam; Sweden; Syria; Trinidad & Tobago; Turkey; Uganda; UK; Ukraine; USA; Uzbekistan; Yugoslavia; etc.
9
59-A HINDI+ DOMARI set INDIC, "indo-aryan", part of "indo-iranian" grouping
59-AA HINDI+ PASHAYI chain
INDIC-NORTH
59-AAA PASHAYI+ DAMELI net
part of "dardic"
59-AAA-a Pashayi Kabul northern tributaries: Panjshir… Alingar… Kunar… Pech valleys ¶small mountain-dwelling communities, disrupted by recent civil-war,
speaking related but often mutually unintelligible idioms for which locations and autonyms are to be confirmed #the cover-name pahari is retained only until detailed internal classification can be established
Afghanistan (Parwan; Kapisa; Laghman)
4
59-AAA-aa gulbahar Gulbahar (Parwan)
59-AAA-ab sanjan Sanjan (Parwan)
59-AAA-ac bolaghain bowlaghain Bowlaghain (Parwan)
59-AAA-ad nangarach nengarach Nengarach (Laghman)
59-AAA-ae laghman (Laghman)
59-AAA-af alingar Alingar lower valley (Laghman)
59-AAA-ag laurowan Afghanistan
59-AAA-ah shutul Afghanistan
59-AAA-ai alasai Afghanistan
59-AAA-aj shamakot Afghanistan
59-AAA-ak uzbin Afghanistan
59-AAA-al pandau Afghanistan
59-AAA-am najil Afghanistan
59-AAA-an parazhghan pachagan Afghanistan
59-AAA-ao kohnadeh Kunar lower valley: Kohneh-deh (Nangarhar)
59-AAA-ap darrai-nur Darrai-Nur, Darreh-ye-Nur upper valley (Nangarhar)
59-AAA-apa bamba-kot (Nangarhar)
59-AAA-apb lamatek (Nangarhar)
59-AAA-apc sutan (Nangarhar)
59-AAA-aq pashagar pasangar Pashangar (Konar)
59-AAA-ar kurangal grangal, gogol Karangal (Konar)
59-AAA-as nangalami ningalami Nangalem (Konar)
59-AAA-at wegal Waygal (Konar)
59-AAA-au gawar-bati gowar-bati, gowari Kunar left-bank (Konar) 3
59-AAA-aua narsati narisati (Konar)
59-AAA-aub arandui (Konar)
59-AAA-av shumasti shumasht, shamusht, shumusti Kunar valley: Shumasht village (Konar); Pakistan frontier 3
59-AAA-aw wadau Afghanistan
59-AAA-ax chugari Afghanistan 4
59-AAA-axa aret Afghanistan
59-AAA-axb kurdar kordar Afghanistan
59-AAA-axc kandak Afghanistan
59-AAA-axd shemul Afghanistan
59-AAA-ay chalas chilas Afghanistan
59-AAA-az tagau Tagau valley Afghanistan
59-AAA-aza tagau-A. tagab Afghanistan
59-AAA-azb ishpi Afghanistan
59-AAA-azc isken Afghanistan
5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 459
59-AAA-b Dameli Pakistan (NWF) 3
59-AAA-ba dameli damal, damali, damia Damel valley ¶transhumant community 3
59-AAA-baa shintari Pakistan (NWF)
59-AAA-bab swati Pakistan (NWF)
59-AAB KHOWAR+ KALASHA net
"WIDER" CHITRAL, part of "dardic"
59-AAB-a Khowar+ Kalasha Pakistan (NWF: Chitral) 5
59-AAB-aa kho-war khowari, chitrali #kho-war=«people('s)-language» Chitral valley (NWF: Chitral) 5
59-AAB-aaa kho-war-N. (NWF: Chitral)
59-AAB-aab kho-war-S. (NWF: Chitral)
59-AAB-aac arniya (NWF: Chitral)
59-AAB-aad patu (NWF: Chitral)
59-AAB-aae qashqari kashkari (NWF: Chitral)
59-AAB-ab kalasha kalashamon, kalash (NWF: Chitral) 3
59-AAB-aba kalasha-N. Rumbur-valley Bumboret-valley Birir-valley (NWF: Chitral)
59-AAB-abb kalasha-S. urtsun (NWF: Chitral)
59-AAC KALAMI+ KHILI net DARDIC-CENTRAL, part of "dardic"
59-AAC-a Wotapuri+ Katarqalai
Waigali district Afghanistan (Nuristan) 3
59-AAC-aa wotapuri (Nuristan) 3
59-AAC-ab katarqalai (Nuristan) 3
59-AAC-b Tirahi Afghanistan 2
59-AAC-ba tirahi nangarhar Khyber pass westwards 2
59-AAC-c Kalami Pakistan (NWT: Kohistan) 4
59-AAC-ca kalami garwi, gowri, gawri, gawro, bashkarik, bashgharik, diri, dirwali, kalami-kohistani
(Kohistan: Dir, Swat-N.) 4
59-AAC-caa kalami-A. kalam (Kohistan)
59-AAC-cab ushu (Kohistan)
59-AAC-cac thal (Kohistan)
59-AAC-cad lamuti lamti, kinolam (Kohistan)
59-AAC-d Kalkoti Pakistan (NWF: Kohistan) 3
59-AAC-da kalkoti kalkot Kalkot village (Kohistan: Dir) 3
59-AAC-e Khili khili-kohistani Pakistan (NWF: Kohistan) 4
59-AAC-ea maiya maiyon, mair (Kohistan)
59-AAC-eb mani indus (Kohistan)
59-AAC-eba mani-A. (Kohistan)
59-AAC-ebb patan pattan Patan valley (Kohistan)
59-AAC-ebc seo sio Sio valley (Kohistan)
59-AAC-ebd jijal (Kohistan)
59-AAC-ec manzeri manzari (Kohistan)
59-AAC-eca duberi (Kohistan)
59-AAC-ecb kandia (Kohistan)
59-AAC-f Torwali turvali Pakistan (NWF: Kohistan) 4
59-AAC-fa behrain bahrein Swat valley (Kohistan: Swat)
59-AAC-fb chail Chail valley (Kohistan: Swat)
59-AAD SHINA+ DANGARIK net
part of "dardic"
59-AAD-a Dangarik Pakistan; Afghanistan 3
59-AAD-aa sau sawi, dangarik-W. Kunar valley Afghanistan (Konar) 3
59-AAD-ab phalura dangarik-E.Chitral lower left-bank Pakistan (NWF: Chitral) 3
59-AAD-aba phalura-A. palula, palola (Chitral)
59-AAD-abb ashreti ashret (Chitral)
59-AAD-abc biyori (Chitral)
59-AAD-b Shina+ Gilgiti shina+ palasi Gilgit… Diamer… Baltistan districts Pakistan (Azad Kashmir); India (Jammu & Kashmir)
5
59-AAD-ba gilgiti (Kashmir)
59-AAD-baa gilgit Gilgit lower valley (Kashmir)
59-AAD-bab shina-NW. Gilgit upper valley (Kashmir)
59-AAD-bb chilasi+ darel chilas-kohistani, part of kohistani (Kashmir)
59-AAD-bba chilasi chilas, chiless, chiles, galo Indus upper valley above Nanga Parbat: Chilas
(Kashmir)
59-AAD-bbb darel (Kashmir)
59-AAD-bc shinaki* shina, shin, sina, part of kohistani (Kashmir)
59-AAD-bd dras part of kohistani Dras valley (Kashmir)
59-AAD-be dah* part of kohistani (Kashmir)
page 460 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
59-AAD-bf hanu* part of kohistani (Kashmir)
59-AAD-bfa kyango (Kashmir)
59-AAD-bfb anderkaro (Kashmir)
59-AAD-bg palasi palasi-kohistani, part of kohistani Indus-Kohistan country (Kashmir) 5
59-AAD-bga palasi-A. palesi, palas Palas valley (Kashmir)
59-AAD-bgb kolai Kolai valley (Kashmir)
59-AAD-bgc jalkoti Jalkoti valley (Kashmir)
59-AAD-bh astori+ gurezi (Kashmir)
59-AAD-bha astori astor Nanga Parbat mountains>NE.: Astori (Kashmir)
59-AAD-bhb gurezi gurais, part of kohistani Kishanganga upper valley: Gurais (Kashmir)
59-AAD-bi brokskat 'brokpa', minaro, kyango Indus upper valley: Garkhon environs (Jammu & Kashmir) 3
59-AAD-c Ushojo traditionally of Kohistani origin; perhaps better treated as a separate
net
Pakistan (NWF) 3
59-AAD-ca ushojo ushuji, part of kohistani Bishigram, Chail valley Pakistan (NWF) 3
59-AAE RAI+ DARAI net "nepal dardic", part of "dardic"
59-AAE-a Rai+ Done dhanuwar-N,. danuwar-N., dhanwar-N., dhanvar-N. distinct from [59=] Hindi-E. (Dhanuwar-S.)
Nepal; India 4
59-AAE-aa rai danuwar-rai Terai plains Nepal 4
59-AAE-ab done danuwar-done Nepal
59-AAE-aba done-N. Makwanpur Garhi Nepal
59-AAE-abb done-S. ¶enclave India (Uttar Pradesh-N.)
59-AAE-ac kachariya danuwar-kachariya Rautahat district
59-AAE-b Darai Chitawan district: Inner Terai Nepal 3
59-AAE-ba darai Nepal 3
59-AAF HINDI+ BNGL net INDIC-CENTRAL outer-languages within this net are equated where
relevant with "scheduled languages" included in the 8th schedule to the
Constitution of India (as amended in 1992), 13 out of 18 of which
(comprising 75 out of 85 "mother-tongues" of more than 10,000 speakers each) are included within this net.
59-AAF-a Keshur "sanskritised" dardic, kasmiri, kaschemiri, kacmiri, cashmiri, cashmeeree, including maraz, kasmiri-SW.… kamraz, kasmiri-NW.… yamraz, srinagar-kashmiri Sarada, Sharda script; Perso-Arabic script translingual < [59=] Hindi+Urdu transition < [59=] Panjabi comprises Kasmiri "scheduled language" in India Vale of Kashmir country
India (Jammu & Kashmir…); Pakistan (Azad Kashmir)
6
59-AAF-aa keshur-F. "literary" keshur; preceded by "old kashmiri" (from c.+1300) and "middle kashmiri" (from c.+1500) Kashtawari model
(Kashmir)
59-AAF-ab kashtawari kishtwari Kishtwar town & valley (Kashmir)
59-AAF-aba muslim-kashmiri (Kashmir)
59-AAF-abb hindu-kashmiri (Kashmir)
59-AAF-ac riāsi (Kashmir)
59-AAF-ad rambāni ramban (Kashmir)
59-AAF-ae sirāji-oā Doda (Kashmir)
59-AAF-af sirāji-kashmiri Kashmir valley (Kashmir)
59-AAF-ag bakawāli (Kashmir)
59-AAF-ah bunjwāli (Kashmir)
59-AAF-ai miraski (Kashmir)
59-AAF-aj poguli Doda district: Kishtwar>W. mountain valleys (Kashmir)
59-AAF-ak shāh-mansūri (Kashmir)
59-AAF-al zāyōli (Kashmir)
59-AAF-am zirāk-boli (Kashmir)
59-AAF-b Maneāli+ Bharawāhi
Pahari-W. #pahari=«hill-language» transition < [59=] Panjabi Himalaya foothills: Bhadarwahi… Jaunsari comprises part of Hindi
"scheduled language" in India translingual < [59=] Hindi+Urdu
India; (Jammu & Kashmir); Pakistan (Azad Kashmir; Punjab border); Nepal
6
59-AAF-ba potwāri pothwari (Kashmir)
59-AAF-bb dhuni dhundi-kairali (Kashmir)
59-AAF-bc chibhāli (Kashmir)
59-AAF-bd murī muree Muree Hills Pakistan (Punjab border)
59-AAF-be punchhi punch, poonch, poonchhi Punch (Kashmir border)
59-AAF-bf bharawāhi bhadrawahi, baderwali, badrohi, bhaderbhai-jamu, bhaderwali-pahari, bhadrava, bhadri, bahi Bhadarwah
(Kashmir) 4
59-AAF-bfa paāri (Kashmir)
59-AAF-bfb bhālesi (Kashmir)
59-AAF-bfc pangwāli* (Kashmir) 4
59-AAF-bg maneāli mandi, maniyali-pahari, pahari mandiyali, himachali used in local
administration, and as basis of proposed Himachali standard language Mandi district
Pakistan (Himachal Pradesh) 5
5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 461
59-AAF-bh kului kulu, kauli, kullui, kullu, kulvi, kulu-boli, kul-wali, kulu-pahari, phari-kullu Kulu valley
India (Himachal Pradesh) 4
59-AAF-bha kului-A. kukui (Himachal Pradesh)
59-AAF-bhb sirāji-C. "inner" siraji, part of siraji (Himachal Pradesh)
59-AAF-bhc sainji (Himachal Pradesh)
59-AAF-bi satlaji satlaji pahari Sutlej middle valley India (Punjab)
59-AAF-bia satlaji-A. (Punjab)
59-AAF-bib sirāji-'outer' "peripheral" siraji (Punjab)
59-AAF-bic sodochi sodoci (Punjab)
59-AAF-bj baghāti bhagati, baghati pahari, part of mahasui, mahasu pahari Chandigarh>N.: Baghat country
India (Punjab)
59-AAF-bk kiunthāli kiunthali, kiunthali pahari, kutiyali pahari, part of mahasui, mahasu pahari Simla hills
India (Punjab) 5
59-AAF-bka kiunthāli-A. kiunthali "proper", kiuthali, kuthari, kutiyali Keonthal (Punjab)
59-AAF-bkb kochi including rampuri… rohruri… kuari… bagi, baghi (Punjab)
59-AAF-bkc sorācholi sarachali, surkhuli (Punjab)
59-AAF-bkd kirni (Punjab)
59-AAF-bke barāri (Punjab)
59-AAF-bkf simlā-sirāji simla siraji (Punjab)
59-AAF-bkg baghliāni (Punjab)
59-AAF-bkh handuri (Punjab)
59-AAF-bl sirmauri sirmauri pahari, part of mahasui, mahasu pahari India (Himachal Pradesh)
59-AAF-bla sirmauri-A. Sirmaur (Himachal Pradesh)
59-AAF-blb bissau bishau (Himachal Pradesh)
59-AAF-blc giripāri Giri valley (Himachal Pradesh)
59-AAF-bld dhārthi (Himachal Pradesh)
59-AAF-bm chameali chamaya, chambiali, chambiyali, chamya, chamiyali, chamiyali pahari India (Jammu & Kashmir; Himachal Pradesh)
4
59-AAF-bma chameali-N. (Jammu & Kashmir)
59-AAF-bmb chameali-S. (Himachal Pradesh)
59-AAF-c Gahwāli+ Kumāuni pahari-C. #pahari =«hill-language» Himalaya foothills comprises
part of Hindi "scheduled language" in India translingual < [59=] Hindi+Urdu
India (Jammu & Kashmir; Himachal Pradesh; Uttar Pradesh); Nepal
6
59-AAF-ca jaunsāri jaunsar, jaunsari-pahari India (Uttar Pradesh; Himachal Pradesh)
4
59-AAF-cb gahwāli garhwali, gadhavali, gadhawala, gadwahi, gashwali, godauli, gorwali, gurvali, girwali, garhwali pahari
India (Uttar Pradesh)
59-AAF-cba salāni (Uttar Pradesh)
59-AAF-cbb nāgpuriyā (Uttar Pradesh)
59-AAF-cbc majh-kumaiyā (Uttar Pradesh)
59-AAF-cbd badhāni (Uttar Pradesh)
59-AAF-cbe dasaulyā (Uttar Pradesh)
59-AAF-cbf lobhyā (Uttar Pradesh)
59-AAF-cbg rathi (Uttar Pradesh)
59-AAF-cbh srinagariyā (Uttar Pradesh)
59-AAF-cbi bhattiāni (Uttar Pradesh)
59-AAF-cc tehri gangapariya India (Uttar Pradesh)
59-AAF-cd kumāuni kumaoni, kumau, kumawani, kumgoni, kumman, kunayaoni India (Uttar Pradesh) 6
59-AAF-cda johari (Uttar Pradesh)
59-AAF-cdb sirāli (Uttar Pradesh)
59-AAF-cdc askoti (Uttar Pradesh)
59-AAF-cdd soriyāli (Uttar Pradesh)
59-AAF-cde dānpuriyā (Uttar Pradesh)
59-AAF-cdf gangolā (Uttar Pradesh)
59-AAF-cdg chaugarkhiyā (Uttar Pradesh)
59-AAF-cdh kumaiyā-pachhāi (Uttar Pradesh)
59-AAF-cdi rāmpur-bhabari Rampur (Uttar Pradesh)
59-AAF-cdj rau-chaubhaisi (Uttar Pradesh)
59-AAF-cdk pashchimi (Uttar Pradesh)
59-AAF-cdl phaldakoiyā (Uttar Pradesh)
59-AAF-cdm khasparjiyā (Uttar Pradesh)
page 462 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
59-AAF-d Nepāli+ Palpā pahari-E., "wider" nepali #pahari=«hill-language» Himalaya foothills
comprises Nepali "scheduled language" in India translingual < [59=] Hindi+Urdu
Nepal; India; Bhutan 7
59-AAF-da palpā palpa pahari transition < Pahari-C. Nepal-W. 3
59-AAF-db nepāli parbatiya, gorkhali, gurkhali, khas-kura, khas-bhasa, "nepalese", "gurkhalese" transition < Hindi-E.Nagari script
A Nepal… 7
59-AAF-dba nepāli-F. "literary" nepali; preceded by "old" nepali (from c.+1300) and "middle" nepali
Nepal
59-AAF-dbb nepāli-G. "generalised" nepali Nepal; India (Darjiling); Bhutan; Sikkim
59-AAF-dbc baitādi Nepal
59-AAF-dbd bajhangi Nepal
59-AAF-dbe bajurāli bajura Nepal
59-AAF-dbf doteli Nepal
59-AAF-dbg sorādi Nepal
59-AAF-dbh acchami Nepal
59-AAF-dbi jumleli+ sinjāli including jumleli, jumla sinjali, sijali, sinja Nepal
59-AAF-dbj darjulā Nepal
59-AAF-e Panjābi punjabi, penjabi, in [51=] French: pendjabi, including lahnda, panjabi-W. "peripheral" panjabi from c.1550: Gurmukhi script; Lahnda
script; Perso-Arabic script comprises Punjabi "scheduled language" in India translingual < [59=] Hindi+Urdu
Pakistan (Punjab…); India (Punjab; also Haryana; Himachal Pradesh); migration> United Arab Emirates; Fiji; Canada; England…
7
59-AAF-ea panjābi-F. "standard" panjabi, "formal" panjabi Pakistan (A Punjab…); India (A Punjab…)
59-AAF-eaa muslim-panjābi panjābi-musalmani Muslim model Pakistan (Punjab…); also India (Punjab…)
59-AAF-eab sikh-panjābi including sikh "scriptural" panjabi Sikh model Pakistan (Punjab…); India (Punjab…)
59-AAF-eac hindu-panjābi Hindu model India (Punjab…); also Pakistan (Punjab…)
59-AAF-eb panjābi-G. "current generalised" panjabi, "general colloquial" panjabi Pakistan (Punjab…), India (Punjab…), migration> Fiji, England
59-AAF-eba panjābi-pakistan Pakistan (Punjab…)
59-AAF-ebb panjābi-india India (Punjab; Haryana; Himachal Pradesh)
59-AAF-ebc panjābi-fiji Fiji
59-AAF-ebd panjābi-england UK: England
59-AAF-ec majhi "traditional" panjabi-C., panjabi-E. Pakistan (Punjab), India (Punjab) 7
59-AAF-eca lāhore Lahore… Pakistan (Punjab)
59-AAF-ecb amritsar Amritsar India (Punjab)
59-AAF-ecc gurdāspur Gurdaspur India (Punjab)
59-AAF-ed lahndā lahanda, lahndi, west "traditional" panjabi, west panjabi Pakistan (Punjab) 7
59-AAF-eda potohāri rawalpindi, potohri, potwar Rawalpindi Pakistan (Punjab)
59-AAF-edb bālmiki valmiki, attock sweepers' community Attock Pakistan (Punjab)
59-AAF-edc jhelum Jhelum river Pakistan (Punjab)
59-AAF-edd sargodhā Pakistan (Punjab)
59-AAF-ede gujrāt* ¶migrants from Gujarat state (to be confirmed) Pakistan (Punjab)
59-AAF-edf gujrānwālā Gujranwala Pakistan (Punjab)
59-AAF-edg siālkot Sialkot Pakistan (Punjab)
59-AAF-edh shekhupurā Shekhupura Pakistan (Punjab)
59-AAF-edi lāyalpuri faisalabad, lyalpur Faisalabad…Layalpur Pakistan (Punjab)
59-AAF-edj chinawari Pakistan (Punjab)
59-AAF-edk niswāni Pakistan (Punjab)
59-AAF-edl bardi-boli Pakistan (Punjab)
59-AAF-edm jatatardi-boli Pakistan (Punjab)
59-AAF-ee doābi doab between Beas… Sutlej rivers India (Punjab)
59-AAF-eea hoshiārpur Hoshiarpur India (Punjab)
59-AAF-eeb jullundur Jullundur, Jullundhar India (Punjab)
59-AAF-ef malwāi malwa, jangali Ludhiana India (Punjab)
59-AAF-eg patiālwi India (Punjab)
59-AAF-ega patiālā Patiala India (Punjab)
59-AAF-egb sangrur Sangrur>N. India (Punjab)
59-AAF-eh awankāri-ghebi part of "peripheral" panjabi Pakistan (Punjab)
59-AAF-eha salt-range Salt-Range-Hills-W. Pakistan (Punjab)
59-AAF-ehb awankāri Pakistan (Punjab)
59-AAF-ehc ghebi Pindi Gheb Pakistan (Punjab)
5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 463
59-AAF-ei gaddi gaddi-chamba, gadi, gadyali, part of "peripheral" panjabi transition <
[58=] Pahari India (Himachal Pradesh) 4
59-AAF-eia churāhi curahi, churahi gadi Chamba-NW. district (Himachal Pradesh) 4
59-AAF-eib bharmauri bharmaudi bhadi, bharmauri pahari, panchi brahmauri rajput Chamba-SE. district
(Himachal Pradesh) 3
59-AAF-ej bhateāli bhateali gadi, bhattiani, bhatyiana, part of "peripheral" panjabi Chamba-W. district
India (Himachal Pradesh)
59-AAF-ek dogri dhogaryali, dogari, dogri jammu, dongari, tokkaru, hindi-dogri, part of
dogri+ kangri, dogri-pahari, part of "peripheral" panjabi transition < [58=] Pahari between Ravi Chenab valleys
India (Jammu & Kashmir) 6
59-AAF-eka bhatbali (Jammu & Kashmir)
59-AAF-ekb dogri-N. (Jammu & Kashmir)
59-AAF-ekc dogri-E. (Jammu & Kashmir)
59-AAF-ekd kandiāli (Jammu & Kashmir)
59-AAF-el kāngri Jammu & Kashmir
59-AAF-em mirpuri mirpur panjabi, part of "peripheral" panjabi astride Kashmir cease-fire
line: Mirpur (Kashmir-W. ); migration> England
59-AAF-en hindki hindki-N., hindko-N., part of panjabi-NW., part of "peripheral" panjabi Indus upper basin
Pakistan-N. (NWF; also Punjab) 6
59-AAF-ena hazārā-hindko Kohistan country: Hazara division (NWF…)
59-AAF-enb kohāti Kohat valley (NWF)
59-AAF-enc tinauli (NWF…)
59-AAF-eo hindko hindko-S., peshawari hindko, peshawar, part of panjabi-NW., part of "peripheral" panjabi
Pakistan (NWF) 6
59-AAF-ep kahlūri kehloori, bilaspuri, bilaspuri pahari, pacchmi, kehloori paheri, part of
"peripheral" panjabi India (Himachal Pradesh)
59-AAF-eq sirāiki panjabi-SW., multani, part of "peripheral" panjabi Pakistan (Punjab; Sindh-N.) 7
59-AAF-eqa derāwāli hindki-S. Indus middle valley: Dera-Ismail-Khan Dera-Ghazi-Khan (Punjab)
59-AAF-eqb multāni multan Multan (Punjab)
59-AAF-eqc bahawalpuri riasiti, reasiti Bahawalpur (Punjab)
59-AAF-eqd khetrāni (Punjab)
59-AAF-eqe jangli (Punjab)
59-AAF-eqf jafiri (Punjab)
59-AAF-eqg thāli-N. sindh-sagar-doab, jatki-W. Thar-N. desert (Sindh)
59-AAF-eqh sirāiki-sindhi sindh-hindki, "transitional" panjabi+ sindhi transition < [59=] Sindhi (Sindh)
59-AAF-f Sindhi sindi ¶large-scale migration from Pakistan to India in and after 1947 Banya (Lahnda) script; Perso-Arabic script; also Gurmukhi script;
Nagari script comprises Sindhi "scheduled language" in India translingual < [59=] Hindi+Urdu
Pakistan (Sindh); India (Gujarat) 7
59-AAF-fa sindhi-F. "standard" sindhi, "formal" sindhi Lari model Pakistan India (Gujarat) 7
59-AAF-faa muslim-sindhi Muslim model (Sindh)
59-AAF-fab hindu-sindhi Hindu model (Gujarat; Rajasthan)
59-AAF-fb sindhi-G. "current generalised" sindhi, "general colloquial" sindhi Pakistan (Sindh); India (Gujarat…)
59-AAF-fba sindhi-pākistān (Sindh)
59-AAF-fbb sindhi-bhārat "indian" sindhi; dukslinu Vicholi model (Gujarat; Rajasthan)
59-AAF-fc vicholi part of "traditional" sindhi Pakistan (Sindh)
59-AAF-fca vicholi-A. visholi "proper" (Sindh)
59-AAF-fcb siro (Sindh)
59-AAF-fd thāreli thari, part of "traditional" sindhi Pakistan (Sindh)
59-AAF-fe lasi part of "traditional" sindhi Pakistan (Sindh)
59-AAF-ff lari part of "traditional" sindhi Pakistan (Sindh)
59-AAF-fg machariā part of "traditional" sindhi Pakistan (Sindh)
59-AAF-fh bhil-sindhi Pakistan (Sindh; Rajasthan)
59-AAF-fi ja-gali jadeji, jats, jat-gali, jat Pakistan (Baluchistan; Sindh) 3
59-AAF-fia ja-gali-W. (Baluchistan)
59-AAF-fib ja-gali-E. (Sindh)
59-AAF-fj kachchi kachhi, kachchhi, katchi, kachi, katch, kautchy, cuchi, cutch, kachi-koli, kuchi-koli transition < [59=] Gujarati Rann of Kutch plain… Indus
lower left-bank
India (Gujarat); also Pakistan (Sindh)
5
59-AAF-fja mānvi kachchi "proper" (Gujarat)
59-AAF-fjb kāyasthi-N. (Gujarat)
59-AAF-fjc b'āni (Gujarat)
59-AAF-fjd bhāi bhatia (Gujarat)
59-AAF-fje vāgdi vaghri, vagari, wagaria (Gujarat)
59-AAF-fjf niardiay (Gujarat)
page 464 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
59-AAF-fjg bajāÉiā ¶wandering circus community (Gujarat)
59-AAF-fjh kavah (Gujarat)
59-AAF-fji ravāriā (Gujarat)
59-AAF-fjj kāriā karia-lohari, lohar (Gujarat)
59-AAF-fjk rahābāri rabari (Gujarat)
59-AAF-fjl kachchi-'émigré' migration> Kenya; Tanzania
59-AAF-fk waiyārā-koli Pakistan (Sindh) 4
59-AAF-fka waiyārā wadaria (Sindh)
59-AAF-fkb mewāsi mayvasi (Sindh)
59-AAF-fl thāradāri-koli tharadari Thar desert Rann of Kutch plain Pakistan (Sindh); India (Gujarat) 4
59-AAF-fla thāradāri-koli-N. Mirpur Khas>SE. (Sindh)
59-AAF-flb thāradāri-koli-S. Tharad>W. (Gujarat)
59-AAF-fm parkāri-koli parkari, parkari-kachi, parkari-kachchhi transition < [59=] Rajasthani Pakistan (Sindh)
59-AAF-fma nāgā-parkār (Sindh)
59-AAF-fmb thāi Thar-S. desert (Sindh)
59-AAF-fmc badin Badin>S. & W. (Sindh)
59-AAF-g Rājasthāni Nagari script; Perso-Arabic script #rajasthani is a 20th cent. cover-
name, applied to the convergence of the following idioms around a new literary language (see Rajasthani-F.) comprises part of Hindi
"scheduled language" in India translingual < [59=] Hindi+Urdu
India (Rajasthan); Pakistan (Sindh) 7
59-AAF-ga sindhi-mārwāÑi marwari-W., merwari-W., meghwar-W., marawar-W., marvari-W. transition < [59=] Sindhi
Pakistan-S. (Sindh-N; also Punjab-SW.).
5
59-AAF-gaa sindhi-mārwāÑi-NW. Dadu>N. (Sindh…)
59-AAF-gab sindhi-mārwāÑi-NE. Nawabshah>N. (Sindh…)
59-AAF-gac dādu Dadu (Sindh)
59-AAF-gad nawābshāh Nawabshah (Sindh)
59-AAF-gae tando-muhammad-khān Tando Muhammad Khan (Sindh)
59-AAF-gaf tando-ghulām-ali Tando Ghulam Ali (Sindh)
59-AAF-gag dhātki Sindhi-Marwari>W. (Sindh)
59-AAF-gah thār dhatki-bhil, thali-S. Thar-S. desert (Sindh)
59-AAF-gb rājasthāni-mārwāÑi marwari-C., merwari-C., meghwar-C., marawar-C., marvari-C. transition
< [59=] Sindhi (Rajasthan) 6
59-AAF-gc rājasthāni-F. "standard" rajasthani, "formal" marwari-C. Rajasthani-Marwari model India (Rajasthan), also Pakistan
59-AAF-gd rājasthāni-C. "transitional" marwari-C. (Rajasthan)
59-AAF-gda jaisalmer jaiselmer, jesalmer Jaisalmer (Rajasthan)
59-AAF-gdb godwari (Rajasthan)
59-AAF-gdc sirohi marwari-S. Sirohi district (Rajasthan)
59-AAF-gdd deorāwati (Rajasthan)
59-AAF-gde saeth-ki-boli "transitional" marwari+ gujerati . Sirohi-SW. district transition < [59=] Gujarati
(Rajasthan)
59-AAF-ge bhil-mārwāÑi marwari-bhil, marwari-W., merwari-W., meghwar-W., marawar-W., marvari-W. transition < [59=] Sindhi
India (Rajasthan; Sindh) 5
59-AAF-gea jodhpuri-mārwāÑi Jodhpur (Rajasthan)
59-AAF-geb sindh-mārwāÑi (Sindh); (Rajasthan) transfrontier
59-AAF-gf bikāneri rajasthani-N., marwari-N., merwari-N., meghwar-N., marawar-N., marvari-N.
India (Rajasthan)
59-AAF-gfa bikāneri-A. "proper" bikaner (Rajasthan)
59-AAF-gfb shekhāwāti (Rajasthan)
59-AAF-gg mewāti rajasthani-NE. India (Rajasthan)
59-AAF-gga mewāti-A. (Rajasthan)
59-AAF-ggb hirwāti hirwati (Rajasthan)
59-AAF-gh jaipuri rajasthani-CE. India (Rajasthan)
59-AAF-gha jaipuri-A. Jaipur (Rajasthan)
59-AAF-ghb torāwati (Rajasthan)
59-AAF-ghc kathairā (Rajasthan)
59-AAF-ghd chaurāsi (Rajasthan)
59-AAF-ghe rājāwati (Rajasthan)
59-AAF-ghf kishangaÑhi kishangahiKishangarh>E. (Rajasthan)
59-AAF-gi ajmeri rajasthani-C. Ajmer India (Rajasthan)
59-AAF-gj harauti rajasthani-E. transition < [59=] Hindi-W. India (Rajasthan)
59-AAF-gja harauti-A. harauti "proper", hadauti, hadoti (Rajasthan)
59-AAF-gjb sipāri (Rajasthan)
5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 465
59-AAF-gk mewāÑi rajasthani-S. transition < [59=] Gujarati India (Rajasthan)
59-AAF-gka mewāÑi-A. (Rajasthan)
59-AAF-gkb gorāwati (Rajasthan)
59-AAF-gkc sarwāri (Rajasthan)
59-AAF-gkd khairāri (Rajasthan)
59-AAF-gke gāmetiā-mewāÑi gametia people (Rajasthan)
59-AAF-gl mālvi rajasthani-SE. transition < [59=] Hindi-W. India (Madhya-Pradesh) 5
59-AAF-gla mālvi-A. ahiri, malvi "proper", malwa, malwada, mallow, malavi, "standard" rajasthani-SE.
(Madhya-Pradesh)
59-AAF-glb bachādi (Madhya-Pradesh)
59-AAF-glc dholewāri (Madhya-Pradesh)
59-AAF-gld hoshangābād Hoshangabad (Madhya-Pradesh)
59-AAF-gle jamral (Madhya-Pradesh)
59-AAF-glf katiyāi (Madhya-Pradesh)
59-AAF-glg pātvi (Madhya-Pradesh)
59-AAF-glh rāngri rajwari (Madhya-Pradesh)
59-AAF-gli ujjaini Ujjain (Madhya-Pradesh)
59-AAF-glj bhoyāri bhuria, bhomiyari, bhuiyar, bohoyeri, bhoyaroo (Madhya-Pradesh)
59-AAF-gm sondwāri soudhwari India (Madhya-Pradesh) 4
59-AAF-gn nimādi India (Madhya-Pradesh) 5
59-AAF-gna nimādi-A. nemadi, nimari (Madhya-Pradesh)
59-AAF-gnb bhuāni (Madhya-Pradesh)
59-AAF-go gujuri gujari, gujer, gujar, gujjari, gurjar, gojri, gogri, gojari, rajasthani "northward nomadic"
India northwards 5
59-AAF-goa rājasthāni-gujuri (Rajasthan)
59-AAF-gob plains-gujuri (Himachal Pradesh)
59-AAF-goc mountain-gujuri kashmir gujuri (Jammu & Kasmir); Pakistan (Azad Kasmir)
59-AAF-god ajiri hazara-ajiri
59-AAF-gp bāgri bagari, bagri-rajasthani, bagria, bagris, baorias, bahgri, rajasthani "westward nomadic"
India (Rajasthan westwards); Pakistan
6*
59-AAF-gq lambādi gormati, gurmati, lamani, lambhani-muka, lavani, lumadale, lemadi, lambara, rajasthani "southward nomadic", including banjari, banjori, banjuri; banjara
India (Rajasthan southwards) 6
59-AAF-gqa lambādi-mahārāshtra (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-gqb lambādi-āndhra-pradesh (Andhra-Pradesh)
59-AAF-gqc lambādi-maisur karnataka lambadi Mysore (Karnataka)
59-AAF-gr lohāri lohar community ¶blacksmiths' community India (Rajasthan)
59-AAF-gra lohāri-gade gaduliya lohari ¶wheelwrights' community (Rajasthan)
59-AAF-grb lohāri-lohpittā-rājput ¶swordsmiths' community (Rajasthan)
59-AAF-grc lohāri-bāgri ¶perhaps spoken by itinerant blacksmiths (cf. bagri above) (Rajasthan)
59-AAF-grd bhubaliyā-lohāri (Rajasthan)
59-AAF-gs mīnā meena distinct from [59=] Bhil-mina (Rajasthan)
59-AAF-gt sānsi* sansiya dispersed community (Punjab; Rajasthan; Haryana; Himachal Pradesh; Chandigarh;
Delhi; Uttar Pradesh)
59-AAF-gu bhāntu* chhara dispersed urban community (Rajasthan; Gujarat; Uttar Pradesh; deportation in colonial times> Andaman & Nicobar)
59-AAF-h Gujarāti gujrathi, gujerati ¶with component languages based on class,
community ("caste") and/or region from c.1300: Nagari script; Gujarati script comprises Gujarati "scheduled language" in India translingual < [59=] Hindi+Urdu
India (Gujarat; Rajasthan; Maharashtra); migration> {East Africa}; Zambia, England; USA.
7
59-AAF-ha gujarāti-F. "literary" gujarati, "formal" gujarati; preceded by "old" gujarati (from c.+1300) and "middle" gujarati (from c.+1450) Central Gujarati
(Vadodari) model, from 19th cent.
India (A Gujarat; Maharashtra; Rajasthan-S.…)
59-AAF-haa hindu-gujarāti "hindu literary" gujarati (Gujarat…)
59-AAF-hab musalmāni-gujarāti "muslim literary" gujarati (Gujarat…)
59-AAF-hac pārsi-gujarāti "persianised" gujarati, "zoroastrian colloquial" gujarati ¶Parsi religious
community bilingual < [52=] English
(Gujarat…) 4
59-AAF-hb paani patani, gujarati-N. Patan (pre-Muslim capital of Gujarat) India (Gujarat)
59-AAF-hc kāthiāwāi kathiawadi, kathyawadi, kathiyawadi, kathiyawadai-W., saraushtri-W., saurashtra-W., gujarati-W. Kathiawar peninsula
India (Gujarat)
59-AAF-hd jhālāwāi Jhalawad country (former princely state) India (Gujarat)
59-AAF-he sorahi Sorath country (former princely state) India (Gujarat)
59-AAF-hf hālāri haalaadi, holadi Halar country (former princely state) India (Gujarat)
59-AAF-hg gohilwāi Gohilwad country (former princely state) India (Gujarat)
59-AAF-hh bhāvnagari bhawnagari Bhavnagar country (former princely state) India (Gujarat)
59-AAF-hi khārwā kharawa Kathiawar peninsula ¶Muslim seafarers & fishmongers India (Gujarat)
page 466 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
59-AAF-hj gujarāti-C. "central" gujarati, 'standard' gujarati Ahmadabad, Amdavad Baroda, Vadodara
India (Gujarat)
59-AAF-hja grāmya "urbanised" gamadia Ahmadabad (Gujarat)
59-AAF-hjb gāmaiā "rural" gamadia Amdavad environs #from gam-u «small village» (Gujarat)
59-AAF-hjc charotari carotari Kaira district: Charotar farmlands (Gujarat)
59-AAF-hjd pāidāri Kaira district (Gujarat)
59-AAF-hje vaodari vadodara, "popular" baroda Baroda, Vadodara (Gujarat)
59-AAF-hjf dalit #dalit=«oppressed» ¶Christian & 'out-caste' communities (Gujarat)
59-AAF-hk bharuchi "eastern-broach" gujarati Bharuch district India (Gujarat)
59-AAF-hl surti surati, hurati, gujarati-S. Surat district India (Gujarat)
59-AAF-hm anāwlā anavla, anaola, bhathela Surat-S.… Valsad districts ¶brahmin
farmers' community
India (Gujarat)
59-AAF-hn mumbai-U. mumbai "urban" gujarati Mumbai, Bombay India (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-ho vhorāsāi vhora people India (Maharashtra; Gujarat)
59-AAF-hp kakāri kakari India (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-hq ghisāi tarimuki ¶wandering blackmiths' community India (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-i Saurāshtri-E. ¶spoken by communities of silk-weavers migrated 1000 years ago
from Gujarat-speaking Kathiawar peninsula India (Tamil Nadu) 3*
59-AAF-ia saurāshtri-E. kathiyawadai-E., saurashtra-E., sourashtra, sawrashtra, sorathi, patnuli, khatri
India (Tamil Nadu)
59-AAF-j Bāori+ Wāgadi* Bhili-N., "transitional" gujarati+ rajasthani, part of bhili, bhil-bari, bhil-bori, bhil, bhilla, vil traditional cover-name ; transitional between [59=] Gujarati & Rajasthani; separation from [59=] Rathavi+ Konkani (Bhili-C.) & Pawari+ Paradhi (Bhili-E.) is notional #linguistic validity of Bhili as a traditional cover-name remains to be ascertained translingual < [59=] Hindi+Urdu
India (Punjab; Rajasthan; Gujarat); also Pakistan (Punjab, Sindh)
6*
59-AAF-ja bāori baoria ¶nomadic community India (Punjab; Rajasthan) 3
59-AAF-jb magra-ki-boli magari* Merwara India (Rajasthan)
59-AAF-jc girāsiā-bhili garasia, nyar Sirohi district India (Rajasthan; Gujarat)
59-AAF-jd wāgadi-bhili wagadi, wagdi, vagadi, vagdi, vagari, vageri, vaged, vagi, waghari, wagholi, mina-bhil nomadic
India (Rajasthan; Gujarat) 5
59-AAF-je dungari-bhili dungri-grasia, dhungri-girasia, dungari-girasia, dhungri-bhili #dungar=«hill» Khed Brahma…
India (Gujarat-N.; Rajasthan-S.)
59-AAF-jf mīnā-bhili bhil-mina, bhil-meena distinct from [59=] Mina India (Rajasthan-E.)
59-AAF-jg panchmahāli-bhili Panchmahal district India (Gujarat-NE.)
59-AAF-k Rāhavi+ KonkaÉi* Bhili-C., part of bhili, bhil-bari, bhil-bori, bhil, bhilla, vil traditional cover-
name transition < [59=] Khandesi; separation from [59=] Baori+ Wagadi (Bhili-N.) & Pawari+ Paradhi (Bhili-E.) is notional #linguistic validity of Bhili as a traditional cover-name remains to be ascertained
translingual < [59=] Hindi+Urdu
India (Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhra Pradesh; Dadra & Nagar-Haveli)
6
59-AAF-ka rāhavi rathvi Chhota Udaipur district India (Gujarat-E.)
59-AAF-kb pahāi anarya #pahadi=«of the hills» India (Gujarat-E.)
59-AAF-kc chodhari-bhili chodhari, chodri India (Gujarat-S.) 5
59-AAF-kd gāmati-bhili gamati, gamit, gamti, gamta, gavit, gamith Bharuch… Surat… Valsad India (Gujarat-S.) 5
59-AAF-ke nāikai naikadi, naikdi, naiki, naikda, naikada, nayaka, cholivale, kapadia, mota-nayaka, nana-nayaka
India (Gujarat-S.) 3
59-AAF-kf charaÉi carani; charan wandering minstrel community Panchmahals district eastwards
India (Gujarat; Madhya Pradesh)
59-AAF-kg vasāvi "transitional" gujarati+ bhili, vasave; vasava people Tapti valley India (Maharashtra; Gujarat-E.) 5
59-AAF-kga adiwāsi-girasia 'adiwasi-bhili' India
59-AAF-kgb dhogri-bhili India
59-AAF-kgc kaski-bhili India
59-AAF-kgd bhiloi-bhili bhilodi-bhili India (Gujarat…)
59-AAF-kge padwi-bhilori India
59-AAF-kgf ambodia-bhili India
59-AAF-kgg vasāva-bhili vasavi "proper" India (Gujarat)
59-AAF-kh māwchi-bhili mawchi, mavchi, mawachi India (Gujarat; Maharashtra) 4
59-AAF-ki dhānkā-bhili India (Rajasthan; Gujarat; Maharashtra)
4
59-AAF-kia dhānkā (Rajasthan…)
59-AAF-kib tadavi tadvi-bhili, tadvi (Gujarat)
59-AAF-kic valvi tetaria-valvi (Rajasthan…)
59-AAF-kj pateliā-bhili patelia, pateliya India (Gujarat; Maharashtra) 4
59-AAF-kk bhilālā bhilala-bhili India (Gujarat; Maharashtra) 5
59-AAF-kl dubli-bhili dubli, dubla, rathod, talavia Thana district northwards India (Gujarat; Maharashtra) 5
59-AAF-km dhoiā-bhili India (Dadra & Nagar-Haveli) 5
5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 467
59-AAF-kn konkaÉi-bhili konkani, konkna, kokni, kukna, kokna, kanara* Surat Konkan-N. districts transition < [59=] Marathi
India (Gujarat; Dadra & Nagar-Haveli; Maharashtra)
5
59-AAF-ko dehwāli Dhulia Jalgaon districts India (Maharashtra) 5
59-AAF-kp nāhari-baglāni nahari-W., baglani Nasik-N. district India (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-kq ahiri ahiriani India (Maharashtra) 5
59-AAF-kr rājput-girāsia ¶community of scattered cultivators India (Maharashtra…) 4
59-AAF-ks koāli kotvali Khandesh India (Maharashtra) 2
59-AAF-kt bhimchaura* India
59-AAF-ku haburi* habura India
59-AAF-kv rānā-bhili* (Gujarat)
59-AAF-l Pāwari+ Pāradhi* Bhili-E., part of bhili, bhil-bari, bhil-bori, bhil, bhilla, vil traditional cover-
name separation from [59=] Baori+ Wagadi (Bhili-N.) & Rathavi+ Konkani (Bhili-C.) is notional #linguistic validity of Bhili as a traditional cover-name remains to be ascertained translingual < [59=] Hindi+ Urdu
India (Maharashtra; Madhya-Pradesh; Andhra Pradesh)
5
59-AAF-la pāwari-bhili pawari, pauri, pawri, paura India (Maharashtra; Madhya-Pradesh)
4
59-AAF-lb bareli-bhili bareli India (Madhya-Pradesh; Maharashtra)
5
59-AAF-lc pāradhi-bhili pardhi, paidia, paradi, paria, bahelia India (Maharashtra; Madhya-Pradesh; Andhra Pradesh)
4
59-AAF-lca chita-pārdhi India
59-AAF-lcb lango-pārdhi India
59-AAF-lcc phanse-pārdhi India
59-AAF-lcd taran-kari takari, takankar, takia India
59-AAF-lce nēlishi-kari neelinsh-kari India
59-AAF-lcf pittala-bhasha India
59-AAF-m Khāndesi transition < [59=] Rathavi+ Konkani (Bhili-C.), Gujarati & Marathi
translingual < [59=] Hindi+Urdu
India (Gujarat; Maharashtra) 5
59-AAF-ma khāndesi khandeshi, khandish, dhed-gujari India (Maharashtra; Gujarat) 5
59-AAF-maa ahirāni ahrani, khandesi "proper" Khandesh country: Dhulia Jalgaon
districts
(Maharashtra)
59-AAF-mab kunabi kunbau, kunbi (Gujarat)
59-AAF-mac āngri dangri, dangi-S., rangari, ka-kachhu-ki boli, dangs bhili Tapti valley: Dangs country:
(Gujarat)
59-AAF-n Nāhal* possible relationship of name with neighbouring [46=] Nihali to be
investigated
India (Maharashtra; Madhya Pradesh)
3*
59-AAF-na nāhal-A. Satpura highlands: Toranmal environs (Maharashtra; Madhya Pradesh border)
59-AAF-nb nāhale Jalgaon district: Amalwadi>N. (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-o Marāthi marathe, maharashtra, muruthi, maharathi, malhatee, marthi Modi script; Balbodh (Nagari-type) script comprises the original Marathi
"scheduled language" in India, divided since 1992 into Marathi and Konkani "scheduled languages" translingual < [59=] Hindi+Urdu
India (A Maharashtra; also Gujarat…); migration> United Arab Emirates; Kenya…
7
59-AAF-oa nāgpuri-hindi transition < [59=] Bundeli Nagpur district (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-ob varhādi varhadi-nagpuri, marathi-NE. India (Maharashtra; Madhya-Pradesh; Andhra-Praesh)
59-AAF-oba varhādi-A. varhadi "proper", berari, berar-marathi Vidarbha, Berar (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-obb dhangari dhanagari India
59-AAF-obc varhādi-brāhmani (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-obd jarpi India
59-AAF-obe govari ¶cow-herding community Chanda Bhandara districts (Maharashtra) 3
59-AAF-obf jhadbi India
59-AAF-obg katia katiyai India
59-AAF-obh rangari rangara ¶dyers' community (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-obi kumbhāri ¶potters' community India
59-AAF-obj kunabau kunban, kohli India
59-AAF-obk mahāri dhedi ¶sweepers' community (Gujarat…)
59-AAF-obl mārheti (Madhya-Pradesh)
59-AAF-obm natakani (Andhra-Pradesh) 3
59-AAF-obn rāipur India
59-AAF-obo kunbi India
59-AAF-oc gowlan gowli ¶pastoralist community (Maharashtra; Madhya Pradesh; Karnataka-N.)
59-AAF-oca nand nand gowli Amravati district (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-ocb ranya India
page 468 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
59-AAF-occ lingāyat India
59-AAF-ocd khāmlā India
59-AAF-od ikrāni Dhule district: Akrani (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-oe kāthoi katkari, katari, katakari, katvadi, kathodia, dhar-kathodi, son-kathodi, dhar-katkari, son-katkari transition < [59=] Khandeshi Konkan+ Sahyadris mountains: Kolaba Thana districts Dadra & Nagar-Haveli territory
(Maharashtra; Dadra & Nagar- Haveli; Diu & Daman; Gujarat; Rajasthan)
3
59-AAF-of vārli warli transition < [59=] Gujarati Thana district (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-og sāmvedi transition < [59=] Gujarati (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-oh mangelas maharashtra transition < [59=] Gujarati (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-oi vadval+ phudagi (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-oia vadval (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-oib phudagi (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-oj āre ade, aray, arrey, arya, kalika-arya-bhasha (Andhra-Pradesh; Maharashtra; Karnataka)
3
59-AAF-ok bhalay Amravati district (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-ol thākuri thakri, thakari, thakua, thakura (Maharashtra…) 5
59-AAF-om deshi-marāthi desi, deccan marathi, dekini Modi script; Balbodh (Nagari-type)
script; Deshi, Poona model
(Maharashtra) 7
59-AAF-oma marāthi-L. "early literary" marathi. including "old marathi"… "middle marathi" from 13
th century; inscriptions from 11
th ("Middle Marathi" from 14
th
century)
(Maharashtra)
59-AAF-omb marāthi-F. "literary marathi", "standard marathi" (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-omc deshi Pune, Poona (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-omd kalvadi dharwar Dhanwar district (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-ome bijāpuri Bijapur (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-on konkan-marāthi 'standard' konkan, konkan, bankoti, kunabi, cugani, concorinu, north konkani-N., "konkanese" ¶many community ('caste') dialects not to be confused with Konkani-Gomantaki to south Konkan coast: Thana Kolaba Janjira Ratnagiri-N. districts
(Maharashtra coastal) 6
59-AAF-ona kāyasthi-S. part of parabhi (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-onb damani part of parabhi Daman territory (Diu & Daman; Gujarat)
59-AAF-onc koli-E. koli people (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-ond kiristav (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-one kungabi (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-onf agāri #agar='salt-pan" ¶spoken by salt-makers' community (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-ong dhanagāri dhangar people (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-onh bhandāri (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-oni thakāri (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-onj karhādi (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-onk sangamesvari bankoti, bakoti (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-onl ghāti maoli (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-onm dhed part of mahari (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-onn holia part of mahari (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-ono parvāri part of mahari (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-oo konkani-gomantaki "goanese" konkani, "goanese", gomantaki, konkani-S. not to be confused with Konkan-Marathi (so-called 'Standard' Konkan) to north
Savantvadi Goa North Kanara Shimoga South Kanara Nagari script; Kannada script; Latin script; also Malayalam script
(Maharashtra-S. coastal; Goa; Karnataka; migration> Mumbai,
Bombay; Kerala-N.)
6
59-AAF-ooa konkani-F. "literary goanese" in a variety of Christian and Hindu dialects (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-oob daldi-nawaits transition < [59=] Konkan-Marathi (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-ooc chiatpavani transition < [59=] Konkan-Marathi (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-ood bardeshi barhdexi, bardeskari, part of gomantaki, "goanese proper" ¶Christian
community Goa-N.: Mapusa (Goa)
59-AAF-ooe antruzi hindu "goanese", part of gomantaki, "goanese proper" ¶Hindu dialect
Goa (Goa)
59-AAF-oof sashi saxti, part of gomantaki, "goanese proper" ¶Christian community
Goa-S.: Salcete (Goa)
59-AAF-oog karwāri ¶Hindu dialect North Kanara district (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-ooh sārasvat-brahmin ¶Hindu dialect (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-ooi kudali India
59-AAF-ooj malvani malwani India 4
59-AAF-ook manglluri mangaluri ¶Christian community South Kanara district Mangalore; Mumbai, Bombay
(Karnataka; Maharashtra)
5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 469
59-AAF-p Samskrta+ Pāli "historical indo-aryan" of continuing cultural and linguistic importance;
including the Sanskrit "scheduled language" in India {Asia-S.; Asia-SE.} 3*
59-AAF-pa samskrta sanskrit, sanskrut #samskrta=«prepared, cultivated, refined, purified" Brahmi script; Kharoshthi, Kharosthi script; Nagari script; also Bengali; Oriya; Malayalam; Tamil; Kannada scripts studied and read (and sometimes spoken) within Hindu communities, especially
among speakers of [59=] Indic and [49=] Dravidian languages
India…
59-AAF-paa samskrta-L. "liturgical and ancient literary" sanskrit, including samskrta-vaidik, "vedic sanskrit" or "pre-classical sanskrit" (texts from c. –1500), and "classical sanskrit" (texts from c. –500)
India; South Africa; {East Africa}; Mauritius; United Kingdom; Bangladesh…
59-AAF-pab samskrt-F. "modern literary sanskrit", "brahmin scholarly vehicular", "modern pandit sanskrit"; preceded by "middle sanskrit" (from c.+1100)
influence < medieval Prakrit vernaculars (see prakrta below ) Indian "scheduled language & mother-tongue"
India… 5*
59-AAF-pb pāli-bhasha ; hybrid literary language from midland India, with possible eastern influence < Bihar (Magadha) Sinhalese script (first transcribed in Sri
Lanka); Burmese script; Latin script; studied and read within Buddhist communities #pali(-bhasha)=«canonical (language)»
Sri Lanka; Burma; Thailand; Laos; Cambodia
59-AAF-pba pāli-gāthā "ancient literary pali" from c.–100
59-AAF-pbb pāli-tipiākā tiptaka, tipiaka, in [59=] Sanskrit: tripitaka, "ancient buddhist pali"
59-AAF-pbc pāli-S. "ceylon buddhist pali"
59-AAF-pbd pāli-SE. "southeast-asian buddhist pali"
59-AAF-pc prākrta prakrit, "middle indic literary prakrits" (from c. –250), including "early middle indic" aśokan prakrit (including aśokan-prakrit-E. aśokan-
prakrit-CE. aśokan-prakrit-NW. aśokan-prakrit-SW.)… prakrit-NW. (including gandhari "literary" niya "administrative")… "jain literary prakrit" (including ardhamagadhi, "semi"-magadhi)… prakrit-E., including śauraseni (especially in popular dramatic speech; precursor of [59=] Bangla, Oriya & Axamiya)… mahārāshtri-prākrit… sinhālā-prākrit (precursor of [59=] Elu)… apabhramsha, "late midland prakrit" #[59=] Sanskrit: prākrta =«natural, usual, unadorned > vulgar, vernacular» Nagari script, etc.; studied and read within Hindu and Jain communities
India; Sri Lanka; formerly China
59-AAF-q Hindi+ Urdu urdu+ hindi-W., hindustani, part of "wider" hindi+urdu influence < [12=]
'Arabiyya+ [58=] Parsi and/or by [59=] Sanskrit Nagari script (Hindi); Perso-Arabic script (Urdu); also Kaithi script; Gujarati script increasing separation since 1947 between Hindi (official language in
India) and Urdu (official language in Pakistan), since when the common term 'Hindustani' has fallen progressively into disuse; the Hindi+ Urdu outer-language is officially divided in India between the Hindi
"scheduled language" (including also the Adheli+ Bagheli outer-language) and the Urdu "scheduled language" #hindustani in [58=]Persian =«Hindu-country language»
A India; A Pakistan; Afghanistan;
Nepal; Fiji; Mauritius; Yemen; United Arab Emirates; South Africa; {East Africa}; Surinam; England
8
59-AAF-qa urdu-L. "early muslim literary" hindi-W., zaban-e-urduu, "persianised" khaÑi-
boli #urdu derived from [44=]Türkçe (former Osmanli): ordu, urdu =«military camp»; zaban-e-urduu ="language of the camp" evolved from Khari-Boli vehicular centered on Delhi area from 16
th cent., which
became contact language between local population and Muslim invaders
Pakistan; India
59-AAF-qaa rekhtā rexta, "transitional literary" urdu, "persianised literary" urdu #rehta=«mixed (language)» developed as literary language from 16
th
to 18th cent.
Pakistan; India…
59-AAF-qab dakhini-L. dakani, dakhani, musalmani, "early" southern urdu, "early" deccan urdu Deccan plateau: Hyderabad… Bijajpur… Gulbarga…
India (Andhra-Pradesh)
59-AAF-qac gujari-L. "early" gujari India…
59-AAF-qad hindawi-L. "early" hindawi, hindavi India…
59-AAF-qb urdu-F. "modern literary urdu", "formalised muslim-hindi", "muslim literary" khari-boli influence < [12=] 'Arabiyya and [58=] Parsi
India; Pakistan…
59-AAF-qc urdu-G. urudu, "colloquial" urdu, "generalised" urdu, part of 'hindustani' influence < translingualism in other [59=] Indic languages or bilingualism in relevant non-Indic languages. increasing separation from [59=] Hindi-G. after 1947, since when the common term
'Hindustani' has fallen progressively into disuse.
Pakistan; India; Nepal 7
59-AAF-qd khaÑi-boli hindi+urdu "core traditional" ¶exodus of many Muslim speakers from
India to Pakistan in 1947
India (Uttar-Pradesh-NW.); Pakistan; Nepal
59-AAF-qda delhi-U. delhi "popular urban" Delhi (Haryana)
59-AAF-qdb meerut meerut "rural" Meerut, Merath environs (Uttar Pradesh)
59-AAF-qdc terai-urdu ¶spoken by weaver (Ansari) and other Muslim craftsmen communities
Terai plains
(Nepal) 5
59-AAF-qdd dakhini dakani, dakhani, musalmani, dakhini urdu, hyderabad urdu, "traditional" deccan urdu
(Andhra-Pradesh)
59-AAF-qe hindi-F. "modern literary" hindi, "formalised" hindu hindi; preceded by "early hindu literary" hindi, "early non-muslim" hindustani (from 18
th cent)
from end 18th cent., including input and influence < Hindi-E. ; in
continuum with literary use of [59=] Braj and [59=] Awadhi; influence < [59=] Sanskrit
India
59-AAF-qea dehlavi "standard" hindi, "formal" delhi hindi, "standard" khari-boli West Uttar
Pradesh model India
59-AAF-qeb samskrta-hindi "sanskritised literary" hindi East Uttar Pradesh scholarly model India
page 470 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
59-AAF-qf hindi-G. "popular colloquial" hindi, "generalised" hindi, part of 'hindustani', including "popular literary" hindi, 'gandhian' hindi, "written" hindustani ; dialects, listed geographically by Indian state, or by other nation-state, are influence < translingualism in other [59=] Indic languages or by
bilingualism in relevant non-Indic languages increasing separation from [59=] Urdu after 1947, since when the common term 'Hindustani' has fallen progressively into disuse
India; Nepal; Bhutan; Pakistan; South Africa; {East Africa}, Fiji, United Kingdom
8
59-AAF-qfa hindi-uttar-pradesh-W. (Uttar-Pradesh-W.)
59-AAF-qfb hindi-haryānā (Haryana, also Punjab-E.)
59-AAF-qfc hindi-uttar-pradesh-E. (Uttar-Pradesh-E.)
59-AAF-qfd hindi-panjāb including milijhuli, "panjabised" hindi of Delhi translingual < [59=] Panjābi
India (Delhi environs; Punjab…)
59-AAF-qfe hindi-bihār translingual < [59=] Bihari (Bihar)
59-AAF-qff hindi-bengāl translingual < [59=] Bangla (Bengal)
59-AAF-qfg hindi-orissā translingual < [59=] Oriya (Orissa)
59-AAF-qfh hindi-madhya-pradesh (Madhya-Pradesh)
59-AAF-qfi hindi-mahārāshtra translingual < [59=] Marathi (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-qfj hindi-gujarāt translingual < [59=] Gujarati (Gujarat)
59-AAF-qfk hindi-rajasthān translingual < [59=] Rajasthani (Rajasthan)
59-AAF-qfl hindi-himāchal-pradesh (Himachal-Pradesh)
59-AAF-qfm hindi-āsām translingual < [59=] Axamiya (Assam)
59-AAF-qfn hindi-arunāchal-pradesh (Arunachal-Pradesh)
59-AAF-qfo hindi-āndhra-pradesh bilingual < [49=] Telugu (Andhra Pradesh)
59-AAF-qfp hindi-tamil-nādu bilingual < [49=] Tamil (Tamil Nadu)
59-AAF-qfq hindi-kerālā bilingual < [49=] Malayalam (Kerala)
59-AAF-qfr hindi-karnātaka bilingual < [49=] Kannada (Karnataka)
59-AAF-qfs hindi-himālaya translingual < [59=] Nepali… (Sikkim); Nepal; Bhutan
59-AAF-qft hindi-nātāl "south-african" hindi bilingual < [52=] English migration> South Africa (Natal)
59-AAF-qfu hindi-purva-āfrikā "east-african" hindi, including hindi-uganda bilingual < [52=] English migration> {East Africa}; subsequently> United Kingdom
59-AAF-qg haryānvi haryana hindi, hariani, bangaru, banger, bangri, bangru, chamarwa,
delhi "rural", including jatu… deswali, desari ; currently merging with [59=] Hindi
(Delhi, Haryana, Punjab-E.) 6
59-AAF-qh braj+ kannauji antarbedi, antarvedi, braj+ kanauji, including braj, braj-bhakha, braj-bhasha, brij-bhasha, brij, briju, bruj kannauji, kanauji, khanauji includes traditional language of the sacrificial holy ground between Ganges and Jumna rivers ; currently merging with [59=] Hindi Braj… Kannauj former states
(Uttar-Pradesh-CW.; Madhya Pradesh-N., Rajasthan; Haryana)
7
59-AAF-qha braj-bhākhā-F. "literary" braj poetic medium, 16th to early 20
th cent. India
59-AAF-qhb jadobāi part of braj Gwalior Karauli Shivpuri plains ¶used by Yadava, Jado community
(Madhya Pradesh)
59-AAF-qhc sikarwāÑi part of braj Chambal river Gwalior (Madhya Pradesh)
59-AAF-qhd bhuksa part of braj+ kannauji "transitional" (Uttar Pradesh…)
59-AAF-qhe āngi-N. part of braj-S.+ kannauji "transitional" ¶spoken by Gujar people Sawai Madhopur district: Dang hills
(Rajasthan)
59-AAF-qhf ugar-wāÑa dungar-wara, part of braj+ kannauji "transitional" southwest of Dang hills
(Rajasthan)
59-AAF-qhg kālimāl part of braj+ kannauji "transitional" (Rajasthan)
59-AAF-qhh dāngbhāng part of braj+ kannauji "transitional" Sawai Madhopur district (Rajasthan)
59-AAF-qhi kannauji-A. kannauji "proper", kanauji "proper", khanauji "proper" transition < [59=] Awadhi Doab-CE. country
(Uttar Pradesh)
59-AAF-qhj hardoi-E. part of kannauji Hardoi-E. district (Uttar Pradesh)
59-AAF-qhk kānpur-kannauji part of kanpur, cawnpore, part of kannauji Kanpur-N. district: Ganges right-bank (Kanpur, Cawnpore)
(Uttar Pradesh)
59-AAF-qhl tirhāri-N. kanpur-tirhar, part of kannauji Kanpur-S. district: Jamuna left-bank (opposite Hamirpur)
(Uttar Pradesh)
59-AAF-qi bundeli bundeli-khandi, bundel-khandi transition < [59=] Awadhi+ Bagheli; currently merging with [59=] Hindi
(Madhya-Pradesh-CW.; also Uttar-Pradesh; Maharashtra)
6
59-AAF-qia bhadauri towargarhi transition < [59=] Braj+ Kannauji Gwalior district (Madhya-Pradesh)
59-AAF-qib bundeli-A. bundeli "proper", including chhindwara-bundeli Gwalior+ Jhansi Chhindwara+ Seoni+ Hoshangabad
(Madhya-Pradesh)
59-AAF-qic powāri pawari, bhoyari, including kumbhari* Chhindwara Nagpur (Madhya- Pradesh; Maharashtra) 5
59-AAF-qid gaoli Chhindwara district (Madhya-Pradesh)
59-AAF-qie kirāri kirari ¶used by Kirar community Chhindwara district (Madhya-Pradesh) 2
59-AAF-qif koshti ¶silk-weavers' community transition < [59=] Marathi Chhindwara
district
(Madhya-Pradesh)
59-AAF-qig khaola Pana Chhatarpur Damoh districts (Madhya Pradesh)
59-AAF-qih lodhānti rathora Hamirpur Jalaun districts (Uttar-Pradesh)
5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 471
59-AAF-qii banāphari transition < [59=] Bagheli Hamirpur district (Uttar-Pradesh)
59-AAF-qij kunri transition < [59=] Bagheli Hamirpur-E. Banda-NW. districts (Uttar-Pradesh)
59-AAF-qik nibhatta*
59-AAF-qil lodhi* lodha, lodi, lohi, lozi ¶used by migrant peasants transition < [59=] Bagheli & [59=] Marathi
(Maharashtra; Madhya Pradesh; Orissa; Bihar; Bengal-W.)
59-AAF-r Awadhi+ Bagheli Hindi-E., part of "wider" hindi+ urdu comprises part of Hindi "scheduled language" in India translingual < [59=] Hindi+Urdu
India; Nepal; migration> Trinidad & Tobago; Guiana; Surinam; French Guiana; Fiji
7
59-AAF-ra awadhi abadi, avadhi, abohi, ambodhi, baiswara, baiswari, kosali, kojali, khosul, uttari* Indian "scheduled mother-tongue" (as part of "Hindi scheduled language"); currently merging with [59=] Hindi west of Benares west of Lucknow (former kingdom of Awadh, Oudh)
India-NE. (Uttar-Pradesh-CE.; also
Nepal; migration> Maharashtra); migration> Fiji
5
59-AAF-raa awadhi-L. "early literary" awadhi written in 17th-18
th centuries India
59-AAF-rab mirzapuri Mirzapur district (Uttar-Pradesh)
59-AAF-rac awadhi-tharu Nepal
59-AAF-rad gangapari*
59-AAF-rae pardesi migration> (Maharashtra) 4
59-AAF-raf 'fijian'-hindi ¶spoken by at least half the population of Fiji; speech community
created by transportation to Fiji of indentured workers from from India-NE., from 19
th century
migration> Fiji 5
59-AAF-rb dang-tharu part of nepal-tharu transition < [59=] Nepali Nepal (Lumbini); India (Uttar Pradesh)
4
59-AAF-rba dangali dangura, dangha
59-AAF-rbb kaţhariyā
59-AAF-rc bagheli baghel-khandi, bhugel-khud, riwai, ganggai, kewot, kewat, kawathi, kevati, kenat, kevat-boli, kewani, kewati, mannadi Indian "scheduled
mother-tongue" (as part of "Hindi")Baghelkhand country: Rewa Satna Shahdo Sidhi Jabalpur Mandla districts
India-N.(Madhya-Pradesh; Uttar-Pradesh); Nepal (Koshi)
6
59-AAF-rca bagheli-F. "literary" bagheli India
59-AAF-rcb tirhari-S. Jamuna right bank: Hamirpur Banda districts (Uttar-Pradesh)
59-AAF-rcc juÑar* Banda district: between Ken Bagain rivers (Uttar-Pradesh)
59-AAF-rcd gahora gahore Banda-E. district (Uttar-Pradesh)
59-AAF-rce bagheli-A. bagheli "proper" 'Baghelkhand' country: Rewa Satna Shahdo Sidhi Jabalpur Mandla districts
(Madhya-Pradesh)
59-AAF-rcf gonwāni mandlaha, mandal ¶used by Gond people and others (Madhya-Pradesh)
59-AAF-rcg marāri part of bagheli bhoyari; marar community of gardeners Balaghat district
(Madhya-Pradesh)
59-AAF-rch ojhi part of bagheli bhoyari (Madhya-Pradesh)
59-AAF-rci sonpari (Madhya-Pradesh)
59-AAF-rcj nagpuri-marathi transition < [59=] Marathi Nagpur district (Madhya-Pradesh)
59-AAF-rd dhanuwar-S. dhanuwar-S., dhanwar-S., dhanvar-S. distinct from [59=] Rai+Done
(Dhanuwar-N.)
(Madhya-Pradesh; Maharashtra) 4
59-AAF-s Bhojpuri+ Maithili Bihari, part of magadhan comprises part of Hindi "scheduled language" in India translingual < [59=] Hindi+Urdu
India; Nepal; Bangladesh 7
59-AAF-sa bhojpuri bhojapuri, bhozpuri, bajpuri, purbi #purbi =«eastern» (as viewed from further west): the term is also applied more widely to Bhojpuri and
Awadhi-speaking settlers in the Hindi-W. area, and more narrowly to Bhojpuri-W. Nagari script; Kaithi script
India (Uttar-Pradesh-E.; Bihar-W.); Nepal
7
59-AAF-saa bhojpuri-F. "literary" bhojpuri India
59-AAF-sab banārasi benarsi, part of bhojpuri-W. Banaras (Uttar-Pradesh)
59-AAF-sac azamgarhi part of bhojpuri-W. Azamgarh (Uttar-Pradesh)
59-AAF-sad kharwari bhojpuri-S. Ballia Shahabad (Uttar-Pradesh)
59-AAF-sae sarawaria basti, part of bhojpuri-N. Basti district (Uttar-Pradesh)
59-AAF-saf gorakhpuri part of bhojpuri-N. Gorakhpur>E. (Uttar-Pradesh)
59-AAF-sag saran part of bhojpuri-N. Saran district (Bihar)
59-AAF-sah madhesi part of bhojpuri-N. Champaran district: Gandak valley>E. (Bihar)
59-AAF-sai bhojpuri-tharu part of nepal-tharu Nepal
59-AAF-saj domra
59-AAF-sak musahari
59-AAF-sb 'mauritian'-bhojpuri "mauritian" hindi ¶speech community created by transportation to Mauritius of indentured workers from Bihar & adjacent areas from
1830's (after end of African-based slavery) ; intertwining of features from the above dialects of Bhojpuri, with large-scale lexical influence < [51=] Mauricien (Mauritian Gallo-Creole) bilingual < [51=] Mauricien
migration> Mauritius 5
page 472 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
59-AAF-sc 'caribbean'-bhojpuri "caribbean" hindi, aili-gaili ¶speech community created by
transportation to Caribbean of indentured workers from Bihar & adjacent areas from 1830's (after end of African-based slavery)
migration> Trinidad; Guyana; Surinam; French Guiana
5
59-AAF-sca 'trinidad'-hindi Port-of-Spain… Trinidad & Tobago
59-AAF-scb 'guyana'-hindi Georgetown… Guyana
59-AAF-scc sarnami-hindi Paramaribo… Surinam
59-AAF-scd 'cayenne'-hindi Cayenne… French Guiana
59-AAF-sc maithili tirahutia, maitli, maitili, methli, mithil Tirhut country Maithili script;
Nagari script India (Bihar-N.); Nepal 7
59-AAF-sca maithili-L. "early literary" maithili from 15th century India; Nepal
59-AAF-scb maithili-F. "modern literary" maithili, maithili "standard" India; Nepal
59-AAF-scc sotipura maithili-C., maithili "vehicular", surajpuri* (Bihar)
59-AAF-scd maithili-W.
59-AAF-sce khotta maithili-E.
59-AAF-scf maithili-S. (Bihar)
59-AAF-scg johahi jolaha-boli
59-AAF-sd bote-majhi kushar Chitawan district Nepal 3
59-AAF-se manjhi majhi-E. Nepal-N.&-E.; India 3
59-AAF-sf musasa musahar Sindhuli-garhi Morang Dolakha districts Nepal-SE.
59-AAF-sg dehati dehati-maithili, dahati, deshiya India (Bihar); Nepal-SE.
59-AAF-sh magahi magadhi, magaya, maghaya, maghori, magi, magodhi Son river Monghyr Hazaribagh #distinct from wider use of "Magadhan"
(Bihar; West Bengal) 7
59-AAF-sha magahi-F. "jain liturgical" magahi, "literary" magahi Nagari script; Kaithi script (Bihar; West Bengal)
59-AAF-shb magahi-N. (Bihar)
59-AAF-shc magahi-C. (Bihar; West Bengal)
59-AAF-shd panchpargania magahi-E., tamaria, tair, tamara, temoral, tumariya influence < [46=] Mundari & [59=] Bengali East Ranchi district
(Bihar) 5
59-AAF-si kortha magahi-S. (Bihar; West-Bengal border)
59-AAF-sj angikā angikar, anga, bhagalpuri, chhika-chhiki, chhika-chhiki-boli, chikachiki Monghyr-SE. Bhagalpur Santal Parganas-N.districts
(Bihar) 5
59-AAF-sk gawari* gamari, ganauri, gauuari, goari ¶scattered communities India (Andhra-Pradesh; Bihar; Madhya Pradesh; Maharashtra)
4
59-AAF-sl sadani sadani "proper", sadana, sadati, sadari, sadhan, sadna, chota-nagpuri, nagpuria, shadri, sradri, sadrik, santri, siddri, sadri, including dikku-kaji Palamau Ranchi districts: Chota Nagpur plateau Nagari script
India (Bihar) 5
59-AAF-sm oraon-sadri "post-dravidian" sadani Rajshahi division Bangladesh 4
59-AAF-t ChhattisgaÑhi+ Halbi
part of magadhan transition < Magadhan to [59=] Hindi-E. and to [59=] Marathi; comprises part of Hindi "scheduled language" in India
translingual < [59=] Hindi+Urdu
India 6
59-AAF-ta chhattisgaÑhi laria, lariaor, khatahi #chhattisgarhi =«country of the thirty-six forts» (Madhya-Pradesh-SE.; Bihar;; Orissa; Maharashtra); India-NE.
6
59-AAF-taa chhattisgaÑhi-A. chhattisgarhi "proper" Raipur Durg Bilaspur Raigarh Balaghat-E. Bastar-N. districts
(Madhya-Pradesh)
59-AAF-tab surgujia Surguja Raigarh districts (Madhya-Pradesh)
59-AAF-tac sadri-korwa korwa people Jashpur district (Madhya-Pradesh)
59-AAF-tad baigani baiga people Balaghat Raipur Bilaspur Sambalpur districts (Madhya-Pradesh; Orissa)
59-AAF-tae binjhwari binjhwar* people Raipur Raigarh Patna districts (Madhya-Pradesh; Bihar)
59-AAF-taf kalanga Patna district (Bihar)
59-AAF-tag bhuliā Bolangir Sambalpur Raipur districts; also Patna district (Orissa; Madhya-Pradesh; also Bihar)
59-AAF-tb halbi halvi, halba, halabi, halvas India (Madhya-Pradesh; Maharashtra; Orissa)
5
59-AAF-tba halbi-A. halbi "proper" Bastar district (Madhya-Pradesh)
59-AAF-tbb adkuri India
59-AAF-tbc bastari Bastar India
59-AAF-tbd chandari India
59-AAF-tbe gachikolo India
59-AAF-tbf mehari mahari India
59-AAF-tbg muria muri India
59-AAF-tbh sundi India
59-AAF-tc bhunjia bunjia, bhumjiya, bhunjiya ; transition between [59=] Varhadi and Oriya India (Madhya-Pradesh; Maharashtra; Orissa)
3
59-AAF-td nāhari-E. ; transition between [59=] Varhadi and Oriya India. (Madhya-Pradesh; Orissa)
59-AAF-te kawari kamari, kavar, kawar ; transition between [59=] Varhadi and Magadhan India (Madhya-Pradesh; Maharashtra; Orissa)
4
5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 473
59-AAF-u Bānglā+ Sylhetti "Wider" Bengali, bangla-bhasa, bangala, bangoli, bangali, bongo-bhasha, part of magadhi, magahi, magadhan (Devanagari script); Bengali script comprises Bengali "scheduled language" in India translingual < [59=] Hindi+Urdu
A Bangladesh; India (A West Bengal; Bihar; also Orissa, Assam, Tripura; Meghalaya)
8
59-AAF-ua bānglā-L. "traditional literary bengali", including "old bengali"… "middle bengali" developed from Magadhi (Prakrit) in 12
th cent. or earlier (Middle
Bengali" from 14th cent.)
59-AAF-ub bānglā-F. "modern literary bengali", "standardised bengali" Bangladesh; India
59-AAF-uba sadhu-bhasha "sanskritised literary bengali", "former calcutta standard bengali" hybrid model ; based on Middle Literary Bengali and influence < [59=] Sanskrit; now largely replaced by Colit-bhasha Kalikata, Calcutta…
India…
59-AAF-ubb bānglā-musulmani bangali-musulmani, "persianised literary bengali", "dacca standard bengali" influence < [12=] 'Arabiyya and [58=] Persian Dhaka, Dacca…
Bangladesh…
59-AAF-ubc colit-bhasha "current calcutta standard bengali", "popular literary bengali", chalti-bhasa Kalikata, Calcutta colloquial model Kalikata, Calcutta…
India…
59-AAF-ubd colit-bhasha-E. "current dacca standard bengali", "popular literary bengali-E." Dacca-based development of Kalikata, Calcutta colloquial model
Dhaka, Dacca …
India…
59-AAF-uc bānglā-C. kalikata bengali, "traditional bengali"-C,, "calcutta colloquial bengali", perhaps including varendra* Hooghly valley: Kalikata, Calcutta Nadia Murshidabad Burdwan-E. Midnapore-N. districts
(West Bengal)
59-AAF-ud bānglā-W. "traditional bengali"-W. (Bihar, West Bengal)
59-AAF-uda bānglā-burdwan "bengali proper"-W. Manbhum Singhbum Burdwan-W. Birbhum-W. districts
(Bihar, West Bengal)
59-AAF-udb sarāki ¶used by Jain community Ranchi district (Bihar)
59-AAF-udc kharia-thar (Bihar)
59-AAF-udd pahāÑia-thar (Bihar)
59-AAF-ude mālpahāÑia marpaharia Santal-Parganas district (Bihar)
59-AAF-udf lohari-mālpahāÑia (Bihar)
59-AAF-ue bānglā-SW. "traditional bengali"-N., midnapore, including radha* Midnapore-SW. district
(West Bengal)
59-AAF-uf bānglā-N. "traditional bengali"-N., including "north-central bengali" (West Bengal; Bihar); also
Bangladesh
59-AAF-ufa bānglā-dinajpur "bengali proper"-N. Malda-E. Dinajpur-W. Dinajpur-E. districts (West Bengal); Bangladesh
transfrontier
59-AAF-ufb kōch-SW.* Malda district (West Bengal)
59-AAF-ufc kōch-NE.* cooch-behar Cooch-Behar district (West Bengal)
59-AAF-ufd kishanganjia kishanganj, kishanganja (Bihar) 4
59-AAF-ufe siripuria Purnea district (Bihar)
59-AAF-uff bogra (Bihar)
59-AAF-ug kamarupa-W.
59-AAF-uga rajbangshi rajbangsi Rangpur Goalpara Cooch Behar Jalpaiguri districts
Indian "scheduled mother-tongue"
Bangladesh; India (Assam; Tripura; West Bengal)
4
59-AAF-ugb bahe Darjeeling district (West Bengal: Terai)
59-AAF-uh bānglā-E. Bangladesh; India (Tripura)
59-AAF-uha rajshahi Rajshahi Bangladesh (Rajshahi)
59-AAF-uhb dhaka-U. "dacca urban bengali" Dhaka, Dacca Bangladesh (Dacca)
59-AAF-uhc bānglā-"delta" Ganges delta Bangladesh (Barisal; Patuakhali)
59-AAF-uhd bānglā-chittagong Bangladesh (Chittagong); also India; Burma
59-AAF-uhe chakma chakma-bangla, takam, vanga-E. Indian "scheduled mother-tongue" India (Assam: Cachar; Tripura; West Bengal); Bangladesh
5
59-AAF-ui sylhetti sylhetti-bangla, sylhetta, sylhettia Bangladesh (Sylhetti) 6
59-AAF-uia sylhetti-A. (Sylhetti)
59-AAF-uib sylhetti-'émigré' bilingual < [52=] English migration> England 5
59-AAF-uj haijong hajong, haijong-bangla, kachari-bangla Cachar Sylhet districts ; Bengali 'creole' spoken by formerly [72=] Kachari speaking people Indian "scheduled mother-tongue"
India (Assam); Bangladesh-NE. 4
59-AAF-uk tangchangya tangchangya-bangla Bangladesh 4
59-AAF-v Saptari+ Deokri* Nepal-Tharu translingual < [59=] Hindi+Urdu Nepal; India 5
59-AAF-va mahottari* mahottari tharu, mahotari Mahottari district Nepal (Janakpur)
59-AAF-vb saptari saptari tharu Nepal (Sagarmatha) 5
59-AAF-vba saptari-A. Saptari district (Sagarmatha)
59-AAF-vbb morangia (Sagarmatha)
59-AAF-vc rana-thakur rana-thakur tharu Nepal (Eastern) 2
59-AAF-vd deokri deokri-tharu Nepal-E.; India-NE.
59-AAF-vda deokri-A. deokhari Nepal-E.
59-AAF-vdb don don-tharu India (Uttar Pradesh frontier)
59-AAF-ve chitwan chitwan-tharu, chituan-tharu Chitwan district: Rapti valley Nepal 4
page 474 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
59-AAF-w Axamiyā+ Jiharwa Assamese, part of magadhan (modified) Bengali script comprises
Assamese "scheduled language" in India translingual < [59=] Hindi+Urdu
India (A Assam); Bangladesh 7
59-AAF-wa axamiyā ahomiya, asami, asambe, "assamese proper" (modified) Bengali script
India (Assam); Bangladesh 7
59-AAF-waa axamiyā-L. "traditional literary assamese", including "early literary assamese" (from 14
th cent) and "middle literary assamese" (17
th-18
th cent.)
India…
59-AAF-wab axamiyā-F. "modern literary assamese", "standard assamese" Sibsagar standard
59-AAF-wac axamiyā-G. "current generalised assamese" Brahmaputra valley India; Bangladesh
59-AAF-wad sibsagar "assamese"-E. Brahmaputra valley: Sibsagar influence < [70=] Bodo India (Assam)
59-AAF-wae kamarupa "assamese"-W. India (Assam)
59-AAF-wb jiharwa "mountain assamese", "assamese" creole vehicular regional
language
India (Assam)
59-AAF-x Oriya odia, part of magadhan Oriya script; from 15th century; with
inscriptions from 10th comprises Oriya "scheduled language" in India
translingual < [59=] Hindi+Urdu
India; Bangladesh 8
59-AAF-xa oia oriya "proper", orissa "proper", oliya, uriya, utkali, odri, odrum, vadiya, yudhia including further fragmentation of idioms, to be established
India (A Orissa) 7
59-AAF-xaa oia-L. "early literary" oriya (Orissa)
59-AAF-xab oia -F. "modern literary" oriya, "literary" mughalbandi (Orissa)
59-AAF-xac mughalbandi oriya "proper" (Orissa)
59-AAF-xad oia -NW. (Orissa)
59-AAF-xae sambalpuri oriya-W., including sundargh Sambalpur Sundargh (Orissa)
59-AAF-xaf oia -E. (Orissa)
59-AAF-xag balasore-N. (Orissa)
59-AAF-xah napore-C. 'mid'-napore (Orissa)
59-AAF-xai oia -S. (Orissa)
59-AAF-xb bhuiya-oia bhuiya, bhuinhar, bhuinya, bhuiyali, bhumia, bhungiyas, bhuyan-oriya India (Orissa) 3
59-AAF-xc jharia-oia jharia, jhaliya Koraput district India (Orissa) 3
59-AAF-xd jagannathi-oia jagannathi, jaganathi, jaganatha-bhasha, surya-jagannathi, jaga-ad
59-AAF-xe bhatri-oia bhatri, bhattri, bhattra, bhatra, part of oriya-SW. Jagdalpur Kotapad India (Madhya-Pradesh; Orissa) 5
59-AAF-xf desia-oia desia, koraput oriya, part of oriya-SW. Koraput district India (Orissa-S.)
59-AAF-xg adiwasi-oia adivasi oriya, kotia, kotiya, kotia-oriya, 'tribal' oriya, Ghats-NE. highlands
India (Orissa; Andhra-Pradesh) 5
59-AAF-xh valmiki-oia valmiki, valmiki adiwasi India (Andhra-Pradesh-N.) 3
59-AAF-xi kupia-oia kupia India (North Andhra-Pradesh-N.) 3
59-AAF-xj bagata-oia bagata, bagat, bakta, bhukta, bagbot India (Andhra-Pradesh) 4
59-AAF-xk mali-oia mali India (Andhra-Pradesh) 2
59-AAF-xl degaru dhekaru India (Bihar-W.; West Bengal)
59-AB SINHALA+ DHIVEHI chain
"insular indic", "sinhalese+ maldivian"
59-ABA DHIVEHI net MALDIVIAN
59-ABA-a Dhivehi Maldives; India (Laccadives) 5
59-ABA-aa dhivehi malikh, mahl, malki, divehi, divehli, "maldivian" Dhivehi-Tana script A Maldives; India (Laccadives) 5
59-ABA-aaa maldive Maldive islands Maldives
59-ABA-aab minicoy Minicoy island India (Laccadives)
59-ABB SINHALA net SINHALESE
59-ABB-a Sinhala sumangala, singhala, "sinhalese", "singalese", "ceylonese" influence < [59=] Pali and by [49=] Dravidic languages from 10
th/11
th cent.:
Sinhalese script
A Sri Lanka; migration> United Arab Emirates, Singapore, Maldives, Canada…
7
59-ABB-aa elu "classical sinhalese", including "archaic literary sinhalese" "modern classical literary sinhalese" evolved by 13th century; with inscriptions from –3
rd or –2
nd century: see [59=] Prakrit
Sri Lanka 7
59-ABB-ab sinhala-F. "modern literary sinhalese", "formal sinhalese", "high sinhalese", "national standard sinhalese" influence < [59=] Sanskrit & Pali
Sri Lanka
59-ABB-ac sinhala-G. "generalised colloquial sinhalese", "low sinhalese", "popular sinhalese", including "semi-formal sinhalese" the semi-formal variety of colloquial
Sinhalese has been proposed as a substitute for 'High' Sinhalese in its role as official national language
Sri Lanka
59-ABB-ad colombo-U. colombo "popular urban" Sri Lanka
59-ABB-ae sinhala-SW. "traditional sinhalese"-SW. Sri Lanka
59-ABB-af sinhala-NW. "traditional sinhalese"-NW. Puttalam coastal plain Sri Lanka
59-ABB-ag sinhala-E. "sinhalese"-NE.; batticaloa Batticaloa-S. Sri Lanka
59-ABB-ah kandyan "traditional" upland sinhala, kandy Kandy… central highlands Sri Lanka
59-ABC RODIYA net
59-ABC-a Rodiya ; much non-Sinhalese vocabulary within Sinhalese structures, often used as 'secret' language
Sri Lanka 4*
59-ABC-aa rodiya gadi, rodi, rodiya community Sri Lanka
5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 475
59-ABD VEDDAH net
59-ABD-a Veddah ; Sinhalese creole with strong substratum from earlier non-Indic
language; now submerged < [59=] Sinhala Sri Lanka 2
59-ABD-aa veddah vädi-basa, vädda, veddha, veda, vedda, weda, weddo, beda, bedda, vaedda, "sinhalese creole" Dambulla Polonnaruwa Maha Oya Mahiyangana
Sri Lanka
59-AC DOMARI+ VLACH notional chain
ROMANI, "romindic", rom+ dom, part of "wider" 'gypsy' ; influenced to varying degrees by the languages of countries of residence and/or
former residence
59-ACA DOMARI net ROMANI-EAST, "romindic"-E., dom, "west-asian " romani, 'gypsy' "proper"
59-ACA-a Domari in [44=] Türkçe: çingene India; Afghanistan; Uzbekistan; Iran; Iraq; Turkey; Syria; Israel; Egypt; Libya.
5
59-ACA-aa domari dom ¶nomadic community {West Asia; North Africa} 5
59-ACA-aaa domaki dumaki, domaaki, doma, bericho, part of 'india' domari ¶community of blacksmiths and musicians Gilgit district: Hunza valley (Mominabad)
India+ Pakistan (Kashmir)
59-ACA-aab wogri-boli part of 'india' domari India
59-ACA-aac churi-wali 'afghanistan' domari Afghanistan
59-ACA-aad luli part of 'uzbekistan' domari Uzbekistan
59-ACA-aae jugi part of 'uzbekistan' domari Uzbekistan
59-ACA-aaf maznoug mazang, part of 'uzbekistan' domari Uzbekistan
59-ACA-aag multoni part of 'uzbekistan' domari Uzbekistan
59-ACA-aah qinati Iran
59-ACA-aai koli-W. Kolli Iran
59-ACA-aaj barake Syria
59-ACA-aak kurbati kurbat Syria; Iran-W.
59-ACA-aal karachi Karachi Turkey; Iran; {Caucasus}
59-ACA-aam beludj Turkey
59-ACA-aan marashi Turkey
59-ACA-aao yürük Turkey; Bulgaria; Greece
59-ACA-aap beirut Beirut Lebanon
59-ACA-aaq nablos nabulus Palestine
59-ACA-aar nawar Syria; Israel; Egypt
59-ACA-aas helebi Egypt; Libya
59-ACB VLACH+ SINTI net ROMANI-CENTRAL, "romindic"-C. roma, romany-C., romanés, 'tsingani', 'tsigane', "european" 'gypsy' ¶many communities destroyed or dispersed as a result of the European Holocaust up to 1945
59-ACB-a Vlach+ Ursari romani-SE. Romania; Moldova; Ukraine; Poland; Belarus; Russia Europe; Hungary; Slovakia; ex-Yugoslavia; Albania; Bulgaria; Greece; France; Germany; USA; Colombia.
6
59-ACB-aa vlach-romani vlax-romani, wallach-romani, vlach+ kaldarári+ lovari, "wallachian" romani, "danubian" romani #distinct from vlach, vlachi- as alternative
name for [51=] Limba-armâneasca
{Europe-E.&-W.; Europe-N.; America-N.&-S.}
6
59-ACB-aaa vlach-F. "modern standard" romani Romania
59-ACB-aab churari Romania
59-ACB-aac lovari Romania
59-ACB-aad zagundzi Romania
59-ACB-aae ghagar Romania
59-ACB-aaf vlach-NW. Hungary; Slovakia
59-ACB-aag vlach-N. Poland; Belarus
59-ACB-aah kalderashicqo rusurya-kaldarári, "russian" kalderash Russia
59-ACB-aai rusicqo Russia
59-ACB-aaj vlach-SE. Ukraine; Moldova
59-ACB-aak kalderash-machvanicqo machvano, machwayo Bosnia+ Serbia
59-ACB-aal kalderash-S. "bulgarian sedentary" romani Bulgaria
59-ACB-aam vlach-'albania'-N. Albania-N.
59-ACB-aan vlach-'albania'-S. Albania-S.
59-ACB-aao vlach-'sieve' ¶sieve-makers' community
59-ACB-aap vlach-'deutschland' migration> Germany
59-ACB-aaq vlach-'france' migration> France
59-ACB-aar vlach-'españa' migration> Spain
59-ACB-aas vlach-'portugal' migration> Portugal
59-ACB-aat vlach-'brasil' migration> Brazil
59-ACB-aau vlach-'colombia' migration> Colombia
59-ACB-aav vlach-'america' migration> USA
page 476 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
59-ACB-ab ursari balkan-romani, ursari+ arlija ¶nomadic community {Europe-E.} 6
59-ACB-aba ursari-A. usári Moldova; Romania; former Yugoslavia
59-ACB-abb karam'tika Ukraine; {Balkans}
59-ACB-abc arlija erli Turkey; Bulgaria; Greece; former Yugoslavia; Italy; Germany; France
59-ACB-abd romani-'tinsmiths' ¶tinners' community Bulgaria-NW.
59-ACB-abe khorakhane xoraxane Greece; {Balkans}
59-ACB-abf dzambazi former Yugoslavia; Germany; France
59-ACB-abg jer'des Bulgaria-W.
59-ACB-abh drindári Bulgaria-C.
59-ACB-abi romani-'bulgaria'-E. Bulgaria-E.
59-ACB-abj paspatian Bulgaria; former Yugoslavia
59-ACB-abk romani-'ironsmiths' ¶blacksmiths' community Bulgaria; former Yugoslavia
59-ACB-abl shiptari
59-ACB-abm zargari Iran
59-ACB-b Sinti+ Fintika romani-N.&-W., roma-NW. Romania; Hungary; Ukraine; Slovakia; Moravia; Bohemia; Poland; Belarus; {Baltic States}; Russia Europe; Kazakhstan; {ex-Yugoslavia}; Italy; Austria; Germany; Switzerland; France; Netherlands; Finland; Wales.
5
59-ACB-ba 'carpathian'-romani bashalde, "musicians" romani ¶nomadic community {East Europe} 5
59-ACB-baa romani-transylvania Romania (Transylvania; Galicia)
59-ACB-bab romungre ungrike-romani Ukraine; Hungary; Slovakia-SW.
59-ACB-bac sarvika sarvika-romani Slovakia-NE.; Poland-S.
59-ACB-bad romani-moravia Czech Rep. (Moravia)
59-ACB-bae romani-bohemia Czech Rep. (Bohemia)
59-ACB-bb sinti sinte, sasitka, manuche, manush, manus ¶nomadic community {East Europe}; {West Europe}; {Central Asia}
5
59-ACB-bba sinti-volga ex-volga sinti formerly in Volga basin displaced to Kazakhstan
59-ACB-bbb sinti-N. Poland; Germany-N.; Netherlands
59-ACB-bbc sinti-C. Germany-S.; Austria; Switzerland
59-ACB-bbd sinti-SE. Slovenia; Croatia; Serbia
59-ACB-bbe sinti-piemonte Italy (Piemonte)
59-ACB-bbf sinti-abruzzo Italy (Abruzzo)
59-ACB-bbg sinti-france France
59-ACB-bc folditka-romá "baltic" romani ¶nomadic community {Europe-NE.}
59-ACB-bca lotfitka-romá Riga gulf Latvia; Estonia
59-ACB-bcb lajenge-romá Estonia-E.
59-ACB-bcc rúska-romá Russia-NW.
59-ACB-bcd romá-S. Poland; Belarus
59-ACB-bd fintika-romani fintika-romma, "finland romani", kalo-romani-N. ¶nomadic community {Europe-NE.}; 3
59-ACB-be romnimos "wales romany", kolo, kole, kalo-romani-NW. ¶nomadic community Wales-N.
59-ACC LOMAVREN net ARMENIANISED-ROMANI, lom
59-ACC-a Lomavren influence < [57=] Armenian Armenia; Syria; also Russia 4
59-ACC-aa lomavren bosa, bosha, posha, "armenian" romani ¶nomadic community Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey; Syria; also Russia
4
59-ACD CALÓ net ROMANICISED-ROMANI
59-ACD-a Caló ibero-romani influence < [51=] Ibero-Romance Spain; Portugal; France; Brazil. 5
59-ACD-aa caló ibero-romani, gitano, kalo-romani-S. ¶nomadic community Spain; Portugal; France; Brazil 5
59-ACD-aaa caló-C. ; influenced also by [40=] Euskera (Basque) Spain; Portugal; France
59-ACD-aab caló-N. Spain (Catalunya)
59-ACD-aac caló-S. Spain (Pais Vasco)
59-ACD-aad caló-'brasil' Brazil
59-ACE RODI net NORDICISED-ROMANI
59-ACE-a Rodi Rotwelsch influence < [52=] Nordic Sweden; Norway; Denmark 4
59-ACE-aa rodi ¶nomadic community Denmark; Norway; Sweden 4
59-ACE-aaa dansk-rodi "travellers' danish" Denmark
59-ACE-aab skånsk-rodi part of "travellers' swedish" Sweden
59-ACE-aac svenska-rodi tattare, part of "travellers' swedish" Sweden
59-ACE-aad norsk-rodi "travellers' norwegian" Norway
5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 477
59-ACF POGADI-CHIB net ANGLICISED-ROMANI
59-ACF-a Pogadi-Chib Anglo-Romani, "anglicised" romani influence < [52=] English {British Isles}; {North America}; South Africa; Australia
6
59-ACF-aa pogadi-chib 'broken language'+ posh-ta-posh, 'half & half''+ romanichal, "anglo-romani"
UK; USA; South Africa; Australia 6
59-ACF-aaa pogadi-chib-A. "british anglo-romani" UK
59-ACF-aab 'anglo-romani-america' USA
59-ACF-aac 'anglo-romani-africa' South Africa
59-ACF-aad 'anglo-romani-australia' Australia